Method for producing extracellular vesicles and the applications thereof
The method amplifies EV-RNAs using polymerases to overcome low yield and delivery inefficiencies, improving EVs' therapeutic efficacy for RNA delivery and reprogramming.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/111477
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-07-31
- Filing Date
- 2025-07-30
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-05
AI Technical Summary
Current methods for producing extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing RNA face challenges such as low yield, immunogenicity, toxicity, and inefficiency in delivering RNAs across biological barriers, limiting their application in clinical settings and therapeutic uses.
A method involving the use of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) or DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity to amplify EV-RNAs, depending on the desired application, by incorporating polymerases or nucleic acids encoding them into production cells, followed by transfection and harvesting the EVs.
Significantly increases the RNA content in EVs, enhancing their therapeutic potential for RNA interference, diagnosis, treatment, and reprogramming applications, while avoiding undesirable double-strand RNA production.
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Figure CN2025111477_05022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD FOR PRODUCING EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES AND THE APPLICATIONS THEREOFTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure is related to a method for producing extracellular vesicles containing desired function molecules. In particular, the present disclosure is related to a method for producing extracellular vesicles containing RNAs of interest, and the applications thereof.BACKGROUND
[0002] Thanks to their unique properties and roles in cellular functions, RNAs have emerged as crucial parts of various key advancements in biomedical industry, such as RNA interference, antisense oligonucleotides, mRNA therapeutics / vaccines, microRNA, gene / genome editing, epigenome editing and other potential wide-ranged applications for diagnosis and / or treatment of cancers, infectious diseases, genetic disorders, cardiovascular diseases. The great potentials of RNAs, however, have not been fully realized due for a large part to limitations in their formulation and delivery.
[0003] In order for them to successfully function, RNAs must be able to first evade serum nucleases and scavenge macrophages within the reticuloendothelial system, overcome their large size and hydrophilic, negatively-charged properties to pass through the extracellular matrix and across the cell membrane to get into target cells, and, after passing the physical barriers, escape from the endosome and enter into the cytoplasm. Various traditional methods, including formulation with nanoparticles, viral vectors, liposomes, and electroporation, have been tried for delivery of RNAs. However, shortcomings such as immunogenicity, toxicity, mutation risks and / or physical damages to the cells, and / or inability to penetrate through extracellular matrix have been issues with these methods. Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) -formulated mRNA, for example, has had success for vaccines, but its usefulness is limited for applications such as protein replacement and rejuvenation through partial reprogramming where physically in-depth delivery is necessary.
[0004] Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived bilayer particles involved in intercellular communication and interactions among cells, tissues and organs. According to their sizes and origins, EVs comprise three main types: exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies. These membranous particles are purported to carry a variety of cellular cargos including nucleic acids such as RNAs and DNAs, lipids, small molecules and proteins / peptides. The cargos can be taken up by cells in the vicinity of source cells or by distant recipient cells, thus influencing cell functions in an endocrine manner.
[0005] Because of their high biocompatibility, low immunogenicity and ability to cross biological barriers with ease, EVs have emerged as great tools for diagnosis and promising vehicles for delivery of drugs or biomolecules, including RNAs. However, application of EV-formulated RNAs in clinical settings remains limited because the overall yield of EV-formulated RNA (and its transcribed protein) is often too low.
[0006] Supply and maintenance of productive cellular source is also an outstanding issue. Currently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) , immune cells, tumor cells and HEK293 cell lines are the major cellular sources for EVs. Immortalized cell lines, while relatively easy to grow, are not suitable for therapeutic use due to safety concerns. EV productivity of HEK293 cell lines is less than optimal. Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are more productive, but their finite proliferative lifespan is a limitation. After a certain number of passages, their viability and productivity decline significantly. This necessitates a repetitive supply of new cells, which drives up overall costs.
[0007] To date, strategies to boost the RNA content of EVs (EV-RNA) have primarily focused on increasing the efficiency of sorting and packaging RNAs within the production cells. Reported techniques include overexpressing RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) , modifying RNAs to contain RBP-reactive motifs, and increasing EV permeability. While progress has been made, the results remain far from sufficient.
[0008] On the other hand, recent researches on epigenetic reprogramming have completely reshaped our views on cellular differentiation and biological aging. With certain transcription factors such as Oct3 / 4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc, the so-called “Yamanaka factors” as well as other “reprogramming factors” such as Lin28 and Nanog, and / or microRNAs such as miR-302, miR-367 and miR369, differentiated cells can be epigenetically reprogrammed and reverted back to pluripotent stem cells. Meanwhile, studies using doxycycline-inducible transgenic mice have demonstrated proof of concept for rejuvenating the entire organism through partial reprogramming, which has prompted high hopes for a new approach to treating many aging-associated medical and aesthetic diseases or conditions. However, it remains unclear how this partial reprogramming strategy can be safely and effectively implemented in non-transgenic organisms. Currently, two proposed delivery methods are LNP-formulated mRNA and inducible viral vectors, each with its own shortcomings. The efficacy of LNP-formulated mRNA is limited by its inability to effectively penetrate the extracellular matrix, while viral vectors carry the long-standing safety concern of mutation risks.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional schematic view of an exemplary model of the device of the present disclosure.
[0010] FIG. 1B is a schematic diagram showing the top view of the bottom electrode of the device disclosed in FIG. 1A.
[0011] FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional schematic view of another exemplary model of the device of the present disclosure.
[0012] FIG. 2B and 2C are schematic diagrams showing the top view of the top electrode 200a and the bottom electrode 200b of the device disclosed in FIG. 2A.
[0013] FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional schematic view of another exemplary model of the device of the present disclosure.
[0014] FIG. 3B is a schematic diagram showing the top view of the separation plate / membrane 300c of the device disclosed in FIG. 3A.
[0015] FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional schematic view of another exemplary model of the device of the present disclosure.
[0016] FIG. 4B is a schematic diagram showing the top view of the separation plate / membrane 400c of the device disclosed in FIG. 4A.
[0017] FIG. 5A is a comparison graph showing the relative abundance of RNA encoding mouse Oct4 (mOct4) within EVs. The EVs were produced by MSCs transfected with either a plasmid encoding mOct4 (pO) , or with both the pO plasmid and a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) . Transfection was conducted using Lipofectamine.
[0018] FIG. 5B is a comparison graph showing the relative abundance of RNA encoding mouse Sox2 (mSox2) within EVs. The EVs were produced by MSCs transfected with either a plasmid encoding mSox2 (pS) , or with both the pS plasmid and a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) . Transfection was conducted using Lipofectamine.
[0019] FIG. 5C is a comparison graph showing the relative abundance of RNA encoding mouse Klf4 (mKlf4) within EVs. The EVs were produced by MSCs transfected with either a plasmid encoding mKlf4 (pK) , or with both the pK plasmid and a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) . Transfection was conducted using Lipofectamine.
[0020] FIG. 5D is a comparison graph showing the relative abundance of RNA encoding mouse c-Myc (mc-Myc) within EVs. The EVs were produced by MSCs transfected with either a plasmid encoding mc-Myc (pM) , or with both the pM plasmid and a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) . Transfection was conducted using Lipofectamine.
[0021] FIG. 6A is a graph comparing the relative abundance of RNA encoding mOct4 within EVs. The EVs were produced by HEK293T cells transfected with either a plasmid encoding mOct4 (pO) or with both the pO plasmid and a plasmid encoding RdRp (pRdRp) . Transfection was conducted via nano-electroporation.
[0022] FIG. 6B is a graph comparing the relative abundance of RNA encoding mSox2 within EVs. The EVs were produced by HEK293T cells transfected with either a plasmid encoding mSox2 (pS) or with both the pS plasmid and a plasmid encoding RdRp (pRdRp) . Transfection was conducted via nano-electroporation.
[0023] FIG. 6C is a graph comparing the relative abundance of RNA encoding mKlf4 within EVs. The EVs were produced by HEK293T cells transfected with either a plasmid encoding mKlf4 (pK) or with both the pK plasmid and a plasmid encoding RdRp (pRdRp) . Transfection was conducted via nano-electroporation.
[0024] FIG. 6D is a graph comparing the relative abundance of RNA encoding mc-Myc within EVs. The EVs were produced by HEK293T cells transfected with either a plasmid encoding mc-Myc (pM) or with both the pM plasmid and a plasmid encoding RdRp (pRdRp) . Transfection was conducted via nano-electroporation.
[0025] FIG. 7 shows the relative abundances of RNAs encoding mOct4, mSox2, mKlf4, and mc-Myc within EVs produced by MSCs. The cells were transfected with individual plasmids (pO, pS, pK or pM) or a combination of all four plasmids (pO+pS+pK+pM) , with or without a plasmid encoding RdRp (pRdRp) . Transfection was conducted via nano-electroporation.
[0026] The calculation of relative RNA abundance is species-specific. For example, the relative abundance of RNA encoding mouse Oct4 is calculated against the EV-RNA encoding mouse Oct4 produced by MSCs transfected solely with pO, while that of RNA encoding mouse Sox2 is calculated against the EV-RNA encoding mouse Sox2 produced by MSCs transfected solely with pS.
[0027] FIG. 8 shows the effects of the timing of pRdRp introduction on the relative abundances of EV-RNAs produced by MSCs. The pRdRp plasmid was incorporated into the production cells either simultaneously with, or 5 hours (5h) , 1 day (1d) , or 2 days (2d) prior to, the incorporation of a mixture of the plasmids (pO+pS+pK+pM) . The calculation of relative RNA abundance is species-specific. Transfection was conducted via nano-electroporation.
[0028] FIG. 9A and 9B show the enhancing effects of DNA polymerase (DP) on the abundances of RNAs encoding mOct4, mSox2, mKlf4, and mc-Myc within EVs produced by MSCs. The cells were divided into three groups for transfection via nano-electroporation: 1. pO+pS+pK+pM group: Transfected with a mixture of pO, pS, pK, and pM. 2. pDP-1d- (pO+pS+pK+pM) group: Transfected with a plasmid encoding phi29 DNA Polymerase (pDP) one day before re-transfection with a mixture of pO, pS, pK, and pM. 3. pDP-1d- (pDP+pO+pS+pK+pM) group: Transfected with the pDP plasmid one day before re-transfection with a mixture of pDP, pO, pS, pK, and pM. The medium was collected for a first harvest two days after transfection, and the cultures were replaced with fresh medium for a second harvest on day 4. EVs were then extracted for analysis.
