High-speed compact-in-size interconnect between transmitting and receiving antennas in user equipment
A compact interconnect design using parallel conductive plates and impedance-matching layers for TX and RX antennas in electronic devices addresses the bulkiness of existing communication links, achieving high throughput and improved bandwidth with reduced interference.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/112769
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-08-16
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-19
AI Technical Summary
Existing high-speed communication links between camera modules and mainboards in electronic devices are bulky due to the need for multiple wires or THz-based interconnects that are bandwidth-dependent, lacking a compact and efficient solution for high throughput.
A compact interconnect design using parallel conductive plates and impedance-matching layers to support TE1 mode propagation between TX and RX antennas, minimizing electromagnetic leakage and optimizing impedance matching for improved transmission and bandwidth.
The design achieves a transmission coefficient S21 improvement of at least 7-8 dB and a bandwidth of one octave, with reduced radiation loss and interference, enabling efficient high-speed data transfer in a compact form factor.
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Figure CN2024112769_19022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
HIGH-SPEED COMPACT-IN-SIZE INTERCONNECT BETWEEN TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING ANTENNAS IN USER EQUIPMENTTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to the field of antennas that radiate radio waves. In particular, the present disclosure relates to an antenna device comprising a high-speed yet compact-in-size interconnect between transmitting (TX) and receiving (RX) antennas, as well as to a user equipment (UE) comprising one or more such antenna devices.BACKGROUND
[0002] Continuous improvements in the quality and capabilities of cameras in modern electronic devices have led to significant increases in both image resolution and video frame rate. This progress results in a significant increase in the amount of data generated by these devices. In order to efficiently process and store such data on the main board typically included in such devices, it is necessary to utilize high-speed communication links between the camera and the main board.
[0003] At present, flexible printed circuit (FPC) -based digital communication links are commonly used for data transfer between camera modules and mainboards. The throughput of the FPC-based digital communication links is dependent on the number of wires used for the data transfer. Since the throughput of a single wire is limited to 1 gbps, the number of parallel lines must be increased to achieve a higher throughput, thereby resulting in an increase in the volume required for the interconnect.
[0004] Furthermore, various high-speed THz-based interconnects have been demonstrated, which show the possibility of achieving high throughput with a single interconnect. The throughput of such a THz-based interconnect is however dependent on the bandwidth of the interconnect itself, i.e., a channel, a TX antenna and a RX antenna.
[0005] Thus, there is still a need for a compact-in-size and THz-based wideband interconnect that achieves high throughput.SUMMARY
[0006] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key features of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure.
[0007] It is an objective of the present disclosure to provide a high-speed yet compact-in-size interconnect between transmitting (TX) and receiving (RX) antennas in a user equipment (UE) (e.g., mobile phones, tablet computers, etc. ) .
[0008] The objective above is achieved by the features of the independent claims in the appended claims. Further embodiments and examples are apparent from the dependent claims, the detailed description, and the accompanying drawings.
[0009] According to a first aspect, an antenna device is provided, which comprises a TX antenna, a RX antenna, and an interconnect between the TX and RX antennas. The TX antenna is configured to excite a transverse-electric 1 (TE1) mode at an operating frequency, while the RX antenna is configured to receive the TE1 mode at the operating frequency. The interconnect is configured to provide propagation of the TE1 mode from the TX antenna to the RX antenna. The interconnect comprises two conductive plates extending substantially parallel to each other at a distance equal to or more than a half-wavelength of the TE1 mode at the operating frequency. Each of the two conductive plates is continuous or has at least one discontinuity less than the half-wavelength of the TE1 mode at the operating frequency. The TX antenna and the RX antenna are arranged between the two conductive plates and spaced from each other in a first direction parallel to the two conductive plates. Each of the TX antenna and the RX antenna is spaced from the two conductive plates by a gap less than the half-wavelength of the TE1 mode at the operating frequency. Each of the TX antenna and the RX antenna has a horizontal polarization parallel to the two conductive plates. Each of the TX antenna and the RX antenna has a radiation pattern comprising a main lobe, and the TX antenna and the RX antennas are further arranged such that the main lobes of the radiation patterns of the TX antenna and the RX antenna face each other. In the antenna device so configured, the parallel plates serve as a waveguiding structure that supports TE1 mode propagation between the TX and RX antennas, while significantly improving a transmission coefficient S21 (by at least 7-8 dB) and a bandwidth (BW) (the maximum achievable BW of the waveguiding structure is one octave) . It should be noted that such a waveguiding structure is independent of the types of TX and RX antennas (e.g., patch antennas, dipole antennas, waveguide antennas, etc. ) , as long as they are able to excite and receive the TE1 mode (i.e., the above-mentioned arrangement and polarization of the TX and RX antennas are provided) . Furthermore, by maintaining all (possible) discontinuities in the plates and the gap between each of the TX and RX antennas and the plates less than the half-wavelength of the TE1 mode at the operating frequency, electromagnetic (EM) field leakage in the antenna device may be minimized or even avoided.
[0010] In one exemplary embodiment of the first aspect, each of the TX antenna and the RX antenna comprises an array of antenna elements aligned in a second direction substantially parallel to the two conductive plates and substantially perpendicular to the first direction. By using and arranging the array of antenna elements in the second direction (i.e., in the E-plane) , it is possible to achieve a narrower beam width along the E-plane, thereby decreasing radiation loss in the E-plane. This in turn may further improve the transmission coefficient S21 by about 2.4 dB compared to that provided by single-element TX and RX antennas.
