Adoptive cell compositions
The expansion of αβT/NKT cells from PBMCs with gene engineering addresses the limitations of CIK therapy by enhancing immune cell activation and tumor targeting, providing a more effective and standardized adoptive cell therapy for cancer treatment.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-09-05
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-12
AI Technical Summary
Existing adoptive cell therapies, such as CIK cell therapy, exhibit modest efficacy and heterogeneity in clinical outcomes for cancer treatment, necessitating improved cell compositions and methods for enhanced immune cell activation and tumor targeting.
A protocol for expanding αβT/NKT cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with high-efficiency gene engineering, including CD3/CD28 activation and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated TCR alpha gene knockout, to produce a cell population with enhanced expression of engineered receptors and improved tumor cell killing efficiency.
The αβT/NKT cell population demonstrates higher activation levels, greater engineered receptor expression, and superior tumor cell killing efficiency, offering a more standardized and cost-effective off-the-shelf CAR-T cell therapy for various cancer types.
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Abstract
Description
ADOPTIVE CELL COMPOSITIONSCROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONSThis application claims benefit of priority of International Patent Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 117210 filed on 05 September 2024, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.SUBMISSION OF SEQUENCE LISTING ON XML FILEThe content of the following submission on XML file is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety: a computer readable form (CRF) of the Sequence Listing (file name: IEC250491PCT SEQUENCE LISTING. XML, date recorded: August 28, 2025, size: 22.0 KB) .TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] This disclosure generally relates to adoptive cell compositions for transfer therapy and uses thereof.BACKGROUND
[0002] Adoptive Cell Transfer (ACT, also referred to as adoptive cell therapy) is one of the most promising strategies in cancer immunotherapy, with a proven efficacy against a variety of cancer types, including melanoma, cervical cancer, lymphoma, leukemia, bile duct cancer, and neuroblastoma.
[0003] ACT is a cell therapy that attempts to enhance the anti-tumor activity of immune cells. It is based on immune cells extracted from a subject, which are typically processed ex-vivo and extensively expanded, and then transferred back to the patient (autologous therapy) or to another individual (allogenic therapy) . Various immune cells including T lymphocytes (T cells) , natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, and stem cells can be used in ACT.
[0004] One of the sources that can be used for producing ACT compositions is peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) , from which lymphocyte populations may be isolated, expanded and / or otherwise manipulated by various procedures, to enhance their efficacy. Unlike T cells, which exert a T cell receptor (TCR) -mediated, Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) -II-dependent cytotoxicity, and thus need to be autologous or histocompatible with the treated subject, other lymphocyte populations such as NK cells (characterized by the expression of CD56 or CD 16 and the absence of the TCR-CD3 complex) and NKT cells act in a non-MHC II-restricted fashion. However, these populations are typically characterized by limited efficacy, and require large doses in order to show clinical effects.
[0005] Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are non-MHC restricted, cytotoxic antitumoral cells expanded in vitro from circulating precursors. CIK cells share characteristics of both T and NK cells. CIK cells can be generated by ex vivo incubation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or cord blood mononuclear cells with interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) , anti-CD3 antibody, recombinant human interleukin (IL) -1 and recombinant human interleukin (IL) -2. Despite the relative safety profile of CIK, their use in clinical practice has resulted in extreme heterogeneity with respect to efficacy. Results of 11 clinical trials investigating the antitumoral effect of CIK cells on 426 treated patients showed that among 384 (90.1%) reported response, only 24 (5.6%) had a complete response, 27 (6.3%) had a partial response (PR) , and 40 (9.4%) had a minor response. On the other hand, 161 (37.8%) patients had stable disease and 129 (30.3%) progressed, indicating an overall modest efficacy of CIK cell therapy (Introna et al, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 358) .
[0006] Thus, there remains a need for additional means, improved methods and cell compositions that can be used in caner immunotherapy.SUMMARY
[0007] This disclosure relates to methods of preparing αβT / NKT cells and uses thereof. In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a protocol for αβT / NKT cell expansion from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) that is further compatible with high-efficiency gene engineering for immunotherapy purposes.
[0008] In one aspect of, the disclosure is related to a population of αβT / NKT cells, wherein at least 10%of the cells in the population are Natural killer T (NKT) cells, and at least 50%of the cells in the population are αβT cells.
[0009] In some embodiments, about 10%~ about 30%of the cells in the population are NKT cells. In some embodiments, about 5%~ about 50%of the cells in the population are NKT cells. In some embodiments, about 5%~ about 20%of the cells in the population are NKT cells. In some embodiments, about 10%~ about 50%of the cells in the population are NKT cells. In some embodiments, about 20%~ about 50%of the cells in the population are NKT cells. In some embodiments, about 20%~ about 70%of the cells in the population are NKT cells. In some embodiments, about 30%~ about 70%of the cells in the population are NKT cells. In some embodiments, about 40%~ about 70%of the cells in the population are NKT cells. In some embodiments, about 50%~ about 70%of the cells in the population are NKT cells.
[0010] In some embodiments, about 50%~ about 90%of the cells in the population are αβT cells. In some embodiments, about 20%~ about 90%of the cells in the population are αβT cells. In some embodiments, about 30%~ about 80%of the cells in the population are αβT cells. In some embodiments, about 50%~ about 80%of the cells in the population are αβT cells. In some embodiments, about 60%~ about 99%of the cells in the population are αβT cells. In some embodiments, about 70%~ about 99%of the cells in the population are αβT cells. In some embodiments, about 80%~ about 99%of the cells in the population are αβT cells. In some embodiments, about 70%~ about 95%of the cells in the population are αβT cells. In some embodiments, about 70%~ about 90%of the cells in the population are αβT cells.
[0011] In some embodiments, about 10%~ about 30%of the cells in the population are Natural killer T (NKT) cells, and about 50%~ about 90%of the cells in the population are αβT cells. In some embodiments, about 10%~ about 20%of the cells in the population are Natural killer T (NKT) cells, and about 60%~ about 90%of the cells in the population are αβT cells. In some embodiments, about 10%~ about 30%of the cells in the population are Natural killer T (NKT) cells, and about 70%~ about 90%of the cells in the population are αβT cells. In some embodiments, about 5%~about 30%of the cells in the population are Natural killer T (NKT) cells, and about 70%~ about 90%of the cells in the population are αβT cells.
[0012] In one aspect of, the disclosure is related to a population of αβT / NKT cells, wherein at least 10%of the cells in the population express CD56, and at least 50%of the cells in the population express CD5 or CD3.
[0013] In some embodiments, at least 10%of the cells in the population express both CD56 and CD5, or CD56 and CD3. In some embodiments, about 10%~ about 20%of the cells in the population express both CD56 and CD5, or CD56 and CD3. In some embodiments, about 10%~about 30%of the cells in the population express both CD56 and CD5, or CD56 and CD3. In some embodiments, about 5%~ about 30%of the cells in the population express both CD56 and CD5, or CD56 and CD3. In some embodiments, about 5%~ about 20%of the cells in the population express both CD56 and CD5, or CD56 and CD3. In some embodiments, about 5%~ about 50%of the cells in the population express both CD56 and CD5, or CD56 and CD3. In some embodiments, about 10%~ about 50%of the cells in the population express both CD56 and CD5, or CD56 and CD3. In some embodiments, about 12%~ about 35%of the cells in the population express both CD56 and CD5, or CD56 and CD3. In some embodiments, about 12%~ about 30%of the cells in the population express both CD56 and CD5, or CD56 and CD3. In some embodiments, about 12%~ about 20%of the cells in the population express both CD56 and CD5, or CD56 and CD3. In some embodiments, about 12-20%of the cells in the population express both CD56 and CD5, or CD56 and CD3.
[0014] In some embodiments, at least 70-100%of the cells in the population express CD5 or CD3, and about 10-25%of the cells in the population express CD56. In some embodiments, at least 60-100%of the cells in the population express CD5 or CD3, and about 10-30%of the cells in the population express CD56. In some embodiments, at least 70-90%of the cells in the population express CD5 or CD3, and about 10-30%of the cells in the population express CD56. In some embodiments, at least 60-95%of the cells in the population express CD5 or CD3, and about 5-25%of the cells in the population express CD56. In some embodiments, at least 60-90%of the cells in the population express CD5 or CD3, and about 5-50%of the cells in the population express CD56. In some embodiments, at least 70-100%of the cells in the population express CD5 or CD3, and about 15-50%of the cells in the population express CD56. In some embodiments, at least 60-95%of the cells in the population express CD5 or CD3, and about 12-35%of the cells in the population express CD56.
[0015] In some embodiments, the number of CD5 or CD3 positive cells in the population is 3-6 times the number of CD56 positive cells in the population. In some embodiments, the number of CD5 or CD3 positive cells in the population is 1-5 times the number of CD56 positive cells in the population. In some embodiments, the number of CD5 or CD3 positive cells in the population is 1-10 times the number of CD56 positive cells in the population. In some embodiments, the number of CD5 or CD3 positive cells in the population is 0.5-10 times the number of CD56 positive cells in the population. In some embodiments, the number of CD5 or CD3 positive cells in the population is 0.5-5 times the number of CD56 positive cells in the population. In some embodiments, the number of CD5 or CD3 positive cells in the population is 0.1-5 times the number of CD56 positive cells in the population. In some embodiments, the number of CD5 or CD3 positive cells in the population is 2-8 times the number of CD56 positive cells in the population.
[0016] In some embodiments, the cells in the population are activated by CD3 / CD28 magnetic beads.
[0017] In some embodiments, at least 15%of the cells in the population express Nkp30. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a NKp30 positive rate that is about 15%-60%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a NKp30 positive rate that is about 15%-70%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a NKp30 positive rate that is about 15%-80%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a NKp30 positive rate that is about 10%-50%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a NKp30 positive rate that is about 10%-60%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a NKp30 positive rate that is about 10%-70%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a NKp30 positive rate that is about 10%-80%. In some embodiments, about 15%~ about 50%of the cells in the population express Nkp30.
[0018] In some embodiments, at least 15%of the cells express CD25.
[0019] In some embodiments, about 15%~ about 90%of the cells express CD25. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 15%-80%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 15%-70%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 10%-90%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 10%-80%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 10%-70%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 20%-90%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 20%-80%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 20%-70%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 30%-90%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 30%-80%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 30%-70%.
[0020] In some embodiments, at least 10%of the cells express CXCR6.
[0021] In some embodiments, about 10%~ about 50%of the cells express CXCR6. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a CD56 positive rate that is more than about 10%, a CD5 rate that is more than about 50%, a CXCR6 positive rate that is more than about 10%, a NKp30 positive rate that is more than about 15%, and / or a CD25 positive rate that is more than about 15%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a CD56 positive rate that is about 10%-30%, a CD5 rate that is about 50%-90%, a CXCR6 positive rate that is about 10%-50%, a NKp30 positive rate that is about 15%-50%, and / or a CD25 positive rate that is about 15%-50%.
[0022] In some embodiments, at least 20%of the cells express an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) .
[0023] In some embodiments, about 20%~ about 90%of the cells express an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) . In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a CAR positive rate that is about 40%-70%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a CAR positive rate that is about 40%-80%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a CAR positive rate that is about 40%-90%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a CAR positive rate that is about 50%-60%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a CAR positive rate that is about 50%-70%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a CAR positive rate that is about 50%-80%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a CAR positive rate that is about 50%-90%. The αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a CAR positive rate that is about 60%-80%. In some embodiments, the αβT / NKT cell preparation may have a CAR positive rate that is about 60%-90%.
[0024] In some embodiments, the engineered receptor is a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) .
[0025] In some embodiments, one or more cells in the population comprise a vector expressing a CAR.
[0026] In some embodiments, the engineered receptor comprises an antigen-binding domain binding to DLL3.
[0027] In some embodiments, the antigen-binding domain comprising: (i) an anti-DLL3 scFv comprising an HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, an HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, an HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, an LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, an LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, and an LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6; or (ii) a first anti-DLL3 sdAb comprising a CDR1, a CDR2, and a CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, respectively, as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11, and / or a second anti-DLL3 sdAb comprising a CDR1, a CDR2, and a CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, respectively, as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15..
[0028] In some embodiments, one or more of the cells comprise a disruption of an endogenous gene.
[0029] In some embodiments, the endogenous gene encodes a subunit of the T cell receptor.
[0030] In some embodiments, the endogenous gene is T cell receptor alpha gene (TCRA) .
[0031] In some embodiments, the endogenous gene is knocked out.
[0032] In some embodiments, the endogenous gene is knocked out by a genome editing system.
[0033] In some embodiments, the genome editing system is CRISPR / Cas9.
[0034] In some embodiments, less than 10%of the cells express T cell receptor alpha.
[0035] In one aspect of, the disclosure is related to a method of producing a population of αβT / NKT cells, comprising: (a) obtaining PBMC cells collected from a subject; (b) exposing the PBMC cells to an activation medium comprising IL2, IL15, and CD3 / CD28 magnetic beads; and (c) collecting the cells from step (b) .
[0036] In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 100-1000 IU / ml IL2. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 100-500 IU / ml IL2. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 10-1000 IU / ml IL2. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 10-500 IU / ml IL2. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 10-200 IU / ml IL2. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 20-500 IU / ml IL2. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 20-200 IU / ml IL2. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 200-1000 IU / ml IL2. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 500-1000 IU / ml IL2. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 500-1500 IU / ml IL2. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 50-120 IU / ml IL2. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 10-50 IU / ml IL2. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 10-20 IU / ml IL2. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 5-50 IU / ml IL2. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 5-20 IU / ml IL2.
[0037] In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 10-100 ng / ml IL15. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 10-50 ng / ml IL15. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 100-500 ng / ml IL15. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 25-500 ng / ml IL15. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 100-200 ng / ml IL15. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 5-50 ng / ml IL15. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 5-100 ng / ml IL15. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 5-200 ng / ml IL15. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 20-50 ng / ml IL15. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 10-150 ng / ml IL15. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 1-20 ng / ml IL15. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 1-10 ng / ml IL15. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 0.5-10 ng / ml IL15. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises 1-5 ng / ml IL15.
[0038] In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises a serum replacement.
[0039] In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises about 1-10%serum replacement. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises about 0.1-10%serum replacement. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises about 0.1-5%serum replacement. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises about 0.1-1%serum replacement. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises about 0.5-5%serum replacement. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises about 0.5-10%serum replacement. In some embodiments, the activation medium comprises about 0.2-1%serum replacement.
[0040] In some embodiments, step (b) lasts 6-20 days.
[0041] In some embodiments, step (b) lasts 10-16 days. In some embodiments, step (b) lasts 5-20 days. In some embodiments, step (b) lasts 5-8 days. In some embodiments, step (b) lasts 5-30 days. In some embodiments, step (b) lasts 3-20 days. In some embodiments, step (b) lasts 3-16 days. In some embodiments, step (b) lasts 3-10 days. In some embodiments, step (b) lasts 3-8 days. In some embodiments, step (b) lasts 1-5 days. In some embodiments, step (b) lasts 1-10 days.
[0042] In some embodiments, the cells are not exposed to IFNg during steps (a) - (c) .
[0043] In some embodiments, the cells are not exposed to an anti-CD3 antibody (e.g., OKT3) during steps (a) - (c) .
[0044] In some embodiments, the method further comprises introducing a nucleic acid encoding an engineered receptor into the cells.
[0045] In some embodiments, the engineered receptor is a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) .
[0046] In some embodiments, at least 20%of the cells express the engineered receptor.
[0047] In some embodiments, about 20%~ about 60%of the cells express the engineered receptor.
[0048] In some embodiments, the engineered receptor comprises an antigen-binding domain binding to DLL3.
[0049] In some embodiments, the method further comprises disrupting an endogenous gene in the cells.
[0050] In some embodiments, the endogenous gene encodes for a subunit of the T cell receptor.
[0051] In some embodiments, the endogenous gene is the T cell receptor alpha gene (TCRA) .
[0052] In some embodiments, the endogenous gene is knocked out.
[0053] In some embodiments, the endogenous gene is knocked out by a genome editing system.
[0054] In some embodiments, the genome editing system is CRISPR / Cas9.
[0055] In some embodiments, the genome editing system is introduced into the cells by electroporation.
[0056] In some embodiments, less than 1%of the cells express T cell receptor alpha.
[0057] In one aspect of, the disclosure is related to a population of αβT / NKT cells prepared by the method described herein.
[0058] In one aspect of, the disclosure is related to a composition comprising a plurality of αβT / NKT cells from the population of αβT / NKT cells described herein, and pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0059] In one aspect of, the disclosure is related to a method of treating cancer, comprising administering, to a subject in need thereof, the population of αβT / NKT cells described herein, or the composition described herein.
[0060] In some embodiments, the cancer is a solid tumor.
[0061] In some embodiments, the solid tumor is antigen-heterogeneous.
[0062] In some embodiments, the cancer is small cell lung cancer (SCLC) . neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) , non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) , breast cancer, melanoma, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer.
