An industrial robot with improved topology
The S-shaped topology with modular joint modules and plastic actuators in industrial robots addresses load distribution issues, enhancing safety and reducing costs by evenly distributing loads and improving moment of inertia control.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-09
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-12
AI Technical Summary
The uneven distribution of loads near the end flange in multi-axis industrial robots leads to rotational inertia issues and design challenges, particularly when structural components are made of plastic material.
An industrial robot design featuring at least three pairs of joint modules with perpendicular rotation axes and two link arms forming a S-shape, utilizing modular joint casings and actuators made of plastic via injection molding, which evenly distribute loads and reduce costs.
The improved topology enhances moment of inertia control, ensuring safer operation and significantly reducing production costs through standardized, modular components.
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Figure CN2024117732_12032026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
AN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT WITH IMPROVED TOPOLOGYFIELD
[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to an industrial robot, and more specifically, to an industrial robot with improved topology.BACKGROUND
[0002] Multi-axis industrial robots are widely used in various industry fields. An industrial robot typically comprises a manipulator formed by a plurality of joints each of which includes one or more motor and a plurality of structural arms connecting the adjacent joints. The arrangement of these joints is called topology of the industrial robot. For example, some industrial robots may comprise three joints adjacent to an end flange (also called as a wrist joint) . In this topology, the weights tend to be located near to the end flange, which causes rotational inertia to be located at the robot end flange. When the structural components of the industrial robot are made of plastic material, the uneven distribution of the loads may pose great pressure on design of the structural components. There is a need to improve the topology of the industrial robots.SUMMARY
[0003] Example embodiments of the present disclosure provide an industrial robot which mitigates or obviates one or more above mentioned problems.
[0004] In a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an industrial robot. The industrial robot comprises: at least three pairs of joint modules, each pair of joint modules comprising a first joint module having a first rotation axis and a second joint module having a second rotation axis, the first rotation axis being perpendicular to the second rotation axis and intersecting at one point; and at least two link arms, each of the link arms connecting two adjacent pairs of the joint modules. According to the present disclosure, the robot has a better moment of inertia, reduced costs and improved modular level.
[0005] In some embodiments, the first joint module comprises a first joint casing and a first actuator, the first actuator comprising a first fixed part and a first rotatable part rotatable with respect to the first fixed part;
[0006] the second joint module comprises a second joint casing and a second actuator, the second actuator comprising a second fixed part and a second rotatable part rotatable with respect to the second fixed part.
[0007] In some embodiments, the first fixed part is received in an inner chamber defined by the first joint casing, and the first rotatable part is fixed to the second joint casing.
[0008] In some embodiments, the first joint casing and the second joint casing each comprise a first axial opening extending along the first rotation axis and a second axial opening extending along the second rotation axis, the first axial opening and the second axial opening being in communication with an inner chamber defined by the respective joint casing.
[0009] In some embodiments, the first joint casing and the second joint casing are of the same dimension and are of the same configuration.
[0010] In some embodiments, the first joint casing and the second joint casing are substantially closed except the first and second axial openings.
[0011] In some embodiments, the first joint casing and the second joint casing each are made of plastic material via injection molding.
[0012] In some embodiments, the first joint casing is configured to house different actuators with different torques.
[0013] In some embodiments, the at least three pairs of joint modules comprise: a first pair of joint modules located adjacent to an end tool flange of the industrial robot; a third pair of joint modules located adjacent to a base of the industrial robot; and a second pair of joint modules located between the first pair of joint modules and the third pair of joint modules; wherein the at least two link arms comprise a first link arm arranged between the first pair of joint modules and the second pair of joint modules and a second link arm arranged between the second pair of joint modules and the third pair of joint modules.
[0014] In some embodiments, the first joint module of the first pair of joint modules comprises a first joint casing and a first actuator, the first actuator comprising a first fixed part and a first rotatable part rotatable with respect to the first fixed part; the second joint module of the first pair of joint modules comprises a second joint casing and a second actuator, the second actuator comprising a second fixed part and a second rotatable part rotatable with respect to the second fixed part; the first fixed part is received in an inner chamber defined by the first joint casing, and the first rotatable part is fixed to the second joint casing; and the second fixed part is received in an inner chamber defined by the second joint casing, and the second rotatable part is configured to be fixed to the end tool flange.