[0011] In one exemplary embodiment of the first aspect, the interconnect further comprises a dielectric wall, a first impedance-matching layer, and a second impedance-matching layer. The dielectric wall extends substantially perpendicular to the first direction between the TX antenna and the RX antenna. The dielectric wall has a first surface facing the TX antenna and a second surface facing the RX antenna. The first impedance-matching layer is provided on the first surface of the dielectric wall, while the second impedance-matching layer is provided on the second surface of the dielectric wall. Each of the first impedance-matching layer and the second impedance-matching layer is made of a dielectric material and has a thickness defined based on the operating frequency. In this case, the dielectric wall (e.g., plastic wall) typically present between the TX and RX antennas in real UE designs creates impedance mismatch which consequently increases a reflection coefficient S11. This negative effect of the dielectric wall may be reduced by using the impedance-matching layers on both sides of the dielectric wall.
[0012] In one exemplary embodiment of the first aspect, the thickness of each of the first impedance-matching layer and the second impedance-matching layer is equal to a quarter-wavelength of the TE1 mode at the operating frequency. This configuration ensures optimal impedance matching and efficient signal transmission. By matching the thickness to the quarter-wavelength, it is possible to minimize reflections in the interconnect between the TX and RX antennas, thereby further improving both transmission coefficient S21 and BW.
[0013] In one exemplary embodiment of the first aspect, at least one of the first impedance-matching layer and the second impedance-matching layer is shaped as an elongated protrusion extending substantially parallel to the two conductive plates. This design provides enhanced structural stability and improved signal propagation. The elongated protrusion shape reduces interference and scattering, which may further improve the transmission coefficient S21 and the BW of the interconnect. By aligning the protrusion parallel to the conductive plates, the signal pathway is more direct, minimizing losses. Additionally, this design improves the uniformity of the electromagnetic field distribution, leading to more efficient operation of the interconnect.
[0014] In one exemplary embodiment of the first aspect, the elongated protrusion has a rectangular, square, triangular, or trapezoidal cross-section. These cross-sectional shapes contribute to versatile design options and may optimize the overall antenna performance for various applications. Each shape offers specific benefits in terms of impedance matching and EM field distribution. The ability to choose different cross-sections allows for tailored solutions for different UEs. This flexibility in design helps in fine-tuning the antenna device to achieve maximum operational efficiency.
[0015] In one exemplary embodiment of the first aspect, the second impedance-matching layer is shaped as the elongated protrusion. In this embodiment, each of the dielectric wall, the first impedance-matching layer and the elongated protrusion is made of the same dielectric material, and the first impedance-matching layer has an array of cavities evenly or unevenly spaced from each other. Using the same dielectric material may reduce impedance mismatch losses in the interconnect. Furthermore, by periodically removing the dielectric material from the first impedance-matching layer (i.e., by forming the empty cavities therein) , it is possible to properly change the relative permittivity of the whole dielectric structure arranged between the TX and RX antennas, thereby further improving said impedance matching between the TX and RX antennas.
[0016] In one exemplary embodiment of the first aspect, each cavity of the array of cavities is shaped as one of a circle, an oval, a polygon, a longitudinal groove extending substantially perpendicular to the two conductive plates, and a transverse groove extending substantially parallel to the two conductive plates. These different cavity shapes allow for fine-tuning of the electromagnetic properties of the antenna device to achieve desired performance characteristics. The different cavity shapes provide flexibility in managing the EM field distribution, improving efficiency.
[0017] In one exemplary embodiment of the first aspect, the array of cavities has an inter-cavity spacing less than a quarter-wavelength of the TE1 mode at the operating frequency. This specific spacing further optimizes impedance matching and minimizes propagation loss in the interconnect of the antenna device. By maintaining such precise inter-cavity spacing, the antenna device may achieve better coherence in the TE1 mode propagation, which improves its operational efficiency.
[0018] In one exemplary embodiment of the first aspect, each of the TX antenna and the RX antenna is configured as a horn antenna comprising a flaring metal waveguide having a top wall, a bottom wall and two side walls. Each of the two side walls has an inner surface provided with at least one ridge. The two side walls extend at an angle to each other such that the top wall, the bottom wall and the two side walls form an open horn cavity serving as a radiating aperture. The open horn cavity is filled with a dielectric material, and the open horn cavities of the TX antenna and the RX antenna face each other. The ridges and dielectric filling lower the cut-off frequency, consequently leading to a smaller antenna thickness. Such a horn antenna may exhibit horizontal polarization, while having a small thickness. When the open horn cavities of the TX and RX antennas are faced toward each other, this may ensure maximum directivity and minimal interference, leading to better operational efficiency. Furthermore, this antenna configuration provides efficient transmission and reception of the TE1 mode by focusing the TE1 mode in the first direction more effectively.
[0019] In one exemplary embodiment of the first aspect, the horn antenna further comprises at least one quarter-wavelength wavetrap arranged to divide the radiating aperture into two sub-apertures. The quarter-wavelength wavetrap may improve the directivity and gain of the horn antennas over the entire operational frequency range. Since the radiating aperture of such ridged waveguide horn antennas is usually small, surface waves are generated, which may be efficiently limited by the wavetrap. In other words, the wavetrap may minimize spurious radiation from unwanted edges, thus improving broadside directivity.
