Narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction configuration
Narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction using CSI-RSs to predict SSBs addresses handover delays in wireless communications, enhancing efficiency and reducing latency by associating CSI-RSs with SSBs for early target cell detection.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-20
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-26
AI Technical Summary
Wireless communications systems face challenges in signal attenuation and blockage, leading to delays in handover processes due to the need to detect synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) of target cells, which can result in throughput interruption and increased latency, especially when CSI-RSs are detectable but SSBs are not.
Implement narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction by using CSI-RSs to predict SSBs, allowing for reduced beam searching and efficient handover processes, particularly in Layer 3 based mobility or LTM, by associating CSI-RSs with SSBs for early prediction of SSB properties.
This approach reduces latency and enhances handover efficiency by enabling quicker detection of target cells, even when SSBs are undetectable, thereby improving throughput and reducing processor usage and power consumption.
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Figure CN2024119902_26032026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
NARROW-TO-WIDE CHANNEL CHARACTERISTIC PREDICTION CONFIGURATION
[0001] INTRODUCTION
[0002] Field of the Disclosure
[0003] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to wireless communications, and more particularly, to techniques for narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction configuration.
[0004] Description of Related Art
[0005] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, or other similar types of services. These wireless communications systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communications with multiple users by sharing available wireless communications system resources with those users.
[0006] Although wireless communications systems have made great technological advancements over many years, challenges still exist. For example, complex and dynamic environments can still attenuate or block signals between wireless transmitters and wireless receivers. Accordingly, there is a continuous desire to improve the technical performance of wireless communications systems, including, for example: improving speed and data carrying capacity of communications, improving efficiency of the use of shared communications mediums, reducing power used by transmitters and receivers while performing communications, improving reliability of wireless communications, avoiding redundant transmissions and / or receptions and related processing, improving the coverage area of wireless communications, increasing the number and types of devices that can access wireless communications systems, increasing the ability for different types of devices to intercommunicate, increasing the number and type of wireless communications mediums available for use, and the like. Consequently, there exists a need for further improvements in wireless communications systems to overcome the aforementioned technical challenges and others.SUMMARY
[0007] A user equipment (UE) and a network (such as one or more network entities) may perform a mobility operation such that the UE is transferred from a source cell to a target cell. There are various types of mobility operations, such as Layer 3 based mobility (in which handover is configured and performed using radio resource control signaling) and lower-layer triggered mobility (LTM) (in which handover is configured and performed using signaling in the medium access control or physical layer) . Generally, handover may be associated with some amount of latency, since there are time delays associated with configuring appropriate actions, detecting synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) of the target cell, and scheduling communications on the target cell. For example, handover may use an SSB for synchronization, and appropriate synchronizations may be completed via SSBs before a successful cell switch (because quasi co-location (QCL) sources of various reference signals or channels in the target cell are often back-linked to SSBs) .
[0008] A UE and / or network entity may perform channel characteristic prediction, such as using an artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) model or functionality. Channel characteristic prediction may include predicting one or more properties of a set of prediction targets (which may, for example, be a reference signal and / or beam) based on measured properties of a set of measurement resources (which may, for example, be associated with a reference signal and / or a beam) . In some examples, the set of prediction targets may be referred to as “Set-A beam (s) ” and the set of measurement resources may be referred to as “Set-B beam (s) . ” Traditionally, Set-B beams have included wider beams (such as may be used to transmit a synchronization signal block) or narrower beams (such as may be used to transmit a channel state information (CSI) reference signal (CSI-RS) , and Set-A beams have included narrower beams. That is, traditionally, channel characteristic prediction has included wide-to-narrow or narrow-to-narrow channel characteristic prediction.
[0009] As mentioned, in some examples, a mobility operation may be associated with some amount of delay before the UE can resume communication on the target cell. For example, a UE may need to identify channel characteristics associated with QCL properties from a certain SSB, which involves: (i) receiving the SSB with a sufficiently strong reference signal received power or signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio (SINR) ; and (ii) some amount of latency (typically expressed in a number of SSB cycles) to identify accurate channel characteristics associated with QCL properties, particularly to identify the best receive beam for the target cell. Further, for receive beam refinement, the UE may start from a randomly chosen receive beam, then gradually obtain or track an optimal beam over multiple SSB cycles. Also, if a movement speed of the UE is high, a handover command may be sent before the UE completes these measurements. Thus, handover could be delayed, and throughput interruption / degradation could be encountered.
[0010] This delay can be mitigated if the UE detects an SSB of the target cell during the handover. However, in some examples, the SSB may be harder for a UE that is distant from a transmitter of the target cell to detect than some other signals (such as CSI-RSs, which may be transmitted on narrower beams than SSBs) . For example, beamforming gains associated with SSBs are typically weaker than beamforming gains associated with CSI-RSs (e.g., CSI-RSs are usually narrower beams that are “children” beams configured to be QCLed with different wider-beam based SSBs) . And, although CSI-RSs may comprise higher beamforming gains, CSI-RSs may not be transmitted as frequently as SSBs for the sake of interference reduction. This delay in detecting the SSB, even though other signals of the target cell are detectable, may decrease throughput and increase delay associated with mobility operations.
[0011] Aspects of the present disclosure provide narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction, such as beam prediction. For example, a UE may receive information indicating one or more measurement resource reference signals (RSs) (e.g., Set-B beams) and one or more prediction target RSs (e.g., Set-A beams) . The one or more prediction target RSs may include a quasi co-location (QCL) source RS of the one or more measurement resource RSs. For example, the one or more prediction target RSs may be associated with one or more SSBs, and the one or more measurement resource RSs may be associated with one or more CSI-RSs that have QCL properties derived from the one or more SSBs. As another example, the QCL source RS of a measurement resource RS, of the one or more measurement resource RSs, may be a prediction target RS of the one or more prediction target RSs. The UE may report a prediction result regarding the one or more prediction target RSs. In some examples, the prediction result may be based on measuring the one or more measurement resource RSs (which may be transmitted on beams narrower than the one or more prediction target RSs) . Thus, the UE may perform narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction.