[0015] In some embodiments, the first joint module of the second pair of joint modules comprises a third joint casing and a third actuator, the third actuator comprising a third fixed part and a third rotatable part rotatable with respect to the third fixed part; the second joint module of the second pair of joint modules comprises a fourth joint casing and a fourth actuator, the fourth actuator comprising a fourth fixed part and a fourth rotatable part rotatable with respect to the fourth fixed part; and the third fixed part is received in an inner chamber defined by the third joint casing, and the third rotatable part is fixed to the third joint casing.
[0016] In some embodiments, the fourth fixed part is received in an inner chamber defined by the fourth joint casing, and the fourth rotatable part is fixed to an adjacent link arm.
[0017] In some embodiments, the fourth fixed part is received in an inner chamber defined by an adjacent link arm, and the fourth rotatable part is fixed to an adjacent joint casing.
[0018] It would be appreciated that this summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become evident through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0019] Through the following detailed descriptions with reference to the accompanying drawings, the above and other objectives, features and advantages of the example embodiments disclosed herein will become more comprehensible. In the drawings, several example embodiments disclosed herein will be illustrated in an example and in a non-limiting manner, wherein:
[0020] Fig. 1 is a perspective view of an industrial robot according to one example embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0021] Fig. 2 is a plan view of the industrial robot of Fig. 1;
[0022] Fig. 3 is an exploded perspective view of the industrial robot of Fig. 1;
[0023] Fig. 4 is a section schematic view of the industrial robot according to one example embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0024] Fig. 5 is a section schematic view of the industrial robot according to another example embodiment of the present disclosure;
[0025] Fig. 6 is a perspective view of a joint casing according to one example embodiment of the present disclosure; and
[0026] Fig. 7 is a perspective view of a joint casing according to another example embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0027] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference symbols are used to indicate the same or similar elements.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0028] Principles of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to several example embodiments shown in the drawings. Though example embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated in the drawings, it is to be understood that the embodiments are described only to facilitate those skilled in the art in better understanding and thereby achieving the present disclosure, rather than to limit the scope of the disclosure in any manner.
[0029] The term “comprises” or “includes” and its variants are to be read as open terms that mean “includes, but is not limited to. ” The term “or” is to be read as “and / or” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term “based on” is to be read as “based at least in part on. ” The term “being operable to” is to mean a function, an action, a motion or a state that can be achieved by an operation induced by a user or an external mechanism. The term “one embodiment” and “an embodiment” are to be read as “at least one embodiment. ” The term “another embodiment” is to be read as “at least one other embodiment. ” The terms “first, ” “second, ” and the like may refer to different or same objects. Other definitions, explicit and implicit, may be included below. A definition of a term is consistent throughout the description unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0030] Figs. 1-3 show different views of an industrial robot according to one example embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in Figs. 1-3, the industrial robot 1 comprises a manipulator formed by at least three pairs of joint modules 10, 20, 30 and at least two link arms 40a, 40b. Each pair of joint modules comprises a first joint module having a first rotation axis and a second joint module having a second rotation axis. The first rotation axis is perpendicular to the second rotation axis and intersects at one point. The at least two link arms 40a, 40b each connect two adjacent pairs of the joint modules. In the shown example, there are three pairs of joint modules 10, 20, 30 and two link arms 40a, 40b. It is to be understood that the shown example is merely illustrative and the industrial robot may comprise more than three pairs of joint modules and more than two link arms.
[0031] As shown in Figs. 1-3, the three pairs of joint modules comprise: a first pair of joint modules 10, a second pair of joint modules 20, and a third pair of joint modules 30. The first pair of joint modules 10 is located adjacent to an end tool flange 50 of the industrial robot. A tool may be fixed to the end tool flange 50. The second pair of joint modules 20 is located between the first pair of joint modules 10 and the third pair of joint modules 30. The third pair of joint modules 30 is located adjacent to a base 60 of the industrial robot. In some embodiments, the base 60 may be fixed on a floor. In some embodiments, the base 60 may be movable on the floor. A first link arm 40a is arranged between the first pair of joint modules 10 and the second pair of joint modules 20. The second link arm 40b is arranged between the second pair of joint modules 20 and the third pair of joint modules 30.