[0029] FIG. 9A shows the relative abundances of RNAs within EVs from the 1st harvest (day 0-2 post transfection) and the 2nd harvest (day 2-4 post transfection) for the pDP-1d- (pO+pS+pK+pM) group.
[0030] FIG. 9B shows the relative abundances of RNAs within EVs from the 1st harvest (day 0-2 post transfection) and the 2nd harvest (day 2-4 post transfection) for the pDP-1d- (pDP+pO+pS+pK+pM) group.
[0031] FIG. 10A is a typical micrograph of productive MSCs, which typically exhibit a characteristic spindle-shaped, fibroblast-like morphology.
[0032] FIG. 10B is a typical micrograph of aged MSCs, which appear thinned and spread-out compared to productive cells.
[0033] FIG. 11A is a representative micrograph of passage-10 MSCs that were transfected with a plasmid encoding mouse Oct4 at passage 9.
[0034] FIG. 11B is a representative micrograph of passage-10 MSCs that were transfected with a plasmid encoding mouse Sox2 at passage 9.
[0035] FIG. 11C is a representative micrograph of passage-10 MSCs that were transfected with a plasmid encoding mouse Klf4 at passage 9.
[0036] FIG. 11D is a representative micrograph of passage-10 MSCs that were transfected with a plasmid encoding mouse c-Myc at passage 9.
[0037] FIG. 11E is a representative micrograph of passage-10 MSCs that were transfected at passage 9 with a mixture of plasmids encoding mouse Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc respectively.
[0038] FIG. 12A is a representative micrograph of passage-11 MSCs which were treated with EVs containing mRNAs encoding mouse Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc at passages 6, 8 and 10.
[0039] FIG. 12B is a representative micrograph of untreated passage-11 MSCs.SUMMARY
[0040] The objective of the present disclosure is 2-fold: (1) to provide a novel method for producing EVs containing enriched RNA of interest, and (2) to provide various applications of the EVs produced thereby.
[0041] The present invention is related to a new concept and method regarding amplifying EV-RNAs with polymerases. Depending on the intended purpose of the produced EVs, one or two of the following types of polymerases, is (are) employed:
[0042] For applications where dsRNA is desirable, such as applications involving RNA interference, a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) , or a combination of a RdRp and a DNA polymerase is employed.
[0043] For applications where dsRNA is undesirable and should be avoided, solely a DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity is employed.
[0044] One aspect of this invention is related to a concept and method for overcoming technical complexity and difficulty in using the polymerase for enrichment of EV-RNAs.
[0045] Another aspect of this invention is related to a novel concept and method for discerning the intended purpose of the EVs produced, and deciding accordingly what polymerase or combination of polymerases to use. Specifically, for applications where dsRNA is desirable, such as applications involving RNA interference, RNAs of interest are amplified with RdRp in the production cells and then loaded into EVs which are then secreted by the production cells. This can also be coupled with amplification of DNAs by a DNA polymerase. The RdRp mechanism of action dictates that both strands of RNA are amplified and dsRNAs are formed. On the other hand, for applications where dsRNA is undesirable and should be avoided, specific strand of DNAs of interest is amplified with a DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity in the production cells, which would then lead to enhanced yield of EV-RNAs by the production cells.
[0046] Conceptually, the method of the present disclosure comprises steps of
[0047] (1) providing a system comprising a fluid receptacle and relevant apparatuses;
[0048] (2) introducing biologically suitable medium and production cells into the fluid receptacle;
[0049] (3) incorporating a preparatory cargo comprising (a) a polymerase, or nucleic acids or vectors encoding the polymerase, wherein the polymerase is a DNA polymerase with strand-displacement activity, a RdRp, or a combination comprising a RdRp , depending on the intended purpose of the EVs. (b) nucleic acids or vectors encoding a RNA of interest, and (c) molecules that are required for intended reaction / purpose, such as primers for the polymerase-mediated replication reaction, and (d) other suitable small molecules, proteins / peptides, nucleic acids or biomolecules.
[0050] (4) letting amplification of nucleic acids and production of EVs proceed for some time; and
[0051] (5) harvesting the extracellular vesicles secreted by the production cells.
[0052] In some embodiments, the preparatory cargo further comprises nucleotides and / or the RNA of interest itself.
[0053] In some embodiments, the preparatory cargo further comprises substances capable of enhancing or stimulating excretion of extracellular vesicles by the production cells, including sphingolipid ceramide, phospholipase D2 (PLD2) and ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) GTPase, and cytokines and inflammatory mediators.
[0054] In some embodiments, the incorporation of preparatory cargo in step (3) is facilitated by transfection using a transfection reagent.
[0055] In some embodiments, the relevant apparatus in step (1) is a gene gun system, or nano-or micron -sized tip array, and the incorporation of preparatory cargo in step (3) is conducted by pneumatic, manual, mechanical or other force, or by gene gun, or micro-or nanoinjection .
[0056] In some embodiments, the relevant apparatus in step (1) comprises an electric voltage generating system with electrodes, as exemplified as shown in FIGs. 1 and 2, and the incorporation of preparatory cargo in step (3) is conducted via electroporation.
[0057] In some embodiments, the relevant apparatus in step (1) comprises an electric voltage generating system with electrodes and a separation plate / membrane having a plurality of small pores thereon, disposed in the fluid receptacle such that the inner space of the fluid receptacle is divided into two portions, as exemplified as shown in FIGs. 3 and 4, and the incorporation of preparatory cargo in step (3) is conducted via nano-electroporation.
[0058] In some embodiments, one of the electrodes in the device of the present disclosure comprises micro-or nano-electrodes.
[0059] In some embodiments, all electrodes in the device of the present disclosure comprises micro-or nano-electrodes.
[0060] The nucleic acids are DNAs or RNAs.
[0061] RNAs are mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA, snoRNA, microRNA, shRNA, siRNA, piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) , lncRNA, CRISPR RNA (crRNA) , guide RNA (gRNA) , Ribozymes, Circular RNA (circRNA) , Transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) , Antisense RNA (asRNA) or double-strand RNA.
[0062] In some embodiments, the vectors are viral vectors or non-viral vectors.
[0063] In some embodiments, the vectors are circular vectors encoding the RNA of interest and the polymerase. An example of such circular vector is a plasmid.
[0064] In some embodiments, the DNA polymerase is a DNA polymerase with high processivity and strand displacement activity.
[0065] In some embodiments, the DNA polymerase is a DNA polymerase for rolling circle reaction (RCA) .
[0066] In some embodiments, the nucleic acids or vectors comprise polynucleotides comprising one or more subsequences encoding the RNA of interest and its transcribed protein / peptide and / or the polymerase, wherein the subsequences are operably linked to a common single expression control sequence.
[0067] In some embodiments, the nucleic acids or vectors comprise polynucleotides comprising one or more subsequences encoding the RNA of interest and its transcribed protein / peptide and / or the polymerase, wherein one or selected groups of the subsequences are linked to different expression control sequences.
[0068] In some embodiments, the preparatory cargo is encapsulated in, mixed with, complexed with, tethered on, or otherwise engaged with nano-or micro-sized particles, wherein the nano-or micro-sized particles include, but not limited to gold particles, liposomes, micelles and carbon nanotubes.
[0069] In some embodiments, components of the preparatory cargo are incorporated into production cells simultaneously.
[0070] In some embodiments, components of the preparatory cargo are incorporated into production cells sequentially.
[0071] In some embodiments, the polymerase, or nucleic acid or vector encoding the polymerase, is incorporated into production cells together with other preparatory cargo components.
[0072] In some embodiments, incorporation of the polymerase, or nucleic acid or vector encoding the polymerase into the production cells precedes that of other components of the preparatory cargo.
[0073] In some embodiments, incorporation of the polymerase, or nucleic acid or vector encoding the polymerase, into production cells takes place no later than 48-72 hours after that of other components of the preparatory cargo.
[0074] In some embodiments, the polymerase, or nucleic acid or vector encoding the polymerase, is incorporated into production cells more than one times.
[0075] In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicles produced by the method provided herein are used for inducing RNA interference in a cell or an organism.
[0076] In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicles produced by the method provided herein are used for in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo diagnosis, treatment of various medical or aesthetic conditions related to, including but not limited to, tumor, coagulation, inflammation, angiogenesis, programmed cell death, antigen presentation, immune responses, deletion of debris molecules, kidney diseases, wound healing, liver diseases, neurodegenerative and autoimmune disorders, diabetes, spinal cord injury, cardiovascular diseases and other diseases.
[0077] In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicles produced by the method provided herein are used for delivery of drugs, biomolecules and / or genes.
[0078] In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicles produced by the method provided herein are used for gene / genome editing or epigenome editing.
[0079] In some embodiments, the preparatory cargo comprises nucleic acids or vectors encoding reprogramming factors, and the extracellular vesicles produced are used for in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo reprogramming or partial reprogramming, cellular or organism rejuvenation, creating induced pluripotent stem cells, or ameliorating ageing-associated problems, such as osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, hypertension, hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes, dementia, hearing deterioration, and vision deterioration.
[0080] The RNA contents within the produced EVs are increased significantly when polymerases, or nuclear acids or vectors encoding the polymerases, are incorporated into production cells, prior to, simultaneously as, or no later than 48 hours after the RNA of interest, or nucleic acid or vector encoding the RNA of interest is incorporated. The enhancing effect on EV-RNA is even more prominent and lasts longer when the polymerase, or nuclear acid or vector encoding the polymerase is incorporated into the production cells more than once. DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS
[0081] Unless otherwise indicated, all terms used herein should be construed as having meanings that are obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art. Nevertheless, the terms may have different meanings according to an intention of one of ordinary skill in the art, case precedents, or the appearance of new technologies. Also, some terms may be arbitrarily selected by the applicant, and in such cases, the meaning of the selected terms will be described in detail in the descriptions of the present disclosure. Thus, the terms used herein are defined based on the meaning of the terms together with the descriptions throughout the specification.