[0012] Narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction may be particularly beneficial for handover (such as Layer 3 based mobility or LTM) since the SSB can be undetectable by the UE while the CSI-RS is detectable by the UE. Since the CSI-RS (transmitted on a narrower beam) can be used to predict the SSB (transmitted on a wider beam) , the set of possible receive beams for an SSB can be reduced relative to if no prediction of the SSB is performed, thereby making an SSB search more efficient. This increased efficiency may decrease latency associated with searching for a target cell, and may facilitate a search time that is shorter than a typical search time for an unknown cell (that is, a target cell with an undetectable SSB) . Various other aspects are also provided herein, such as a configuration of priorities for different QCL source reference signals of a CSI-RS (which facilitates early prediction of SSB properties of a target cell) and an expectation that narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction be performed for a non-active serving cell (which reduces processor usage associated with data collection or model training, overhead, and power consumption) and not an active serving cell.
[0013] One aspect provides a method for wireless communications by a user equipment (UE) . The method includes receiving information indicating one or more measurement resource RSs and one or more prediction target RSs, the one or more measurement resource RSs and the one or more prediction target RSs associated with a channel characteristic prediction, the information indicating that a QCL source RS of the one or more measurement resource RSs is included in the one or more prediction target RSs; and transmitting a report of a prediction result regarding the one or more prediction target RSs.
[0014] Another aspect provides a method for wireless communications by a network entity. The method includes transmitting information indicating one or more measurement resource RSs and one or more prediction target RSs, the one or more measurement resource RSs and the one or more prediction target RSs associated with a channel characteristic prediction, the information indicating that a QCL source RS of the one or more measurement resource RSs is included in the one or more prediction target RSs; and obtaining a report of a prediction result regarding the one or more prediction target RSs.
[0015] Other aspects provide: one or more apparatuses operable, configured, or otherwise adapted to perform any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that performance may be by only one apparatus or in a distributed fashion across multiple apparatuses) ; one or more non-transitory, computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of one or more apparatuses, cause the one or more apparatuses to perform any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that instructions may be included in only one computer-readable medium or in a distributed fashion across multiple computer-readable media, such that instructions may be executed by only one processor or by multiple processors in a distributed fashion, such that each apparatus of the one or more apparatuses may include one processor or multiple processors, and / or such that performance may be by only one apparatus or in a distributed fashion across multiple apparatuses) ; one or more computer program products embodied on one or more computer-readable storage media comprising code for performing any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that code may be stored in only one computer-readable medium or across computer-readable media in a distributed fashion) ; and / or one or more apparatuses comprising one or more means for performing any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that performance would be by only one apparatus or by multiple apparatuses in a distributed fashion) . By way of example, an apparatus may comprise a processing system, a device with a processing system, or processing systems cooperating over one or more networks.
[0016] The following description and the appended figures set forth certain features for purposes of illustration.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0017] The appended figures depict certain features of the various aspects described herein and are not to be considered limiting of the scope of this disclosure.
[0018] FIG. 1 depicts an example wireless communications network.
[0019] FIG. 2 depicts an example disaggregated base station architecture.
[0020] FIG. 3 depicts aspects of an example base station and an example user equipment (UE) .
[0021] FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D depict various example aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network.
[0022] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating example channel characteristic prediction by a UE.
[0023] FIG. 6 depicts an example of UE mobility in a wireless communications network.
[0024] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction.
[0025] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of signaling associated with narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction.
[0026] FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating examples of search times for a handover.
[0027] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of multiple quasi co-location sources for a measurement resource reference signal.
[0028] FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example artificial intelligence (AI) architecture that may be used for AI-enhanced wireless communications.
[0029] FIG. 12 illustrates an example AI architecture of a first wireless device that is in communication with a second wireless device.
[0030] FIG. 13 is an illustrative block diagram of an example artificial neural network.
[0031] FIG. 14 depicts a method for wireless communications.
[0032] FIG. 15 depicts another method for wireless communications.
[0033] FIG. 16 depicts aspects of an example communications device.
[0034] FIG. 17 depicts aspects of an example communications device.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0035] Aspects of the present disclosure provide apparatuses, methods, processing systems, and computer-readable mediums for narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction configuration.
[0036] Introduction to Wireless Communications Networks
[0037] The techniques and methods described herein may be used for various wireless communications networks. While aspects may be described herein using terminology commonly associated with 3G, 4G, 5G, 6G, and / or other generations of wireless technologies, aspects of the present disclosure may likewise be applicable to other communications systems and standards not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0038] FIG. 1 depicts an example of a wireless communications network 100, in which aspects described herein may be implemented.
[0039] Generally, wireless communications network 100 includes various network entities (alternatively, network elements or network nodes) . A network entity is generally a communications device and / or a communications function performed by a communications device (e.g., a user equipment (UE) , a base station (BS) , a component of a BS, a server, etc. ) . As such communications devices are part of wireless communications network 100, and facilitate wireless communications, such communications devices may be referred to as wireless communications devices. For example, various functions of a network as well as various devices associated with and interacting with a network may be considered network entities. Further, wireless communications network 100 may include terrestrial aspects, such as ground-based network entities (e.g., BSs 102) , and non-terrestrial aspects (also referred to herein as non-terrestrial network entities) . A non-terrestrial network entity may include satellite 140, which may be an example of an aerial or spaceborne platform. In some examples, satellite 140 may include one or more network entities on-board (e.g., one or more BSs) capable of communicating with other network elements (e.g., terrestrial BSs) and UEs. For example, satellite 140 may be implemented according to a regenerative architecture (also referred to as a non-transparent architecture) , and a gNB implemented at satellite 140 may implement higher-layer network functions. As another example, satellite 140 may be implemented according to a transparent architecture, and may perform a physical or other lower-layer repeater function for UEs and a network entity (such as a gateway associated with the satellite 140) .