[0020] In one exemplary embodiment of the first aspect, each of the at least one quarter-wavelength wavetrap is configured as a metal element having a continuous side wall forming an open cavity. The open cavity is I-shaped, L-shaped or T-shaped. The continuous side wall is adjacent to the top wall and the bottom wall of the horn antenna such that the open cavity of the metal element is separated from the open horn cavity of the horn antenna. In this embodiment, each of the top wall and the bottom wall of the horn antenna has a cutout at a location of the open cavity of the metal element. The cutouts in the top and bottom walls may further improve impedance matching, leading to better TE1 mode propagation (i.e., with less propagation loss) .
[0021] In one exemplary embodiment of the first aspect, at least one of the top wall and the bottom wall of the horn antenna has an impedance-matching slot adjacent to each of the two sub-apertures. The impedance-matching slot (s) may decrease impedance mismatch between the horn antenna and free space. The impedance-matching slot (s) may also increase the effective radiating area of the horn antenna to improve impedance matching.
[0022] According to a second aspect, a UE is provided, which comprises a first signal processing unit, a second signal processing unit and the antenna device according to the first aspect. The first signal processing unit is coupled to the TX antenna of the antenna device, and the second signal processing unit is coupled to the RX antenna of the antenna device. In the UE so configured, the signal processing units may efficiently exchange data therebetween using the TE1 mode. Furthermore, the UE so configured may be made compact in size, given the compact structure of the interconnect between the TX and RX antennas. Additionally, any antenna types may be used in the UE so configured, making the UE more flexible in use.
[0023] Other features and advantages of the present disclosure will be apparent upon reading the following detailed description and reviewing the accompanying drawings.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0024] The present disclosure is explained below with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
[0025] FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an antenna device according to a first exemplary embodiment;
[0026] FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of an antenna device according to a second exemplary embodiment;
[0027] FIGs. 3A-3E show schematic isometric views of different dielectric structures which may be used in an interconnect between transmitting (TX) and receiving (RX) antennas in the antenna device of FIG. 2, namely: FIG. 3A shows the dielectric structure with uniformly spaced square cavities, FIG. 3B shows the dielectric structure with uniformly spaced circular cavities, FIG. 3C shows the dielectric structure with uniformly spaced conical cavities, FIG. 3D shows the dielectric structure with uniformly spaced vertical grooves, and FIG. 3E shows the dielectric structure with uniformly spaced horizontal grooves;
[0028] FIGs. 4A-4C show different schematic views of a double-ridged waveguide horn antenna which may be used as each of the TX and RX antennas according to a first exemplary embodiment, namely: FIG. 4A shows an isometric view of the horn antenna, FIG. 4B shows an isometric view of the horn antenna without its top wall, and FIG. 4C shows a top view of the horn antenna;
[0029] FIG. 5 shows a schematic top view of a double-ridged waveguide horn antenna which may be used as each of the TX and RX antennas according to a second exemplary embodiment;
[0030] FIG. 6 shows a schematic top view of a double-ridged waveguide horn antenna which may be used as each of the TX and RX antennas according to a third exemplary embodiment;
[0031] FIG. 7 shows antenna electromagnetic isolation versus frequency for the TX and RX antennas with horizontal and vertical polarizations;
[0032] FIG. 8 shows a transmission coefficient S21 versus frequency for the antenna device of FIG. 2 when: 1) each of the TX and RX antennas is implemented as a single antenna, and 2) each of the TX and RX antennas is implemented as an array of antenna elements (i.e., the linear array 1×2) ;
[0033] FIG. 9 shows the transmission coefficient S21 versus frequency for the antenna device of FIG. 2 in the presence and absence of the dielectric structure;
[0034] FIG. 10 shows a reflection coefficient S11 versus frequency when the horn antenna of FIGs. 4A-4C is used as each of the TX and RX antennas;
[0035] FIG. 11 shows antenna directivity and gain versus frequency when the horn antenna of FIGs. 4A-4C is used as each of the TX and RX antennas; and
[0036] FIG. 12 shows a block diagram of a user equipment (UE) comprising the antenna device of FIG. 1 according to one exemplary embodiment.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0037] Various embodiments of the present disclosure are further described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the present disclosure may be embodied in many other forms and should not be construed as limited to any certain structure or function discussed in the following description. In contrast, these embodiments are provided to make the description of the present disclosure detailed and complete.
[0038] According to the detailed description, it will be apparent to the ones skilled in the art that the scope of the present disclosure encompasses any embodiment thereof, which is disclosed herein, irrespective of whether this embodiment is implemented independently or in concert with any other embodiment of the present disclosure. For example, the apparatuses disclosed herein may be implemented in practice by using any numbers of the embodiments provided herein. Furthermore, it should be understood that any embodiment of the present disclosure may be implemented using one or more of the features presented in the appended claims.
[0039] The word “exemplary” is used herein in the meaning of “used as an illustration” . Unless otherwise stated, any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” should not be construed as preferable or having an advantage over other embodiments.
[0040] Any positioning terminology, such as “left” , “right” , “top” , “bottom” , “above” “below” , “upper” , “lower” , “horizontal” , “vertical” , etc., may be used herein for convenience to describe one element’s or feature's relationship to one or more other elements or features in accordance with the figures. It should be apparent that the positioning terminology is intended to encompass different orientations of the apparatus disclosed herein, in addition to the orientation (s) depicted in the figures. As an example, if one imaginatively rotates the apparatus in the figures 90 degrees clockwise, elements or features described as “left” and “right” relative to other elements or features would then be oriented, respectively, “above” and “below” the other elements or features. Therefore, the positioning terminology used herein should not be construed as any limitation of the present disclosure.