[0032] According to the present disclosure, in the topology of the industrial robot, as shown in Figs. 1-3, the manipulator uses a S-shaped topology. In particular, the three pairs of joint modules and the two link arms form substantially a S-shape and the loads are evenly distributed in the manipulator. During operation of the industrial robot, the rotation inertia of the manipulator can be well controlled which is advantageous in improving operation safety.
[0033] In some embodiments, as shown in Figs. 1-3, each pair of joint modules are of modular design. The first pair of joint modules 10, the second pair of joint modules 20, and the third pair of joint modules 30 each comprise a first joint module and the second joint module. The respective first joint module of each pair of the joint modules comprises a first joint casing 10a, 20a, 30a and a first actuator 10b, 20b, 30b. The first actuator 10b, 20b, 30b each comprises a first fixed part and a first rotatable part rotatable with respect to the first fixed part. The respective first actuator 10b, 20b, 30b has a first rotation axis X1, X3, X5 around which a rotor of the respective first joint rotates.
[0034] Likewise, the respective second joint module of each pair of the joint modules comprises a second joint casing 10c, 20c, 30c and a second actuator 10d, 20d, 30d. The respective second actuator 10d, 20d, 30d comprises a second fixed part and a second rotatable part rotatable with respect to the second fixed part. The respective second actuator 10d, 20d, 30d has a second rotation axis X2, X4, X6 around which a rotor of the second joint rotates.
[0035] In the shown example, in the first pair of joint modules 10, the rotation axis X1 is perpendicular to the rotation axis X2 and intersects at one point. In the second pair of joint modules 20, the rotation axis X3 is perpendicular to the rotation axis X4 and intersects at one point. In the third pair of joint modules 30, the rotation axis X5 is perpendicular to the rotation axis X6 and intersects at one point.
[0036] Due to the fact that each pair of joint modules are of modular design, this makes it possible to produce the joint modules with reduced costs. Thus, the costs of the overall industrial robots can be dramatically reduced. In some embodiments, the first joint casings 10a, 20a, 30a and the second joint casings 10c, 20c, 30c may be the same configuration with connection interfaces. This may significantly reduce the number of the manipulator. It is to be understood that the first joint casing 10a, 20a, 30a and the second joint casings 10c, 20c, 30c may of different shape and / or size. In some embodiments, the first joint casings 10a, 20a, 30a and the second joint casings 10c, 20c, 30c each may be mainly made of plastic material, for example, via injection molding. This may further reduce the costs. It is to be understood that the first joint casings 10a, 20a, 30a and the second joint casings 10c, 20c, 30c may be made of lightweight metal material.
[0037] In some embodiments, as shown in Figs. 1-3, the link arms 40a, 40b may also be of modular design. In some embodiments, the link arms 40a, 40b may be of the same configuration with connection interfaces. The link arms 40a, 40b may be of the same or of different length. In some embodiments, the link arms 40a, 40b each may be mainly made of plastic material, for example, via injection molding. In some embodiments, the link arms 40a, 40b may be made of lightweight metal material. In the shown example, the link arms 40a, 40b may be of a cylindrical shape and define an inner chamber. Openings 42a, 42b are provided at the opposite ends of the respective link arm. There are connection interfaces provided at the openings for connecting to adjacent components.
[0038] The actuators within each pair of joint modules 10 may have different arrangements. Figs. 4 and 5 show different arrangements of the actuators in the topology of the industrial robot according to one example embodiment of the present disclosure.
[0039] In some embodiments, as shown in Fig. 4, a first joint module of the first pair of joint modules 10 comprises a first joint casing 10a and a first actuator 10b. The first joint casing 10a defines an inner chamber for receiving the first actuator 10b. The first actuator 10b comprises a first fixed part 13b and a first rotatable part 15b rotatable with respect to the first fixed part 13b around the first rotation axis X1. The first joint casing 10a has a first connection interface for engaging the first fixed part 13b. The first joint casing 10a has a second connection interface for engaging one end of the link arm 40a.