[0040] In the depicted example, wireless communications network 100 includes BSs 102, UEs 104, and one or more core networks, such as an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160 or a 5G Core (5GC) network 190, which interoperate to provide communications services over various communications links, including wired and wireless links. In some aspects, a core network, such as a 6G core, may implement a converged service-based architecture. In a converged service-based architecture, functions traditionally split between a core network (such as 5GC network 190) and a radio access network (RAN) (such as BS 102) may be implemented at a single network entity. For example, a mobility network entity may perform both core network functions and RAN functions related to mobility of UEs 104 attached to the wireless communications network 100. “Network entity” can refer to a BS 102, a network entity of EPC 160 or 5GC network 190, or a network entity of a converged service-based architecture.
[0041] FIG. 1 depicts various example UEs 104. UE 104 may include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a satellite radio, a Global Positioning System device, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player, a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, an always on (AON) device, an edge processing device, a data center, or another similar device. A UE 104 may also be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a remote device, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, and others.
[0042] BSs 102 wirelessly communicate with (e.g., transmit signals to or receive signals from) UEs 104 via communications links 120. A communications link 120 between a BS 102 and a UE 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a BS 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a BS 102 to a UE 104. A communications link 120 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity in various aspects.
[0043] A BS 102 may include a NodeB, an enhanced NodeB (eNB) , a next generation enhanced NodeB (ng-eNB) , a next generation NodeB (gNB or gNodeB) , an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a transmission reception point (TRP) , a radio unit (RU) , a distributed unit (DU) , or the like. A given BS 102 may provide communications coverage for a coverage area 110, which may sometimes be referred to as a cell, and which may overlap another coverage area 110 (e.g., a small cell provided by a BS 102′) may have a coverage area 110′that overlaps the coverage area 110 of a macro cell) . A BS 102 may, for example, provide communications coverage for a macro cell (covering a relatively large geographic area) , a pico cell (covering a relatively smaller geographic area, such as a sports stadium) , a femto cell (covering a relatively smaller geographic area, such as a home) , or another type of cells.
[0044] The term “cell” may refer to a portion, partition, or segment of wireless communication coverage served by a network entity within a wireless communications network 100. A cell may have geographic characteristics, such as a geographic coverage area, as well as radio frequency characteristics, such as time and / or frequency resources dedicated to the cell. For example, a specific geographic coverage area may be covered by multiple cells employing different frequency resources (e.g., bandwidth parts) and / or different time resources. As another example, a specific geographic coverage area may be covered by a single cell. In some contexts (e.g., a carrier aggregation scenario and / or multi-connectivity scenario) , the terms “cell” or “serving cell” may refer to or correspond to a specific carrier frequency (e.g., a component carrier) used for wireless communications, and a “cell group” may refer to or correspond to multiple carriers used for wireless communications. A cell may transmit certain reference signals, such as a synchronization signal block, a channel state information reference signal, or the like. For example, a BS 102 that provides the cell may transmit the certain reference signals. A UE 104 may detect or measure these reference signals to support operations such as mobility from one serving cell to another serving cell. For example, the reference signals may provide information regarding the cell, such as the carrier frequency or synchronization information. As another example, the reference signals may facilitate measurement or synchronization by the UE 104.
[0045] Thus, as described above, “cell” can refer to a coverage area of a BS 102, or to a carrier frequency. Additionally, or alternatively, a cell can be associated with a carrier frequency. For example, communications of UEs 104 connected to the wireless communication network 100 via the cell may occur on the cell, and the cell may be defined by the carrier frequency. Aspects described herein relate to mobility from one cell to another cell, such as when the UE 104 moves from a coverage area of a first cell (which may be provided by a first BS 102) to a coverage area of a second cell (which may be provided by the first BS 102 or a second BS 102) , or when a measurement value of the second cell becomes better than a measurement value of the first cell.
[0046] While BSs 102 are depicted in various aspects as unitary communications devices, BSs 102 may be implemented in various configurations. For example, one or more components of a base station may be disaggregated, including a central unit (CU) , one or more DUs, one or more RUs, a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC, to name a few examples. In another example, various aspects of a base station may be virtualized. A base station (e.g., BS 102) may include components that are located at a single physical location or components located at various physical locations. In examples in which a base station includes components that are located at various physical locations, the various components may each perform functions such that, collectively, the various components achieve functionality that is similar to a base station that is located at a single physical location. Implementing a base station in this fashion may provide efficiency gains by enabling cloud-based implementation of certain (e.g., non-time-sensitive) higher-layer functions while physical-layer or other lower-layer functions can be implemented at or in proximity to a geographic coverage area of a corresponding cell. In some aspects, a base station including components that are located at various physical locations may be referred to as having a disaggregated RAN architecture, such as an Open RAN (O-RAN) or Virtualized RAN (VRAN) architecture. FIG. 2 depicts and describes an example disaggregated RAN architecture.
[0047] Different BSs 102 within wireless communications network 100 may also be configured to support different radio access technologies, such as 3G, 4G, 5G, and / or 6G. For example, BSs 102 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) ) may interface with the EPC 160 through first backhaul links 132 (e.g., an S1 interface) . BSs 102 configured for 5G (e.g., 5G NR or Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) ) may interface with 5GC 190 through second backhaul links 184. BSs 102 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or 5GC 190) with each other over third backhaul links 134 (e.g., an X2 or XN interface) , which may be wired or wireless.
[0048] Wireless communications network 100 may subdivide the electromagnetic spectrum into various classes, bands, channels, or other features. In some aspects, the subdivision is provided based on wavelength and frequency, where frequency may also be referred to as a carrier, a subcarrier, a frequency channel, a tone, or a subband. For example, 3GPP currently defines Frequency Range 1 (FR1) as including 410 MHz –7125 MHz, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as “Sub-6 GHz” . Similarly, 3GPP currently defines Frequency Range 2 (FR2) as including 24,250 MHz –71,000 MHz, which is sometimes referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” ( “mmW” or “mmWave” ) . In some cases, FR2 may be further defined in terms of sub-ranges, such as a first sub-range FR2-1 including 24,250 MHz –52,600 MHz and a second sub-range FR2-2 including 52,600 MHz –71,000 MHz. A base station configured to communicate using mmWave / near mmWave radio frequency bands (e.g., a mmWave base station such as BS 180) may utilize beamforming (e.g., 182) with a UE (e.g., 104) to improve path loss and range.