[0063] The methods as described herein can provide an off-the-shelf CAR-T cell therapy method with a lower cost and more standardized production process, which can be applied to a wider range of hematological tumors or solid tumors disease patients, reducing remission rates and improving drug effect durability.DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0064] FIG. 1 shows the expression of CD56 and CD5 in Auto CAR-T, Auto CAR-CIK, and Allo CAR-αβT / NKT cells prepared from three healthy donors (SHZX147, SHZX153, SHZX145) .
[0065] FIG. 2 shows the expression of CD25 in UnT, Auto CAR-CIK, and Allo CAR-αβT / NKT cells.
[0066] FIG. 3 shows the CAR expression in UnT, Auto CAR-CIK, and Allo CAR-αβT / NKT cells.
[0067] FIGS. 4A-4C show the expression of exhaustion markers including PD1 (FIG. 4A) , LAG-3 (FIG. 4B) , and Tim-3 (FIG. 4C) in UnT, Auto CAR-CIK, and Allo CAR-αβT / NKT cells.
[0068] FIGS. 5A-5C show the expression of Natural Cytotoxicity Receptors (NCRs) including NKG2D (FIG. 5A) , NKp30 (FIG. 5B) , and DNAM-1 (FIG. 5C) in Auto CAR-CIK and Allo CAR-αβT / NKT cells
[0069] FIGS. 6A-6B show the expression of chemokine receptors including CXCR3 (FIG. 6A) and CXCR6 (FIG. 6B) in Auto CAR-T, Auto CAR-CIK, and Allo CAR-αβT / NKT cells.
[0070] FIG. 7 shows the expression of DLL3 in SHP-77, SHP-77DLL3 KO and NCI-H82 cells.
[0071] FIG. 8 shows the in vitro cell killing activity of UnT, Auto CAR-T, and Allo CAR-αβT / NKT cells against SHP-77DLL3 KO cells (FIG. 8A) and H82 cells (FIG. 8B) .
[0072] FIG. 9 shows the expression of TCRαβ in Auto CAR-T and Allo CAR-αβT / NKT cells.
[0073] FIG. 10 shows the IFNγ cytokine release from Auto CAR-T and Allo CAR-abT / NKT cells in a one-way MLR experiment.
[0074] FIG. 11 shows relevant amino acid sequences.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0075] Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are a heterogeneous population of effector CD3+CD56+ natural killer T cells, which can be easily expanded in vitro from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. CIK cells work as pharmacological tools for cancer immunotherapy as they exhibit MHC-unrestricted, safe, and effective antitumor activity. Cytokine-induced killer cells were first discovered in 1991 and are a heterogeneous population of CD8+ T cells, which were generated from human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and simply expanded ex vivo via incubation with an anti-CD3 antibody, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) , and interleukin (IL) -2. They can kill tumor cells mediated by FasL and perforin. According to the presence of cell surface molecule CD56, CIK cells are also divided into two main subsets: CD3+CD56+ T cells and CD3+CD56-T cells. CD3+CD56+ T cells, which are also called the natural killer T cells, are considered to be the major effector cells of CIK. So, CIK cells can lyse cancer cells in a MHC-unrestricted manner through activating NK cell receptors such as DNAX accessory molecule-1, NKp46, NKG2D, and NKp30. In addition to the direct killing effect of CIK on cancer cells, they can also regulate the immune function by secreting various cytokines. After stimulation by tumor cells, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α, IFN-γ, and IL-2 secreted by CIK cells are significantly upregulated, and these cytokines further enhance systemic antitumor activity and induce a Th1 immune response.
[0076] Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a T-cell subset that exhibits characteristics of both conventional T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. NKT cells typically arise in the thymus from CD4+CD8+cortical thymocytes that have undergone T cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement. NKT cells have been traditionally defined as CD1d-restricted, lipid antigen-reactive T cells and classified as type I and type II NKT cells (Godfrey et al., Immunity 2018; 48 (3) : 453-73; Dhodapkar and Kumar, J Immunol. 2017; 198 (3) : 1015-21) . Based on their TCR repertoire, antigen specificity and CD1d dependence, NKT cells have also been divided into three categories: type I, type II and type III NKT cells (Godfrey et al., Nat Rev Immunol. 2004; 4 (3) : 231 -37) .
[0077] Type I or invariant NKT (iNKT) cells express an invariant TCRa-chain (TRAV11 and TRAJ18 in mice and TRAV10 and TRAJ18 in humans) and a limited number of non-invariant TCRβ-chains. Type I NKT cells also recognize the glycosphingolipid a-galactosylceramide (a-GalCer) antigen when presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class l-like CD1d molecules. Type II NKT cells have a more diverse and less well-defined TCR repertoire and recognize non-a-GalCer molecules (such as sulfatide) presented by CD1d molecules. Type III NKT or NKT-like cells have a diverse TCR repertoire and recognize CD1d-independent molecules.
[0078] Type I NKT cells have been intensively studied and are known for the paradoxical ability to either promote or suppress cell-mediated immunity due to diverse cytokine-secreting subsets. No specific markers for the type II NKT cell population have been identified, and the functional role of type II NKT cells remains unclear and are largely considered to be immunosuppressive in murine studies (Dhodapkar and Kumar, J Immunol. 2017 ; 198 (3) : 1015-21; Marrero et al., Front Immunol. 2015; 6: 316; Kato et al., Front Immunol. 2018; 9: 314) . Type III NKT cells are by far the most heterogeneous and the least characterized in mice and humans (Farr et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014; 111 (35) : 12841-46; Yu et al. J Clin Invest. 2011 ; 121 (4) : 1456-70) .
[0079] Like iNKT cells, type III NKT cells also develop in the thymus independent of MHC class I or class II molecules. Molecular and functional evidence suggests that CD1d-unrestricted type III NKT cells in mice are uniquely programmed with a hybrid of function of both innate (like NK cells) and adaptive immunity (like T cells) far superior than that of iNKT cells. Global genome expression reveals higher similarities between type III NKT cells and NK cells than between type III NKT cells and iNKT cells (Farr et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014; 111 (35) : 12841-46) . The type III NKT cells described herein may comprise or consist of CD3+CD56+type III NKT cells. The type III NKT cells described herein may comprise or consist of CD3+CD4+CD56+cells. The type III NKT cells described herein may comprise or consist of CD3+CD8+CD56+cells. The type III NKT cells described herein may comprise or consist of CD3+CD4-CD8-CD56+cells. The type III NKT cells described herein may comprise or consist of CD3+CD4+CD56+cells, CD3+CD8+CD56+cells and CD3+CD4-CD8-CD56+cells. The type III NKT cells described herein may comprise or consist of CD5+CD56+type III NKT cells. The type III NKT cells described herein may comprise or consist of CD5+CD4+CD56+cells. The type III NKT cells described herein may comprise or consist of CD5+CD8+CD56+cells. The type III NKT cells described herein may comprise or consist of CD5+CD4-CD8-CD56+cells. The type III NKT cells described herein may comprise or consist of CD5+CD4+CD56+cells, CD5+CD8+CD56+cells and CD5+CD4-CD8-CD56+cells.
[0080] A detailed discussion of CIK and NKT cells and their application in cancer immunotherapy can be found in, e.g., Li, Yan-Ruide, et al. "Generation of allogeneic CAR-NKT cells from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells using a clinically guided culture method. " Nature Biotechnology (2024) : 1-16; Gao, Xingchun, et al. "Cytokine-induced killer cells as pharmacological tools for cancer immunotherapy. " Frontiers in immunology 8 (2017) : 774, each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
[0081] The present disclosure provides a unique group of cells with enhanced properties, herein designated αβT / NKT cells. Although this αβT / NKT cell population shares some characteristics with CIK cells, it surpasses them in several aspects, including higher activation levels, greater expression of engineered receptors, elevated NCR expression, and superior tumor cell killing efficiency. This αβT / NKT cell population primarily comprise αβT cells and NKT cells (e.g., type III NKT cells) . The present disclosure further relates to processes for the generation of αβT / NKT cell population, and to their uses. The present disclosure further relates to genetically modified αβT / NKT cell population.
[0082] This αβT / NKT cell population with the desired properties can be obtained in vitro by culturing starting sample cells (e.g., peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) ) in two phases. In the first phase, the starting sample cells (e.g., PBMCs) can be cultured in a first culture medium comprising interleukin-15 (IL-15) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) , and activated by CD3 / CD28 magnetic beads. In the second phase, these cells can be expanded in a second culture medium containing IL-15 and IL-2. The cell culture method described herein generates sufficient numbers of differentiated αβT / NKT cells for use in adoptive immunotherapy of cancer, and in a variety of other therapeutic applications. The αβT / NKT cells obtained by the method described herein may be used in cell therapies. The αβT / NKT cells obtained and cultured ex vivo according to the methods of the disclosure may be transfused into a patient for the treatment or prevention of infections, cancer or diseases resulting from immunosuppression. Definition
[0083] As used herein, the terms “approximately” and “about, ” as applied to one or more values of interest, refer to a value that is similar to a stated reference value. In certain embodiments, the term “approximately” or “about” refers to a range of values that fall within 25%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11 %, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1 %, or less in either direction (greater than or less than) of the stated reference value unless otherwise stated or otherwise evident from the context (except where such number would exceed 100%of a possible value) . For example, when used in the context of an amount of a given compound in a composition, “about” may mean + / -10%of the recited value. For instance, a culture medium including about 100 ng / ml of a given compound may include 90~110 ng / ml of the compound.
[0084] As used herein, the term “IL-15” refers to a polypeptide derived from a wild-type IL-15 or a functional variant thereof. The IL-15 may be a wildtype IL-15 (e.g., human IL-15) . The IL-15 may have one or more mutations (e.g., insertions, deletions, or substitutions) . The IL-15 may be a human IL-15. The IL-15 may be a recombinant IL-15.
[0085] As used herein, the term “IL-2” refers to a polypeptide derived from a wild-type IL-2 or a functional variant thereof. The IL-2 may be a wildtype IL-2 (e.g., human IL-2) . The IL-2 may have one or more mutations (e.g., insertions, deletions, or substitutions) . The IL-2 may be a human IL-2. The IL-2 may be a recombinant IL-2.
[0086] As used herein, the term “cancer” refers to cells having the capacity for uncontrolled autonomous growth. Examples of such cells include cells having an abnormal state or condition characterized by rapidly proliferating cell growth. The term is meant to include cancerous growths, e.g., tumors; oncogenic processes, metastatic tissues, and malignantly transformed cells, tissues, or organs, irrespective of histopathologic type or stage of invasiveness. Also included are malignancies of the various organ systems, such as respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, reproductive, hematological, neurological, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems; as well as adenocarcinomas which include malignancies such as most colon cancers, renal-cell carcinoma, prostate cancer and / or testicular tumors, non-small cell carcinoma of the lung, and cancer of the small intestine. Cancer that is “naturally arising” includes any cancer that is not experimentally induced by implantation of cancer cells into a subject, and includes, for example, spontaneously arising cancer, cancer caused by exposure of a patient to a carcinogen (s) , cancer resulting from insertion of a transgenic oncogene or knockout of a tumor suppressor gene, and cancer caused by infections, e.g., viral infections. The term “carcinoma” is art recognized and refers to malignancies of epithelial or endocrine tissues. The term also includes carcinosarcomas, which include malignant tumors composed of carcinomatous and sarcomatous tissues. An “adenocarcinoma” refers to a carcinoma derived from glandular tissue or in which the tumor cells form recognizable glandular structures. The term “sarcoma” is art recognized and refers to malignant tumors of mesenchymal derivation. The term “hematopoietic neoplastic disorders” includes diseases involving hyperplastic / neoplastic cells of hematopoietic origin. A hematopoietic neoplastic disorder can arise from myeloid, lymphoid or erythroid lineages, or precursor cells thereof. A hematologic cancer is a cancer that begins in blood-forming tissue, such as the bone marrow, or in the cells of the immune system. Examples of hematologic cancer include e.g., leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma etc.
[0087] As used herein, the terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably throughout the specification and describe an animal, human or non-human, to whom treatment according to the methods of the present disclosure is provided. Veterinary and non-veterinary applications are contemplated in the present disclosure. Human patients can be adult humans or juvenile humans (e.g., humans below the age of 18 years old) . In addition to humans, patients include but are not limited to mice, rats, hamsters, guinea-pigs, rabbits, ferrets, cats, dogs, and primates. Included are, for example, non-human primates (e.g., monkey, chimpanzee, gorilla, and the like) , rodents (e.g., rats, mice, gerbils, hamsters, ferrets, rabbits) , lagomorphs, swine (e.g., pig, miniature pig) , equine, canine, feline, bovine, and other domestic, farm, and zoo animals.
[0088] As used herein, the terms “polypeptide, ” “peptide, ” and “protein” are used interchangeably to refer to polymers of amino acids of any length of at least two amino acids.
[0089] As used herein, the term “chimeric antigen receptor” or “CAR” as used herein refers to genetically engineered receptors, which can be used to graft one or more antigen specificity onto immune effector cells, such as T cells. Some CARs are also known as “artificial T-cell receptors, ” “chimeric T cell receptors, ” or “chimeric immune receptors. ” The CAR may comprise an extracellular antigen binding domain specific for one or more antigens (such as tumor antigens) , a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain of a T cell and / or other receptors. “CAR-T cell” refers to a T cell that expresses a CAR.
[0090] As used herein, the term “T-cell receptor” or “TCR” as used herein refers to an endogenous or modified T-cell receptor comprising an extracellular antigen binding domain that binds to a specific antigenic peptide bound in an MHC molecule. The TCR may comprise a TCRαpolypeptide chain and a TCRβ polypeptide chain. The TCR may comprise a TCRγ polypeptide chain and a TCRδ polypeptide chain. The TCR may specifically bind a tumor antigen. “TCR-T” refers to a T cell that expresses a recombinant TCR. Expression of a heterologous antigen receptor, such as a heterologous TCR or CAR, can alter the immunogenic specificity of the T cells so that they recognize or display improved recognition for one or more tumor antigens that are present on the surface of the cancer cells of an individual with cancer.
[0091] As used herein, the term "complementarity determining region" or "CDR" refers to the amino acid residues in the variable region of an antibody that are responsible for antigen binding. The precise boundaries of these amino acid residues can be defined according to various numbering systems known in the art, for example, according to the definitions in the Kabat numbering system (Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., 1991) , Chothia numbering system (Chothia &Lesk (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 196: 901-917; Chothia et al. (1989) Nature 342: 878-883) , AbM numbering system (Martin, in Antibody Engineering, Vol. 2, Chapter 3, Springer Verlag) or IMGT numbering system (Lefranc et al., Dev. Comparat. Immunol. 27: 55-77, 2003) . For a given antibody, those skilled in the art can easily identify the CDRs defined by each numbering system. Moreover, the correspondence between different numbering systems is well known to those skilled in the art (e.g., see Lefranc et al., Dev. Comparat. Immunol. 27: 55-77, 2003) . The CDRs of the antibodies of the disclosure may be defined according to Kabat, AbM, IMGT, or Chothia numbering system, or any combination thereof. Unless otherwise indicated or clear from the context, the CDRs of the antibodies of the disclosure are preferably defined according to Kabat numbering system.
[0092] The term "expanding" as used herein refers to increasing the number of cells of a cell population due to cell replication. In particular, PBMC expansion as disclosed herein refers to an in vitro or ex vivo culturing process comprising polyclonal activation and multiplication of cell populations within the PBMC, so as to produce an ACT cell composition in accordance with the disclosure. Typically, e.g. for producing a clinical-grade ACT composition for treatment of a human subject, expansion is performed in a specific cGMP grade environment and cGMP grade medium. In some embodiments, expansion is performed for 9-16 days or 11-16 days, e.g. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16 days.
[0093] As used herein, a cell is considered "positive" for a cell-surface marker if it expresses the marker on its cell-surface in amounts sufficient to be detected using methods known to those of skill in the art, such as contacting a cell with an antibody that binds specifically to that marker, and subsequently performing flow cytometric analysis of such a contacted cell to determine whether the antibody is specifically bound the cell. It is to be understood that while a cell may express messenger RNA for a cell-surface marker, in order to be considered positive for the compositions and methods described herein, the cell must express the marker of interest on its surface. Similarly, a cell is considered "negative" for a cell-surface marker if it does not express the marker on its surface in amounts sufficient to be detected using methods known to those of skill in the art, such as contacting a cell with an antibody that binds specifically to that marker and subsequently performing flow cytometric analysis of such a contacted cell to determine whether the antibody is bound the cell.
[0094] As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the term "adoptive transfer" refers to a form of passive immunotherapy where previously sensitized immunologic agents (e.g., cells or serum) are transferred to the recipients. The phrases “adoptive transfer immunotherapy” , “adoptive cell therapy” and “adoptive cell immunotherapy” are used interchangeably herein to denote a therapeutic or prophylactic regimen or modality, in which effector immunocompetent cells, such as the cell compositions comprising the αβT / NKT cell population of the disclosure, are administered (adoptively transferred) to a subject in need thereof, to alleviate or ameliorate the development or symptoms of cancer. Thus, an ACT composition in accordance of the disclosure contains effective amounts (e.g. at least 5×l06 cells and up to about 10×l09 cells) , which are produced under sterile and suitable (e.g. cGMP grade) conditions, to be administered to a human subject afflicted with a neoplastic disorder as part of their anti-tumor regimen.