[0041] Furthermore, although the numerative terminology, such as “first” , “second” , etc., may be used herein to describe various embodiments, elements or features, it should be understood that these embodiments, elements or features should not be limited by this numerative terminology. This numerative terminology is used herein only to distinguish one embodiment, element or feature from another embodiment, element or feature. For example, a first direction discussed below could be called a second direction, and vice versa, without departing from the teachings of the present disclosure.
[0042] In the exemplary embodiments disclosed herein, the term “layer” may refer to a continuous piece of material covering (apart of) a surface or body. Additionally or alternatively, the layer may refer to one of a series of superimposed, overlaid or stacked substantially sheet-like elements. The layer itself may also comprise a plurality of sub-layers each made of the same or different material. The layer may have different shapes (sheet-like, strip-like, etc. ) , depending on the purposes of its application.
[0043] As used in the embodiments disclosed herein, an antenna device may refer to a device configured to radiate and receive radio waves. The radio waves may refer to a type of electromagnetic radiation that occurs in different frequency bands of the radio spectrum (e.g., in the so-called centimeter-wave (cm-wave) and millimeter-wave (mm-wave) bands) . The radio waves are used, for example, in wireless communications, such as point-to-point communications, intersatellite links, and point-to-multipoint communications, etc. However, the application of the radio waves is not limited to wireless communications only, and they may be also used, for example, for (air, ground or marine) vehicle navigation and control, road obstacle detection, etc. For this reason, the antenna device according to the embodiments disclosed herein may be used in the same use scenarios as the radio waves. More specifically, the antenna device may be implemented as part of a (mobile) user device or user equipment (UE) that may refer to a wireless customer premises equipment (CPE) (e.g., a wireless router, switch, etc. ) , a mobile device, a mobile station, a terminal, a subscriber unit, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, a cordless phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a wireless communication device, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a single-board computer (SBC) (e.g., a Raspberry Pi device) , a gaming device, a netbook, a smartbook, an ultrabook, a medical device or medical equipment, a biometric sensor, a wearable device (e.g., a smart watch, smart glasses, a smart wrist band, etc. ) , an entertainment device (e.g., an audio player, a video player, etc. ) , a vehicular component or sensor (e.g., a driver-assistance system) , a smart meter / sensor, an unmanned vehicle (e.g., an industrial robot, a quadcopter, etc. ) and its component (e.g., a self-driving car computer) , industrial manufacturing equipment, a global positioning system (GPS) device, an Internet-of-Things (IoT) device, an Industrial IoT (IIoT) device, a machine-type communication (MTC) device, a group of Massive IoT (MIoT) or Massive MTC (mMTC) devices / sensors, or any other suitable device that uses the radio waves for operation. In some embodiments, the UE may refer to at least two collocated and inter-connected UEs thus defined.
[0044] The exemplary embodiments disclosed herein relate to an antenna device with a high-speed yet compact-in-size interconnect between transmitting (TX) and receiving (RX) antennas. The antenna device may be used in any of the above-described UE types (e.g., mobile phones, tablet computers, etc. ) . More specifically, the interconnect is configured to provide propagation of a TE1 mode from the TX antenna to the RX antenna. The interconnect comprises two conductive plates extending substantially parallel to each other at a distance equal to or more than a half-wavelength of the TE1 mode at the operating frequency. Each of the two conductive plates is continuous or has at least one discontinuity less than the half-wavelength of the TE1 mode at the operating frequency. The TX and RX antennas are arranged between the two conductive plates and spaced from each other in a first direction parallel to the two conductive plates. Each of the TX and RX antennas is spaced from the two conductive plates by a gap less than the half-wavelength of the TE1 mode at the operating frequency. Each of the TX and RX antennas has a horizontal polarization parallel to the two conductive plates, and the TX and RX antennas are further arranged such that the main lobes of their radiation patterns face each other.
[0045] FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an antenna device 100 according to a first exemplary embodiment. The antenna device 100 comprises a TX (left) antenna 102 and an RX (right) antenna 104 which are configured, respectively, to excite and receive the TE1 mode at an operating frequency. The TX and RX antennas 102 and 104 are spaced from each other in direction 1 and arranged with main lobes 106 and 108 of their beam patterns facing each other. Although the TX and RX antennas 102 and 104 are shown to be aligned in direction 1, this should not be construed as any limitation of the present disclosure –in other embodiments, they may be misaligned but still horizontally spaced from each other. Each of the TX antenna 102 and the RX antenna 104 may be of any type, such as a patch antenna, a dipole antenna, a waveguide antenna, etc. Furthermore, each of the TX and RX antennas 102 and 104 may comprise one or more antenna elements. In the latter case, the antenna elements may be provided, for example, in the form of a linear array extending in direction 2 (i.e., perpendicular to the plane of FIG. 1) . In general, the number of array elements in each of the TX and RX antennas 102 and 104 may depend on their spacing in direction 1, namely: the larger their spacing, the higher number of array elements is preferred in direction 2 for both TX and RX antenna 102 and 104.