[0049] A communications links 120 may be through one or more carriers, which may have different bandwidths (e.g., 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, 20 MHz, 100 MHz, 400 MHz, and / or other bandwidths) , and which may be aggregated in various aspects. Carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) .
[0050] Communications using higher frequency bands may have higher path loss and a shorter range compared to lower frequency communications. Accordingly, certain base stations (e.g., base station 180 in FIG. 1) may utilize beamforming (indicated by reference number 182) with a UE 104 to improve path loss and range. For example, BS 180 and the UE 104 may each include a plurality of antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays to facilitate the beamforming. In some cases, BS 180 may transmit a beamformed signal to UE 104 in one or more transmit directions 182′. UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the BS 180 in one or more receive directions 182″. UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the BS 180 in one or more transmit directions 182″. BS 180 may also receive the beamformed signal from UE 104 in one or more receive directions 182′. BS 180 and UE 104 may perform beam training to determine suitable receive and transmit directions for each of BS 180 and UE 104. Notably, the transmit and receive directions for BS 180 may or may not be the same. Similarly, the transmit and receive directions for UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0051] Wireless communications network 100 may include a Wi-Fi AP 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communications links 154 in, for example, a 2.4 GHz and / or 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum.
[0052] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communications link 158. D2D communications link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) , and / or a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) . D2D communications link 158 may be implemented using a variety of technologies, such as a radio access technology (e.g., 5G, ProSe sidelink) , a WiFi technology, a Bluetooth technology, or the like.
[0053] EPC 160 may include various functional components, such as a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, other MMEs 164, a Serving Gateway 166, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 170, and / or a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172. MME 162 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. MME 162 is a control node that processes signaling between the UEs 104 and the EPC 160. Generally, MME 162 provides bearer and connection management.
[0054] Generally, user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through Serving Gateway 166. Serving gateway 166 is connected to PDN Gateway 172. PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. PDN Gateway 172 and BM-SC 170 are connected to IP Services 176, which may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a Packet Switched (PS) streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0055] BM-SC 170 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. BM-SC 170 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN) , and / or may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. MBMS Gateway 168 may be used to distribute MBMS traffic to the BSs 102 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and / or may be responsible for session management (start / stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.
[0056] 5GC 190 may include various functional components, such as an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 192, other AMFs 193, a Session Management Function (SMF) 194, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 195. AMF 192 may be in communication with Unified Data Management (UDM) 196.
[0057] AMF 192 is a control node that processes signaling between UEs 104 and 5GC 190. AMF 192 provides, for example, quality of service (QoS) flow and session management.
[0058] IP packets are transferred through UPF 195, which is connected to the IP Services 197. UPF 195 may provide UE IP address allocation as well as other functions for 5GC 190. IP Services 197 may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IMS, a PS streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0059] In various aspects, a network entity or network node can be implemented as an aggregated base station, as a disaggregated base station, a component of a base station, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a core network entity, or a sidelink node, to name a few examples.
[0060] FIG. 2 depicts an example disaggregated base station 200 architecture. The disaggregated base station 200 architecture may include one or more CUs 210 that can communicate directly with a core network 220 or other CUs 210 via a backhaul link (such as backhaul link 134) , or indirectly with the core network 220 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 225 via an E2 link, a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 215 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 205, or both) . A CU 210 may communicate with one or more DUs 230 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 230 may communicate with one or more RUs 240 via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 240 may communicate with respective UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links (such as communication link 120) . In some implementations, a UE 104 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 240.
[0061] Each of the units, e.g., the CUs 210, the DUs 230, the RUs 240, as well as the Near-RT RICs 225, the Non-RT RICs 215 and the SMO Framework 205, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or a processor or controller providing instructions to the interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally or alternatively, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver (such as a RF transceiver) , configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium.
[0062] In some aspects, the CU 210 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 210. The CU 210 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –User Plane (CU-UP) ) , control plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit –Control Plane (CU-CP) ) , or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 210 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 210 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 230 for network control and signaling.
[0063] The DU 230 may be or correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 240. In some aspects, the DU 230 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . In some aspects, the DU 230 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 230, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 210.
[0064] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 240. In some deployments, an RU 240, controlled by a DU 230, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT) , inverse FFT (iFFT) , digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like) , or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU (s) 240 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 104. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communications with the RU (s) 240 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 230. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU (s) 230 and the CU 210 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0065] The SMO Framework 205 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 205 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface) . For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 205 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 290) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface) . Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 210, DUs 230, RUs 240 and Near-RT RICs 225. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 205 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 211, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 205 can communicate directly with one or more DUs 230 and / or one or more RUs 240 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 205 also may include a Non-RT RIC 215 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 205.
[0066] The Non-RT RIC 215 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 225. The Non-RT RIC 215 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 225. The Near-RT RIC 225 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 210, one or more DUs 230, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 225.
[0067] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 225, the Non-RT RIC 215 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 225 and may be received at the SMO Framework 205 or the Non-RT RIC 215 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 215 or the Near-RT RIC 225 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 215 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 205 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies) .
[0068] FIG. 3 depicts aspects of network entities 300 and 302 and a UE 304.
[0069] FIG. 3 includes a first network entity 300 and a second network entity 302. In some examples, first network entity 300 may be an example of a CU 210 or a DU 230. In some examples, second network entity 302 may be an example of a DU 230 or an RU 240. First network entity 300 and second network entity 302 may communicate with one another via a communications link, such as a midhaul link. In some examples, first network entity 300 and second network entity 302 may be implemented at a same BS (e.g., BS 102) . For example, first network entity 300 and second network entity 302 may be co-located. In some other examples, first network entity 300 may be implemented separately from second network entity 302. For example, first network entity 300 may be implemented as a function (e.g., one or more processes) running on a server (e.g., in a cloud environment, such as a public or private cloud) or as a server (e.g., physical server or virtual computing instance (e.g., virtual machine, container, etc. ) ) separate from second network entity 302.