[0095] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Methods and materials are described herein for use in the present disclosure; other, suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. Methods of preparing αβT / NKT cells
[0096] The present disclosure provides methods for obtaining this unique αβT / NKT cell population. The methods as described in the present disclosure are carried out on a sample, which is also referred to herein as a “starting sample” . The methods can use either unfractionated samples or samples that have been enriched for T cells or αβT / NKT cells. The samples can be enriched for αβT / NKT cells. The samples can be obtained from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) . The samples can be peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) .
[0097] The sample can be any sample that contains αβT and NKT cells or precursors thereof including, but not limited to, blood, bone marrow, lymphoid tissue, thymus, spleen, lymph node tissue, infected tissue, fetal tissue and fractions or enriched portions thereof. The sample may be blood including peripheral blood or umbilical cord blood or fractions thereof, including buffy coat cells, leukapheresis products, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and lowdensity mononuclear cells (LDMCs) . The sample may be human blood or a fraction thereof. The cells can be obtained from a sample of blood using techniques known in the art such as density gradient centrifugation. For example, whole blood can be layered onto an equal volume of Ficoll-HypaqueTM followed by centrifugation at 400 × g for 15-30 minutes at room temperature. The interface material will contain low-density mononuclear cells that can be collected and washed in culture medium and centrifuged at 200 × g for 10 minutes at room temperature.
[0098] In one aspect, the present disclosure provided methods to produce αβT / NKT cells with high purity, high expansion rate and high transduction rate for clinical use and production. Such cells display high activation, low exhaustion and predominant phenotype. In vitro validation shows superior anti-tumor activity and safer profile than cells obtained from some other existing methods.
[0099] In one aspect, the methods to produce αβT / NKT cells comprises (a) obtaining starting sample cells (e.g., PBMC cells) collected from a subject; (b) exposing the starting sample cells to an activation medium comprising IL2, IL15, and an activation agent (e.g., CD3 / CD28 magnetic beads) ; and (c) collecting the cells from step (b) . Step (b) may last 6-20 days. Step (b) may last 10-16 days. During step (b) the cells may be further engineered to express an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) . During step (b) the cells may be further engineered to disrupt an endogenous gene (e.g., TRAC) .
[0100] In one aspect, the methods for producing human αβT / NKT cells have a culturing phase and an expanding phase. In the culturing phase, these cells can be cultured in a cell culture medium comprising one or more of cytokines selected from interleukin-15 (IL-15) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) . The cells may be stimulated by CD3 and CD28 agonists (e.g., CD3 and CD28 antibodies) . In the expanding phase, these cells can be expanded in a cell expansion culture medium comprising one or more of cytokines selected from IL-15 and IL-2. The cells are cultured and expanded without the need for the use of feeder cells or microbial or viral components. The cells may be cultured and expanded without the need for IL-7. The cells may be cultured and expanded without the need for IL-4, IL-21, IL-7, IL-1β and / or INF-γ.
[0101] Accordingly, in a first aspect, the method for producing αβT / NKT cells comprising: (1) culturing the sample in a first culture medium comprising one or more of cytokines selected from IL-15 and IL-2; and (2) culturing the cells obtained in step (1) in a second culture medium comprising one or more of cytokines selected from IL-15 and IL-2. During step (1) , the cells may be stimulated by an activation agent, e.g., CD3 and CD28 agonists (e.g., CD3 and CD28 antibodies) . The activation agent may be a substrate (e.g., polymeric nanomatrix, or beads) conjugated to humanized recombinant CD3 and CD28 agonists. The first culture medium may be located in a container (e.g., cell culture plate) that is coated with CD3 and CD28 agonists (e.g., CD3 and CD28 antibodies) . The CD3 and CD28 agonists may be T Cell TransActTM from Miltenyi. The sample (e.g., PBMCs) can be expanded in the constant presence of effective amount of IL-15 and IL-2. The sample (e.g., PBMCs) can be stimulated by an activation agent, e.g., CD3 and CD28 agonists (e.g., CD3 and CD28 antibodies) . The sample (e.g., PBMCs) can be expanded in the absence of other cytokines or antibodies, in addition to IL-15, IL-2 and the CD3 and CD28 agonists. The CD3 and CD28 agonists described herein may be magnetic beads coated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies (CD3 / CD28 beads) .
[0102] The first culture medium may comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more than 6 cytokines. The first culture medium may comprise only 1, only 2, only 3, only 4, only 5, or only 6 cytokines. The first culture medium may comprise IL-2. The first culture medium may comprise IL-15. The first culture medium may comprise IFN-γ. The first culture medium may comprise IL-4. The first culture medium may comprise IL-1β. The first culture medium may comprise IL-21. The cytokines in the first culture medium may comprise or consist of IL-2, and IL-15. The cytokines in the first culture medium may comprise or consist of IL-15, IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-1β. The cytokines in the first culture medium may comprise or consist of IL-15, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-1β, and IL-4. The cytokines in the first culture medium may comprise or consist of IL-15, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-21. The cytokines in the first culture medium may lack INF-γ.
[0103] The second culture medium may comprise 1, 2, 3, 4, or more than 4 cytokines. The second culture medium comprises only 1, only 2, only 3, only 4, or only 5 cytokines. The second culture medium may comprise IL-15. The second culture medium may comprise INF-γ. The second culture medium may comprise IL-2. The second culture medium may comprise IL-1β. The second culture medium may comprise IL-21. The cytokines in the second culture medium may comprise or consist of IL-2 and IL-15. The cytokines in the second culture medium may comprise or consist of IL-2, IL-15, and INF-γ. The second culture medium may lack INF-γ.
[0104] The cytokines can be supplemented to the culture medium during the culturing phase and the expanding phase. The cytokines can be supplemented every 24-96 hours, e.g., every 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, or 96 hours.
[0105] IL-15 may be present in an amount from about 1 to about 500 ng / ml. IL-15 may be present in an amount from about 2 to about 200 ng / ml. IL-15 may be present in an amount from about 5 to about 100 ng / ml. IL-15 may be present in an amount from about 5 to about 50 ng / ml. IL-15 may be present in an amount from about 5 to about 30 ng / ml. IL-15 may be present in an amount from about 10 to about 20 ng / ml. IL-15 may be present in an amount from about 20 to about 100 ng / ml. IL-15 may be present in an amount from about 50 to about 100 ng / ml. IL-15 may be present in an amount from about 50 to about 200 ng / ml. IL-15 may be present in an amount from about 50 to about 500 ng / ml. IL-15 may be present in an amount from about 100 to about 200 ng / ml. IL-15 may be present in an amount that is greater than 1 ng / ml, greater than 2 ng / ml, greater than 5 ng / ml, greater than 10 ng / ml, greater than 20 ng / ml, greater than 30 ng / ml, greater than 40 ng / ml, greater than 50 ng / ml, greater than 60 ng / ml, greater than 70 ng / ml, greater than 80 ng / ml, greater than 90 ng / ml, greater than 100 ng / ml, greater than 110 ng / ml, or greater than 120 ng / ml. IL-15 may be present in an amount that is less than 1 ng / ml, less than 2 ng / ml, less than 5 ng / ml, less than 10 ng / ml, less than 20 ng / ml, less than 30 ng / ml, less than 40 ng / ml, less than 50 ng / ml, less than 60 ng / ml, less than 70 ng / ml, less than 80 ng / ml, less than 90 ng / ml, less than 100 ng / ml, less than 110 ng / ml, or less than 120 ng / ml. IL-15 may be present in an amount that is about 1 ng / ml, about 2 ng / ml, about 5 ng / ml, about 10 ng / ml, about 20 ng / ml, about 30 ng / ml, about 40 ng / ml, about 50 ng / ml, about 60 ng / ml, about 70 ng / ml, about 80 ng / ml, about 90 ng / ml, about 100 ng / ml, about 110 ng / ml, or about 120 ng / ml. IL-15 may be present in an amount that is from about 1 to about 1000 ng / ml, from about 10 to 100 ng / ml, from about 20 to 200 ng / ml, from about 30 to 300 ng / ml, from about 40 to 400 ng / ml, from about 50 to 500 ng / ml, from about 50 to 150 ng / ml, from about 50 to 90 ng / ml, or from about 60 to 80 ng / ml.
[0106] IL-2 may be present in an amount from about 1 to about 500 IU / ml. IL-2 may be present in an amount from about 2 to about 200 IU / ml. IL-2 may be present in an amount from about 5 to about 100 IU / ml. IL-2 may be present in an amount from about 5 to about 1000 IU / ml. IL-2 may be present in an amount from about 50 to about 1000 IU / ml. IL-2 may be present in an amount from about 100 to about 1000 IU / ml. IL-2 may be present in an amount from about 1000 to about 2000 IU / ml. IL-2 may be present in an amount from about 200 to about 1000 IU / ml. IL-2 may be present in an amount from about 500 to about 1000 IU / ml. IL-2 may be present in an amount from about 300 to about 1000 IU / ml. IL-2 may be present in an amount from about 400 to about 600 IU / ml. IL-2 may be present in an amount from about 500 to about 1500 IU / ml. IL-2 may be present in an amount from about 300 to about 700 IU / ml. IL-2 may be present in an amount from about 700 to about 1500 IU / ml. IL-2 may be present in an amount from about 800 to about 2000 IU / ml. IL-2 may be present in an amount that is greater than 1 IU / ml, greater than 2 IU / ml, greater than 5 IU / ml, greater than 10 IU / ml, greater than 20 IU / ml, greater than 30 IU / ml, greater than 40 IU / ml, greater than 50 IU / ml, greater than 60 IU / ml, greater than 70 IU / ml, greater than 80 IU / ml, greater than 90 IU / ml, greater than 100 IU / ml, greater than 110 IU / ml, greater than 120 IU / ml, greater than 130 IU / ml, greater than 140 IU / ml, greater than 150 IU / ml, greater than 200 IU / ml, greater than 250 IU / ml, greater than 300 IU / ml, greater than 350 IU / ml, greater than 400 IU / ml, greater than 450 IU / ml, greater than 500 IU / ml, greater than 550 IU / ml, greater than 600 IU / ml, greater than 700 IU / ml, greater than 800 IU / ml, greater than 900 IU / ml, greater than 1000 IU / ml, greater than 1500 IU / ml, or greater than 2000 IU / ml. IL-2 may be present in an amount that is less than 1 IU / ml, less than 2 IU / ml, less than 5 IU / ml, less than 10 IU / ml, less than 20 IU / ml, less than 30 IU / ml, less than 40 IU / ml, less than 50 IU / ml, less than 60 IU / ml, less than 70 IU / ml, less than 80 IU / ml, less than 90 IU / ml, less than 100 IU / ml, less than 110 IU / ml, or less than 120 IU / ml. IL-2 may be present in an amount that is about 1 IU / ml, about 2 IU / ml, about 5 IU / ml, about 10 IU / ml, about 20 IU / ml, about 30 IU / ml, about 40 IU / ml, about 50 IU / ml, about 60 IU / ml, about 70 IU / ml, about 80 IU / ml, about 90 IU / ml, about 100 IU / ml, about 110 IU / ml, or about 120 IU / ml, less than 130 IU / ml, less than 140 IU / ml, less than 150 IU / ml, less than 200 IU / ml, less than 250 IU / ml, less than 300 IU / ml, less than 350 IU / ml, less than 400 IU / ml, less than 450 IU / ml, less than 500 IU / ml, less than 550 IU / ml, less than 600 IU / ml, less than 700 IU / ml, less than 800 IU / ml, less than 900 IU / ml, less than 1000 IU / ml, less than 1500 IU / ml, or less than 2000 IU / ml. IL-2 may be present in an amount that is from about 1 to about 1000 IU / ml, from about 10 to 100 IU / ml, from about 20 to 200 IU / ml, from about 30 to 300 IU / ml, from about 40 to 400 IU / ml, from about 50 to 500 IU / ml, from about 50 to 150 IU / ml, from about 50 to 90 IU / ml, from about 50 to 60 IU / ml, from about 100 to 200 IU / ml, from about 100 to 500 IU / ml, from about 100 to 1000 IU / ml, from about 200 to 1000 IU / ml, from about 200 to 1500 IU / ml, from about 200 to 2000 IU / ml, from about 300 to 700 IU / ml, from about 400 to 1500 IU / ml, from about 400 to 600 IU / ml, from about 700 to 1500 IU / ml, from about 800 to 2000 IU / ml, from about 1000 to 1500 IU / ml, from about 1000 to 2000 IU / ml.
[0107] The first culture medium and the second culture medium may comprise the same cytokines at the same concentrations. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 100 IU / ml IL2 and about 20 ng / ml IL15. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 200 IU / ml IL2 and about 50 ng / ml IL15. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 300 IU / ml IL2 and about 100 ng / ml IL15. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 400 IU / ml IL2 and about 100 ng / ml IL15. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 500 IU / ml IL2 and about 100 ng / ml IL15. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 1000 IU / ml IL2 and about 1000 ng / ml IL15. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 500 IU / ml IL2 and about 50 ng / ml IL15. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 500 IU / ml IL2 and about 20 ng / ml IL15. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 400 IU / ml IL2 and about 10 ng / ml IL15. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 300 IU / ml IL2 and about 10 ng / ml IL15. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 200 IU / ml IL2 and about 10 ng / ml IL15. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 100 IU / ml IL2 and about 10 ng / ml IL15. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 50 IU / ml IL2 and about 10 ng / ml IL15. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 100 IU / ml IL2 and about 5 ng / ml IL15. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 200 IU / ml IL2 and about 5 ng / ml IL15. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 300 IU / ml IL2 and about 5 ng / ml IL15. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 400 IU / ml IL2 and about 5 ng / ml IL15. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 500 IU / ml IL2 and about 5 ng / ml IL15. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 1000 IU / ml IL2 and about 5 ng / ml IL15.
[0108] Further, the first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise a serum replacement (e.g., ELITEGRO-ADVANCED) . The serum replacement may be present in an amount from about 1%to about 20% (v / v) . The serum replacement may be present in an amount from about 1%to about 10%. The serum replacement may be present in an amount from about 1%to about 5%. The serum replacement may be present in an amount from about 0.5%to about 5%. The serum replacement may be present in an amount from about 0.1%to about 5%. The serum replacement may be present in an amount from about 0.5%to about 2.5%. The serum replacement may be present in an amount from about 0.1%to about 1%. The serum replacement may be present in an amount from about 0.1%to about 10%. The serum replacement may be present in an amount from about 0.5%to about 20%.
[0109] The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 100 IU / ml IL2, about 20 ng / ml IL15 and about 5%serum replacement (e.g., ELITEGRO-ADVANCED) . The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 500 IU / ml IL2, about 50 ng / ml IL15 and about 5%serum replacement. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise or about 1000 IU / ml IL2, about 50 ng / ml IL15 and about 2.5%serum replacement. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 2000 IU / ml IL2, about 100 ng / ml IL15 and about 1%serum replacement. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 500 IU / ml IL2, about 20 ng / ml IL15 and about 1%serum replacement. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 500 IU / ml IL2, about 20 ng / ml IL15 and about 2.5%serum replacement. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 500 IU / ml IL2, about 50 ng / ml IL15 and about 1%serum replacement. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 200 IU / ml IL2, about 50 ng / ml IL15 and about 5%serum replacement. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise or about 100 IU / ml IL2, about 50 ng / ml IL15 and about 10%serum replacement. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 250 IU / ml IL2, about 25 ng / ml IL15 and about 2%serum replacement. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 50 IU / ml IL2, about 10 ng / ml IL15 and about 5%serum replacement. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 50 IU / ml IL2, about 10 ng / ml IL15 and about 1%serum replacement. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 300 IU / ml IL2, about 20 ng / ml IL15 and about 5%serum replacement. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 400 IU / ml IL2, about 20 ng / ml IL15 and about 1%serum replacement. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 300 IU / ml IL2, about 50 ng / ml IL15 and about 5%serum replacement. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 100 IU / ml IL2, about 20 ng / ml IL15 and about 1%serum replacement. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 100 IU / ml IL2, about 50 ng / ml IL15 and about 5%serum replacement. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may comprise about 100 IU / ml IL2, about 10 ng / ml IL15 and about 2.5%serum replacement.