[0082] As used herein, the singular forms “a, ” “an, ” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms “includes, ” “including, ” “comprises, ” and “comprising” are used in either the detailed descriptions and / or the claims, and such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner of not excluding others.
[0083] As used herein, the term “extracellular vesicle” or “EV” refers to lipid bound vesicles secreted by cells into the extracellular space. EVs facilitate intercellular communications by carrying molecules to proximate, local and / or distant target cells, followed by executing desired biological influences. There are commonly several types of EVs, comprising microvesicles (MVs) , exosomes, and apoptotic bodies, each of which may contain various contents such as lipids, DNAs, RNAs, proteins / peptides, biomolecules and small molecules. The method and the device of the present disclosure are considered applicable to all the types described above as well as other types of EV, including but not limited to, exomeres, matrix vesicles, micro-vesicles and outer-membrane vesicles.
[0084] As used herein, the term “RNA within EV” , “RNA content within EV” , “RNA in EV” , “EV-formulated RNA” or “EV-RNA” refers to the RNA as well as its transcribed protein / peptide contained inside EVs.
[0085] As used herein, the term "cell" or "cells" refer to any living cells, including naturally occurring, isolated, and modified / engineered cells.
[0086] As used herein, the term “production cell” refers to any cell, including naturally occurring, isolated and modified / engineered cell which is capable of producing extracellular vesicles.
[0087] As used herein, the term “preparatory cargo” refers to any molecule or substance that is intended to be introduced or incorporated into production cells for desired purposes, including directly or indirectly facilitating, stimulating or enhancing production of RNAs of interest and other function molecule / function cargo, production and / or excretion of EVs, or simply being packaged into EVs. For example, the preparatory cargo may be a polymerase, or a nucleic acid or vector encoding the polymerase. The preparatory cargo can also be nucleic acids, such as DNAs or RNAs encoding the reprogramming factors (e.g. Oct3 / 4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, Lin28, and Nanog, miR-302, miR-367 and miR-369) that would either leads to generation of, or by themselves are the desired function molecule. The preparatory cargo can also be vectors or formulations comprising the aforesaid molecules. For example, the preparatory cargo can be plasmids, cosmids comprising nucleic acid sequences encoding the reprogramming factors, or formulations such as liposomes, dendrimers, or micelles which comprise the polymerase and / or nucleic acids encoding the reprogramming factors.
[0088] As used herein, the term “function molecule” or “function cargo” refers to nucleic acids, transcribed proteins / peptides or any substance that are intended to be produced and / or packaged into EVs for desired purposes. A function cargo and a preparatory cargo can be of the same or different molecules. For example, if the function cargo is the mRNA for the factor Oct4, then the preparatory cargo could be a naked or formulated DNA sequence for Oct4, a vector comprising DNA sequence for Oct4, Oct4 mRNA itself, or any substances / formulation that could lead to generation of EV-formulated Oct4 mRNA.
[0089] As used herein, the term "polymerase” , refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of long chains of nucleic acids, and comprises DNA polymerases and RNA polymerases.
[0090] As used herein, the term "RNA-dependent RNA polymerase” , “RdRp” , or "RNA replicase" refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the replication of RNA from an RNA template. The nucleic acid sequence of RdRp can be derived and / or modified from the genomic sequences of RNA viruses, such as coronavirus, hepatitis C virus, Chikungunya virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Ross River virus, Semliki Forest virus (SFV) , bacteriophage Qβ, pseudomonas phage φ6, pseudomonas phage φ12, mammalian orthoreovirus 3, simian rotavirus SA11, bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, human picobirnavirus, thosea asigna virus, coxsackievirus B3, and human rhinovirus 16. The nucleic acid sequences encoding RdRp can also be further codon-optimized. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, also known as RNA replicase, is a vital enzyme for viral RNA replication. Although RdRp has been utilized in self-amplifying mRNA vaccines, using RdRp to amplify EV-RNAs has not been reported. The reason is two-fold: firstly, direct use of RdRp for amplification of EV-RNA requires putting RdRp enzyme, RNA template, and necessary ribonucleotides inside the EVs, which is technically complex; secondly, RdRp-amplified EV-RNAs would produce double-strand RNA (dsRNA) , which is undesirable for many clinical applications.
[0091] As used herein, the term "DNA polymerase” refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the replication of DNA from a DNA template. The nucleic acid sequences encoding DNA polymerase can be further codon-optimized.
[0092] As used herein, the term "DNA polymerase with processivity” or "processive DNA polymerase” refers to a DNA polymerase that can synthesize long stretches of DNA without dissociating from the template. The enzyme remains tightly bound and continuously adds nucleotides, resulting in efficient DNA synthesis. For Example, Phi29 DNA polymerase can incorporate thousands of nucleotides per binding event. The nucleic acid sequences encoding DNA polymerase with processivity can be further codon-optimized.
[0093] As used herein, the term "DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity” or “strand-displacing DNA polymerase “refers to a DNA polymerase that, as it synthesizes a new strand, pushes aside the downstream DNA strand without needing helicase assistance. DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity can be further codon-optimized.
[0094] As used herein, the term "rolling circle amplification” or “RCA” refers to an isothermal nucleic acid amplification process that uses a circular DNA template and a strand-displacing DNA polymerase, such as phi29 and EquiPhi29 DNA polymerase, to generate long single-stranded DNA molecules composed of repeated sequences complementary to the template.
[0095] As used herein, the term "DNA polymerase for rolling circle amplification” , “DNA polymerase for RCA” or “RCA DNA polymerase” refers to a DNA polymerase capable of catalyzing rolling circle amplification (RCA) . Examples of DNA polymerase for RCA include phi29 DNA polymerase, EquiPhi29 DNA polymerase, Bst DNA Polymerase and Deep Vent (exo–) DNA polymerase. The nucleic acid sequences encoding DNA polymerase for RCA can be further codon-optimized.
[0096] As used herein, the term “reprogramming” , “cellular reprogramming” , “epigenetic reprogramming” or “cellular epigenetic reprogramming” refers to the process of altering a cell’s epigenetic modifications, often leading to change in the state, and possibly the identity or fate of the cell.
[0097] As used herein, the term “reprogramming factor” refers to factors that are capable of directly or indirectly inducing cellular epigenetic reprogramming. Examples of reprogramming factors include but not limited to, Oct3 / 4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, Lin28, Nanog, and microRNAs such as miR-302, miR-367 and / or miR-369.
[0098] As used herein, the term "partial reprogramming" or "partial epigenetic reprogramming" refers to a controlled expression of reprogramming factors to change cell’s state (such as reverting a cell to a more youthful state) without losing its cell identity or achieving pluripotency.
[0099] As used herein, the term "biocompatible" refers to a generic property of a material being compatible with living cells, tissues, or living organisms. A biocompatible material does not cause a toxicity or a rejection (e.g. immune response) when exposing to the recipient.
[0100] As used herein, the term "cryopreservation" or "cryoconservation" refers to a process where biological material (e.g., EVs, exosomes, exomeres, matrix vesicles, micro-vesicles, outer-membrane vesicles, or apoptotic bodies) are frozen at low temperatures (typically -80℃ (-112°F) or -196 ℃ (-321 °F) using liquid nitrogen) to preserve the biological material for an extended period of time.
[0101] The present disclosure identifies the problem of low overall yield of EV-formulated RNA, which is a bottleneck for clinical translation, and provides a novel avenue of amplifying EV-RNA contents by polymerases as a solution to the problem. Depending on the intended purpose of the produced EVs, one or two types of polymerases, or nucleic acids or vectors encoding said polymerases is (are) used:
[0102] For applications where dsRNA is desirable, such as RNA interference, a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) , or a combination thereof, is used;
[0103] For applications where a dsRNA is undesirable, only a DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity is used.
[0104] The present disclosure further provides a method for implementing the strategy, comprising steps of
[0105] (1) providing a system comprising a fluid receptacle and relevant apparatuses;
[0106] (2) introducing into the fluid receptacle a biologically suitable medium, production cells and a preparatory cargo comprising (a) a polymerase, or nucleic acids, polynucleotides or vectors encoding the polymerase, wherein the polymerase is DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity , RdRp, or a combination thereof, depending on the intended purpose of the EV, (b) nucleic acids or vectors encoding a RNA of interest, and (c) molecules that are required for intended reaction / purpose, such as primers for the polymerase-mediated replication reaction, and (d) other suitable small molecules, proteins / peptides, nucleic acids or biomolecules;
[0107] (3) applying transfection agent (s) and / or appropriate action (s) in the system to incorporate the preparatory cargo into the production cells; and
[0108] (4) harvesting the extracellular vesicles secreted by the production cells.
[0109] In some embodiments, the production cell is HEK293 cell, HEK293A cell, HEK293E cell, HEK293H cell, HEK293T cell, HEK293FT cell, HEK293FTM cell, HEK293SG cell, mouse embryonic fibroblast, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell , NSO cell, Sp2.0 cell, Vero cell, MRC-5 cell, PER. C6 cell, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) , human fibroblast, umbilical vein endothelial cell, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) , T cells, B cell, macrophage, dendritic cell (DC) , natural killer (NK) cell, or modified or genetically engineered cell.
[0110] In some embodiments, the production cell is cultured in hydrogel, polystyrene containing pores, plates coated with hydrophilic polymer, micro-patterned surfaces, hanging drop, organoid, or microfluidic cell culture chip.
[0111] In some embodiments, the production cell is cultured in well-established culture media, including but not limited to, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) , Minimum essential medium (MEM) , Ham’s F-12K medium. In some embodiments, the culture medium is supplemented with biologically derived components, such as fetal bovine serum or platelet lysate.