[0046] The TX and RX antennas 102 and 104 are coupled with each other via an interconnect that comprises two conductive plates 110 (upper) and 112 (lower) extending substantially parallel to each other at distance d equal to or more than a half-wavelength of the TE1 mode at the operating frequency. In the antenna device 100, each of the two conductive plates 110 and 112 is continuous. The TX and RX antennas 102 and 104 are arranged between the two conductive plates 110 and 112 such that gaps g1, g2, g3 and g4 between the TX and RX antennas 102 and 104 and the plates 110 and 112 are all less than the half-wavelength of the TE1 mode at the operating frequency. It should be noted that gaps g1, g2, g3 and g4 should not be necessarily equal to each other –in other embodiments, they may be different from each other or, for example, a pair of equal gaps g1 and g2 may differ from a pair of equal gaps g3 and g4.
[0047] Each of the TX and RX antennas 102 and 104 is also assumed to have a horizontal polarization parallel to the two conductive plates 110 and 112. In other words, the TE1 mode propagates along direction 1 from the TX antenna 102 to the RX antenna 104, and vice versa. This horizontal polarization can provide significantly less leakage of EM waves propagating through the interconnect.
[0048] It should be noted the first exemplary embodiment refers to the ideal case in which there is no discontinuity in each of the plates 110 and 112, as well as there is no obstacle for the TE1 mode propagation from the TX antenna 102 to the RX antenna 104. In practice (i.e., in typical UE designs in which such an antenna device is intended to be used) , there may be a dielectric wall separating the TX antenna 102 from the RX antenna 104, and / or each of the plates 110 and 112 may have one or more discontinuities or, in other words, gaps. How to deal with such additional circumstances will be discussed below with reference to FIG. 2.
[0049] FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of an antenna device 200 according to a second exemplary embodiment. Like the antenna device 100, the antenna device 200 comprises a TX (left) antenna 202 and an RX (right) antenna 204 which are configured, respectively, to excite and receive the TE1 mode at an operating frequency. Again, any type of the TX antenna 202 and the RX antenna 204 may be used. Similarly, each of the TX and RX antennas 202 and 204 may comprise one or more antenna elements (e.g., in the form of a linear array extending in direction 2) . They may be also spaced from each other in direction 1 and arranged with the main lobes (not shown in FIG. 2) of their beam patterns facing each other.
[0050] The TX and RX antennas 202 and 204 are also coupled with each other via an interconnect that is however implemented differently compared to the one used in the antenna device 100. More specifically, the interconnect of the antenna device 200 comprises two substantially parallel conductive plates 206 and 208, each of which (unlike the conductive plates 110 and 112) has two discontinuities s1 and s2 that are less than the half-wavelength of the TE1 mode at the operating frequency. It should be noted that such discontinuities may extend in any direction, dividing each of the plates 206 and 208 into two or more sub-plates, or they may be in the form of notches or recesses in the plates 206 and 208. The TX and RX antennas 202 and 204 are arranged between the two conductive plates 206 and 208 such that gaps g1, g2, g3 and g4 between the TX and RX antennas 102 and 104 and the plates 206 and 208 are all less than the half-wavelength of the TE1 mode at the operating frequency. The TX and RX antennas 202 and 204 also have a horizontal polarization (i.e., the TE1 mode propagates along the horizontal E-plane extending parallel to the plates 206 and 208) .
[0051] Unlike the antenna device 100, the antenna device 200 further comprises a dielectric wall 210 (e.g., plastic wall or cover) provided between the TX and RX antennas 202 and 204 and extending substantially perpendicular to the plates 206 and 208. In this case, the dielectric wall 210 may create impedance mismatch which may consequently increase a reflection coefficient S11. This negative effect may be reduced by using impedance-matching layers 212 and 214 on both sides of the dielectric wall 210. In particular, the impedance-matching layer 212 is provided on the side of the dielectric wall 210 which faces the TX antenna 202, while the impedance-matching layer 214 is provided on the opposite side –i.e., the one which faces the RX antenna 204. The type and location / position of each of the impedance-matching layers 212 and 214 may be selected based on mechanical needs (e.g., the surroundings of the antenna device 200 in a UE in which it is intended to be used) . Preferably, each of the impedance-matching layers 212 and 214 has a thickness (i.e., dimension in direction 1) equal to a quarter-wavelength of the TE1 mode at the operating frequency. Furthermore, the impedance-matching layers 212 and 214 and the dielectric wall 210 may be made of the same of different dielectric materials (which should be “transparent” for the TE1 mode) .
[0052] Additionally, the second impedance-matching layer 214 is assumed to be shaped as an elongated protrusion extending in direction 2 (i.e., substantially perpendicular to direction 1) . Depending on applications, such a protrusion may have different cross-sections, such as rectangular, square, triangular, or trapezoidal. Moreover, the height (i.e., dimension in direction 3) and thickness (i.e., dimension in direction 1) of the protrusion may determine the frequency where impedance matching is optimal. In other words, the protrusion should not be necessary provided along the centerline of the dielectric wall 210 (it may be above or below the centerline, if required and depending on applications) .
[0053] It should be also noted that the shape of the impedance-matching layers 212 and 214 which is shown in FIG. 2 should not be construed as any limitation of the present disclosure. In other embodiments, each of the impedance-matching layers 212 and 214 may be both shaped as elongated protrusions similarly or differently provided on the opposite sides of the dielectric wall 210. Alternatively, there may be no elongated protrusion at all, i.e., each of the impedance-matching layers 212 and 214 may fully cover the left and right sides of the dielectric wall 210, respectively.