[0070] First network entity 300 and second network entity 302 each include one or more processors 306 (illustrated as “processor (s) 306a” and “processor (s) 306b” ) and one or more memories 308 (illustrated as “one or more memories 308a” and “one or more memories 308b” ) coupled to the one or more processors 306. The one or more processors 306 may implement various functions described herein related to wireless communications or other operations of a network entity. For example, the one or more processors 306 may include or implement one or more controllers / processors, one or more modems, one or more AI processors, one or more schedulers, one or more control functions, one or more network controllers, one or more application processors, or the like. In some aspects, the one or more processors 306 may perform processing (such as digital signal processing) of data, control information, or signals received or transmitted by a network entity. For example, the one or more processors 306 may include a coder, a decoder, a multiplexer, a demultiplexer, a transmit MIMO processor, a transmit processor, a receive processor, a receive MIMO detector, an automatic gain control component, or the like.
[0071] The one or more memories 308 may include one or more memory devices, memory blocks, memory elements or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry, each of which may include tangible storage media such as random-access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM) , or combinations thereof (all of which may be generally referred to herein individually as “memories” or collectively as “the memory” or “the memory circuitry” ) . The one or more memories 308 may store data and program code for first network entity 300 and / or second network entity 302.
[0072] As further shown, second network entity 302 includes one or more transceivers 310. Transceiver 310 may perform processing related to implementing physical layer (e.g., radio, air interface) communication with other devices such as UE 304. Transceiver 310 may include one or more radio frequency (RF) components, such as an RF transceiver, a front-end module (e.g., an RF front-end (RFFE) ) , or the like. For example, transceiver 310 may include a transmit path (also referred to as a transmit chain) , a receive path (also referred to as a receive chain) , and / or an interface with one or more antennas 312.
[0073] The one or more antennas 312 may perform wireless transmission and reception of signals. The one or more antennas 312 may include, or may be included within, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. An antenna panel, an antenna group, a set of antenna elements, or an antenna array may include one or more antenna elements (within a single housing or multiple housings) , a set of coplanar antenna elements, a set of non-coplanar antenna elements, or one or more antenna elements coupled with one or more transmission or reception components, such as one or more components of FIG. 3.
[0074] UE 304 may be an example of UE 104. As shown, UE 304 includes one or more processors 314, one or more memories 316, one or more antennas 318, one or more transceivers 320, and / or other aspects, which enable wireless transmission and reception of data.
[0075] The one or more processors 314 may be, or may include, a chip, a system on chip (SoC) , a system in package (SiP) , a chipset, a package, or a device. As shown, in some examples, the one or more processors 314 may include one or more modems 322, one or more application processors (APs) 324, one or more AI processors 326, a combination thereof, and / or another form of processor.
[0076] Modem 322 may include a digital signal processor that converts information into a waveform for analog signal transmission (e.g., via modulation) and / or converts the waveform of a received signal into information (e.g., via demodulation) . Modem 322 may process information or waveforms in connection with signal transmission or reception. For example, modem 322 may include a coder, a decoder, a multiplexer, a demultiplexer, a transmit MIMO processor, a transmit processor, a receive processor, a receive MIMO detector, an automatic gain control component, or the like.
[0077] AP 324 may perform processing relating to an operating system and / or a higher layer application of the UE 304. For example, AP 324 may provide a higher-level operating system (HLOS) , software, audio or video processing, graphics processing, or the like. In some examples, AP 324 may be a data source (e.g., for transmissions) or a data sink (e.g., for receptions) .
[0078] Transceiver 320 may perform processing related to implementing physical layer (e.g., radio, air interface) communication with other devices such as other UEs 304 or second network entity 302. Transceiver 320 may include one or more RF components, such as an RF transceiver, a front-end module (e.g., an RFFE) , or the like. For example, transceiver 320 may include a transmit path (also referred to as a transmit chain) , a receive path (also referred to as a receive chain) , and / or an interface with one or more antennas 318.
[0079] The one or more antennas 318 may perform wireless transmission and reception of signals. The one or more antennas 318 may include, or may be included within, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. An antenna panel, an antenna group, a set of antenna elements, or an antenna array may include one or more antenna elements (within a single housing or multiple housings) , a set of coplanar antenna elements, a set of non-coplanar antenna elements, or one or more antenna elements coupled with one or more transmission or reception components, such as one or more components of FIG. 3.
[0080] For an example downlink transmission by second network entity 302, the one or more processors 306b (e.g., a transmit processor) may receive data and / or control information. The control information may be for the physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH) , physical hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) indicator channel (PHICH) , physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , group common PDCCH (GC PDCCH) , and / or others. The data may be for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) , in some examples.
[0081] The one or more processors 306b (e.g., the transmit processor) may process (e.g., encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively. The one or more processors 306b may also generate reference symbols, such as for the primary synchronization signal (PSS) , secondary synchronization signal (SSS) , PBCH demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , or channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) .
[0082] The one or more processors 306b (e.g., a TX MIMO processor) may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide output symbol streams to one or more modulators of the one or more processors 306b. The one or more modulators may process one or more respective output symbol streams to obtain an output sample stream. Transceiver 310 may process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. Second network entity 302 may transmit the downlink signal via antenna 312.
[0083] In order to receive the downlink transmission at UE 304 (or a sidelink transmission from another UE) , antenna 318 may receive the downlink signal and may provide received signals to transceiver 320. Transceiver 320 may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) the received signals to obtain input samples. Transceiver 320 and / or the one or more processors 314 may further process the input samples to obtain received symbols.
[0084] The one or more processors 314 (e.g., modem 322, an RX MIMO detector) may obtain the received symbols, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols. The one or more processors 314 (e.g., modem 322, a receive processor) may process (e.g., de-interleave and decode) the detected symbols. The one or more processors 314 may provide decoded data for the UE 304 (e.g., to an AP 324) and / or decoded control information (e.g., to a controller / processor of the one or more processors 314) .