[0112] In some embodiments wherein double-strand RNA (dsRNA) is a desirable function cargo, the polymerase comprises a RdRp. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence of RdRp can be derived and / or modified from the genomic sequence of a RNA viruse, such as coronavirus, hepatitis C virus, Chikungunya virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Ross River virus, Semliki Forest virus (SFV) , bacteriophage Qβ, pseudomonas phage pseudomonas phage mammalian orthoreovirus 3, simian rotavirus SA11, bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, human picobirnavirus, thosea asigna virus, coxsackievirus B3, and human rhinovirus 16. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequence encoding RdRp is codon-optimized.
[0113] In some embodiments wherein double-strand RNA (dsRNA) is an undesirable function cargo, the polymerase is a processive DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity. In some embodiments, the DNA polymerase is a DNA polymerase for RCA, such as phi29 DNA polymerase, EquiPhi29 DNA polymerase, Bst DNA polymerase and Deep Vent (exo–) DNA polymerase.
[0114] In some embodiments, the preparatory cargo further comprises the RNA of interest itself, nucleotides and other biochemically acceptable molecules.
[0115] In some embodiments, the preparatory cargo further comprises substances capable of enhancing or stimulating production of extracellular vesicles by the production cells, including sphingolipid ceramide, phospholipase D2 (PLD2) and ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) GTPase, cytokines and inflammatory mediators.
[0116] In some embodiments, the nucleic acids are DNAs or RNAs.
[0117] In some embodiments, the RNA is mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA, snoRNA, microRNA, shRNA, siRNA, piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) , lncRNA, CRISPR RNA (crRNA) , guide RNA (gRNA) , Ribozymes, Circular RNA (circRNA) , transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) , antisense RNA or double-strand RNA.
[0118] In some embodiments, the vector is a viral vector, wherein the viral vector is derived and / or modified from a lentivirus, retrovirus, adenovirus, alphavirus, vaccinia virus, or adeno-associated virus (AAV) .
[0119] In some embodiments, the vectors are viral or non-viral vectors comprising polynucleotides comprising one or more subsequences encoding the RNA of interest, the polymerase and / or other function molecule.
[0120] In some embodiments, the vector is a circular one. An example of such circular vector is a plasmid.
[0121] In some embodiments, the nucleic acids or vectors comprise polynucleotides comprising one or more subsequences encoding molecules of interest, including the RNA of interest and the polymerase, wherein the subsequences are operably linked to a single common expression control sequence.
[0122] In some embodiments, the nucleic acids or vectors comprise polynucleotides comprising one or more subsequences encoding molecules of interest, including the RNA of interest and the polymerase, wherein one or selected groups of the subsequences are linked to separate expression control sequences.
[0123] In some embodiments, the preparatory cargo is encapsulated in, mixed with, complexed with, tethered on, or otherwise engaged with nano-or micro-sized particles, wherein the nano-or micro-sized particles include, but not limited to gold particles, liposomes, micelles and carbon nanotubes.
[0124] In some embodiments, the RNA of interest and the polymerase are encoded by the same nucleic acid or vector (in cis-effect) .
[0125] In some embodiments, the RNA of interest and the polymerase are encoded by separate nucleic acids or vectors (in trans-effect) .
[0126] In some embodiments, the incorporation of preparatory cargo in step (3) is conducted using a transfection reagent.
[0127] In some embodiments, the relevant apparatus in step (1) is a gene gun system, or nano-or micron -sized tip array, and the incorporation of preparatory cargo in step (3) is conducted by pneumatic, manual, mechanical force, or by gene gun, or micro-or nano-injection.
[0128] In some embodiments, the relevant apparatus in step (1) is an electric voltage generating system with electrodes, as exemplified in FIGs. 1 and 2, and the incorporation of preparatory cargo in step (3) is conducted by electroporation.
[0129] In some embodiments, the relevant apparatus in step (1) is an electric voltage generating system with electrodes and a separation plate / membrane having a plurality of small pores thereon, as exemplified in FIGs. 3 and 4, and the incorporation of preparatory cargo in step (3) is conducted by nano-electroporation, which comprises the steps of: (i) providing a system comprising a fluid receptacle, a separation plate / membrane having a plurality of small pores thereon and an electric voltage generating system with electrodes; wherein the separation plate / membrane is disposed in the fluid receptacle such that the inner space of the fluid receptacle is divided into two portions, wherein the electric field generated by the electric voltage generating system spans across the separation plate / membrane; (ii) introducing the culture medium into the fluid receptacle; introducing the production cells into a particular portion of the fluid receptacle such that cells are close to or adherent to a certain surface of the separation plate / membrane, and the preparatory cargo into the other portion of the fluid receptacle across the separation plate / membrane; And (iii) applying voltage pulses to create an electric field of desirable strengths, forms and polarity for suitable durations to incorporate the preparatory cargo into the production cell.
[0130] In some embodiments, one of the electrodes in the device of the present disclosure comprises micro-or nanoelectrodes, as exemplified in FIGs. 1 and 3, wherein the bottom electrode 100b or 300b comprises a plurality of nanoelectrode 110 thereon, as depicted in FIG. 1B.
[0131] In some embodiments, all electrodes in the device of the present disclosure comprises micro-or nanoelectrodes, as exemplified in FIGs. 2 and 4, wherein both the top electrode 200a or 400a, and the bottom electrode 200b or 400b, comprise a plurality of nanoelectrodes 210 thereon, as depicted in FIGs. 2B and 2C.
[0132] In some embodiments, the separation plate / membrane having a plurality of small pores thereon is disposed in the fluid receptacle in such a way that the inner space of the fluid receptacle is divided into upper and lower, right and left, inner and outer or other configurations that suit for operation needs or convenience. For example, a separation plate / membrane (e.g., “300c” and “400c” , as illustrated in FIGs. 3A and 4A) , can be installed on side walls of the fluid receptacle, thus creating an upper portion and a lower portion of the fluid receptacle (e.g., “x” and “y” , as illustrated in FIGs. 3A and 4A) , and production cells are adherent to the upper side of the separation plate / membrane while the preparatory cargo is in the lower portion of the fluid receptacle, or vice versa. The separation plate / membrane can also be installed uprightly or slantwise to the bottom of the fluid receptacle, thus creating a left portion and a right portion of the fluid receptacle (not shown) . The separation plate / membrane can also be of circular or different shapes, and / or installed in such ways to divide the fluid receptacle into inner and outer portions (not shown) to suit for needs or convenience.
[0133] In some embodiments, the fluid receptacle and the separation plate / membrane are made of electrically insulating materials, including glass, ceramics, porcelain, mica, plastic, rubber, polyvinylchloride, etc.
[0134] In some embodiments, the fluid receptacle and the separation plate / membrane are made of biocompatible materials.
[0135] In some embodiments, components of the preparatory cargo are incorporated into production cells simultaneously.
[0136] In some embodiments, components of the preparatory cargo are incorporated into production cells sequentially.
[0137] In some embodiments, the polymerase, or nucleic acid or vector encoding the polymerase, is incorporated into production cells together with other component of the preparatory cargo.
[0138] In some embodiments, incorporation of the polymerase, or nucleic acid or vector encoding the polymerase into the production cells precedes that of other component of the preparatory cargo.
[0139] In some embodiments, incorporation of the polymerase, or nucleic acid or vector encoding the polymerase, into production cells takes place no later than 48 hours after that of other component of the preparatory cargo.
[0140] In some embodiments, the polymerase, or nucleic acid or vector encoding the polymerase, is incorporated into production cells, either alone or together with other component of the preparatory cargo, more than one times.
[0141] In some embodiments, harvesting the extracellular vesicle in step (4) is by charge neutralization-based precipitation, size-filtration, affinity purification, centrifugation, ultracentrifugation, magnetic bead-based separation or a combination thereof.
[0142] In some embodiments, harvesting the extracellular vesicle in step (4) is conducted by well-established methods in the art. For example, the EVs can be extracted by commercial kits such as exoEasy (Qiagen) , (System Biosciences) , (BIOvesicle) , (Arrowtec) and InvitrogenTM Total Exosome Isolation Reagent (Invitrogen) .
[0143] In some embodiments, harvesting the extracellular vesicle in step (4) is by centrifugation at 1000-5000 g for 5 to 10 min.
[0144] In some embodiments, harvesting the extracellular vesicle in step (4) is by ultracentrifugation at 10,000-30,000 g for 15 to 35 min.
[0145] In some embodiments, harvesting the extracellular vesicle in step (4) is by ultracentrifugation at the sequence of 300 g for 5-15 min, 2,000 g for 25-35 min, 15,000 g for 25-35 min, and 120,000 g for 100-140 min.
[0146] In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding a sugar to the culture medium before centrifugation, wherein the sugar is selected from the group consisting of trehalose, dextran, sucrose, maltose, lactose, cellobiose and chitobiose.
[0147] In some embodiments, the method further comprises storing the extracellular vesicle by freezing, freezing and spray-drying, preferably cryopreservation.
[0148] The present disclosure further provides an extracellular vesicle produced by the method provided herein.
[0149] In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicle ranges in size from 30 to 200 nanometers (nm) .
[0150] In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicle expresses CD9, CD63 or CD81.
[0151] In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicles produced by the method provided herein are used for in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo diagnosis, prevention or treatment of various medical and / or aesthetic diseases or conditions related to, including but not limited to, tumor, coagulation, inflammation, angiogenesis, programmed cell death, antigen presentation, immune responses, deletion of debris molecules, kidney diseases, wound healing, liver diseases, neurodegenerative and autoimmune disorders, diabetes, spinal cord injury, cardiovascular diseases and ageing related diseases or conditions.
[0152] In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicles produced by the method provided herein are used for delivery of drugs, genes and / or biomolecules.
[0153] In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicles produced by the method provided herein are used for gene / genome editing or epigenome editing.