[0054] At the same time, if the impedance-matching layers 212 and 214 and the dielectric wall 210 are made of the same dielectric material, their relative permittivity (that also influences the frequency where impedance matching is optimal) may be adjusted by periodically removing the dielectric material of the impedance-matching layer 212, as will be discussed below in more detail.
[0055] FIGs. 3A-3E show schematic isometric views of different dielectric structures (i.e., the combination of the dielectric wall 210 and the impedance-matching layers 212 and 214) which may be used in the interconnect between the TX and RX antennas 202 and 204 in the antenna device 200. More specifically, FIG. 3A shows the dielectric structure with uniformly spaced square cavities 300, FIG. 3B shows the dielectric structure with uniformly spaced circular cavities 302, FIG. 3C shows the dielectric structure with uniformly spaced conical cavities 304, FIG. 3D shows the dielectric structure with uniformly spaced vertical grooves 306, and FIG. 3E shows the dielectric structure with uniformly spaced horizontal grooves 308. Preferable, in each of the embodiments shown in FIGs. 3A-3E, the inter-cavity spacing is less than the quarter-wavelength of the TE1 mode at the operating frequency. At the same time, the even distribution of the cavities 300-308 should not be construed as any limitation of the present disclosure –in some other embodiment, the required relative permittivity may be obtained by forming an array of cavities with a variable inter-cavity spacing (e.g., that increases or decreases towards the edges of the impedance-matching layer 212) . Furthermore, the shapes of the cavities which are shown in FIGs. 3A-3E are not exhaustive –in some other embodiments, the cavities may have any other polygonal shape (e.g., pentagonal, etc. ) , oval shape, etc.
[0056] FIGs. 4A-4C show different schematic views of a double-ridged waveguide horn antenna 400 which may be used as each of the TX and RX antennas 102 and 104 or 202 and 204 according to a first exemplary embodiment. More specifically, FIG. 4A shows an isometric view of the horn antenna 400, FIG. 4B shows an isometric view of the horn antenna 400 without its top wall 402, and FIG. 4C shows a top view of the horn antenna 400.
[0057] The horn antenna 400 comprises a flaring metal waveguide having the top wall 402, a bottom wall 404 and two side walls 406 and 408. Each of the two side walls 406 and 408 has an inner surface provided with one or more ridges 410. The two side walls 406 and 408 extend at an angle to each other such that the top wall 402, the bottom wall 404 and the two side walls 406 and 408 form an open horn cavity serving as a radiating aperture (see FIG. 4B) . The open horn cavity is assumed to be filled with a dielectric material (not shown) , and the open horn cavities of the TX antenna 102 (or 202) and the RX antenna 104 (or 204) face each other. The horn antenna 400 also comprises a planar feed line 412.
[0058] As also follows from FIGs. 4A-4C, the ridge 410 on each of the side walls 406 and 408 goes (i.e., flares) along the E-plane, which helps lower the cut-off frequency of the horn antenna 400 due to capacitive loading. In this case, the impedance BW, S11 < -10 dB, is approximately 80 GHz, which is one octave. In order to improve the directivity and gain of the horn antenna 400, each of the TX antenna 102 (or 202) and the RX antenna 104 (or 204) may comprise 1×2 linear array of such horn antennas 400 along the E-plane. At the same time, the impedance matching of the horn antenna 400 is difficult to achieve. To improve the situation, the horn antenna 400 may further comprise a quarter-wavelength wavetrap 414 arranged so to divide the radiating aperture of the horn antenna 400 into two sub-apertures 416 and 418 (see FIG. 4A) . The wavetrap 414 is intended to limit surface waves at the edges of the sub-apertures 416 and 418, thus minimizing spurious radiation from the edges and improving broadside directivity. As for the wavetrap 414, it should be noted that when a short-circuited quarter-wave transmission line is at resonance, the input impedance at the open end is very high, resulting in large currents near the short-circuit and a current minimum and large electric fields at the open end of the wavetrap. This high impedance level at the open end can suppress the ground plane surface currents. As one implementation example, the wavetrap 414 is shown as a U-shaped metal element having a continuous side wall forming an I-shaped open cavity 420 (see FIG. 4C) . The continuous side wall of the wavetrap 414 is adjacent to the top wall 402 and the bottom wall 404 of the horn antenna 400 such that the open cavity 420 is separated from the open horn cavity (i.e., from the sub-apertures 416 and 418) of the horn antenna 400. Furthermore, as can be seen from FIGs. 4A-4C, each of the top wall 402 and the bottom wall 404 of the horn antenna 400 has a cutout at the location of the open cavity 420 (i.e., the open cavity 420 is open from top, bottom and in front) .
[0059] One other embodiment is possible, in which the horn antenna 400 comprises three quarter-wavelength wavetraps (e.g., like the wavetrap 414) diving the radiating aperture into the sub-apertures 416 and 418. In this embodiment, one quarter-wavelength wavetrap may be arranged in the middle of the radiating aperture (as shown in FIG. 4B) , while the rest two at the edge of the radiating aperture. By using said three quarter-wavelength wavetraps, the impedance matching between the horn antenna 400 and free space may be further improved.