[0040] A second joint module of the first pair of joint modules 10 has an analogous configuration as the first joint module and comprises a second joint casing 10c and a second actuator 10d. The second joint casing 10c defines an inner chamber for receiving the second actuator 10d. The second actuator 10d comprises a second fixed part 13d and a second rotatable part 15d rotatable with respect to the second fixed part 13d around the second rotation axis X2. The second rotatable part 15d is fixed to the end tool flange 50. Thus, as the second actuator 10d operates, the second rotatable part 15d rotates and the end tool flange 50 rotates accordingly. The second joint casing 10c has a connection interface for engaging the second fixed part 13b. The first rotatable part 15b is fixed to a connection interface of the second joint casing 10c. Thus, as the first actuator 10b operates, the first rotatable part 15b rotates and the second joint casing 10c rotates accordingly.
[0041] The second pair of joint modules 20 may has an analogous configuration as the first pair of joint modules 10. As shown in Fig. 4, a first joint module of the second pair of joint modules 20 comprises a third joint casing 20a and a third actuator 20b. The third joint casing 20a defines an inner chamber for receiving the third actuator 20b. The third actuator 20b comprises a first fixed part 23b and a first rotatable part 25b rotatable with respect to the first fixed part 23b around the third rotation axis X3. The third joint casing 20a has a first connection interface for engaging the first fixed part 23b. The third joint casing 20a has a second connection interface for engaging one end of the link arm 40b.
[0042] A second joint module has an analogous configuration as the first joint module and comprises a fourth joint casing 20c and a fourth actuator 20d. The fourth joint casing 20c defines an inner chamber for receiving the fourth actuator 20d. The fourth actuator 20d comprises a second fixed part 23d and a second rotatable part 25d rotatable with respect to the second fixed part 23d around the fourth rotation axis X4. The second rotatable part 25d is fixed to the opposite end of the link arm 40a. Thus, as the fourth actuator 20d operates, the second rotatable part 25d rotates and the link arm 40a rotates accordingly. The fourth joint casing 20c has a connection interface for engaging the second fixed part 23b. The first rotatable part 25b is fixed to a connection interface of the fourth joint casing 20c. Thus, as the third actuator 20b operates, the first rotatable part 25b rotates and the fourth joint casing 20c rotates accordingly.
[0043] The third pair of joint modules 30 may has an analogous configuration as the first and the second pairs of joint modules 10, 20. As shown in Fig. 4, a first joint module of the third pair of joint modules 30 comprises a fifth joint casing 30a and a fifth actuator 30b. The fifth joint casing 30a defines an inner chamber for receiving the fifth actuator 30b. The fifth actuator 30b comprises a first fixed part 33b and a first rotatable part 35b rotatable with respect to the first fixed part 33b around the fifth rotation axis X5. The fifth joint casing 30a has a first connection interface for engaging the first fixed part 33b. The fifth joint casing 30a has a second connection interface for engaging the second ratable part 35d of the sixth actuator 30d.
[0044] A second joint module has an analogous configuration as the first joint module and comprises a sixth joint casing 30c and a sixth actuator 30d. The sixth joint casing 30c defines an inner chamber for receiving the sixth actuator 30d. The sixth actuator 30d comprises a second fixed part 33d and a second rotatable part 35d rotatable with respect to the second fixed part 33d around the sixth rotation axis X6. The second rotatable part 35d is fixed to the second connection interface of the fifth joint casing 30a. Thus, as the sixth actuator 30d operates, the second rotatable part 35d rotates and the fifth joint casing 30a rotates accordingly. The sixth joint casing 30c has a connection interface for engaging an opposite end of the link arm 40b. The first rotatable part 35b is supported by a connection interface on the base 60. Thus, as the fifth actuator 30b operates, the first rotatable part 35b rotates and the sixth joint casing 30c rotates with respect to the base 60 accordingly.