[0154] The present disclosure further provides a method for inducing reprogramming or partial reprogramming, reverting a cell or an organism to a more youthful state without losing the cell identity, and / or for ameliorating an ageing-associated disease or condition in a subject, comprising:
[0155] (I) culturing a production cell in a biologically suitable medium; (II) incorporating a preparatory cargo into the production cell, wherein the preparatory cargo comprises (a) a processive DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity, or a nucleic acid or a vector encoding the DNA polymerase, and (b) nucleic acids or vectors encoding a set of reprogramming factors, comprising Sox2, Klf4, a group selected from the group of Oct3 / 4, c-Myc, and a group selected from the group of Lin28, and Nanog; and (c) molecules / substances that are required for intended reactions / purpose, including but not limited to specific or random primers, or substances that serves as primers for replication reactions mediated by the polymerase, such as terminal protein of Bacillus phage phi29, and (d) other biologically acceptable small molecules, proteins / peptides, nucleic acids or biomolecules;
[0156] (III) harvesting an extracellular vesicle from the culture medium; and
[0157] (IV) administering the extracellular vesicle to a recipient cell or a subject for a desirable treatment duration to facilitate reprogramming or partial reprogramming to a desired extent.
[0158] In some embodiments, the preparatory cargo further comprises nucleic acids or vectors encoding miR-302, miR-367 and / or miR-369.
[0159] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequences encoding the reprogramming factors such as Sox2, Klf4, Oct3 / 4, c-Myc, Lin28, Nanog, miR-302, miR-367 and / or miR-369, are codon-optimized.
[0160] In some embodiments, the method of the present disclosure further comprises adding DNAs, RNAs, proteins / peptides, or other biomolecules that would promote gene expression, partial reprogramming or cellular rejuvenation, including but not limited to, genetic factors, signaling molecules, and small molecules such as estrogen-related receptor beta (Esrrb) , CCAAT / enhancer-binding proteins (C / EBP) , CREB-binding protein (CBP) , p300, CHD7, p53 siRNA, PCAF, DNMT siRNA, Wnt3a, and hTERT.
[0161] In some embodiments, the desirable treatment duration is one or more cycles of 1 to 25 days.
[0162] In some embodiments, the desirable treatment duration is one or more cycles of more than 25 days.
[0163] In some embodiments, there is no rest period between cycles.
[0164] In some embodiments, there are rest periods between cycles.
[0165] In some embodiments, the extent of reprogramming or partial reprogramming is monitored or determined by decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines, decreased oxidative stresses, increased production of ATP and / or anti-oxidant, changes in DNA methylation or increase in telomere length.
[0166] In some embodiments, the extent of reprogramming or partial reprogramming is monitored or determined using an epigenetic age predictor, such as Horvath's clock, Hannum epigenetic clock, PhenoAge clock or GrimAge clock.
[0167] In some embodiments, the extent of reprogramming or partial reprogramming is monitored or determined by detection of characteristic biomarkers for specific cell type, such as SOX9 for chondrocyte.
[0168] In some embodiments, the extent of reprogramming or partial reprogramming is monitored or determined by detection of pluripotency markers such as SSEA-1, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81 or GCTM2, or lack thereof.
[0169] In some embodiments, the extent of reprogramming or partial reprogramming is monitored or determined by the morphological and / or physical change of the recipient cell or organism.
[0170] In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicles produced by the method provided herein are used for creating induced pluripotent stem cells.
[0171] In some embodiments, the extracellular vesicles produced by the method provided herein are used for in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo cellular or organism rejuvenation through partial reprogramming, and used for:
[0172] ameliorating ageing-associated diseases or conditions, including but not limit to, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes, dementia, hearing deterioration, and vision deterioration; and / or
[0173] ameliorating aesthetic and cosmetic issues, including but not limit to, wrinkles, uneven skin tone and texture, fat accumulation and distribution, change in body curvature / shape, alopecia, and scarring.
[0174] In some embodiments, the ageing-associated disease or condition and the amelioration thereof is determined by levels of inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stresses, and production of ATP and / or anti-oxidants.
[0175] In some embodiments, the ageing-associated disease or condition and the amelioration thereof is determined by changes in expression profiles of ageing-related genes selected from the group consisting of TRIM59, SMC4, KPNA4, CD46, ATP8B4, and CXXC4.
[0176] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequences encoding the reprogramming factors, are of the same species as the recipient cell or organism of the extracellular vesicles.
[0177] In some embodiments, the nucleic acid sequences encoding the reprogramming factors are of different species from the recipient cell or organism of the extracellular vesicles. For example, extracellular vesicles produced with preparatory cargos comprising vectors encoding mouse Sox2, Klf4, Oct3 / 4, c-Myc, are also efficacious in lowering blood glucose level and reducing waist circumference in a human subject.
[0178] In some embodiments, the subject receiving the EV treatment is a human being or an animal, such as dog, cat, deer, tiger, lion, horse, fish, salmon, penguin, eagle, raven, turtle, frog, etc.
[0179] The present disclosure further provides a method for producing an extracellular vesicle, comprising: (1) culturing a production cell in a biologically suitable medium; (2) incorporating a nucleic acid or vector encoding reprogramming factors comprising Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc, and a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) into the production cell; and (3) harvesting the extracellular vesicle secreted by the production cell from the biologically suitable medium.
[0180] The present disclosure further provides a method for producing an extracellular vesicle, comprising: (1) culturing a production cell in a biologically suitable medium; (2) incorporating a nucleic acid or vector encoding reprogramming factors comprising Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc, and a plasmid encoding a SFV RdRp protein (nsP1-4) (pRdRp) into the production cell; and (3) harvesting the extracellular vesicle secreted by the production cell from the biologically suitable medium.
[0181] The present disclosure further provides a method for producing an extracellular vesicle, comprising: (1) culturing a production cell in a biologically suitable medium; (2) incorporating a nucleic acid or vector encoding a DNA Polymerase with strand displacement activity into the production cell, and waiting for a period of time, preferably 12 to 72 hours, more preferably about 24 hours; (3) incorporating a nucleic acid or vector encoding the DNA Polymerase with strand displacement activity, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc into the production cell; and (4) harvesting the extracellular vesicle secreted by the production cell from the biologically suitable medium.
[0182] The present disclosure further provides a method for rejuvenating a cell or extending a cell’s proliferative lifespan, comprising steps comprising incorporating plasmids encoding a set of reprogramming factors, simultaneously or sequentially, into the cell, wherein the set of reprogramming factors comprises Sox2, Klf4, at least one of Oct3 / 4 and c-Myc , and at least one of Lin28 and Nanog.
[0183] In some embodiments, the steps further comprise incorporating a RdRp, or a nucleic acid or a vector encoding the RdRp, together with the plasmid encoding the reprogramming factors or separately, into the cell.
[0184] In some embodiments, the steps further comprise incorporating a DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity, or a nucleic acid or a vector encoding the DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity, together with the plasmid encoding the reprogramming factors or separately, into the cell.
[0185] In some embodiments, the steps further comprise incorporating a RdRp and a DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity, or nucleic acids or vectors encoding the same, together with the plasmid encoding the reprogramming factors or separately, into the cell.EXAMPLE
[0186] Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are further described in the following examples, which should not be construed to limit the scope of the present disclosure.
[0187] FIGs. 1A and 1B demonstrate an exemplary model of the device 1000 for producing the extracellular vesicles (EVs) disclosed herein. A fluid receptacle 100 coupled with electrodes 100a and 100b is filled with culture medium to support the growth and living of the production cells, where the culture medium is electrically conductive. The production cell and the preparatory cargo comprising nucleic acids or vectors encoding RNA-dependent RNA polymerases and reprogramming factors are then introduced to the fluid receptacle 100, each of which can be prepared according to a well-established industrial or academic method or can be obtained via a purchasable merchandise.
[0188] The electrodes 100a and 100b are electrically connected to a voltage supply 1, where the voltage supply 1 is capable of applying a voltage sufficient to create an electric field across the electrodes 100a and 100b, thereby stimulating the preparatory cargos to enter the production cells, prompting the cells to produce mRNAs for RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, and mRNAs for the reprogramming factors and the reprogramming factors. The mRNAs are significantly multiplied by RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, thereby significantly increasing production of the mRNAs, the reprogramming factors and even the EVs by the production cell. The pulse created by the voltage also activates the production cells to secrete the EVs comprising the mRNAs for the reprogramming factors and the reprogramming factors. The collection of the EVs produced by the production cells can be conducted by well-established methods in the art.
[0189] One of the electrodes can further be in the format of nanoelectrodes on its surface. As shown in FIG. 1B, the bottom electrode 100b shown in FIG. 1A comprises a plurality of nanoelectrodes 110 formed on the surface of the bottom electrode 100b to focus the electric pulse effects to certain focal points on the cell membrane.
[0190] FIGs. 2A to 2C demonstrate another exemplary model of the device 2000 for producing the extracellular vesicles (EVs) disclosed herein. A fluid receptacle 200 coupled with electrodes 200a and 200b is filled with culture medium to support the growth and living of the production cells, where the culture medium is electrically conductive. Production cells and preparatory cargos comprising RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, or nucleic acids or vectors encoding RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, are then introduced to the fluid receptacle 200. Each of which can be prepared according to a well-established industrial or academic method or can be obtained via a purchasable merchandise. The electrodes 200a and 200b are electrically connected to a voltage supply 1, where the voltage supply 1 is capable of applying a voltage sufficient to create an electric field across the electrodes 200a and 200b, thereby stimulating the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases or vectors encoding RNA-dependent RNA polymerases to enter the production cells, initiating the expression of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases by the production cells. The nucleic acids or vectors encoding reprogramming factors are then introduced and incorporated into the production cells by the same method. This prompts the production cells to produce mRNAs for the reprogramming factors, which are then amplified by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. The pulse created by the voltage also activates the production cells to secrete the EVs comprising the mRNAs for the reprogramming factors and the reprogramming factors. The collection of the EVs produced by production cells can be conducted by well-established methods in the art.
[0191] In this embodiment, both of the electrodes are in the format of nanoelectrodes on their surfaces. As shown in FIGs. 2B and 2C, the top electrode 200a and the bottom electrode 200b comprise a plurality of nanoelectrodes 210 formed on the surfaces to focus the electric pulse effects to certain focal points on the cell membrane.