[0110] The first culture medium may further comprise CD3 and CD28 agonists (e.g., CD3 and CD28 antibodies) . The CD3 and CD28 agonists may be CD3 / CD28 magnetic beads. The CD3 and CD28 agonists may be T Cell TransActTM from Miltenyi. The CD3 agonist (e.g., anti-CD3 antibody) may be present in an amount that is from about 0.1 to about 100 μg / ml. The CD3 agonist may be present in an amount from about 0.1 to about 10 μg / ml. The CD3 agonist may be present in an amount from about 0.5 to about 5 μg / ml. In the first culture medium, the CD3 agonist may be present in an amount of about 1 μg / mL. The first culture medium may be in a container (e.g., cell culture plate) that is coated with a CD3 agonist. The CD3 agonist may be immobilized on the cell culture plate at from about 1 to about 5000 ng / ml. The CD3 agonist may be immobilized on the cell culture plate at from about 50 to about 1000 ng / ml. The CD3 agonist may be immobilized on the cell culture plate at from about 200 to about 1000 ng / ml. The CD3 agonist may be immobilized on the cell culture plate at about 500 ng / mL. The CD28 agonist (e.g., anti-CD28 antibody) may be present in an amount that is from about 0.1 to about 100 μg / ml. The CD28 agonist may be present in an amount from about 0.1 to about 10 μg / ml. The CD28 agonist may be present in an amount from about 0.5 to about 5 μg / ml. In the first culture medium, the CD28 agonist may be present in an amount of about 5 μg / mL. The first culture medium may be in a container (e.g., cell culture plate) that is coated with a CD28 agonist. The CD28 agonist may be immobilized on the cell culture plate at from about 1 to about 5000 ng / ml. The CD28 agonist may be immobilized on the cell culture plate at from about 50 to about 1000 ng / ml. The CD28 agonist may be immobilized on the cell culture plate at from about 200 to about 1000 ng / ml. The CD28 agonist may be immobilized on the cell culture plate at about 500 ng / mL. The first culture medium may comprise no other CD3 and CD28 agonists except CD3 / CD28 magnetic beads.
[0111] The cells may be cultured in the first culture medium for a period ranging from about 2 hours to about 2 days. The cells may be cultured in the first culture medium overnight. The cells may be cultured in the first culture medium for more than 1 day, more than 2 days, more than 3 days, more than 4 days, more than 5 days, more than 6 days, more than 7 days, more than 8 days, more than 9 days, more than 10 days, more than 11 days, more than 12 days, more than 13 days, or more than 14 days. The cells may be cultured in the first culture medium for less than 1 day, less than 2 days, less than 3 days, less than 4 days, less than 5 days, less than 6 days, less than 7 days, less than 8 days, less than 9 days, less than 10 days, less than 11 days, less than 12 days, less than 13 days, or less than 14 days. The cells may be cultured in the first culture medium for about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days, about 4 days, about 5 days, about 6 days, about 7 days, about 8 days, about 9 days, about 10 days, about 11 days, about 12 days, about 13 days, or about 14 days. The cells may be cultured in the first culture medium for a period of time ranging from about 2 hours to about 2 days.
[0112] The cells may be cultured in the second culture medium for a period ranging from about 2 days to about 21 days. For example, from about 3 days to about 14 days. For example, from about 6 days to 14 days. The cells may be cultured in the second culture medium for more than 1 day, more than 2 days, more than 3 days, more than 4 days, more than 5 days, more than 6 days, more than 7 days, more than 8 days, more than 9 days, more than 10 days, more than 11 days, more than 12 days, more than 13 days, or more than 14 days. The cells may be cultured in the second culture medium for less than 1 day, less than 2 days, less than 3 days, less than 4 days, less than 5 days, less than 6 days, less than 7 days, less than 8 days, less than 9 days, less than 10 days, less than 11 days, less than 12 days, less than 13 days, or less than 14 days. The cells may be cultured in the second culture medium for about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days, about 4 days, about 5 days, about 6 days, about 7 days, about 8 days, about 9 days, about 10 days, about 11 days, about 12 days, about 13 days, or about 14 days. The cells may be cultured in the second culture medium for a period of time ranging from about 2 days to about 21 days, from about 3 days to about 20 days, from about 3 days to about 15 days, from about 5 days to about 15 days, from about 10 days to about 15 days.
[0113] The culture medium may be replenished as needed. This can be achieved through the addition of fresh culture medium to the first culture medium or the second culture medium, preferably after the removal of a fraction of the first culture medium or the second culture medium. This can be done by centrifuging the cells, removing (e.g., decanting) a fraction of the first culture medium or the second culture medium and resuspending the cells in the first culture medium or the second culture medium. The replenishment may involve the removal of at least 3 / 4 of the previous culture medium.
[0114] The first culture medium and the second culture medium may comprise a base medium. The first culture medium and the second culture medium may be a base medium of cell culture. The based medium may be selected from cell culture mediums well known in the art, such as AIM-VTM, X-VIVO, TexMACS, RPMI 1640, OPTMIZER CTSTM (Gibco, Life Technologies) , EXVIVO-10, EXVIVO-15 or EXVIVO-20 (Lonza) . The first cell culture medium and / or the second cell culture medium may comprise L-glutamine, streptomycin sulfate, and gentamicin sulfate. The first cell culture medium and / or the second cell culture medium may comprise L-glutamine, 50 μg / mL streptomycin sulfate, and 10 μg / mL gentamicin sulfate. The mammalian cell culture medium may comprise serum or plasma. The first cell culture medium and / or the second cell culture medium may contain a base medium in an amount that is about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, or about 95%by volume. The first cell culture medium and / or the second cell culture may contain a base medium in an amount that is more than 10%, more than 20%, more than 30%, more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 90%, or more than 95%by volume. The first cell culture medium and / or the second cell culture may contain a base medium in an amount that is less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, less than 70%, less than 80%, less than 90%, or less than 95%by volume.
[0115] The production of the αβT / NKT cell population may be performed in the constant presence of IL-15 and IL-2, with IL-15, IL-2 and CD3 / CD28 magnetic beads as sole exogenously-added cell stimulators. Thus, in this case, other cell stimulators used to induce lymphocyte activation and proliferation during in vitro or ex-vivo processes, such as antibodies directed to stimulatory molecules (e.g. CD3) , cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ) , antigens (e.g. MHC-antigen complexes) and the like, which are of an exogenous source to the cultured cells, are not artificially introduced (supplemented) . It is to be understood, that certain cell stimulators may be produced endogenously by the cultured cells during the expansion process. It is further understood, that various factors included in standard tissue culture media (for example, in complete medium such as RPMI) are not considered to be exogenously-added cell stimulators according to these embodiments. For example, the production of the αβT / NKT cell population may conveniently be performed in the presence of tissue culture serum, e.g. fetal calf serum (FCS) (at a final concentration of 5-15%, typically 7-12%or 8-13%and more typically about 10%) or serum replacement (SR) (at a final concentration of 1%-20% (v / v) , typically about 2.5%) .
[0116] Prior to culturing the sample or fraction thereof (such as PBMCs) in the first culture medium, the sample or fraction thereof may be enriched for certain cell types and / or depleted for other cell types. In particular, the sample or fraction thereof may be enriched for T cells, or enriched for αβT and / or NKT cells.
[0117] The first culture medium and / or second culture medium may additionally include other ingredients that can assist in the growth and expansion of the αβT / NKT cells. Examples of other ingredients that can be added, include, but are not limited to, plasma or serum, purified proteins such as albumin, a lipid source such as low density lipoprotein (LDL) , vitamins, amino acids, steroids and any other supplements supporting or promoting cell growth and / or survival.
[0118] The method of preparing αβT / NKT cells may comprise: (1) culturing cells in the sample in a first culture medium comprising 1-50 ng / ml interleukin-15 (IL-15) and 100-1000 IU / ml IL-2; and (2) culturing the cells obtained in step (1) in a second culture medium comprising 1-50 ng / ml IL-15 and 100-1000 IU / ml IL-2. The method of preparing αβT / NKT cells may comprise: (1) culturing cells in the sample in a first culture medium comprising 1-100 ng / ml interleukin-15 (IL-15) and 100-2000 IU / ml IL-2; and (2) culturing the cells obtained in step (1) in a second culture medium comprising 1-50 ng / ml IL-15 and 100-1000 IU / ml IL-2. The method of preparing αβT / NKT cells may comprise: (1) culturing cells in the sample in a first culture medium comprising 1-100 ng / ml interleukin-15 (IL-15) and 200-1000 IU / ml IL-2; and (2) culturing the cells obtained in step (1) in a second culture medium comprising 1-50 ng / ml IL-15 and 100-500 IU / ml IL-2. The method of preparing αβT / NKT cells may comprise: (1) culturing cells in the sample in a first culture medium comprising 10-50 ng / ml interleukin-15 (IL-15) and 200-500 IU / ml IL-2; and (2) culturing the cells obtained in step (1) in a second culture medium comprising 1-50 ng / ml IL-15 and 100-1000 IU / ml IL-2. The method of preparing αβT / NKT cells may comprise: (1) culturing cells in the sample in a first culture medium comprising 10-50 ng / ml interleukin-15 (IL-15) and 100-1000 IU / ml IL-2; and (2) culturing the cells obtained in step (1) in a second culture medium comprising 10-50 ng / ml IL-15 and 200-1500 IU / ml IL-2. The method of preparing αβT / NKT cells may comprise: (1) culturing cells in the sample in a first culture medium comprising 20-100 ng / ml interleukin-15 (IL-15) and 500-1000 IU / ml IL-2; and (2) culturing the cells obtained in step (1) in a second culture medium comprising 50-100 ng / ml IL-15 and 100-1000 IU / ml IL-2. The method of preparing αβT / NKT cells may comprise: (1) culturing cells in the sample in a first culture medium comprising 10-50 ng / ml interleukin-15 (IL-15) and 100-1000 IU / ml IL-2; and (2) culturing the cells obtained in step (1) in a second culture medium comprising 10-20 ng / ml IL-15 and 100-500 IU / ml IL-2. The first culture medium may further comprise 0.1-100 μg / ml CD3 agonist (e.g., anti-CD3 antibody) . The first culture medium may further comprise 0.1-100 μg / ml CD28 agonist (e.g., anti-CD28 antibody) . The first culture medium may further comprise an activation agent. The first culture medium and / or the second culture medium may further comprise 1%-20%by volume serum supplement.
[0119] Prior to step (1) , the sample may be enriched for αβ T cells and / or NKT cells.
[0120] During step (1) , the cells may be exposed to CD3 and CD28 agonists.
[0121] Prior to step (2) , the cells may be transfected with a vector encoding an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) .
[0122] The cells may be cultured for about 2 hours to 2 days during step (1) . The cells may be cultured for about 6-14 days during step (2) .
[0123] In the method of preparing αβT / NKT cells described herein, the cells in the sample may be cultured in the absence of other cytokines or antibodies. In other words, cytokines and antibodies other than IL2, IL-15, anti-CD3 antibody and anti-CD28 antibody (e.g., beads coated with anti-CD3 antibody and anti-CD28 antibody) are not supplemented (added exogenously) to the culture. Therefore, the processes of preparing αβT / NKT cells described herein are distinguishable from other expansion protocols, used for producing other types of cell compositions (for example CIK cells are produced by expansion of e.g., PBMCs in the presence of inter alia IFN-γ) . It is to be understood, however, that during the expansion process, various factors, including cytokines, may be produced by the cultured cells and secreted to the culture media.
[0124] The αβT / NKT cells may be further engineered to express an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) . The αβT / NKT cells may be transfected with a vector encoding an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) . The transfection may be performed using a lentivirus. The αβT / NKT cells may be engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) . The αβT / NKT cells may be engineered to express a T cell receptor (TCR) .
[0125] The αβT / NKT cells may be further engineered to disrupt an endogenous gene. For example, the αβT / NKT cells may be further engineered to disrupt the endogenous T cell receptor alpha constant gene (TRAC) . The disruption may be a knock-down or a knockout. The knockout may be performed using a CRISPR / Cas9 system. The CRISPR / Cas9 system may be delivered via a lentivirus. Cas9 protein and gRNAs can be introduced into the cells by electroporation. The αβT / NKT cells may be engineered so that they do not express or express a very low amount of endogenous T cell receptors. Exemplary gene silencing methods include, but not limited to, CRISPR / Cas9, RNA interference (RNAi) technology, transcription activator-like (TAL) effector nucleases (TALENs) and Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) . An exemplary gene editing system of CRISPR / Cas9 or base editing can be established to target the endogenous gene. The gene editing system may comprise a guide polynucleotide (e.g., gRNA) targeting the endogenous gene. An exemplary RNAi technology can be established to target the endogenous gene. The RNAi technology may comprise a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting the endogenous gene. The method may further comprise reducing or eliminating the expression of T cell receptors in the αβT / NKT cells. As an example, the gRNA may comprise a sequence that is identical to SEQ ID NO: 23 or a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 23.
[0126] The methods described herein can knock out the TRAC gene with a knocking out efficiency of more than 5%, more than 10%, more than 15%, more than 20%, more than 25%, more than 30%, more than 35%, more than 40%, more than 45%, more than 50%, more than 55%, more than 60%, more than 65%, more than 70%, more than 75%, more than 80%, or more than 90%. The methods described herein can knock out the TRAC gene with a knocking out efficiency of less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 15%, less than 20%, less than 25%, less than 30%, less than 35%, less than 40%, less than 45%, less than 50%, less than 55%, less than 60%, less than 65%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, or less than 90%. The methods described herein can knock out the TRAC gene with a knocking out efficiency of 10%-90%, 30%-90%, or 50%-90%. The αβT / NKT cell population
[0127] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a cell population prepared according to the method described herein.
[0128] The αβT / NKT cell population may have more than 80%T cells (e.g., αβT cells and NKT cells) . The amount of T cells may be measured by the flow cytometry (e.g., according to the methods described in Example 1) . The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of αβT cells that is greater than 50%, greater than 60%, or greater than 70%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of αβT cells that is greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, greater than 90%, greater than 91%, greater than 92%, greater than 93%, greater than 94%, greater than 95%, greater than 96%, greater than 97%, greater than 98%, or greater than 99%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of αβT cells that is less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, less than 85%, less than 90%, less than 91%, less than 92%, less than 93%, less than 94%, less than 95%, less than 96%, less than 97%, less than 98%, or less than 99%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of αβT cells that is about 50%-90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of αβT cells that is about 75%-99%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of αβT cells that is about 70%-99%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of αβT cells that is about 60%-99%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of αβT cells that is about 50%-99%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of αβT cells that is about 40%-99%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of αβT cells that is about 50%-90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of αβT cells that is about 60%-90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of αβT cells that is about 70%-95%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of αβT cells that is about 65%-90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of αβT cells that is about 60%-95%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of αβT cells that is about 60%-85%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of αβT cells that is about 70%-85%. Comparing to CIK cells produced from the same sample, the αβT / NKT cells described herein may have an amount of αβT cells that is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, or 300%higher. The αβT cells described herein may be CD3-posive and / or CD5-positive, and CD56-negtive.
[0129] The αβT / NKT cell population may have more than 10%NKT cells (e.g., type III NKT cells) . The amount of NKT cells may be measured by the flow cytometry (e.g., according to the methods described in Example 1) . The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of NKT cells that is greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, greater than 90%, greater than 91%, greater than 92%, greater than 93%, greater than 94%, greater than 95%, greater than 96%, greater than 97%, greater than 98%, or greater than 99%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of NKT cells that is less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, less than 85%, less than 90%, less than 91%, less than 92%, less than 93%, less than 94%, less than 95%, less than 96%, less than 97%, less than 98%, or less than 99%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of NKT cells that is about 10%-30%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of NKT cells that is about 15%-30%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of NKT cells that is about 5%-30%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of NKT cells that is about 5%-20%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of NKT cells that is about 5%-25%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of NKT cells that is about 5%-35%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of NKT cells that is about 10%-35%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of NKT cells that is about 10%-25%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of NKT cells that is about 15%-35%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of NKT cells that is about 15%-25%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of NKT cells that is about 10%-40%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of NKT cells that is about 10%-50%. Comparing to traditional CAR-T cells produced from the same sample, the αβT / NKT cells described herein may have an amount of NKT cells that is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, or 1000%higher. The NKT cells described herein may be NKT-like cells. The NKT cells described herein may be CD3-positive and CD56-positive. The NKT cells described herein may be CD5-positive and CD56-positive.
[0130] The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of type III NKT cells that is greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, greater than 90%, greater than 91%, greater than 92%, greater than 93%, greater than 94%, greater than 95%, greater than 96%, greater than 97%, greater than 98%, or greater than 99%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of type III NKT cells that is less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, less than 85%, less than 90%, less than 91%, less than 92%, less than 93%, less than 94%, less than 95%, less than 96%, less than 97%, less than 98%, or less than 99%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of type III NKT cells that is about 10%-30%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of type III NKT cells that is about 15%-30%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of type III NKT cells that is about 5%-30%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of type III NKT cells that is about 5%-20%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of type III NKT cells that is about 5%-25%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of type III NKT cells that is about 5%-35%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of type III NKT cells that is about 10%-35%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of type III NKT cells that is about 10%-25%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of type III NKT cells that is about 15%-35%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of type III NKT cells that is about 15%-25%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of type III NKT cells that is about 10%-40%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have an amount of type III NKT cells that is about 10%-50%. Comparing to traditional CAR-T cells produced from the same sample, the αβT / NKT cells described herein may have an amount of type III NKT cells that is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, or 1000%higher. The type III NKT cells described herein may be CD3-positive and CD56-positive. The type III NKT cells described herein may be CD5-positive and CD56-positive.