[0045] The actuator arrangement in Fig. 5 is analogous to that in Fig. 4. In Fig. 4, the fourth actuator 20d is received in the fourth casing 20c. In Fig. 5, instead of being received in the fourth casing 20c, the fourth actuator 20d may be fixed to the link arm 40a. In some embodiments, as shown in Fig. 5, the link arm 40a may define an inner chamber. The link arm 40a may include a connection interface for engaging the fourth actuator 20d. The second fixed part 23d of the fourth actuator 20d may be fixed to the link arm 40a. The second rotatable part 25d of the fourth actuator 20d may be fixed to the first joint casing 10a.
[0046] Figs. 6 is a perspective view of a joint casing 10a, 10c, 20a, 20c, 30a, 30c according to one example embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 6, the joint casing 70 is formed as a shape of two intersected cylinders and defines an inner chamber. The joint casing 70 comprise a first axial opening 72 extending along the first rotation axis and a second axial opening 74 extending along the second rotation axis. The first axial opening 72 and the second axial opening 74 are in communication with the inner chamber defined by the joint casing 70.
[0047] The joint casing 70 is also provided with one or more connection interfaces 722. The connection interfaces 722 are used for connecting the actuator and / or adjacent joint casing / link arms. In the shown example, the connection interfaces 722 is formed as an inner radial flange which is circumferentially provided around the axial opening 72. It is to be understood that the connection interfaces 722 may be of any other proper forms. In some embodiments, the joint casing 70 may be produced by a plastic material. For example, it is integrally formed via injection molding. In some embodiments, the joint casing 70 are substantially closed except the first and second axial openings 72, 74. This is beneficial for increasing its structural strength, in particular when the joint casing 70 are made of plastic materials.
[0048] The actuators may be of different sizes so as to provide different toques. In some embodiments, different sizes of actuators may be received in the same joint casing 70. This may be achieved by modifying a fixed part of the actuator such that the fixed part can be fixed to the same connection interface of the joint casing 70. In some embodiments, a dimension of the fixed part of actuators with different sizes may be shaped to match the same connection interface of the joint casing 70.
[0049] Figs. 7 is a perspective view of a joint casing 10a, 10c, 20a, 20c, 30a, 30c according to another example embodiment of the present disclosure. The joint casing in Fig. 7 is analogous to that in Fig. 6 and merely differences are emphasized. As shown in Fig. 6, the joint casing 70 is formed as a bent tube shape. The joint casing 70 comprise a first axial opening 72 extending along the first rotation axis and a second axial opening 74 extending along the second rotation axis. The first axial opening 72 and the second axial opening 74 are in communication with the inner chamber defined by the bent tube of the joint casing 70. The joint casing 70 is also provided with one or more connection interfaces 722, 724 for connecting the actuator and / or adjacent joint casing / link arms. In the shown example, the connection interfaces 722 is formed as an inner radial flange which is circumferentially provided around the axial opening 72. The connection interfaces 742 is formed as an section which extends along the second rotation axis around the second axial opening 74. It is to be understood that the connection interfaces 722 may be of any other proper forms. In some embodiments, as shown in Fig. 7, there are thread holes in the connection interfaces 722, 742. The joint casing 70 may be fixed to its associated components via screw connection. It is to be understood that the shown example are merely illustrative and the joint casing 70 may be fixed to its associated components via other means, for example, adhesive, welding, and the like.
[0050] The description of the various embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the described embodiments. The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles of the embodiments, the practical application or technical improvement over technologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.