[0060] Preferably, the top wall 402 also has impedance-matching slots 422 and 424 which are adjacent to the two sub-apertures 416 and 418, respectively (see FIGs. 4A and 4C) . These slots 422 and 424 may decrease impedance mismatch between the horn antenna 400 and free space by increasing the effective radiating area of the horn antenna 400. It should be noted that in other embodiments, similar impedance-matching slots may be made in the bottom wall 404 too, if required. Again, the dimension of the slots 422 and 424 (and similar slots in the bottom wall 404, if any) may be selected so as to achieve optimal impedance matching.
[0061] FIG. 5 shows a schematic top view of a double-ridged waveguide horn antenna 500 which may be used as each of the TX antenna 102 (or 202) and the RX antenna 104 (or 204) according to a second exemplary embodiment. Like the horn antenna 400, the horn antenna 500 comprises a top wall 502, a bottom wall 504, and two side walls 506 and 508 which are assumed to extend in the same manner as the side walls 406 and 408 (i.e., such that an open horn cavity is formed in the horn antenna 500) . The horn antenna 500 is also assumed to have one or more ridges (not shown) like the ridges 410 on either side wall. The horn antenna 500 differs from the horn antenna 400 in the design of a quarter-wavelength wavetrap dividing the radiating aperture of the horn antenna 500 into two sub-apertures. More specifically, the wavetrap in this embodiment is assumed to be a metal element having a continuous side wall forming an L-shaped cavity 510 which is open from top, bottom and in front. The horn antenna 500 may also have impedance-matching slots 512 and 514 on the top wall 502 (or, if required, similar impedance-matching slots on the bottom wall 504 too) .
[0062] FIG. 6 shows a schematic top view of a double-ridged waveguide horn antenna 600 which may be used as each of the TX antenna 102 (or 202) and the RX antenna 104 (or 204) according to a second exemplary embodiment. Like the horn antennas 400 and 500, the horn antenna 600 comprises a top wall 602, a bottom wall 604, and two side walls 606 and 608 which are assumed to extend in the same manner as the side walls 406 and 408 (i.e., such that an open horn cavity is formed in the horn antenna 600) . The horn antenna 600 is also assumed to have one or more ridges (not shown) like the ridges 410 on either side wall. The horn antenna 600 differs from the horn antennas 400 and 500 in the design of a quarter-wavelength wavetrap dividing the radiating aperture of the horn antenna 600 into two sub-apertures. More specifically, the wavetrap in this embodiment is assumed to be a metal element having a continuous side wall forming a T-shaped cavity 610 which is open from top, bottom and in front. The horn antenna 600 may also have impedance-matching slots 612 and 614 on the top wall 602 (or, if required, similar impedance-matching slots on the bottom wall 604 too) .
[0063] FIG. 7 shows antenna electromagnetic isolation (i.e., S21 when the effect of impedance mismatch, S11, is removed) versus frequency for the TX and RX antennas 202 and 204 with horizontal and vertical polarizations. These curves demonstrate that the transmission coefficient S21 between the TX antenna 202 and the RX antenna 204 is higher when the TE1 mode is excited in the conductive plates 206 and 208, i.e., when the TX antenna 202 and the RX antenna 204 are horizontally polarized. In other words, the leakage of the EM wave for a TM1 mode is significantly higher than for the TE1 mode.
[0064] FIG. 8 shows the transmission coefficient S21 versus frequency for the antenna device 200 when: 1) each of the TX and RX antennas 202 and 204 is implemented as a single antenna, and 2) each of the TX and RX antennas 202 and 204 is implemented as an array of antenna elements (i.e., the linear array 1×2) . These curves demonstrate that the radiation loss in the E-plane may be decreased by decreasing the beam width of the TX and RX antennas 202 and 204 along the E-plane. A narrow beam along the E-plane is in turn achieved by adding more radiating elements along the E-plane. It is important to note that a decrease in the beam width along the H-plane (in direction 3) is not useful. In general, the beam width is inversely proportional to aperture dimensions. Therefore, in order to achieve a narrow beam in the E-plane, the aperture length along the E-plane should be longer.
[0065] FIG. 9 shows the transmission coefficient S21 versus frequency for the antenna device 200 in the presence and absence of the dielectric structure (i.e., the combination of the dielectric wall 210 and the impedance-matching layers 212 and 214) . As follows from the curves in FIG. 9, the transmission coefficient S21 and the BW increase simultaneously when the dielectric structure is added to the antenna device 200.
[0066] FIG. 10 shows a reflection coefficient S11 versus frequency when the horn antenna 400 is used as each of the TX and RX antennas 102 and 104 (or 202 and 204) .
[0067] FIG. 11 shows antenna directivity and gain versus frequency when the horn antenna 400 is used as each of the TX and RX antennas 102 and 104 (or 202 and 204) .
[0068] The curves in FIGs. 10 and 11 show that the presence of the ridges 410 along the E-plane may lower the cut-off frequency of the horn antenna 400 due to capacitive loading. FIGs. 10 and 11 also illustrate that the thin horn antenna 400 implemented with the ridges 410 and dielectric filling (in the horn cavity) achieves wideband operation from 100 to 180 GHz.