[0085] For an example uplink transmission or a sidelink transmission from UE 304, the one or more processors 314 (e.g., modem 322, a transmit processor) may receive and process data and / or control information to obtain a set of symbols for transmission. The data may be for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) , and may be received from a data source such as the AP 324. The control information may be for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) , and may be received, for example, from a controller / processor of the one or more processors 314. The one or more processors 314 (e.g., modem 322, the transmit processor) may also generate reference symbols for a reference signal (e.g., for a sounding reference signal (SRS) , a demodulation reference signal, a phase tracking reference signal, or the like) . In some examples, the symbols and / or reference signals may be precoded by the one or more processors 314 (e.g., modem 322, a TX MIMO processor) , further processed by transceiver 320 (e.g., for SC-FDM) , and transmitted to second network entity 302.
[0086] At second network entity 302, the uplink signals from UE 304 may be received by antenna 312, conditioned by transceiver 310 (e.g., filtered, amplified, downconverted, and digitized) , detected (e.g., by the one or more processors 306b such as a modem and / or an RX MIMO detector) , and further processed by the one or more processors 306b (e.g., a modem and / or a receive processor) to obtain decoded data and control information sent by UE 304. The one or more processors 306b may provide the decoded data and the decoded control information (such as to a controller / processor of the one or more processors 306b, an AP, first network entity 300, or another entity) .
[0087] In various aspects, first network entity 300, second network entity 302, or BS 102 may be described as transmitting or receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” may refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as outputting data from the one or more processors 306, memory 308, transceiver 310, antenna 312, and / or other aspects described herein. Similarly, “receiving” may refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as obtaining data from the one or more processors 306, memory 308, transceiver 310, antenna 312, and / or other aspects described herein.
[0088] In various aspects, UE 304 or UE 104 may be described as transmitting or receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” may refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as outputting data from the one or more processors 314, memory 316, transceiver 320, antenna 318, and / or other aspects described herein. Similarly, “receiving” may refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as obtaining data from the one or more processors 314, memory 316, transceiver 320, antenna 318, and / or other aspects described herein.
[0089] In various aspects, the one or more processors 306 or 314 may include one or more AI processors (such as AI processor 326 of the one or more processors 314) . An AI processor may perform AI processing. The AI processor may include AI accelerator hardware or circuitry such as one or more neural processing units (NPUs) , one or more neural network processors, one or more tensor processors, one or more deep learning processors, etc. As an example, the AI processor may perform AI-based beam management, AI-based channel state feedback (CSF) , AI-based antenna tuning, and / or AI-based positioning (e.g., non-line of sight positioning prediction) . In some cases, at the UE 304, the AI processor may process feedback generated by the UE 304 (e.g., CSF) using hardware accelerated AI inferences and / or AI training. In some cases, at the network entity 300 or 302, an AI processor may decode compressed CSF from the UE 304, for example, using a hardware accelerated AI inference associated with the CSF. In certain cases, the AI processor may perform certain RAN-based functions including, for example, network planning, network performance management, energy-efficient network operations, etc.
[0090] FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D depict aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network, such as wireless communications network 100 of FIG. 1.
[0091] FIG. 4A is a diagram 400 illustrating an example of a first subframe within a 5G (e.g., 5G NR) frame structure, FIG. 4B is a diagram 430 illustrating an example of DL channels within a 5G subframe, FIG. 4C is a diagram 450 illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G frame structure, and FIG. 4D is a diagram 480 illustrating an example of UL channels within a 5G subframe.
[0092] Wireless communications systems may utilize orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink. Such systems may also support half-duplex operation using time division duplexing (TDD) . OFDM and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) partition the system bandwidth (e.g., as depicted in FIGS. 4B and 4D) into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. One or more subcarriers may be modulated with data. Modulation symbols may be sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and / or in the time domain with SC-FDM.
[0093] In some examples, a wireless communications frame structure may be implemented using frequency division duplexing (FDD) . In FDD, some subcarriers may be configured for DL communication, and other subcarriers (which may overlap in time with the DL subcarriers) may be configured for UL communication. In some other examples, wireless communications frame structures may be implemented using time division duplexing (TDD) . In TDD, for a particular set of subcarriers, some subframes are configured for DL communication and other subframes are configured for UL communication.
[0094] In FIGs. 4A and 4C, the wireless communications frame structure is implemented using TDD. “D” indicates DL time resources, “U” indicates UL time resources, and “X” indicates flexible time resources for use or later reconfiguration for either DL or UL communication. UEs may be configured with a slot format through a received slot format indicator (SFI) (dynamically through DL control information (DCI) , or semi-statically / statically through radio resource control (RRC) signaling) . In the depicted examples, a 10 ms frame is divided into 10 equally sized 1 ms subframes. Each subframe may include one or more time slots. In some examples, each slot may include 12 or 14 symbols, depending on the cyclic prefix (CP) type (e.g., 12 symbols per slot for an extended CP or 14 symbols per slot for a normal CP) . Subframes may also include mini-slots, which generally have fewer symbols than an entire slot. Other wireless communications technologies may have a different frame structure and / or different channels.
[0095] In certain aspects, the number of slots within a subframe (e.g., a slot duration in a subframe) is based on a numerology. A numerology may define a frequency domain subcarrier spacing and symbol duration, and may be configured for a given bandwidth part, carrier, cell, or network entity. In certain aspects, given a numerology μ, there are 2μ slots per subframe. Thus, numerologies (μ) 0 to 6 may allow for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 slots, respectively, per subframe. In some cases, an extended CP (e.g., 12 symbols per slot) may be used with a specific numerology, such as numerology μ = 2 allowing for 4 slots per subframe. The subcarrier spacing and symbol length / duration are a function of the numerology. The subcarrier spacing may be equal to 2μ×15 kHz. As an example, the numerology μ=0 corresponds to a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz, and the numerology μ=6 corresponds to a subcarrier spacing of 960 kHz. The symbol length / duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D provide an example of a slot format having 14 symbols per slot (e.g., a normal CP) and a numerology μ=2 with 4 slots per subframe. In such a case, the slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 μs.