[0192] In addition to the above designs, the device provided herein can further comprise a separation plate / membrane having a plurality of small pores thereon to improve the efficiency of incorporating the preparatory cargos into the production cells. As shown in FIGs. 3A and 3B, the device 3000 for producing the extracellular vesicles (EVs) disclosed herein comprises a fluid receptacle 300 coupled with electrodes 300a and 300b, and a separation plate / membrane 300c placed therein, where the separation plate / membrane 300c substantially divides the inner space of the fluid receptacle 300 into an upper portion x and a lower portion y. The fluid receptacle 300 is filled with culture medium to support the growth and living of the production cells, where the culture medium is electrically conductive. Production cells are adherent to the upper surface of 300c, and preparatory cargos comprising nucleic acids or vectors encoding RNA-dependent RNA polymerases and reprogramming factors are then introduced into the lower portion y. The production cells and preparatory cargos can be prepared according to a well-established industrial or academic method or can be obtained via a purchasable merchandise.
[0193] The electrodes 300a and 300b are electrically connected to a voltage supply 1, where the voltage supply 1 is capable of applying a voltage sufficient to create an electric field across the electrodes 300a and 300b, thereby stimulating the preparatory cargos to go through the separation plate / membrane 300c and enter the production cells, prompting the cells to produce mRNAs for the reprogramming factors, which are then amplified by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which is also produced by the production cell. The pulse created by the voltage also activates the production cells to secrete the EVs comprising the mRNAs for the reprogramming factors and the reprogramming factors. The collection of the EVs produced by secretory cells can be conducted by well-established methods in the art.
[0194] As shown in FIG. 3B, the separation plate / membrane 300c comprises a plurality of small pores 40 formed on the surface of the separation plate / membrane 300c. When the preparatory cargos pass the separation plate / membrane 300c by squeezing through the small pores 40, a focal and amplified effect produced thereby would accelerate the preparatory cargos, thereby improving the incorporation of the preparatory cargos and the production cells.
[0195] FIGs. 4A and 4B demonstrate another exemplary model of the device 4000 based on the device depicted in FIGs. 3A and 3B. In this embodiment, the device 4000 for producing the extracellular vesicles (EVs) disclosed herein comprises a fluid receptacle 400 coupled with electrodes 400a and 400b, and a separation plate / membrane 400c placed therein, where the separation plate / membrane 400c substantially divides the inner space of the fluid receptacle 400 into an upper portion x and a lower portion y. The fluid receptacle 400 is filled with culture medium to support the growth and living of the production cells, where the culture medium is electrically conductive. Production cells are adherent to the lower surface of 400c, and preparatory cargos comprising nucleic acids or vectors encoding RNA-dependent RNA polymerases and nucleic acids or vectors encoding reprogramming factors are then introduced into the upper portion x. The production cells and preparatory cargos can be prepared according to a well-established industrial or academic method or can be obtained via a purchasable merchandise.
[0196] The electrodes 400a and 400b are electrically connected to a voltage supply 1, where the voltage supply 1 is capable of applying a voltage of appropriate polarity and sufficient to create an electric field across the electrodes 400a and 400b, thereby stimulating the preparatory cargos to go through the separation plate / membrane 400c and enter the production cells, prompting the production cells to produce mRNAs for the reprogramming factors, which are then amplified by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, which is also produced by the production cell. The pulse created by the voltage also activates the production cells to secrete the EVs comprising mRNAs for the reprogramming factors and the reprogramming factors. The collection of the EVs produced by secretory cells can be conducted by well-established methods in the art. For example, the collection of the EVs can be isolated by commercial kits such as exoEasy (Qiagen) , (System Biosciences) , (BIOvesicle) , (Arrowtec) and InvitrogenTM Total Exosome Isolation Reagent (invitrogen) . In this embodiment, both the top electrode 400a and the bottom electrode 400b comprise a plurality of nanoelectrodes (not shown) to help generate a uniform electric field across the separation plate / membrane (400c) .
[0197] As shown in FIG. 4B, the separation plate / membrane 400c comprises a plurality of small pores 40 formed on the surface the separation plate / membrane 400c. When the preparatory cargos pass the separation plate / membrane 400c by squeezing through the small pores 40, a focal and amplified effect produced thereby would accelerate the preparatory cargos, thereby improving the incorporation of the preparatory cargos and the production cells.
[0198] While the method could be implemented with a variety of configurations among production cells, separation plate / membrane and preparatory cargo, the one with production cells adherent to the lower surface of the separation plate / membrane, such as the one exemplified with FIG. 4A affords the benefits of operational ease for cargo introduction and EV harvest, and is more economically efficient as it requires less amounts of preparatory cargos to achieve equivalent results.
[0199] Example 1
[0200] Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) grown on Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum were used as the production cells. About 1×106 MSCs in 15ml DMEM medium were transfected with only 50ng / ml of a plasmid encoding mouse Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 or c-Myc, (denoted as pO, pS, pK and pM, respectively) , or co-transfected with both the plasmid and the RdRp enzyme (SARS-CoV-2 nsp12-nsp7-nsp8) (denoted as RdRp) , using Lipofectamine as transfection agent. 2 days after transfection, the medium was 0.22 micron-filtered, and EVs were extracted with exoEasy Maxi Kit (Qiagen) for analysis. NTA Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA) indicates the presence of RdRp did not affect the total number of EVs produced. The total yield of EVs remained consistent at approximately 1-2E10 EVs per million cells, whether RdRp was used or not. However, the EV-RNAs encoding mouse Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc, as qPCR analysis indicated, were all increased significantly when RdRp is introduced, as shown in FIG. 5 A, B, C and D.
[0201] The calculations of relative RNA abundances in the example and FIGs. are species-specific. For example, the relative abundance of EV-RNA encoding mouse Oct4 is calculated against the EV-RNA encoding mouse Oct4 produced by MSCs transfected solely with plasmid encoding mouse Oct4 (pO) , while the relative abundance of EV-RNA encoding mouse Sox2 is calculated against the EV-RNA encoding mouse Sox2 produced by MSCs transfected solely with plasmid encoding mouse Sox2 (pS) . The same principle holds for the following examples.
[0202] Example 2
[0203] This example investigates a similar process to Example 1, but uses a different cell line and transfection method. And, instead of RdRp protein, a plasmid encoding RdRp is used. HEK 293T cells were grown on Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum. About 3×106 HEK293T cells were transferred to the separation membrane of a device as schematically depicted in FIG. 3 and transfected by nano-electroporation with only 50ng / ml plasmid encoding mouse Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 or c-Myc (pO, pS, pK or pM, respectively) , or co-transfected with a 150ng / ml plasmid encoding SFV RdRp (nsP1-4) ) (denoted as pRdRp) . The medium was collected and 0.22 micron-filtered 2 days after transfection, and EVs were extracted with exoEasy Maxi Kit (Qiagen) for analysis. The nano-electroporation method was found to be more effective at producing EVs, increasing the EV yield by 3-5 times compared to Lipofectamine transfection.
[0204] Similar to the RdRp protein in the first example, the introduction of the RdRp-encoding plasmid led to a significant increase in the amount of RNA for all four mouse reprogramming factors packaged within the EVs, as shown in FIG. 6 A, B, C and D.
[0205] Example 3
[0206] This example builds on the previous findings by showing that the EV-RNA enhancing effect of RdRp still works when multiple types of plasmids are used together. 1 million MSCs were transferred to the separation membrane of a device as schematically depicted in FIG. 3 and transfected by nano-electroporation. Control groups were transfected with 50ng / ml individual plasmids for Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, or c-Myc, as well as a group transfected with a mixture of all four plasmids (denoted as (pO+pS+pK+pM) ) . Test groups were co-transfected with a 150ng / ml plasmid encoding SFV RdRp along with either a single plasmid or the mixture of all four plasmids encoding the mouse reprogramming factors. The EVs were extracted as described in the previous examples for analysis. Again, the introduction of the RdRp plasmid significantly increased the amount of RNA for all four mouse factors packaged within the EVs, a result consistent with the previous examples. Critically, this enhancement effect remained true even when the cells were transfected with a mixture of all four plasmids, as shown in FIG. 7.
[0207] Example 4
[0208] This example focuses on finding the best time to introduce the RdRp-encoding plasmid to get the maximum enhancement of EV-RNA content. MSCs were used as the production cells. The cells were transfected with a plasmid mixture for mouse Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, as well as a plasmid encoding SFV RdRp. The key variable was the timing of the RdRp plasmid transfection. This was done either at the same time as the other plasmids (simultaneously) or sequentially, with the RdRp plasmid introduced 5 hours, 1 day, or 2 days before the others.
[0209] As shown in FIG. 8, the RdRp plasmid significantly boosted the EV-RNA content in all scenarios. The most effective timing was when the RdRp plasmid was introduced 5 hours to 1 day before the plasmids for the function molecules. The data also showed that the plasmids remained active in the cells for at least two days, suggesting that the enhancing effect of the polymerase will last as long as it is introduced within two days of the other plasmids.
[0210] While we've seen that RdRp significantly increases the amount of RNA in EVs, we also have evidence that at least some of the EV-RNA is in the form of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) . This observation aligns with how RdRp is known to function.
[0211] Example 5
[0212] This example introduces a new method for increasing EV-RNA content, specifically for applications where double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is not desired. It proposes using a highly processive DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity, such as phi29 DNA polymerase.
[0213] MSCs were used as the production cells. The cells were divided into three groups for transfection via nano-electroporation: 1. Control or pO+pS+pK+pM Group: Transfected only with a mixture of plasmids encoding the mouse reprogramming factors. 2. pDP-1d- (pO+pS+pK+pM) Group: Transfected with a plasmid encoding phi29 DNA Polymerase (pDP) one day before the mixture of function molecule plasmids was introduced. 3. pDP-1d- (pDP+pO+pS+pK+pM) Group: Transfected with pDP one day before a second transfection that included both pDP and the function molecule plasmids.
[0214] EVs were collected twice: on day 2 and day 4 after the final transfection.