[0069] FIG. 12 shows a block diagram of a UE 1200 comprising the antenna device 100 according to one exemplary embodiment. Instead of the antenna device 100, the UE 1200 may also comprise the antenna device 200. As shown in FIG. 12, the UE 1200 further comprises a first signal processing unit 1202 and a second processing unit 1204. The first signal processing unit 1202 is coupled to the TX antenna 102 of the antenna device 100, and the second signal processing unit 1204 is coupled to the RX antenna 104 of the antenna device 100. For example, the first signal processing unit 1202 may be part of a camera module in a smartphone (which is one example of the UE 1200) , while the second signal processing unit 1204 may be part of a mainboard of the smartphone. Each of the signal processing units 1202 and 1204 may be implemented as a CPU, general-purpose processor, single-purpose processor, microcontroller, microprocessor, application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , field programmable gate array (FPGA) , digital signal processor (DSP) , complex programmable logic device, etc.
[0070] Although the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein, it should be noted that any various changes and modifications could be made in the embodiments of the present disclosure, without departing from the scope of legal protection which is defined by the appended claims. In the appended claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or operations, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.
Claims
1.An antenna device comprising:a transmitting (TX) antenna configured to excite a transverse-electric 1 (TE1) mode at an operating frequency;a receiving (RX) antenna configured to receive the TE1 mode at the operating frequency; andan interconnect configured to provide propagation of the TE1 mode from the TX antenna to the RX antenna;wherein the interconnect comprises two conductive plates extending substantially parallel to each other at a distance equal to or more than a half-wavelength of the TE1 mode at the operating frequency, each of the two conductive plates being continuous or having at least one discontinuity less than the half-wavelength of the TE1 mode at the operating frequency;wherein the TX antenna and the RX antenna are arranged between the two conductive plates and spaced from each other in a first direction parallel to the two conductive plates, each of the TX antenna and the RX antenna being spaced from the two conductive plates by a gap less than the half-wavelength of the TE1 mode at the operating frequency;wherein each of the TX antenna and the RX antenna has a horizontal polarization parallel to the two conductive plates; andwherein each of the TX antenna and the RX antenna has a radiation pattern comprising a main lobe, the TX antenna and the RX antennas being further arranged such that the main lobes of the radiation patterns of the TX antenna and the RX antenna face each other.2.The antenna device of claim 1, wherein each of the TX antenna and the RX antenna comprises an array of antenna elements aligned in a second direction substantially parallel to the two conductive plates and substantially perpendicular to the first direction.3.The antenna device of claim 1 or 2, wherein the interconnect further comprises:a dielectric wall extending substantially perpendicular to the first direction between the TX antenna and the RX antenna, the dielectric wall having a first surface facing the TX antenna and a second surface facing the RX antenna;a first impedance-matching layer provided on the first surface of the dielectric wall; anda second impedance-matching layer provided on the second surface of the dielectric wall;wherein each of the first impedance-matching layer and the second impedance-matching layer is made of a dielectric material and has a thickness defined based on the operating frequency.4.The antenna device of claim 3, wherein the thickness of each of the first impedance-matching layer and the second impedance-matching layer is equal to a quarter-wavelength of the TE1 mode at the operating frequency.5.The antenna device of claim 3 or 4, wherein at least one of the first impedance-matching layer and the second impedance-matching layer is shaped as an elongated protrusion extending substantially parallel to the two conductive plates.6.The antenna device of claim 5, wherein the elongated protrusion has a rectangular, square, triangular, or trapezoidal cross-section.7.The antenna device of claim 5 or 6, wherein the second impedance-matching layer is shaped as the elongated protrusion, and wherein each of the dielectric wall, the first impedance-matching layer and the elongated protrusion is made of the same dielectric material, and the first impedance-matching layer has an array of cavities evenly or unevenly spaced from each other.8.The antenna device of claim 7, wherein each cavity of the array of cavities is shaped as one of a circle, an oval, a polygon, a longitudinal groove extending substantially perpendicular to the two conductive plates, and a transverse groove extending substantially parallel to the two conductive plates.9.The antenna device of claim 7 or 8, wherein the array of cavities has an inter-cavity spacing less than a quarter-wavelength of the TE1 mode at the operating frequency.10.The antenna device of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein each of the TX antenna and the RX antenna is configured as a horn antenna comprising a flaring metal waveguide having a top wall, a bottom wall and two side walls, and wherein each of the two side walls has an inner surface provided with at least one ridge, and the two side walls extend at an angle to each other such that the top wall, the bottom wall and the two side walls form an open horn cavity serving as a radiating aperture, the open horn cavity being filled with a dielectric material, and the open horn cavities of the TX antenna and the RX antenna facing each other.11.The antenna device of claim 10, wherein the horn antenna further comprises at least one quarter-wavelength wavetrap arranged to divide the radiating aperture into two sub-apertures.12.The antenna device of claim 11, wherein each of the at least one quarter-wavelength wavetrap is configured as a metal element having a continuous side wall forming an open cavity, the open cavity being I-shaped, L-shaped or T-shaped, the continuous side wall being adjacent to the top wall and the bottom wall of the horn antenna such that the open cavity of the metal element is separated from the open horn cavity of the horn antenna, and each of the top wall and the bottom wall of the horn antenna has a cutout at a location of the open cavity of the metal element.13.The antenna device of claim 11 or 12, wherein at least one of the top wall and the bottom wall of the horn antenna has an impedance-matching slot adjacent to each of the two sub-apertures.14.A user equipment (UE) comprising:a first signal processing unit;a second signal processing unit; andthe antenna device according to any one of claims 1 to 13;wherein the first signal processing unit is coupled to the TX antenna of the antenna device, and the second signal processing unit is coupled to the RX antenna of the antenna device.
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