[0096] As depicted in FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D, a resource grid may be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also referred to as a physical RB (PRB) ) that extends across, for example, 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs) . An RE may include a single subcarrier in the frequency domain and a single symbol in the time domain. The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme including, for example, quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) .
[0097] As illustrated in FIG. 4A, some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (shown as “RS” ) for a UE (e.g., UE 104 of FIGS. 1 and 3) . The RS may include a demodulation RS (DMRS) and / or a channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The RS may additionally or alternatively include a beam measurement RS (BRS) , a beam refinement RS (BRRS) , and / or a phase tracking RS (PT-RS) .
[0098] FIG. 4B illustrates an example of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or more control channel elements (CCEs) , each CCE including, for example, nine RE groups (REGs) , each REG including, for example, four consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol.
[0099] A primary synchronization signal (PSS) may be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE (e.g., 104 of FIGS. 1 and 3) to determine subframe / symbol timing and a physical layer identity.
[0100] A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing.
[0101] Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a physical cell identifier (PCI) . Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the locations of the aforementioned DMRS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , which carries a master information block (MIB) , may be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS) / PBCH block (SSB) , and in some cases, referred to as a synchronization signal block (SSB) . The MIB provides a number of RBs in the system bandwidth and a system frame number (SFN) . The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information not transmitted through the PBCH such as system information blocks (SIBs) , and / or paging messages.
[0102] As illustrated in FIG. 4C, some of the REs carry DMRS (indicated as “R” for one particular configuration, but other DMRS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE may transmit DMRS for the PUCCH and DMRS for the PUSCH. The PUSCH DMRS may be transmitted, for example, in the first one or two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DMRS may be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether short or long PUCCHs are transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. UE 104 may transmit sounding reference signals (SRS) . The SRS may be transmitted, for example, in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS may have a comb structure, and a UE may transmit SRS on one of the combs. The SRS may be used by a base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling on the UL.
[0103] FIG. 4D illustrates an example of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PUCCH may be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI) , such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and HARQ ACK / NACK feedback. The PUSCH carries data, and may additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR) , a power headroom report (PHR) , and / or UCI.
[0104] Certain aspects described herein may be implemented, at least in part, using some form of AI (for example, the process of using a machine learning (ML) model to infer or predict output data based on input data) . An example ML model may include a mathematical representation of one or more relationships among various objects to provide an output representing one or more predictions or inferences. Once an ML model has been trained, the ML model may be deployed to process data that may be similar to, or associated with, all or part of the training data and provide an output representing one or more predictions or inferences based on the input data. In some examples, an AI / ML functionality may use one or more AI / ML models to process data for a particular functionality (e.g., channel characteristic prediction, etc. ) . Additional detail regarding training and implementation of AI / ML models is provided in connection with FIGs. 11-13.
[0105] AI / ML techniques have been introduced to help reduce the complexity involved in beam selection and the overhead associated with beam management without sacrificing system performance. For example, with the help of ML techniques, beam selection may be performed in a fraction of the time taken by conventional exhaustive search methods and with performance comparable to that of such methods. Furthermore, these ML techniques may be beneficial for various purposes relating to channel characteristic prediction.
[0106] In certain aspects, an ML model (such as ML model 1230, ANN 1300, ML model 510, or AI / ML model or functionality 710) is deployed at or on a UE (e.g., such as UE 104 in FIG. 1, UE 304 of FIG. 3, a model inference host 1104 or agent 1108 of FIG. 11, or first wireless device 1202 of FIG. 12) , for example, for purposes of spatial domain (SD) , temporal domain (TD) , and / or frequency domain (FD) channel characteristic prediction. The TD refers to the analytic space in which signals are conveyed in terms of time, rather than frequency. The FD refers to the analytic space in which signals are conveyed in terms of frequency, rather than time. A scenario where the ML model, at or on the UE, is used to predict SD downlink beams for a set of Set-A beams based on measurement results of a set of Set-B beams may be referred to as a beam management case 1, or simply “BM-Case1. ” Additionally, a scenario where the ML model, at or on the UE, is used to predict TD downlink beams for a set of Set-A beams based on the historic measurement results of a set of Set-B beams may be referred to as a beam management case 2, or simply “BM-Case2. ” In general, ML may be used to predict characteristics associated with the set of Set-A beams, and the set of Set-B beams may be used for DL beam measurements as input data for the ML. For BM-Case1 and BM-Case2, the beams in the set of Set-A beams and the set of Set-B beams may be in the same Frequency Range (e.g., FR1 and / or FR2) . In some cases, the set of Set-B beams may be a subset of the set of Set-A beams. There may be any number of beams in each of the set of Set-A beams and the set of Set-B beams. There may be QCL relationships between the set of Set-A beams and the set of Set-B beams. In FIG. 5, the set of Set-A beams are illustrated as wider than the set of Set-B beams since aspects described herein relate to narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction (e.g., beam prediction) . For example, the set of Set-A beams may include wider beams (e.g., SSB beams) and the set of Set-B beams may include narrower beams (e.g., CSI-RS beams) . In some examples, a width (or narrowness) of a beam may be based at least in part on a spatial parameter of the beam. For example, a width of a beam may be defined as an angular spread that includes a threshold signal strength (e.g., 3 dB) .
[0107] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating example channel characteristic prediction 500 by a UE 104 / 304. In this example, an ML model 510 is deployed at or on UE 104 / 304 to enable UE 104 / 304 to make one or more channel characteristic predictions based on data input to ML model 510.