[0215] As shown in FIGs 9A and 9B, the introduction of a plasmid encoding phi29 DNA polymerase (pDP) significantly enhanced the amount of RNA in the EVs. The results also showed that introducing the DNA polymerase multiple times (as in the pDP-1d- (pDP+pO+pS+pK+pM) Group) can further amplify the EV-RNA content and extend the duration of the enhancement effect.
[0216] Example 6
[0217] One major limitation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) is their finite proliferative lifespan. After a limited number of passages (often 8-10 for human MSCs) , these cells experience a significant drop in viability and productivity, which is also reflected in change in cell morphology. Healthy and productive MSCs, such as those of passage less than 6, typically exhibit a characteristic spindle-shaped, fibroblast-like morphology, as shown in FIG. 10A. In contrast, MSCs beyond passage 8-10 would gradually appear more and more thinned and spread out (FIG. 10B) , making them prone to injury during routine handling. The present disclosure also provides methods to address this issue.
[0218] First of all, experiments indicate that transfection with one or a selected group of plasmids encoding the reprogramming factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc, can “rejuvenate” the MSCs. As shown in FIG. 11A to E, MSCs which were transfected while at passage 9, when they typically begin to show signs of decline, with plasmids encoding mouse Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 or c-Myc, or a mixture of plasmids encoding the four factors, exhibit a spindle-shaped, fibroblast-like morphology, characteristic of a healthy and productive MSC, after transfection. The rejuvenating effect generally lasts only 1 or 2 passages when transfected with a plasmid encoding a single reprogramming factor, but could last up to 5-8 passages after being transfected with plasmids encoding a set of reprogramming factors, such as: Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4; Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc; or all four Yamanaka factors. Notably, despite the nucleic acid sequences of the reprogramming factors originating from mice and the MSCs from humans, the efficacy of the process is maintained.
[0219] The rejuvenating effect persists when a plasmid encoding a DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity or an RdRp is also incorporated into the cell. Experiments incorporating RdRp indicated that RNA interference is not activated until some time after the mRNA encoding the reprogramming factors has exerted its action. This mechanism may be utilized for control of partial reprogramming.
[0220] Example 7
[0221] This experiment examined whether MSCs could be rejuvenated using EVs that contained mRNAs for reprogramming factors. MSCs grown on DMEM medium supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum were divided into 2 groups: (1) control group: cells were continually sub-cultured on DMEM medium supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum, and (2) treatment group: At passage 6, 8 and 10, cells were sub-cultured on DMEM medium supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum plus 10E9 EVs / ml collected from pDP-1d- (pDP+pO+pS+pK+pM) cultures as described in Example 5. At Passage 11, MSCs of the treatment group maintain the spindle-shaped, fibroblast-like morphology (FIG. 12A) , while cells of the control group appear thinned out, a sign of decline (FIG. 12B) .
[0222] This example demonstrates that the disclosed method effectively produces EVs that contain mRNAs encoding the reprogramming factors, and these EVs successfully rejuvenate MSCs. Once again, the reprogramming process proved effective, even though the reprogramming factors were from mice and the MSCs from humans.
[0223] Considering existing literature on cell reprogramming, it's a reasonable inference that EVs produced by the method disclosed herein, containing different combinations of these reprogramming factor mRNAs, would also exhibit rejuvenating effects. For example, EVs containing mRNAs for Sox2, Klf4, a group selected from the group of Oct3 / 4, c-Myc, and a group selected from the group of Lin28 and Nanog, or EVs containing miR-302, miR-367 and / or miR-369 would also be efficacious for cell / organism rejuvenation and could lead to the creation of induced pluripotent stem cells if the treatment is continuous and sustained for a long enough duration.
[0224] Example 8
[0225] We also conducted a preliminary test on a human volunteer to see the effect of the EVs produced by method provided herein. EVs were collected from pDP-1d-(pDP+pO+pS+pK+pM) cultures as described in Example 5 and mixed with 8%casein for oral administration.
[0226] A 64-year-old male, who had a fasting blood glucose level hovering around the upper limit of the normal range (70-100 mg / dL) for two years, received the treatment. He took 3E10 EVs per day for two seven-day cycles, with a seven-day rest period in between. No adverse effects were observed.
[0227] Hospital follow-up records showed that the treatment reduced both his fasting blood glucose and waist circumference, as shown in Table 1. Table 1
[0228] We believe the EVs, which contain reprogramming factor mRNAs, work by rejuvenating some of the volunteer's somatic cells and improving their function. This suggests that these EVs could also be used to treat age-related conditions like osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes, dementia, hearing deterioration, and vision deterioration. The EVs provided herein can also be used for aesthetic and cosmetic purposes relating to rejuvenation or anti-senescence. The EVs can be utilized in, for example, ameliorating wrinkles, uneven skin tone and texture, alopecia and scarring, and in fat control and curvature shaping.
[0229] The present disclosure has been described with various embodiments. It is understood that modifications are possible without departing from the scope of the present disclosure, and these modifications are in accordance with the described embodiments. Thus, the embodiments are intended to cover such modifications rather than to limit the present disclosure. Therefore, the scope of the claims should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications.
Claims
1.A method for producing an extracellular vesicle containing RNAs, comprising:(1) culturing a production cell in a biologically suitable medium;(2) incorporating a preparatory cargo into the production cell; wherein the preparatory cargo comprises (a) a polymerase, or a nucleic acid or a vector encoding the polymerase, (b) a RNA of interest, or a nucleic acid or a vector encoding the RNA of interest, (c) a molecule that is required for intended process / purpose, including but not limited to a specific or random primer, or a substance that serves as a primer for the replication reaction mediated by the polymerase, and optionally (d) a biologically acceptable small molecule, protein / peptide, nucleic acid or biomolecule; and(3) harvesting the extracellular vesicle secreted by the production cell from the biologically suitable medium; and optionallywherein one or more than one of the steps may be performed more than once.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the RNA of interest is selected from the group consisting of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, snRNA, snoRNA, microRNA, shRNA, siRNA, piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) , lncRNA, CRISPR RNA (crRNA) , guide RNA (gRNA) , ribozymes, circular RNA (circRNA) , transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA) , antisense RNA (asRNA) and double strand RNA (dsRNA) .3.The method of any one of claims 1-2, wherein the preparatory cargo further comprises the RNA of interest itself, other function molecule of interest, nucleotides or substances capable of enhancing or stimulating production of extracellular vesicles by the production cell, including sphingolipid ceramide, phospholipase D2 (PLD2) , ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) GTPase, cytokines and / or inflammatory mediators.4.The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the RNA of interest comprises a dsRNA, and wherein the polymerase is RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) .5.The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the RNA of interest comprises a dsRNA, and wherein the polymerase is RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) , a DNA polymerase, or a combination thereof.6.The method of any one of claims 4-5, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of the RdRp is derived, modified or codon-optimized from the genomic sequence of a RNA virus, wherein the RNA virus is selected from the group consisting of coronavirus, hepatitis C virus, Chikungunya virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Ross River virus and Semliki Forest virus, bacteriophage Qβ, pseudomonas phage pseudomonas phage mammalian orthoreovirus 3, simian rotavirus SA11, bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, human picobirnavirus, thosea asigna virus, coxsackievirus B3, and human rhinovirus 16.7.The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the RNA of interest does not comprise a dsRNA, and EV-dsRNA is undesirable, and wherein the polymerase is a DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity.8.The method of claim 7, wherein the DNA polymerase is a processive DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity.9.The method of any one of claims 7-8, wherein the DNA polymerase is a DNA polymerase for rolling circle reaction (RCA) .10.The method of any one of claims 7-9, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of the DNA polymerase is derived, modified or codon-optimized from Phi29 DNA polymerase (Φ29) , EquiPhi29 DNA polymerase, Bst DNA polymerase, Klenow Fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I, Human DNA polymerase Delta (Pol δ) , Vent (exo–) polymerase, Deep Vent (exo–) polymerase or Bacillus polymerase DnaE.11.The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the nucleic acid or the vector encoding the polymerase, the RNA of interest or other molecule is codon-optimized or otherwise modified.12.The method of any one of claims 1-11, wherein the nucleic acid is a DNA or RNA.13.The method of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the production cell is HEK293 cell, HEK293A cell, HEK293E cell, HEK293H cell, HEK293T cell, HEK293FT cell, HEK293FTM cell, HEK293SG cell, mouse embryonic fibroblast, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell, NSO cell, Sp2.0 cell, Vero cell, MRC-5 cell, PER. C6 cell, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) , human fibroblast, umbilical vein endothelial cell, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) , T cell, B cell, macrophage, dendritic cell (DC) , natural killer (NK) cell, or an optimized or genetically modified cell that expresses a fusion protein of EV-targeting domain, such as CD9, CD63 or CD81, and RNA-binding domain, such as HuR, AGO2, or SYNCRIP.14.The method of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the production cell is cultured on a culture medium, optionally supplemented with fetal bovine serum, platelet lysate or other appropriate biologicals, including but not limited to, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle medium (DMEM) , Minimum essential medium (MEM) and Ham’s F-12K medium; and wherein the cell culture may optionally be performed in / on hydrogel, hydrophilic polymer, micropatterned surfaces, hanging drop, or culture chip.15.The method of any one of claims 1-14, wherein the production cell is subject to environmental, physical, or chemical stimuli, such as hypoxia, pH change, acoustic, heat or electric shocks, sodium iodoacetate (IAA) or 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP) , to stimulate production of EVs.16.The method of any one of claims 1-15, wherein the nucleic acid or the vector is circular.17.The method of claim 16, wherein the nucleic acid or the vector is a plasmid.18.The method of any one of claims 1-16, wherein the vector is a viral vector, wherein the viral vector is derived, modified and / or codon-optimized from a lentivirus, retrovirus, adenovirus, alphavirus, vaccinia virus, or adeno-associated virus (AAV) .19.The method of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the nucleic acid or the vector comprises a polynucleotide comprising one