[0131] Greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, greater than 90%, greater than 91%, greater than 92%, greater than 93%, greater than 94%, greater than 95%, greater than 96%, greater than 97%, greater than 98%, or greater than 99%of NKT cells in αβT / NKT cell population are type III NKT cells.
[0132] The αβT / NKT cells can be transfected with a vector encoding an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR or TCR) . The αβT / NKT cells may be transfected with a vector encoding an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR or TCR) before, during, or after the first culturing step. The αβT / NKT cells may be transfected with a vector encoding an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR or TCR) before, during, or after the second culturing step. The αβT / NKT cells may be transfected with a vector encoding an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR or TCR) after the first culturing step and before the second culturing step.
[0133] The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD5 positive rate that is greater than 50%. The CD5 positive rate may be measured by the flow cytometry (e.g., according to the methods described in Example 1) . The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD5 positive rate that is greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, greater than 90%, greater than 91%, greater than 92%, greater than 93%, greater than 94%, greater than 95%, greater than 96%, greater than 97%, greater than 98%, or greater than 99%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD5 positive rate that is less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, less than 85%, less than 90%, less than 91%, less than 92%, less than 93%, less than 94%, less than 95%, less than 96%, less than 97%, less than 98%, or less than 99%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD5 positive rate that is about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD5 positive rate that is about 80%-99%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD5 positive rate that is about 70%-99%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD5 positive rate that is about 60%-99%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD5 positive rate that is about 50%-99%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD5 positive rate that is about 50%-90%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD5 positive rate that is about 60%-90%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD5 positive rate that is about 70%-90%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD5 positive rate that is about 70%-95%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD5 positive rate that is about 80%-95%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD5 positive rate that is about 85%-95%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD5 positive rate that is about 90%-95%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD5 positive rate that is about 90%-99%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD5 positive rate that is about 85%-99%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD5 positive rate that is about 85%-90%. Comparing to CIK cells prepared from the same sample, the αβT / NKT cells described herein may have a CD5 positive rate that is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, or 300%higher. CD5 and CD3 are both T cell markers and are used as markers for T cells in this present disclosure.
[0134] The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD3 positive rate that is greater than 50%. The CD3 positive rate may be measured by the flow cytometry (e.g., according to the methods described in Example 1) . The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD3 positive rate that is greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, greater than 90%, greater than 91%, greater than 92%, greater than 93%, greater than 94%, greater than 95%, greater than 96%, greater than 97%, greater than 98%, or greater than 99%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD3 positive rate that is less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, less than 85%, less than 90%, less than 91%, less than 92%, less than 93%, less than 94%, less than 95%, less than 96%, less than 97%, less than 98%, or less than 99%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD3 positive rate that is about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, or about 99%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD3 positive rate that is about 80%-99%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD3 positive rate that is about 70%-99%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD3 positive rate that is about 60%-99%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD3 positive rate that is about 50%-99%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD3 positive rate that is about 50%-90%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD3 positive rate that is about 60%-90%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD3 positive rate that is about 70%-90%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD3 positive rate that is about 70%-95%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD3 positive rate that is about 80%-95%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD3 positive rate that is about 85%-95%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD3 positive rate that is about 90%-95%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD3 positive rate that is about 90%-99%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD3 positive rate that is about 85%-99%. The resulting αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD3 positive rate that is about 85%-90%. Comparing to CIK cells prepared from the same sample, the αβT / NKT cells described herein may have a CD3 positive rate that is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, or 300%higher.
[0135] The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is greater than 10%. The CD56 positive rate may be measured by the flow cytometry (e.g., according to the methods described in Example 1) . The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, greater than 90%, greater than 91%, greater than 92%, greater than 93%, greater than 94%, greater than 95%, greater than 96%, greater than 97%, greater than 98%, or greater than 99%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, less than 85%, less than 90%, less than 91%, less than 92%, less than 93%, less than 94%, less than 95%, less than 96%, less than 97%, less than 98%, or less than 99%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, or about 90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is about 15%-50%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is about 15%-60%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is about 15%-70%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is about 15%-80%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is about 15%-90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is about 15%-40%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is about 15%-30%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is about 10%-20%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is about 10%-30%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is about 10%-40%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is about 10%-50%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is about 5%-30%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is about 5%-20%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is about 5%-40%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is about 5%-50%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is about 5%-60%. Comparing to traditional CAR-T cells prepared from the same sample, the αβT / NKT cells described herein may have a CD56 positive rate that is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, or 1000%higher. The number of CD5 positive cells or CD3 positive cells in the population may be 3-6 times the number of CD56 positive cells in the αβT / NKT cell population. In some cases, 70-100%of the cells in the αβT / NKT cell population express CD5 and 10-25%of the cells in the αβT / NKT cell population express CD56.
[0136] The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 / CD5 double positive rate that is greater than 10%. The CD56 / CD5 double positive rate may be measured by the flow cytometry (e.g., according to the methods described in Example 1) . The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 / CD5 double positive rate that is greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, greater than 90%, greater than 91%, greater than 92%, greater than 93%, greater than 94%, greater than 95%, greater than 96%, greater than 97%, greater than 98%, or greater than 99%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 / CD5 double positive rate that is less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, less than 85%, less than 90%, less than 91%, less than 92%, less than 93%, less than 94%, less than 95%, less than 96%, less than 97%, less than 98%, or less than 99%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 / CD5 double positive rate that is about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, or about 90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 / CD5 double positive rate that is 12%-20%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 / CD5 double positive rate that is 5%-20%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 / CD5 double positive rate that is 10%-20%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 / CD5 double positive rate that is 15%-30%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 / CD5 double positive rate that is 5%-30%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 / CD5 double positive rate that is 5%-35%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 / CD5 double positive rate that is 5%-35%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 / CD5 double positive rate that is 10%-25%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 / CD5 double positive rate that is 10%-35%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 / CD5 double positive rate that is 10%-50%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 / CD5 double positive rate that is 12%-30%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 / CD5 double positive rate that is 12%-25%. Comparing to traditional CAR-T cells prepared from the same sample, the αβT / NKT cells described herein may have a CD56 / CD5 double positive rate that is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, or 1000%higher. CD5 and CD3 are both T cell markers and are used as markers for T cells in this present disclosure.
[0137] Cell activation level of the αβT / NKT cells can be determined by the CD25 positive rate (e.g., following the method described in Example 1) . The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD25 positive rate that is greater than 15%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD25 positive rate that is greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, greater than 90%, greater than 91%, greater than 92%, greater than 93%, greater than 94%, greater than 95%, greater than 96%, greater than 97%, greater than 98%, or greater than 99%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD25 positive rate that is less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, less than 85%, less than 90%, less than 91%, less than 92%, less than 93%, less than 94%, less than 95%, less than 96%, less than 97%, less than 98%, or less than 99%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, or about 90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 15%-90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 15%-80%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 15%-70%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 10%-90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 10%-80%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 10%-70%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 20%-90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 20%-80%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 20%-70%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 30%-90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 30%-80%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD25 positive rate that is about 30%-70%. Comparing to CIK cells prepared from the same sample, the αβT / NKT cells prepared according to the methods described herein may have a CD25 positive rate that is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, or 1000%higher.
[0138] The αβT / NKT cells can be engineered to express an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) . The CAR positive rate can be measured by flow cytometry (e.g., following the methods described in Example 1) . The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CAR positive rate that is greater than 20%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CAR positive rate that is greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, greater than 90%, greater than 91%, greater than 92%, greater than 93%, greater than 94%, greater than 95%, greater than 96%, greater than 97%, greater than 98%, or greater than 99%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CAR positive rate that is less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, less than 85%, less than 90%, less than 91%, less than 92%, less than 93%, less than 94%, less than 95%, less than 96%, less than 97%, less than 98%, or less than 99%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CAR positive rate that is about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, or about 90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CAR positive rate that is about 40%-60%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CAR positive rate that is about 40%-70%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CAR positive rate that is about 40%-80%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CAR positive rate that is about 40%-90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CAR positive rate that is about 50%-60%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CAR positive rate that is about 50%-70%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CAR positive rate that is about 50%-80%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CAR positive rate that is about 50%-90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CAR positive rate that is about 60%-80%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CAR positive rate that is about 60%-90%. Comparing to CAR-CIK cells prepared from a same sample, αβT / NKT cells described herein may have a CAR positive rate that is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, or 300%higher.
[0139] As an indicator for exhaustion, the PD1 positive rate can be measured by flow cytometry (e.g., following the methods described in Example 1) . The αβT / NKT cell population may have a PD1 positive rate that is less than 5%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a PD1 positive rate that is greater than 1%, greater than 2%, greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, or greater than 90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a PD1 positive rate that is less than 1%, less than 2%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, less than 85%, or less than 90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a PD1 positive rate that is about 2.5%.
[0140] As an indicator for exhaustion, the LAG-3 positive rate can be measured by flow cytometry (e.g., following the methods described in Example 1) . The αβT / NKT cell population may have a LAG-3 positive rate that is less than 20%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a LAG-3 positive rate that is greater than 1%, greater than 2%, greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 15%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, or greater than 90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a LAG-3 positive rate that is less than 1%, less than 2%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 15%, less than 20%, less than 25%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, less than 85%, or less than 90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a LAG-3 positive rate that is about 15%.
[0141] As an indicator for exhaustion, the TIM-3 positive rate can be measured by flow cytometry (e.g., following the methods described in Example 1) . The αβT / NKT cell population may have a TIM-3 positive rate that is less than 50%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a TIM-3 positive rate that is greater than 1%, greater than 2%, greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 15%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, or greater than 90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a TIM-3 positive rate that is less than 1%, less than 2%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 15%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 45%, less than 50%, less than 55%, less than 60%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, less than 85%, less than 90%, or less than 95%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a TIM-3 positive rate that is about 30%.
[0142] As an indicator for the amount of natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) , the NKG2D positive rate can be measured by flow cytometry (e.g., following the methods described in Example 1) . The αβT / NKT cell population may have a NKG2D positive rate that is more than 70%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a NKG2D positive rate that is greater than 1%, greater than 2%, greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 15%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, or greater than 90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a NKG2D positive rate that is less than 1%, less than 2%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 15%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, less than 85%, less than 90%, less than 95%, or less than 98%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a NKG2D positive rate that is about 75%.
[0143] As an indicator for the amount of natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) , the NKp30 positive rate can be measured by flow cytometry (e.g., following the methods described in Example 1) . The αβT / NKT cell population may have a NKp30 positive rate that is more than 15%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a NKp30 positive rate that is greater than 1%, greater than 2%, greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 15%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 45%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, or greater than 90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a NKp30 positive rate that is less than 1%, less than 2%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 15%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, less than 85%, or less than 90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a NKp30 positive rate that is about 30%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a NKp30 positive rate that is about 15%-50%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a NKp30 positive rate that is about 15%-60%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a NKp30 positive rate that is about 15%-70%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a NKp30 positive rate that is about 15%-80%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a NKp30 positive rate that is about 10%-50%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a NKp30 positive rate that is about 10%-60%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a NKp30 positive rate that is about 10%-70%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a NKp30 positive rate that is about 10%-80%. Comparing to CIK prepared from the same sample, the αβT / NKT cells described herein may have a NKp30 positive rate that is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, or 300%higher.
[0144] As an indicator for the amount of natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) , the DNAM-1 positive rate can be measured by flow cytometry (e.g., following the methods described in Example 1) . The αβT / NKT cell population may have a DNAM-1 positive rate that is more than 90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a DNAM-1 positive rate that is greater than 1%, greater than 2%, greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 15%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, or greater than 90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a DNAM-1 positive rate that is less than 1%, less than 2%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 15%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, less than 85%, or less than 90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a DNAM-1 positive rate that is about 100%.
[0145] As an indicator for the amount of chemokine receptors, the CXCR3 positive rate can be measured by flow cytometry (e.g., following the methods described in Example 1) . The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CXCR3 positive rate that is more than 90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CXCR3 positive rate that is greater than 1%, greater than 2%, greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 15%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, or greater than 90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CXCR3 positive rate that is less than 1%, less than 2%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 15%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, less than 85%, or less than 90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CXCR3 positive rate that is about 100%.
[0146] As an indicator for the amount of chemokine receptors, the CXCR6 positive rate can be measured by flow cytometry (e.g., following the methods described in Example 1) . The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CXCR6 positive rate that is more than 10%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CXCR6 positive rate that is greater than 1%, greater than 2%, greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 15%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, or greater than 90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CXCR6 positive rate that is less than 1%, less than 2%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 15%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, less than 85%, or less than 90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CXCR6 positive rate that is about 20%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CXCR6 positive rate that is about 10%-50%. Comparing to traditional CAR-T cells prepared from a same sample, the αβT / NKT cells described herein may have a CXCR6 positive rate that is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, or 300%higher.
[0147] The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is more than about 10%, a CD5 or CD3 positive rate that is more than about 50%, a CXCR6 positive rate that is more than about 10%, a NKp30 positive rate that is more than about 15%, and / or a CD25 positive rate that is more than about 15%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is more than about 10%, a CD5 or CD3 positive rate that is more than about 50%, a CXCR6 positive rate that is more than about 10%, a NKp30 positive rate that is more than about 15%, and a CD25 positive rate that is more than about 15%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is more than about 10%, a CD5 or CD3 positive rate that is more than about 50%, a CXCR3 positive rate that is more than about 90%, a CXCR6 positive rate that is more than about 10%, a CXCR3 positive rate that is more than about 90%, a DNAM-1 positive rate that is more than about 90%, a NKp30 positive rate that is more than about 15%, a NKG2D positive rate that is more than about 70%, a CD25 positive rate that is more than about 15%, and / or a CAR positive rate that is more than about 40%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is more than about 10%, a CD5 or CD3 positive rate that is more than about 50%, a CXCR3 positive rate that is more than about 90%, a CXCR6 positive rate that is more than about 10%, a CXCR3 positive rate that is more than about 90%, a DNAM-1 positive rate that is more than about 90%, a NKp30 positive rate that is more than about 15%, a NKG2D positive rate that is more than about 70%, a CD25 positive rate that is more than about 15%, and a CAR positive rate that is more than about 40%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a CD56 positive rate that is more than about 10%, a CD5 or CD3 positive rate that is more than about 50%, a CXCR3 positive rate that is more than about 90%, a CXCR6 positive rate that is more than about 10%, a CXCR3 positive rate that is more than about 90%, a DNAM-1 positive rate that is more than about 90%, a NKp30 positive rate that is more than about 15%, a NKG2D positive rate that is more than about 70%, a CD25 positive rate that is more than about 15%, a PD1 positive rate that is less than about 5%, a LAG-3 positive rate that is less than about 20%, a Tim-3 positive rate that is less than about 40%, and / or a CAR positive rate that is more than about 40%.
[0148] The cytotoxicity of the αβT / NKT cells can be measured by an in vitro cytotoxicity assay (e.g., following the methods described in Example 2) . The αβT / NKT cells prepared according to the method described herein (e.g., un-transfected or transfected with a CAR expression vector) may efficiently kill tumor cells. To evaluate the cytotoxicity of the αβT / NKT cells in vitro, the αβT / NKT cells may be incubated with tumor cells (e.g., SHP-77 cells, H82 cells) for 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 16 hours, 20 hours, 24 hours, 48 hours, or 72 hours. The effector cell: target cell (E: T) ratio may be 16: 1, 8: 1, 4: 1, 2: 1, 1: 1, or 1: 2. The cytotoxicity can be measured by the percentage of target cell lysis. The αβT / NKT cells may lead to a target cell lysis percentage that is greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, greater than 90%, greater than 91%, greater than 92%, greater than 93%, greater than 94%, greater than 95%, greater than 96%, greater than 97%, greater than 98%, or greater than 99%. The αβT / NKT cells may lead to a target cell lysis percentage that is less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, less than 85%, less than 90%, less than 91%, less than 92%, less than 93%, less than 94%, less than 95%, less than 96%, less than 97%, less than 98%, or less than 99%. The αβT / NKT cells may lead to a target cell lysis percentage of 20%-80%. Comparing to traditional CAR-T cells prepared from same sample, the αβT / NKT cells described herein may have an in vitro cell killing ability that is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, or 1000%higher. Comparing to CIK cells prepared from the same sample, the αβT / NKT cells prepared described herein may have an in vitro cell killing ability that is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, or 1000%higher.
[0149] The αβT / NKT cells may be engineered to disrupt the endogenous T cell receptor alpha constant gene (TRAC) (e.g., following the method described in Example 3) . The αβT / NKT cell population may have a T cell receptor (TCR) positive rate that is less than 0.5%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a TCR positive rate that is greater than 0.1%, greater than 0.5%, greater than 1%, greater than 2%, greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 15%, greater than 20%, greater than 30%, greater than 40%, greater than 50%, greater than 60%, greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, or greater than 90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a TCR positive rate that is less than 0.1%, less than 0.5%, less than 1%, less than 2%, less than 5%, less than 10%, less than 15%, less than 20%, less than 30%, less than 40%, less than 50%, less than 60%, less than 70%, less than 75%, less than 80%, less than 85%, or less than 90%. The αβT / NKT cell population may have a TCR positive rate that is about 0.1%.