Claims
1.An industrial robot, comprisingat least three pairs of joint modules (10, 20, 30) , each pair of joint modules comprising a first joint module having a first rotation axis (X1, X3, X5) and a second joint module having a second rotation axis (X2, X4, X6) , the first rotation axis (X1, X3, X5) being perpendicular to the second rotation axis (X2, X4, X6) and intersecting at one point; andat least two link arms (40a, 40b) , each of the link arms (40a, 40b) connecting two adjacent pairs of the joint modules.2.The industrial robot of claim 1, wherein the first joint module comprises a first joint casing (10a, 20a, 30a) and a first actuator (10b, 20b, 30b) , the first actuator (10b, 20b, 30b) comprising a first fixed part and a first rotatable part rotatable with respect to the first fixed part; andthe second joint module comprises a second joint casing (10c, 20c, 30c) and a second actuator (10d, 20d, 30d) , the second actuator (10d, 20d, 30d) comprising a second fixed part and a second rotatable part rotatable with respect to the second fixed part.3.The industrial robot of claim 2, wherein the first fixed part is received in an inner chamber defined by the first joint casing (10a, 20a, 30a) , and the first rotatable part is fixed to the second joint casing (10c, 20c, 30c) .4.The industrial robot of any of claims 2-3, wherein the first joint casing (10a, 20a, 30a) and the second joint casing (10c, 20c, 30c) each comprise a first axial opening (12) extending along the first rotation axis and a second axial opening (14) extending along the second rotation axis, the first axial opening and the second axial opening being in communication with an inner chamber defined by the respective joint casing (10a, 20a, 30a; 10c, 20c, 30c) .5.The industrial robot of any of claims 2-4, wherein the first joint casing (10a, 20a, 30a) and the second joint casing (10c, 20c, 30c) are of the same dimension and are of the same configuration.6.The industrial robot of any of claims 2-5, wherein the first joint casing (10a, 20a, 30a) and the second joint casing (10c, 20c, 30c) are substantially closed except the first and second axial openings (12, 14) .7.The industrial robot of any of claims 2-6, wherein the first joint casing (10a, 20a, 30a) and the second joint casing (10c, 20c, 30c) each are made of plastic material via injection molding.8.The industrial robot of any of claims 2-7, wherein the first joint casing (10a, 20a, 30a) is configured to house different actuators with different torques.9.The industrial robot of claim 1, wherein the at least three pairs of joint modules comprise:a first pair of joint modules (10) located adjacent to an end tool flange (50) of the industrial robot;a third pair of joint modules (30) located adjacent to a base (60) of the industrial robot; anda second pair of joint modules (20) located between the first pair of joint modules (10) and the third pair of joint modules (30) ;wherein the at least two link arms (40a, 40b) comprise a first link arm (40a) arranged between the first pair of joint modules (10) and the second pair of joint modules (20) and a second link arm (40b) arranged between the second pair of joint modules (20) and the third pair of joint modules (30) .10.The industrial robot of claim 9, wherein the first joint module of the first pair of joint modules (10) comprises a first joint casing (10a) and a first actuator (10b) , the first actuator (10b) comprising a first fixed part and a first rotatable part rotatable with respect to the first fixed part;the second joint module of the first pair of joint modules (10) comprises a second joint casing (10c) and a second actuator (10d) , the second actuator (10d) comprising a second fixed part and a second rotatable part rotatable with respect to the second fixed part;the first fixed part is received in an inner chamber defined by the first joint casing (10a) , and the first rotatable part is fixed to the second joint casing (10c) ; andthe second fixed part is received in an inner chamber defined by the second joint casing (10c) , and the second rotatable part is configured to be fixed to the end tool flange (50) .11.The industrial robot of claim 9 or 10, wherein the first joint module of the second pair of joint modules (20) comprises a third joint casing (20a) and a third actuator (20b) , the third actuator (20b) comprising a third fixed part and a third rotatable part rotatable with respect to the third fixed part;the second joint module of the second pair of joint modules (20) comprises a fourth joint casing (20c) and a fourth actuator (20d) , the fourth actuator (20d) comprising a fourth fixed part and a fourth rotatable part rotatable with respect to the fourth fixed part; andthe third fixed part is received in an inner chamber defined by the third joint casing (20a) , and the third rotatable part is fixed to the third joint casing (20a) .12.The industrial robot of claim 11, wherein the fourth fixed part is received in an inner chamber defined by the fourth joint casing (20c) , and the fourth rotatable part is fixed to an adjacent link arm (40a) .13.The industrial robot of claim 11, wherein the fourth fixed part is received in an inner chamber defined by an adjacent link arm (40a) , and the fourth rotatable part is fixed to an adjacent joint casing (10a) .
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