or more subsequences encoding molecules of interest which comprise the RNA of interest, the polymerase and / or other molecules of interest.20.The method of claim 19, wherein the one or more subsequences are operably linked to a single expression control sequence.21.The method of claim 19, wherein some or all of the one or more subsequences are alternatively operably linked to their own distinct expression control sequence.22.The method of any one of claims 1-21, wherein the polymerase, the RNA of interest and other molecule of interest are encoded by the same nucleic acid or vector.23.The method of any one of claims 1-21, wherein the polymerase, the RNA of interest and other molecule of interest are encoded by different nucleic acids or vectors.24.The method of any one of claims 1-23, wherein the nucleic acid or the vector are encapsulated in, mixed with, complexed with, tethered on, or otherwise engaged with a nano-or micro-sized particle.25.The method of claim 24, wherein the nano-or micro-sized particle comprises but is not limited to a nano-or micro-sized gold particle, a liposome, a micelle, and a carbon nanoparticle.26.The method of any one of claims 1-25, wherein components of the preparatory cargo are incorporated into the production cell simultaneously.27.The method of any one of claims 1-25, wherein incorporation of the polymerase, or the nucleic acid or the vector encoding the polymerase into the production cell precedes that of the RNA of interest, or the nucleic acid or the vector encoding the RNA of interest.28.The method of claim 27, wherein incorporation of the polymerase, or the nucleic acid or the vector encoding the polymerase into the production cell precedes that of the RNA of interest, or the nucleic acid or the vector encoding the RNA of interest by no more than 3 days.29.The method of claim 28, wherein incorporation of the polymerase, or the nucleic acid or the vector encoding the polymerase into the production cell precedes that of the RNA of interest, or the nucleic acid or the vector encoding the RNA of interest by 5 to 24 hours.30.The method of any one of claims 1-25, wherein incorporation of the polymerase, or the nucleic acid or the vector encoding the polymerase into the production cell takes place subsequent to the incorporation of the RNA of interest, or the nucleic acid or the vector encoding the RNA of interest.31.The method of claim 30, wherein incorporation of the polymerase, or the nucleic acid or the vector encoding the polymerase into the production cell takes place no later than 48 hours after incorporation of the RNA of interest, or the nucleic acid or the vector encoding the RNA of interest.32.The method of any one of claims 1-31, wherein the polymerase, or the nucleic acid or the vector encoding the polymerase, is incorporated into the production cell more than one times.33.The method of any one of claims 1-32, wherein components of the preparatory cargo are incorporated into the production cell by transfection, using a transfection reagent, or by gene gun, or micro-or nano-injection.34.The method of any one of claims 1-32, wherein components of the preparatory cargo are incorporated into the production cell by electroporation.35.The method of any one of claims 1-32, wherein components of the preparatory cargo are incorporated into the production cell by nano-electroporation.36.The method of any one of claims 1-32, wherein components of the preparatory cargo are incorporated into the production cell jointly by transfection using a transfection reagent, and electroporation.37.The method of any one of claims 1-32, wherein components of the preparatory cargo are incorporated into the production cell jointly by transfection using a transfection reagent, and nano-electroporation.38.The method of any one of claims 1-37, wherein harvesting the extracellular vesicle is by charge neutralization-based precipitation, polymer precipitation, size-filtration, size-exclusion chromatography, affinity purification, magnetic bead-mediated purification, centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, ultracentrifugation, microfluidics-based separation, sonication or a combination thereof.39.The method of any one of claims 1-38, wherein harvesting the extracellular vesicle is conducted by commercial kits, including exoEasy (Qiagen) , (System Biosciences) , (BIOvesicle) , (Arrowtec) and InvitrogenTM Total Exosome Isolation Reagent (Invitrogen) .40.The method of any one of claims 1-39, wherein harvesting the extracellular vesicle further comprises storing the extracellular vesicle by freezing, freezing and spray-drying, or cryopreservation.41.The method of any one of claims 1-40, wherein the size of the extracellular vesicle ranges from 30 to 200 nanometers (nm) .42.The method of any one of claims 1-41, wherein the extracellular vesicle expresses CD9, CD63 or CD81.43.An extracellular vesicle produced by the method of any one of claims 1-6 or 11-42, wherein the polymerase comprises a RdRp.44.A method for inducing RNA interference in a cell or an organism, comprising (a) obtaining an extracellular vesicle of claim 43, wherein the RNA of interest, or nucleic acid or vector encoding the RNA of interest, encodes the target of the RNA interference, and (b) administering the said extracellular vesicle to the cell or the organism.45.An extracellular vesicle produced by the method of any one of claims 1-3 or 7-42, wherein the polymerase is a processive DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity, and does not comprise a RdRp, and the RNA of interest, or nucleic acid or vector encoding the RNA of interest, encodes an effector for gene / genome editing (such as Cas9 protein and guide RNA) , epigenome editing (such as dead Cas9, methyltransferase, histone acetyltransferase and guide RNA) , or a therapeutic agent / function molecule (such as agonist, antagonist, inhibitor or antibody of a molecular target) for the diagnosis, prevention or treatment of disorders / diseases.46.A method of using the extracellular vesicle of claim 45 for gene therapy, gene / genome editing, epigenome editing, or diagnosis, prevention or treatment of various disorders / diseases, including cancers, infectious diseases, genetic disorders, metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases and aging-related diseases, comprising (a) obtaining the extracellular vesicle of claim 45 and (b) administering the extracellular vesicle to a recipient cell or organism.47.A method for reverting a cell or an organism to a more youthful state and / or ameliorating an ageing-associated disease or condition of a cell or an organism, comprising:I. obtaining an extracellular vesicle produced by the method of any one of the claims 1-3 or 7-42, wherein the polymerase is a processive DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity, and does not comprise a RdRp, and the preparatory cargo comprises a nucleic acid or vector encoding a set of mRNAs encoding a set of reprogramming factors, wherein the set of reprogramming factors comprises Sox2, Klf4 and at least one of Oct3 / 4 and c-Myc; andII. administering the extracellular vesicle, by itself or together with other suitable molecules, to the recipient cell or organism for a desirable duration to facilitate a partial reprogramming to a desired extent such that the cell or the organism is reverted to the more youthful state without losing the cell’s identity.48.The method of claim 47, wherein the set of reprogramming factors further comprises at least one of Lin28 and Nanog.49.The method of any one of claims 47-48, wherein the preparatory cargo further comprises the reprogramming factors themselves, wherein the reprogramming factors are selected from the group consisting of Sox2, Klf4, Oct3 / 4, c-Myc , Lin28 and Nanog.50.The method of any one of claims 47-49, wherein the preparatory cargo further comprises miR-302, miR-367 and / or miR369, and / or a nucleotide or a vector encoding miR-302, miR-367 and / or miR369.51.The method of any one of claims 47-50, wherein the preparatory cargo further comprises a molecule that would promote gene expression or cellular rejuvenation, wherein the molecule is selected from the group consisting of estrogen-related receptor Beta (Esrrb) , CCAAT / enhancer-binding proteins (C / EBP) , CREB-binding protein (CBP) , p300, CHD7, p53 siRNA, PCAF, DNMT siRNA, Wnt3a and hTERT.52.The method of any one of claims 47-51, wherein the desirable duration is one or more administration cycles, each administration cycle having a duration of from 1 to 25 days, or a combination thereof.53.The method of claim 52, wherein there are no rest periods between the cycles.54.The method of claim 52, wherein there are rest periods of at least 1 day between at least some of the cycles.55.The method of any one of claims 47-54, wherein the more youthful state is determined by decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines, decreased oxidative stresses, increased production of ATP, increased production of anti-oxidant, changes in DNA methylation, increase in telomere length, improved viability, improved propagation ability, or decline in epigenetic age determined by an epigenetic age predictor, such as Horvath's clock, Hannum epigenetic clock, PhenoAge clock and GrimAge clock.56.The method of any one of claims 47-55, wherein without losing the cell’s identity is determined by continual detection of characteristic biomarker for the cell type, such as Vimentin, Discoidin domain receptor 2 and CD90 (Thy1) for fibroblasts, Cytokeratins (e.g., K8, K18, K7, K19) and EpCAM (CD326) for epithelial cells, Desmin, MyoD and Myogenin for muscle cells, and Type II Collagen (Col2a1) and Sox9 for chondrocytes, or lack of pluripotency markers such as SSEA-1, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81 or GCTM2.57.The method of any one of claims 47-56, wherein the ageing-associated disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, hypertriglyceridemia, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, hyperglycemia, type 2 diabetes, dementia, hearing deterioration, vision deterioration, wrinkles, uneven skin tone and / or texture, alopecia, scarring, changes in fat distribution and / or body shape.58.The method of any one of claims 44-57, wherein administering the extracellular vesicle comprises local injection, systemic injection, oral administration, sublingual administration, buccal administration, inhalation, implantation, and topical application of the extracellular vesicle.59.The method of any one of claims 47-58, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of the reprogramming factor is of the same species as the recipient cell or organism of the extracellular vesicle.60.The method of any one of claims 47-58, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of the reprogramming factor is of different species from the recipient cell or organism of the extracellular vesicle.61.The method of any one of claims 47-60, wherein the nucleic acid sequence of the reprogramming factor is codon-optimized or otherwise modified.62.The method of any one of claims 47-61, wherein the organism is a human or an animal.63.A method for rejuvenating a cell and / or extending a cell’s proliferative lifespan, comprising steps comprising incorporating plasmids encoding a set of reprogramming factors, simultaneously or sequentially, into the cell, wherein the set of reprogramming factors comprises Sox2, Klf4 and at least one of Oct3 / 4 and c-Myc.64.The method of claim 63, wherein the set of reprogramming factors further comprises at least one of Lin28 and Nanog.65.The method of any one of claims 63-64, further comprising incorporating a RdRp, or a nucleic acid or a vector encoding the RdRp, together with the plasmid encoding the reprogramming factors or separately, into the cell.66.The method of any one of claims 63-64, further comprising incorporating a DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity, or a nucleic acid or a vector encoding the DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity, together with the plasmid encoding the reprogramming factors or separately, into the cell.67.The method of any one of claims 63-64, further comprising incorporating a RdRp and a DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity, or nucleic acids or vectors encoding the same, together with the plasmid encoding the reprogramming factors or separately, into the cell.
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