[0150] The GvHD risks the αβT / NKT cells can be measured by the amount of IFN-γ release in an in vitro Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR) assay (e.g., following the methods described in Example 3) . To evaluate the GvHD risks of the αβT / NKT cells in vitro, the αβT / NKT cells may be incubated with allogeneic PBMC cells for a period of time (e.g., 2 hours, 4 hours, 8 hours, 16 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, or 72 hours) . The αβT / NKT cells: PBMC cells ratio may be 0.5: 1, 1: 1, 2: 1, 2.5: 1, 5: 1, or 10: 1. The amount of IFN-γ release may be more than 50 pg / ml, more than 100 pg / ml, more than 200 pg / ml, more than 300 pg / ml, more than 400 pg / ml, more than 500 pg / ml, more than 1000 pg / ml, more than 1500 pg / ml, or more than 2000 pg / ml. Th the amount of IFN-γrelease may be less than 50 pg / ml, less than 100 pg / ml, less than 200 pg / ml, less than 300 pg / ml, less than 400 pg / ml, less than 500 pg / ml, less than 1000 pg / ml, less than 1500 pg / ml, or less than 2000 pg / ml. The amount of IFN-γ release may be less than 200 pg / ml. Comparing to traditional CAR-T cells prepared from the same sample, the αβT / NKT cells may lead to an amount of IFN-γrelease that is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 100%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, or 1000%lower. Engineered receptor (e.g., CAR and TCR)
[0151] One aspect of the present disclosure provides αβT / NKT cells that express an engineered receptor. The engineered receptor can comprise an extracellular ligand binding domain or an extracellular antigen binding domain, and optionally an intracellular signaling domain. Exemplary engineered receptors include, but are not limited to, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) , engineered T-cell receptor (TCR) , and T-cell antigen coupler (TAC) receptor. The engineered receptor can comprise an extracellular antigen binding domain that specifically binds to an antigen (e.g., a tumor antigen) , a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain. The intracellular signaling domain can comprise a primary intracellular signaling domain and / or a co-stimulatory signaling domain. The intracellular signaling domain can comprise an intracellular signaling domain of a TCR co-receptor. The engineered receptor can be encoded by a heterologous polynucleotide operably linked to a promoter (such as a constitutive promoter or an inducible promoter) .
[0152] The engineered receptor can comprise one or more specific binding domains that target at least one tumor antigen, and one or more intracellular effector domains, such as one or more primary intracellular signaling domains and / or co-stimulatory signaling domains.
[0153] The engineered receptor can be a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) . Many chimeric antigen receptors are known in the art and can be suitable for the αβT / NKT cells described herein. CARs can also be constructed with a specificity for any cell surface marker by utilizing antigen binding fragments or antibody variable domains of, for example, antibody molecules.
[0154] CARs of the present disclosure may comprise an extracellular domain comprising at least one antigen binding domain that specifically binds at least one tumor antigen, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular signaling domain. The antigen-binding domain may specifically bind to DLL3. The antigen-binding domain may comprise: (i) an anti-DLL3 scFv comprising an HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, an HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, an HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, an LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, an LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, and an LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6; or (ii) a first anti-DLL3 sdAb comprising a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, and / or a second anti-DLL3 sdAb comprising a CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12, a CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13, and a CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14. The antigen-binding domain may comprise a first anti-DLL3 sdAb comprising a CDR1, a CDR2, and a CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, respectively, as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11, and / or a second anti-DLL3 sdAb comprising a CDR1, a CDR2, and a CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, respectively, as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15.
[0155] The antigen-binding domain may comprise (1) an anti-DLL3 scFv derived from Tarlatamab or (2) an anti-DLL3 VHH. The DLL3 CAR may comprise a CD8α signal peptide (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 18) , the anti-DLL3 scFv (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 7) or anti-DLL3 VHH (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 11 and / or SEQ ID NO: 15) , a CD8 α hinge domain (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 19) , a CD8 α transmembrane domain (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 20) , a CD137 co-stimulatory signaling domain (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 21) and a CD3 ζ primary intracellular signaling domain (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 22) .
[0156] The DLL3 CAR may comprise an amino acid sequence that is identical to SEQ ID NO: 16 or a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 16. The DLL3 CAR may comprise an amino acid sequence that is identical to SEQ ID NO: 17 or a sequence that is at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 17. The DLL3 CAR may further comprise a CD8α signal peptide (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 18) at the N-terminus.
[0157] The intracellular signaling domain may generate a signal that promotes an immune effector function of the CAR-containing cell, e.g., a CAR-T cell. Immune effector function or immune effector response refers to function or response, e.g., of an immune effector cell, that enhances or promotes an immune attack of a target cell. For example, an immune effector function or response can refer to a property of a T or NK cell that promotes killing or the inhibition of growth or proliferation, of a target cell. Examples of immune effector function, e.g., in a CAR-T cell, include cytolytic activity (such as antibody-dependent cellular toxicity, or ADCC) and helper activity (such as the secretion of cytokines) . The intracellular signaling domain may generate a signal that promotes proliferation and / or survival of the CAR containing cell. The CAR may comprise one or more intracellular signaling domains selected from the signaling domains of CD28, CD137, CD3, CD27, CD40, ICOS, GITR, and OX40. The signaling domain of a naturally occurring molecule can comprise the entire intracellular or cytoplasmic portion, or the entire native intracellular signaling domain, of the molecule, or a fragment or derivative thereof.
[0158] The intracellular signaling domain of a CAR can comprise a primary intracellular signaling domain. “Primary intracellular signaling domain” refers to cytoplasmic signaling sequence that acts in a stimulatory manner to induce immune effector functions. The primary intracellular signaling domain may contain a signaling motif known as Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Activation Motif, or ITAM. The primary intracellular signaling domain may comprise a functional signaling domain of a protein selected from the group consisting of CD3 zeta, CD3 gamma, CD3 delta, CD3 epsilon, common FcR gamma (FCER1G) , FcR beta (Fc Epsilon RIb) , CD79a, CD79b, Fcgamma R IIa, DAP10, and DAP 12. The primary intracellular signaling domain may comprise a nonfunctional or attenuated signaling domain of a protein selected from the group consisting of CD3 zeta, CD3 gamma, CD3 delta, CD3 epsilon, common FcR gamma (FCER1G) , FcR beta (Fc Epsilon RIb) , CD79a, CD79b, Fcgamma R IIa, DAP10, and DAP12. The nonfunctional or attenuated signaling domain can be a mutant signaling domain having a point mutation, insertion or deletion that attenuates or abolishes one or more immune effector functions, such as cytolytic activity or helper activity, including antibody-dependent cellular toxicity (ADCC) . The CAR may comprise a nonfunctional or attenuated CD3 zeta (i.e. CD3ζ or CD3z) signaling domain. The intracellular signaling domain may not comprise a primary intracellular signaling domain. An attenuated primary intracellular signaling domain may induce no more than about any of 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, 10%or less of an immune effector function (such as cytolytic function against target cells) compared to CARs having the same construct, but with the wild-type primary intracellular signaling domain.
[0159] The intracellular signaling domain of a CAR can comprise one or more (such as any of 1, 2, 3, or more) co-stimulatory signaling domains. “Co-stimulatory signaling domain” can be the intracellular portion of a co-stimulatory molecule. The term “co-stimulatory molecule” refers to a cognate binding partner on an immune cell (such as T cell) that specifically binds with a co-stimulatory ligand, thereby mediating a co-stimulatory response by the immune cell, such as, but not limited to, proliferation and survival. Co-stimulatory molecules are cell surface molecules other than antigen receptors or their ligands that contribute to an efficient immune response. A co-stimulatory molecule can be represented in the following protein families: TNF receptor proteins, Immunoglobulin-like proteins, cytokine receptors, integrins, signaling lymphocytic activation molecules (SLAM proteins) , and activating NK cell receptors. Co-stimulatory molecules include, but are not limited to an MHC class I molecule, BTLA and a Toll ligand receptor, as well as OX40, CD27, CD28, CDS, ICAM-1, LFA-1 (CD11a / CD18) , ICOS (CD278) , and 4-1BB (CD137) . Further examples of such co-stimulatory molecules include CDS, ICAM-1, GITR, BAFFR, HVEM (LIGHTR) , SLAMF7, NKp80 (KLRF1) , NKp44, NKp30, NKp46, CD160, CD19, CD4, CD8alpha, CD8beta, IL-2R beta, IL-2R gamma, IL-7R alpha, ITGA4, VLA1, CD49a, ITGA4, IA4, CD49d, ITGA6, VLA-6, CD49f, ITGAD, CD11d, ITGAE, CD103, ITGAL, CD11a, LFA-1, ITGAM, CD11b, ITGAX, CD11c, ITGB1, CD29, ITGB2, CD18, LFA-1, ITGB7, NKG2D, NKG2C, TNFR2, TRANCE / RANKL, DNAM1 (CD226) , SLAMF4 (CD244, 2B4) , CD84, CD96 (Tactile) , CEACAM1, CRTAM, Ly9 (CD229) , CD160 (BY55) , PSGL1, CD100 (SEMA4D) , CD69, SLAMF6 (NTB-A, Ly108) , SLAM (SLAMF1, CD150, IPO-3) , BLAME (SLAMF8) , SELPLG (CD162) , LTBR, LAT, GADS, SLP-76, PAG / Cbp, CD19a, and a ligand that specifically binds with CD83.
[0160] The CAR can comprise a single co-stimulatory signaling domain. The CAR can comprise two or more co-stimulatory signaling domains. The intracellular signaling domain can comprise a functional primary intracellular signaling domain and one or more co-stimulatory signaling domains. The CAR may not comprise a functional primary intracellular signaling domain (such as CD3ζ) . The CAR can comprise an intracellular signaling domain consisting of or consisting essentially of one or more co-stimulatory signaling domains. The CAR can comprise an intracellular signaling domain consisting of or consisting essentially of a nonfunctional or attenuated primary intracellular signaling domain (such as a mutant CD3ζ) and one or more co-stimulatory signaling domains. Upon binding of the antigen binding domain to tumor antigen, the co-stimulatory signaling domains of the CAR can transduce signals for enhanced proliferation, survival and differentiation of the modified immune cells having the CAR (such as T cells) , and inhibit activation induced cell death. The one or more co-stimulatory signaling domains can be derived from one or more molecules selected from the group consisting of CD27, CD28, 4-1BB (i.e., CD137) , OX40, CD30, CD40, CD3, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) , CD2, CD7, LIGHT, NKG2C, B7-H3 and ligands that specially bind to CD83.
[0161] The intracellular signaling domain of a CAR can comprise a co-stimulatory signaling domain derived from CD28. The intracellular signaling domain can comprise a primary intracellular signaling domain of CD3ζ and a co-stimulatory signaling domain of CD28. The intracellular signaling domain in the chimeric receptor of the present application can comprise a co-stimulatory signaling domain derived from 4-1BB (i.e., CD137) . The intracellular signaling domain can comprise a primary intracellular signaling domain of CD3ζ and a co-stimulatory signaling domain of 4-1BB. The intracellular signaling domain can comprise a polypeptide comprising from the N-terminus to the C-terminus: a co-stimulatory signaling domain of 4-1BB and a primary intracellular signaling domain of CD3ζ.
[0162] The intracellular signaling domain of the CAR can comprise a co-stimulatory signaling domain of CD28 and a co-stimulatory signaling domain of 4-1BB. The intracellular signaling domain can comprise a primary intracellular signaling domain of CD3ζ, a co-stimulatory signaling domain of CD28, and a co-stimulatory signaling domain of 4-1BB. The intracellular signaling domain can comprise a polypeptide comprising from the N-terminus to the C-terminus: a co-stimulatory signaling domain of CD28, a co-stimulatory signaling domain of 4-1BB, and a primary intracellular signaling domain of CD3ζ.
[0163] The antigen binding domain of a CAR may comprise one or more (such as any one of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or more) antibodies or antibody fragments, which can be selected from an scFv, a Fv, a Fab, a (Fab′) 2, a minibody, a diabody, a single domain antibody (sdAb) , or a VHH domain. The antigen binding domain of a CAR can comprise a ligand or an extracellular portion of a receptor that specifically binds to a tumor antigen. The CAR can be a monospecific, bispecific or multispecific CAR. The antigen binding domain of a CAR can specifically bind to a single tumor antigen. The antigen binding domain of a CAR can bind to two or more tumor antigens. The engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) may redirect the specificity of the αβT / NKT cells through the expression of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) or TCR on these cells.
[0164] The antigen may be a tumor antigen selected from the group consisting of BCMA, CLL1, CD4, GPC3, GPRC5D, GU2CYC, CD19, MUC16, MUC1, CAIX, CEA, CD8, CD7, CD10, CD20, CD22, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD38, CD41, CD44, CD49f, CD56, CD74, CD133, CD138, EGP-2, EGP-40, EpCAM, ERBB2, ERBB3, ERBB4, FBP, fetal acetylcholine receptor, folate receptor-α, GD2, GD3, hTERT, IL-13Rα2, κ-light chain, KDR, LeY, L1 cell adhesion molecule, MAGE-A1, mesothelin, MAGEA3, p53, MART1, GP100, proteinase-3 (PR3) , tyrosinase, survivin, hTERT, EphA2, NY-ESO-1, h5T4, PSCA, PSMA, ROR1, TAG-72, VEGF-R2, WT-1, CD123, CD44V6, NKCS1, IGF1R, EGFR, EGFR-VIII, Claudin 18.2, Claudin 6, NKG2D, Delta-like 3 (DLL3) , CD70, CS-1, c-Met, Glycolipid F77, PD-L1, PD-L2, and other tumor antigens with clinical significance, and combinations thereof. The antigen may be GPC3. The antigen may be DLL3. The antigen may be BCMA.
[0165] The tumor antigen can be derived from an intracellular protein of tumor cells. The tumor antigen can be expressed on the surface of tumor cells. Many TCRs specific for tumor antigens (including tumor-associated antigens) have been described, including, for example, NY-ESO-1 cancer-testis antigen, the p53 tumor suppressor antigens, TCRs for tumor antigens in melanoma (e.g., MARTI, gp 100) , leukemia (e.g., WT1, minor histocompatibility antigens) , and breast cancer (e.g., HER2, NY-BR1) .
[0166] The transmembrane domain of a CAR can be selected from the transmembrane domain of an alpha, beta or zeta chain of a T-cell receptor, CD28, CD3 epsilon, CD45, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD9, CD16, CD22, CD33, CD37, CD64, CD80, CD86, CD134, CD137, CD154, KIRDS2, OX40, CD2, CD27, LFA-1 (CD11a, CD18) , ICOS (CD278) , 4-1BB (CD137) , GITR, CD40, BAFFR, HVEM (LIGHTR) , SLAMF7, NKp80 (KLRF1) , CD160, CD19, IL-2R beta, IL-2R gamma, IL-7R a, ITGA1, VLA1, CD49a, ITGA4, IA4, CD49D, ITGA6, VLA-6, CD49f, ITGAD, CD11d, ITGAE, CD103, ITGAL, CD11a, LFA-1, ITGAM, CD11b, ITGAX, CD11c, ITGB1, CD29, ITGB2, CD18, LFA-1, ITGB7, TNFR2, DNAM1 (CD226) , SLAMF4 (CD244, 2B4) , CD84, CD96 (Tactile) , CEACAM1, CRT AM, Ly9 (CD229) , CD160 (BY55) , PSGL1, CD100 (SEMA4D) , SLAMF6 (NTB-A, Ly108) , SLAM (SLAMF1, CD150, IPO-3) , BLAME (SLAMF8) , SELPLG (CD162) , LTBR, PAG / Cbp, NKp44, NKp30, NKp46, NKG2D, and / or NKG2C. The transmembrane domain of the CAR can be a CD4, CD3, CD8α, or CD28 transmembrane domain. The transmembrane domain of the CAR can comprise a CD8α transmembrane domain. The transmembrane domain can be derived from a molecule selected from the group consisting of CD8α, CD4, CD28, CD137, CD80, CD86, CD152 and PD1.
[0167] The extracellular domain can be connected to the transmembrane domain by a hinge domain. The hinge domain can be a hinge domain of CD8α.
[0168] The CAR can also comprise a signal peptide (SP) , such as a CD8α signal peptide.
[0169] Many CARs targeting different tumor antigens have been widely disclosed in the field, such as CD19 CARs or BCMA CARs. The extracellular antigen binding domain of CD19 CARs can be or include the CD19 binding fragment (e.g., FMC63, SJ25C1, or those disclosed in different patents such as WO 2022 / 012683, etc) . BCMA CARs also have been well described, related patents include but not limited to WO 2016 / 014789, WO 2016 / 014565, WO 2013 / 154760, and WO 2018 / 028647, etc. The extracellular antigen binding domain of BCMA CARs may be or include BCMA binding fragment. The BCMA binding fragment may bind to one or more epitopes on BCMA. The BCMA CARs may be bivalent CARs comprising two anti-BCMA sdAbs targeting same or different BCMA epitopes.
[0170] The engineered receptor can be a modified T-cell receptor or engineered T-cell receptor. The engineered TCR can be specific for a tumor antigen. The tumor antigen can be selected from the group consisting of BCMA, CLL1, CD4, GPC3, GPRC5D, GU2CYC, CD19, MUC16, MUC1, CAIX, CEA, CD8, CD7, CD10, CD20, CD22, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD38, CD41, CD44, CD49f, CD56, CD74, CD133, CD138, EGP-2, EGP-40, EpCAM, ERBB2, ERBB3, ERBB4, FBP, fetal acetylcholine receptor, folate receptor-α, GD2, GD3, HER-2, hTERT, IL-13R-α2, κ-light chain, KDR, LeY, L1 cell adhesion molecule, MAGE-A1, mesothelin, MAGEA3, p53, MART1, GP100, proteinase-3 (PR3) , tyrosinase, survivin, hTERT, EphA2, NY-ESO-1, h5T4, PSCA, PSMA, ROR1, TAG-72, VEGF-R2, WT-1, CD123, CD44V6, NKCS1, IGF1R, EGFR, EGFR-VIII, Claudin 18.2, Claudin 6, NKG2D, Delta-like 3 (DLL3) , CD70, CS-1, c-Met, Glycolipid F77, PD-L1, PD-L2, and other tumor antigens with clinical significance, and combinations thereof. The tumor antigen can be derived from an intracellular protein of tumor cells. The tumor antigen can be expressed on the surface of tumor cells. Many TCRs specific for tumor antigens (including tumor-associated antigens) have been described, including, for example, NY-ESO-1 cancer-testis antigen, the p53 tumor suppressor antigens, TCRs for tumor antigens in melanoma (e.g., MARTI, gp 100) , leukemia (e.g., WT1, minor histocompatibility antigens) , and breast cancer (e.g., HER2, NY-BR1) . Any of the TCRs known in the art can be used. The TCR can have an enhanced affinity to the tumor antigen. Exemplary TCRs and methods for introducing the TCRs to immune cells have been described, for example, in U. S. Pat. No. 5, 830, 755, and Kessels et al. Immunotherapy through TCR gene transfer. Nat. Immunol. 2, 957-961 (2001) , which are incorporated herein by reference in the entirety.
[0171] The engineered receptor can be a T-cell antigen coupler (TAC) receptor. Exemplary TAC receptors have been described, for example, in US20160368964A1, which is incorporated herein by reference. The TAC can comprise an antigen binding domain, a TCR-binding domain that specifically binds a protein associated with the TCR complex, and a T-cell receptor signaling domain. The antigen binding domain can be an antibody fragment, such as scFv or VHH, which specifically binds to a tumor antigen. The antigen binding domain can be a designed Ankyrin repeat (DARPin) polypeptide. The tumor antigen can be selected from the group consisting of BCMA, CLL1, CD4, GPC3, GPRC5D, GU2CYC, CD19, MUC16, MUC1, CAIX, CEA, CD8, CD7, CD10, CD20, CD22, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD38, CD41, CD44, CD49f, CD56, CD74, CD133, CD138, EGP-2, EGP-40, EpCAM, ERBB2, ERBB3, ERBB4, FBP, fetal acetylcholine receptor, folate receptor-α, GD2, GD3, HER-2, hTERT, IL-13R-α2, κ-light chain, KDR, LeY, L1 cell adhesion molecule, MAGE-A1, mesothelin, MAGEA3, p53, MART1, GP100, proteinase-3 (PR3) , tyrosinase, survivin, hTERT, EphA2, NY-ESO-1, h5T4, PSCA, PSMA, ROR1, TAG-72, VEGF-R2, WT-1, CD123, CD44V6, NKCS1, IGF1R, EGFR, EGFR-VIII, Claudin 18.2, Claudin 6, NKG2D, Delta-like 3 (DLL3) , CD70, CS-1, c-Met, Glycolipid F77, PD-L1, PD-L2, and other tumor antigens with clinical significance, and combinations thereof. The tumor antigen can be derived from an intracellular protein of tumor cells. The tumor antigen can be expressed on the surface of tumor cells. The protein associated with the TCR complex can be CD3, such as CD3 epsilon. The TCR-binding domain can be a single chain antibody, such as scFv, or a VHH. The TCR-binding domain can be derived from UCHT1. The TAC receptor can comprise a cytosolic domain and a transmembrane domain. The T-cell receptor signaling domain can comprise a cytosolic domain derived from a TCR co-receptor. Exemplary TCR co-receptors include, but are not limited to, CD4, CD8, CD28, CD45, CD4, CD5, CD9, CD16, CD22, CD33, CD37, CD64, CD80, CD86, CD134, CD137 and CD154. The TAC receptor can comprise a transmembrane domain and a cytosolic domain derived from CD4. The TAC receptor can comprise a transmembrane domain and a cytosolic domain derived from CD8 (such as CD8α) .
[0172] T cell co-receptors are expressed as membrane proteins on T cells. They can provide stabilization of the TCR: peptide: MHC complex and facilitate signal transduction. The two subtypes of T cell co-receptor, CD4 and CD8, display strong specificity for particular MHC classes. The CD4 co-receptor can only stabilize TCR: MHC II complexes while the CD8 co-receptor can only stabilize the TCR: MHC I complex. The differential expression of CD4 and CD8 on different T cell types results in distinct T cell functional subpopulations. CD8+ T cells are cytotoxic T cells.
[0173] The αβT / NKT cells of the disclosure can be designed to home to a specific physical location in the body of a subject and hence target an antigen at a particular tissue, organ or body site. Endogenous T-cells have distinct repertoires of trafficking ligands and receptors that influence their patterns of migration. The αβT / NKT cells of the disclosure can be designed to express, from the expression cassette comprising the tumor recognition moiety or from a separate expression cassette, one or more trafficking ligand (s) , or receptor (s) that guide the migration of the αβT / NKT cells to a particular tissue, organ, or body site. Therapeutic use
[0174] The methods for making αβT / NKT cells described herein, and the resulting αβT / NKT cells described herein can be used in a variety of experimental, therapeutic and commercial applications.
[0175] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising the αβT / NKT cells made by the methods described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0176] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method of treating a disease or disorder in a subject (e.g., human subject) , the method comprising administering to the subject, an effective amount of the αβT / NKT cells described herein, or the pharmaceutical composition described herein. The disease or disorder may be cancer, an autoimmune disease, a tumor, or an infection.
[0177] The disease or disorder may be solid tumor. “Solid tumor” refers to an abnormal mass of tissue that usually does not contain cysts or liquid areas. Solid tumors may be benign (not cancer) , or malignant (cancer) . Different types of solid tumors are named for the type of cells that form them. Examples of solid tumors are sarcomas, carcinomas, and lymphomas. Leukemias (cancers of the blood) generally do not form solid tumors.
[0178] The methods for making αβT / NKT cells described herein, and the resulting αβT / NKT cells described herein may be applied to the treatment of heterogeneous tumors. As used herein, the term “heterogeneous tumors” generally refers to a tumor having at least two different types of tumor cells differentially expressing at least one antigen. For example, a heterogeneous tumor may include one type of tumor cell expressing a first antigen and a second type of tumor cell that does not express the antigen. In some instances, a heterogeneous tumor may include one type of tumor cell highly expressing a first antigen and a second type of tumor cell having low expression of the antigen. “Low expression” means that the antigen is expressed at a level that makes directly targeting the antigen with a therapeutic impractical. Methods of targeting a heterogeneous tumor as described herein may include therapeutically targeting at least two different cell types of the tumor, including e.g., two cell types that differentially express an antigen. Accordingly, the herein described method of targeting a heterogeneous tumor may allow for a therapeutic effect on a cell type of the tumor that does not express or shows low expression of an antigen of a cell type targeted in the method.
[0179] In one aspect, the disclosure provides a method of modulating an immune response comprising administering an effective amount of αβT / NKT cells described herein to a subject in need thereof.
[0180] The term “effective amount” as used herein means an amount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary to achieve the desired results.
[0181] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disease or disorder by administering an effective amount of αβT / NKT cells described herein to a subject in need thereof. The disease or disorder may be infectious disease, autoimmune disease, or tumor. The cancer may be hematological cancer or solid tumor. Examples of cancer that can be treated include, but are not limited to, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) , B-cell acute lymphoid leukemia (BALL) , T-cell acute lymphoid leukemia (TALL) , acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) , chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) , chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) , multiple myeloma (MM) , myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) , myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) , chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) , and blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) , breast cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, oral cancer, mesothelioma, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, cervical cancer, brain cancer, skin cancer, lymphoma, epithelial neoplasms, soft tissue sarcoma, esophageal cancers, or CNS tumors.
[0182] The disclosure further includes the use of the αβT / NKT cells described herein in the manufacture of a medicament or pharmaceutical composition to modulate an immune response, to treat an infection or to treat cancer as described hereinabove.
[0183] The αβT / NKT cells can also be used in experimental models, for example, to further study and elucidate the function of the cells.
[0184] One or more of the αβT / NKT cells described herein can be administered to a subject in a single, unified form, such as an intravenous injection, or in multiple forms, for example, as multiple intravenous infusions or injections, or subcutaneous injections. The αβT / NKT cells may expand within a subject's body, in vivo, after administration to a subject. The αβT / NKT cells can be frozen to provide cells for multiple treatments with the same cell preparation. The αβT / NKT cells of the disclosure, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same, can be packaged as a kit. A kit can include instructions (e.g., written instructions) on the use of the αβT / NKT cells and compositions comprising the same.
[0185] A method of treatment can comprise administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of the αβT / NKT cells. The therapeutically effective amount of the αβT / NKT cells may be administered for at least 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, or 1 year. The therapeutically effective amount of the αβT / NKT cells may be administered for at least one week. The therapeutically effective amount of the αβT / NKT cells may be administered for at least two weeks.
[0186] The αβT / NKT cells described herein can be administered before, during, or after the occurrence of a disease or condition, and the timing of administering the αβT / NKT cells can vary. For example, the αβT / NKT cells can be used as a prophylactic and can be administered continuously to subjects with a propensity to conditions or diseases in order to lessen a likelihood of the occurrence of the disease or condition. The αβT / NKT cells can be administered to a subject during or as soon as possible after the onset of the symptoms. The administration of the αβT / NKT cells can be initiated immediately within the onset of symptoms, within the first 3 hours of the onset of the symptoms, within the first 6 hours of the onset of the symptoms, within the first 24 hours of the onset of the symptoms, within 48 hours of the onset of the symptoms, or within any period of time from the onset of symptoms. The initial administration can be via any route practical (e.g., intravenous infusions or injections) , such as by any route described herein using any formulation described herein. The administration of the αβT / NKT cells of the disclosure may be an intravenous administration. One or multiple dosages of the αβT / NKT cells can be administered as soon as is practicable after the onset of a cancer or an infectious disease, and for a length of time necessary for the treatment of the disease, such as, for example, from about 24 hours to about 48 hours, from about 48 hours to about 1 week, from about 1 week to about 2 weeks, from about 2 weeks to about 1 month, from about 1 month to about 3 months. For the treatment of cancer, one or multiple dosages of the αβT / NKT cells can be administered years after onset of the cancer and before or after other treatments. The αβT / NKT cells can be administered for at least about 10 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, at least 48 hours, at least 72 hours, at least 96 hours, at least 1 week, at least 2 weeks, at least 3 weeks, at least 4 weeks, at least 1 month, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 4 months, at least 5 months, at least 6 months, at least 7 months, at least 8 months, at least 9 months, at least 10 months, at least 11 months, at least 12 months, at least 1 year, at least 2 years at least 3 years, at least 4 years, or at least 5 years. The length of treatment can vary for each subject.
[0187] Methods for administration of αβT / NKT cells for adoptive cell therapy are known and can be used in connection with the provided methods and compositions. For example, adoptive T cell therapy methods are described, e.g., in US Patent Application Publication No. 2003 / 0170238 to Gruenberg et al; US Patent No. 4, 690, 915 to Rosenberg; Rosenberg (2011) Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 8(10) : 577-85) . See, e.g., Themeli et al. (2013) Nat Biotechnol. 31 (10) : 928-933; Tsukahara et al. (2013) Biochem Biophys Res Commun 438 (1) : 84-9; Davila et al. (2013) PLoS ONE 8 (4) : e61338. The cell therapy, e.g., adoptive T cell therapy can be carried out by autologous transfer, in which the cells are isolated and / or otherwise prepared from the subject who is to receive the cell therapy, or from a sample derived from such a subject. Thus, the cells may be derived from a subject, e.g., patient, in need of a treatment and the cells, following isolation and processing are administered to the same subject.
[0188] The cell therapy (e.g., adoptive T cell therapy) can be carried out by allogeneic transfer, in which the cells are isolated and / or otherwise prepared from a subject other than a subject who is to receive or who ultimately receives the cell therapy, e.g., a first subject. The cells then may be administered to a different subject, e.g., a second subject, of the same species. The first and second subjects may be genetically identical. The first and second subjects may be genetically similar. The second subject may express the same HLA class or supertype as the first subject.
[0189] The subject (e.g., human subject) may have been treated with a therapeutic agent targeting the disease or condition, e.g., the tumor, prior to administration of the cells or composition containing the cells. The subject may be refractory or non-responsive to the other therapeutic agent. The subject may have persistent or relapsed disease, e.g., following treatment with another therapeutic intervention, including chemotherapy, radiation, and / or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) , e.g., allogenic HSCT. The administration may effectively treat the subject despite the subject having become resistant to another therapy.
[0190] The subject may be responsive to the other therapeutic agent, and treatment with the therapeutic agent reduces disease burden. The subject may be initially responsive to the therapeutic agent, but exhibits a relapse of the disease or condition over time. The subject may have not relapsed. The subject may be determined to be at risk for relapse, such as at a high risk of relapse, and thus the cells are administered prophylactically, e.g., to reduce the likelihood of or prevent relapse. The subject may has not received prior treatment with another therapeutic agent.
[0191] The subject may have persistent or relapsed disease, e.g., following treatment with another therapeutic intervention, including chemotherapy, radiation, and / or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) , e.g., allogenic HSCT. The administration may effectively treat the subject despite the subject having become resistant to another therapy.
[0192] The αβT / NKT cells described herein can be administered to an animal, such as a mammal, even more a human, to treat a cancer. In addition, the αβT / NKT cells can be used for the treatment of any condition related to a cancer, especially a cell-mediated immune response against a tumor cell (s) , where it is desirable to treat or alleviate the disease.
[0193] The αβT / NKT cells (e.g., immune cells, T cells, or NK cells) described herein can be included in a composition for immunotherapy. The composition can include a pharmaceutical composition and further include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising the αβT / NKT cells can be administered.
[0194] The αβT / NKT cells can be immediately used in the above therapeutic, experimental or commercial applications or the cells can be cryopreserved for use at a later date. The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration.
[0195] The αβT / NKT cells disclosed herein can be formulated in unit dosage forms suitable for single administration of precise dosages. The unit dosage forms may comprise additional lymphocytes. In unit dosage form, the formulation is divided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of one or more compounds. The unit dosage can be in the form of a package containing discrete quantities of the formulation. Non-limiting examples are packaged tablets or capsules, and powders in vials or ampoules. Aqueous suspension compositions can be packaged in single-dose non-reclosable containers. Multiple-dose reclosable containers can be used, for example, in combination with a preservative or without a preservative. The pharmaceutical composition may not comprise a preservative. Formulations for parenteral injection can be presented in unit dosage form, for example, in ampoules, or in multi-dose containers with a preservative. EXAMPLES
[0196] The disclosure is further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the disclosure described in the claims. Example 1: Preparation of gene-edited CAR-αβT / NKT mixed cells and control cells Construction of CAR gene expression vector
[0197] The CAR-αβT cells and CAR-NKT-like mixed cells were engineered to express a DLL3 CAR comprising (1) an anti-DLL3 scFv (CAR1) derived from Tarlatamab or (2) an anti-DLL3 VHH (CAR2) . The DLL3 CAR comprised a CD8α signal peptide (SEQ ID NO: 18) , the anti-DLL3 scFv (SEQ ID NO: 7) or anti-DLL3 VHH (atandem VHH of SEQ ID NO: 11 and SEQ ID NO: 15) , a CD8 α hinge domain (SEQ ID NO: 19) , a CD8 α transmembrane domain (SEQ ID NO: 20) , a CD137 co-stimulatory signaling domain (SEQ ID NO: 21) and a CD3 ζ primary intracellular signaling domain (SEQ ID NO: 22) . A pLVX-Puro vector (from Clontech) was digested with ClaI and EcoRI restriction enzymes to remove the CMV promoter, and the human EF1α promoter (GenBank: J04617.1) was cloned into the digested vector to obtain a pLVX-hEF1αvector. The DLL3 CAR gene (encoding DLL3 CAR1, SEQ ID NO: 16 or DLL3 CAR2, SEQ ID NO: 17) was cloned into the expression plasmid pLVX-hEF1α to form a recombinant DLL3 CAR plasmid. Lentivirus preparation
[0198] The recombinant DLL3 CAR plasmid was mixed with psPAX2 and pMD2. G helper plasmids and co-transfected into HEK 293T cells. 60 h after transfection, the cell culture supernatant (containing the virus) was collected and centrifuged at 4℃ and 3000 rpm for 5 min. After the supernatant was filtered through a 0.45 μm filter, the lentivirus concentrate was further concentrated using ultracentrifugation and stored at -80℃ for later use. Cell preparation
[0199] As shown in the table below, PBMCs derived from three healthy donors (SHZX147, SHZX153, SHZX145) were used to prepare Auto CAR-T, Auto CAR-CIK and Allo CAR-αβT / NKT cells, respectively. In the Allo CAR-αβT / NKT cells, the TRAC gene was knocked out (using CRISPR / Cas9) on the 7th day of culture (see SEQ ID NO: 23 for the gRNA sequence) . After the cell preparation is completed (Day 9 for Auto CAR-T, Day 14 for Auto CAR-CIK and Allo CAR-αβT / NKT) , the cell phenotype (CD56 and CD5 were used as the markers) was determined by flow cytometry. The data are shown in FIG. 1. Table 1: cell preparation protocols
[0200] Auto CAR-T preparation: TexMACS medium with IL2 was used as the culture medium. PBMCs were resuspended and transferred to a 50ml centrifuge tube. Culture medium was added to dilute the cryopreservation solution more than 5 times. The cells were mixed by pipetting, and centrifuged at 400g for 10 minutes. After centrifugation, the supernatant was discarded. Fresh culture medium was added to resuspend the cells to reach a cell density of 1×106 cells / ml. T cell transact (CD3 / CD28 magnetic beads) was added to activate T cells. The next day, the cells were harvested, centrifuged and counted. The cell density was adjusted to 2.5M / ml. Cells were mixed thoroughly with lentivirus (MOI=5) , and transferred to a G-rex 24-well plate. After culturing for seven days, cells were harvested and analyzed by flow cytometry.
[0201] Auto CAR-CIK preparation: TexMACS medium with IL2, IL15, 2.5%ELITEGRO-ADVANCED was used as the culture medium. PBMCs were resuspended and transferred to a 50ml centrifuge tube. Culture medium was added to dilute the cryopreservation solution more than 5 times. The cells were mixed by pipetting, and centrifuged at 400g for 10 minutes. After centrifugation, the supernatant was discarded. Fresh culture medium was added to resuspend the cells to reach a cell density of 3×106 cells / ml. 1000ng / ml IFNg was added to activate the cells. The next day, 1μg / ml OKT3 was added. On the third day, the cells were harvested, centrifuged and counted. The cell density was adjusted to 2.5M / ml. Cells were mixed thoroughly with lentivirus (MOI=5) , and transferred to a G-rex 24-well plate. Cell samples were taken on the seventh, tenth, and fourteenth day, respectively, and analyzed by flow cytometry. The cells were harvested on the fourteenth day. The cells prepared through this process are called Auto CAR-CIK.
[0202] Allo CAR-αβT / NKT preparation: TexMACS medium with IL2, IL15, 2.5%ELITEGRO-ADVANCED was used as the culture medium. PBMCs were resuspended and transferred to a 50ml centrifuge tube. Culture medium was added to dilute the cryopreservation solution more than 5 times. The cells were mixed by pipetting, and centrifuged at 400g for 10 minutes. After centrifugation, the supernatant was discarded. Fresh culture medium was added to resuspend the cells to reach a cell density of 2.5×106 cells / ml. T cell transact (CD3 / CD28 magnetic beads) was used to activate T cells. The next day, the cells were harvested, centrifuged and counted. The cell density was adjusted to 2.5M / ml. Cells were mixed thoroughly with lentivirus (MOI=5) , and transferred to a G-rex 24-well plate. On the seventh day, cell samples were taken and the CAR expression level was detected by flow cytometry. The remaining cells were subject to TRAC gene (TCR alpha) knockout using the CRISPR / Cas9 system (introduced by electroporation) . On the thirteenth day, TCRαβ magnetic beads ( TCRα / β-Biotin CR / GMP, 220-001-946, Miltenyi) were used to remove TCR-positive cells, and the cells were harvested on the fourteenth day. The cells prepared through this process are called Allo CAR-αβT / NKT.
[0203] As can be seen from FIG. 1, Allo CAR-αβT / NKT cells were phenotypically distinct from Auto CAR-T cells at the end of culturing, and the Allo CAR-αβT / NKT cells included a significantly higher proportion of CD5+CD56+cells. The Allo CAR-αβT / NKT cells included CD5+CD56+cells at a lower or comparable level comparing to the Auto CAR-CIK cell composition. Cell activation by either (1) CD3 / CD28 beads and (2) OKT3
[0204] In preparing Auto CAR-T, Auto CAR-CIK and Allo CAR-αβT / NKT cells, either (1) CD3 / CD28 beads and (2) OKT3 was used to activate the cells. Untransduced T cells (UnT) were stimulated with CD3 / CD28 beads without lentivirus transduction and served as negative control. The expression levels of the activation marker (CD25) , the CAR, the exhaustion markers (PD1, LAG-3 and Tim-3) , the NCRs (NKG2D, NKp30 and DNAM-1) , and the chemokine receptors (CXCR3 and CXCR6) were analyzed by flow cytometry. Briefly, 5×105 of each of UnT, Auto CAR-T, Auto CAR-CIK and Allo CAR-αβT / NKT cells were collected and centrifuged at room temperature. The supernatant was discarded. The cells were resuspended in DPBS. 1 μL CD25, PD1, LAG-3, Tim-3, NKG2D, NKp30, DNAM-1, CXCR3, CXCR6 or CAR detection antibodies was added. The cells were incubated at 4℃ for 30 minutes and centrifuged. The supernatant was discarded. The cells were resuspended in 1 mL of DPBS, centrifuged at room temperature to discard the supernatant, and the washing operation was repeated twice. Finally, the cells were resuspended in 1 ml of DPBS, and flow cytometry was used to detect the positive rate of expression of relevant molecules. The results are shown in FIGS. 2-5.
[0205] FIG. 2 shows that the CD25 expression level of Allo CAR-αβT / NKT cells activated by CD3 / CD28 beads was higher than that of Auto CAR-CIK cells activated by OKT3. Higher CD25 expression level indicates a higher degree of cell activation.
[0206] FIG. 3 shows that, in cells cultured to Day14, the CAR expression level of Allo CAR-αβT / NKT cells activated by CD3 / CD28 beads was higher than that of Auto CAR-CIK cells activated by OKT3.
[0207] FIGS. 4A-4C show that both Allo CAR-αβT / NKT cells activated by CD3 / CD28 magnetic beads and Auto CAR-CIK cells activated by OKT3 had comparable low expression levels of exhaustion markers PD1, LAG-3 and Tim-3.
[0208] FIGS. 5A and 5C show that both Allo CAR-αβT / NKT cells activated by CD3 / CD28 magnetic beads and Auto CAR-CIK cells activated by OKT3 both had comparable high expression levels of NKG2D and DNAM-1. FIG. 5B shows that Allo CAR-αβT / NKT cells had a higher NKp30 expression level compared with Auto CAR-CIK cells.
[0209] FIG. 6A shows that, in cells cultured to Day14, Auto CAR-T, Allo CAR-αβT / NKT cells (activated by CD3 / CD28 magnetic beads) and Auto CAR-CIK cells (activated by OKT3) all had high CXCR3 expression levels. FIG. 6B shows that, compared with Auto CAR-T cells, Auto CAR-CIK and Allo CAR-αβT / NKT cells had higher CXCR6 expression levels, and the difference was significant. Higher expression of chemokine receptors indicates that cells are more invasive and can reach cancer cells faster after clinical administration. Example 2: Allo CAR-αβT / NKT kills tumor cells with different expression levels of DLL3 Detection of DLL3 expression in SCLC tumor cells
[0210] SCLC tumor cells with different DLL3 expression levels, including NCI-H82, SHP-77, and SHP-77DLL3 KO, were used for in vitro killing experiments. The DLL3 antigen expression levels, as detected by flow cytometry, are shown in FIG. 7. SHP-77 expresses high DLL3; NCI-H82 expresses low DLL3, and SHP-77DLL3 KO does not express DLL3. The killing of SCLC tumor cells by αβT / NKT cells
[0211] UnT, Auto CAR-T and Allo CAR-αβT / NKT cells were incubated with SHP-77DLL3 KO cells (no DLL3 expression) , and NCI-H82 (tumor cells all express Luciferase gene) , respectively, at different ET ratios (16: 1, 8: 1, 4: 1, 2: 1, 1: 1, 1: 2) , in Corning 384 white well plates for 12 h. After the above cell incubation was completed, 25 μL One-Glo (TAKARA, Cat. No. B6120) was added to each well. A microplate reader (TECAN, spark 10M) was used to detect the Luciferase fluorescence value and to calculate the killing efficiency of each group of cells against the target cells.
[0212] As shown in FIGS. 8A-8B, Allo CAR-αβT / NKT had stronger in vitro killing ability than UnT and Auto CAR-T against tumor cells with low or no expression of DLL3. Example 3: Allo CAR-abT / NKT mixed cells have lower GvHD risk
[0213] The T Cell Receptor Alpha Constant (TRAC) gene of the Allo CAR-abT / NKT mixed cells was knocked out through CRISPR / Cas9 technology. After the knockout, the Allo CAR-abT / NKT cells no longer expresses TCRαβ (FIG. 9) , and has lower graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) risks in clinical use.
[0214] To test allogeneic immune responses, a Three-Way Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay was performed to detect the reactivity of Allo CAR-abT / NKT mixed cells against HLA-mismatched T lymphocytes from other healthy volunteers. First, PBMCs derived from other healthy volunteers were treated with 20 μg / ml mitomycin for 3 h. 4.0×105 Auto CAR-T or Allo CAR-αβT / NKT mixed cells were incubated with 8.0×104 mitomycin-treated PBMCs in a 384-well plate (100ul / well) for 24h. The culture supernatant was collected. IFNγ release was detected using a kit (Human IFNγ kit, 62HIFNGPEG, Cisbio) .
[0215] As shown in FIG. 10, compared to Auto CAR-T that normally expresses TCRαβ, Allo CAR-abT / NKT mixed cells with TRAC gene knockout released lower IFNγ cytokines in one-way MLR experiments, suggesting that they have lower risk of graft-versus-host disease reaction. OTHER EMBODIMENTS
[0216] It is to be understood that while the disclosure has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the disclosure, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims.
Claims
1.A population of αβT / NKT cells, wherein at least 10%of the cells in the population are Natural killer T (NKT) cells, and at least 50%of the cells in the population are αβT cells.2.The population of αβT / NKT cells of claim 1, wherein 10%~ 30%of the cells in the population are NKT cells.3.The population of αβT / NKT cells of claim 1 or 2, wherein 50%~ 90%of the cells in the population are αβT cells.4.A population of αβT / NKT cells, wherein at least 10%of the cells in the population express CD56, and at least 50%of the cells in the population express CD5 or CD3.5.The population of αβT / NKT cells of any one of claims 1-4, wherein at least 10%of the cells in the population express both CD56 and CD5, or CD56 and CD3.6.The population of αβT / NKT cells of any one of claims 1-5, wherein at least 70-100%of the cells in the population express CD5 or CD3, and 10-25%of the cells in the population express CD56.7.The population of αβT / NKT cells of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the number of CD5 or CD3 positive cells in the population is 3-6 times the number of CD56 positive cells in the population.8.The population of αβT / NKT cells of any one of claims 1-7, wherein 12-20%of the cells in the population express both CD56 and CD5, or CD56 and CD3.9.The population of αβT / NKT cells of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the cells in the population are activated by CD3 and CD28 agonists, optionally wherein the agonists are CD3 / CD28 magnetic beads.10.The population of αβT / NKT cells of any one of claims 1-9, wherein at least 15%of the cells in the population express Nkp30.11.The population of αβT / NKT cells of any one of claims 1-10, wherein 15%~50%of the cells in the population express Nkp30.12.The population of αβT / NKT cells of any one of claims 1-11, wherein at least 15%of the cells express CD25.13.The population of αβT / NKT cells of any one of claims 1-12, wherein 15%~90%of the cells express CD25.14.The population of αβT / NKT cells of any one of claims 1-13, wherein at least 10%of the cells express CXCR6.15.The population of αβT / NKT cells of any one of claims 1-14, wherein 10%~50%of the cells express CXCR6.16.The population of αβT / NKT cells of any one of claims 1-15, wherein at least 20%of the cells express an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) .17.The population of αβT / NKT cells of any one of claims 1-16, wherein 20%~90%of the cells express an engineered receptor (e.g., CAR) .18.The population of αβT / NKT cells of claim 17, wherein the engineered receptor is a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) .19.The population of αβT / NKT cells of claim 18, wherein one or more cells in the population comprise a vector expressing a CAR.20.The population of αβT / NKT cells of any one of claims 16-19, wherein the engineered receptor comprises an antigen-binding domain binding to DLL3.21.The population of αβT / NKT cells of claim 20, wherein the antigen-binding domain comprising:(i) an anti-DLL3 scFv comprising an HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, an HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, an HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3, an LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4, an LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, and an LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6; or(ii) a first anti-DLL3 sdAb comprising a CDR1, a CDR2, and a CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, respectively, as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11, and / or a second anti-DLL3 sdAb comprising a CDR1, a CDR2, and a CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of the CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, respectively, as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 15.22.The population of αβT / NKT cells of any one of claims 1-21, wherein one or more of the cells comprise a disruption of an endogenous gene.23.The population of αβT / NKT cells of claim 22, wherein the endogenous gene encodes a subunit of the T cell receptor.24.The population of αβT / NKT cells of claim 22 or claim 23, wherein the endogenous gene is T cell receptor alpha gene (TCRA) .25.The population of αβT / NKT cells of any one of claims 22-24, wherein the endogenous gene is knocked out.26.The population of αβT / NKT cells of claim 25, wherein the endogenous gene is knocked out by a genome editing system.27.The population of αβT / NKT cells of claim 26, wherein the genome editing system is CRISPR / Cas9.28.The population of αβT / NKT cells of any one of claims 1-27, wherein less than 10%of the cells express T cell receptor alpha.29.A method of producing a population of αβT / NKT cells, comprising:(a) obtaining PBMC cells collected from a subject;(b) exposing the PBMC cells to an activation medium comprising IL2, IL15, and CD3 / CD28 magnetic beads; and(c) collecting the cells from step (b) .30.The method of claim 29, wherein the activation medium comprises 100-1000 IU / ml IL2.31.The method of claim 29 or claim 30, wherein the activation medium comprises 10-100 ng / ml IL15.32.The method of any one of claims 29-31, wherein the activation medium comprises a serum replacement.33.The method of any one of claims 29-32, wherein the activation medium comprises 1-10%serum replacement.34.The method of any one of claims 29-33, wherein step (b) lasts 6-20 days.35.The method of any one of claims 29-34, wherein step (b) lasts 10-16 days.36.The method of any one of claims 29-35, wherein the cells are not exposed to IFNg during steps (a) - (c) .37.The method of any one of claims 29-36, wherein the cells are not exposed to an anti-CD3 antibody (e.g., OKT3) during steps (a) - (c) .38.The method of any one of claims 29-37, further comprising introducing a nucleic acid encoding an engineered receptor into the cells.39.The method of claim 38, wherein the engineered receptor is a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) .40.The method of claim 38 or claim 39, wherein at least 20%of the cells express the engineered receptor.41.The method of any one of claims 38-40, wherein 20%~60%of the cells express the engineered receptor.42.The method of any one of claims 38-41, wherein the engineered receptor comprises an antigen-binding domain binding to DLL3.43.The method of any one of claims 29-42, further comprising disrupting an endogenous gene in the cells.44.The method of claim 43, wherein the endogenous gene encodes for a subunit of the T cell receptor.45.The method of claim 43 or claim 44, wherein the endogenous gene is the T cell receptor alpha gene (TCRA) .46.The method of any one of claims 43-45, wherein the endogenous gene is knocked out.47.The method of claim 46, wherein the endogenous gene is knocked out by a genome editing system.48.The method of claim 47, wherein the genome editing system is CRISPR / Cas9.49.The method of claim 47 or claim 48, wherein the genome editing system is introduced into the cells by electroporation.50.The method of any one of claims 29-49, wherein less than 1%of the cells express T cell receptor alpha.51.A population of αβT / NKT cells prepared by the method of any one of claims 29-50.52.A composition comprising a plurality of αβT / NKT cells from the population of αβT / NKT cells of any one of claims 1-28 and 51, and pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.53.A method of treating cancer, comprising administering, to a subject in need thereof, the population of αβT / NKT cells of any one of claims 1-28 and 51, or the composition of claim 52.54.The method of claim 53, wherein the cancer is a solid tumor.55.The method of claim 54, wherein the solid tumor is antigen-heterogeneous.56.The method of claim 54, wherein the cancer is small cell lung cancer (SCLC) . neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) , non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) , breast cancer, melanoma, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer.
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