[0108] For example, a network entity (e.g., a base station or any disaggregated entity thereof) may transmit one or more signals (e.g., SSB (s) , DM-RS (s) , CSI-RS (s) , all referred to herein as measurement resource RSs) , via a first set of transmit beams 504, in a first set of communication resources (e.g., an SSB resource, a DM-RS resource, and / or a CSI-RS resource) referred to herein as measurement resources. The UE 104 / 304 may perform measurements (e.g., L1-RSRP measurements and / or other measurements) of the one or more signals transmitted in the first set of communication resources, or a subset thereof, to obtain input data, which may include a first set of measurements 512 (sometimes referred to as parameters, channel characteristics, or channel properties) . For example, each transmit beam 504 (or a subset thereof) , from the first set of beams carrying the one or more signals, may be associated with the first set of measurements 512 performed by UE 104 / 304. UE 104 / 304 may feed the first set of measurements 512 (e.g., L1 RSRP measurement values) into the ML model 510. The UE 104 / 304 may further feed information associated with the first set of beams and / or first set of communication resources (or a subset thereof) . The information associated with the first set of beams may include a beam direction (e.g., a spatial direction) , beam width, beam shape, and / or other characteristics of the respective beam.
[0109] The ML model 510 may provide output data, for example, including one or more predictions. More specifically, ML model 510 may provide one or more predicted measurement values 514 for a second set of communication resources associated with a second set of transmit beams 506. The one or more measurement values 514 may include predicted channel characteristics (e.g., predicted L1-RSRP measurement values) associated with the second set of communication resources, where the second set of communication resources are associated with the second set of transmit beams 506. For example, the one or more measurement values 514 may represent predictions regarding one or more prediction target RSs (such as RSs on the second set of communication resources, which may or may not actually be transmitted) . The second set of communication resources or the second set of transmit beams 506 may be referred to as prediction targets.
[0110] In some examples, the first set of beams 504 (e.g., that are measured) may be referred to as “Set-B beams” and the second set of beams 506 (e.g., that are associated with predicted measurements for the second set of communication resources) may be referred to as “Set-A beams. ” Put another way, the “Set-B beams” are a set of beams for which measurements are taken and used to determine input data based on such measurements for the ML model 510, whereas the “Set-A beams” are a set of beams for which ML model 510 performs predictions.
[0111] In some examples, first set of beams 504 are a subset of the second set of beams 506. In some other examples, first set of beams 504 and second set of beams 506 are different beams and / or may be mutually exclusive sets. For example, first set of beams 504 may include wide beams (e.g., unrefined beams or beams having a beam width that satisfies a first threshold) , and second set of beams 506 may include narrow beams (e.g., refined beams or beams having a beam width that satisfies a second threshold) . In aspects described herein, the first set of beams 504 may include narrower beams and the second set of beams 506 may include wider beams. For example, aspects described herein provide narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction.
[0112] Use of the ML model 510 for channel characteristic prediction may reduce a quantity of beam measurements that are performed by UE 104 / 304 (e.g., compared to exhaustive search methods) , thereby conserving power at UE 104 / 304 and / or network resources that would have otherwise been used to measure all beams included in at least the first set of beams.
[0113] In some aspects, this type of prediction may be referred to as a codebook-based SD selection or prediction. The codebook-based SD prediction / selection may be associated with an initial access, a secondary cell group (SCG) setup, a serving beam refinement, and / or a link quality (e.g., channel quality indicator (CQI) or precoding matrix indicator (PMI) ) and interference adaptation.
[0114] As another example, an output of the ML model 510 may include a point-direction, an angle of departure (AoD) , and / or an angle of arrival (AoA) of a beam included in the second set of beams (e.g., the “Set-A beams” ) . This type of prediction may be referred to as a non-codebook-based SD selection or prediction. The non- codebook-based prediction / selection may be associated with a serving beam refinement, and / or a link quality (e.g., CQI or PMI) and interference adaptation. As another example, multiple measurement reports and / or values, collected at different points in time, may be input to ML model 510. This may enable ML model 510 to output codebook-based and / or non-codebook-based predictions for a measurement value, an AoD, and / or an AoA, among other examples, of a beam at a future time. The output (s) of ML model 510 may facilitate initial access procedures, carrier aggregation (e.g., secondary cell setup) , dual connectivity (e.g., secondary cell group (SCG) setup) , beam refinement procedures (e.g., a P2 beam management procedure and / or a P3 beam management procedure) , link quality or interference adaptation procedures, beam failure and / or beam blockage predictions, and / or radio link failure predictions, among other examples.
[0115] In certain aspects, an output of ML model 510 may include a temporal channel characteristic prediction. The TD channel characteristic prediction may be associated with a serving beam refinement, a link quality (e.g., CQI or PMI) and interference adaptation, a beam failure / blockage prediction, and / or a radio link failure (RLF) prediction.
[0116] In certain aspects, ML model 510 performs SD downlink channel characteristic predictions for beams included in the “Set-A beams” based on measurement results of beams included in the “Set-B beams. ” In some aspects, ML model 510 performs TD downlink channel characteristic prediction for beams included in the “Set-A beams” based on historic measurement results of beams included in the “Set-B beams. ”
[0117] FIG. 6 depicts an example of UE mobility in a wireless communications network 600. In this example, the wireless communications network 600 may include a first network entity 602a having a first coverage area 610a and a second network entity 602b having a second coverage area 610b, which may overlap with the first coverage area 610a. The first network entity 602a may also have a third coverage area 610c. In certain aspects, the first coverage area 610a may form a first cell, the second coverage area 610b may form a second cell, and the third coverage area 610c may form a third cell. The first cell and third cell may form a first cell group, and the second cell may form a second cell group. The first network entity 602a may communicate via a first set of beams 612a, and the second network entity 602b may communicate via a second set of beams 612b.
[0118] Due to mobility (e.g., a UE 604 moving from the first coverage area 610a to the second coverage area 610b) , the UE 604 may transition from communicating with the first network entity 602a (e.g., via the first set of beams 612a) to communicating with the second network entity 602b (e.g., via the second set of beams 612b) . As an example, the UE 604 may be located at a first position P1 in the first coverage area 610a and / or the third coverage area 610c at a first occasion, and then the UE 604 may move to a second position P2 in the second coverage area 610b at a second, later occasion.
[0119] In some cases, the UE 604 may send a measurement report to the first network entity 602a. For example, the first network entity 602a may configure the UE 604 to measure a set of neighboring cell (s) and / or beam (s) of one or more neighboring network entities (e.g., the second network entity 602b) . In some cases, the UE 604 may identify neighboring cell (s) and / or beam (s) of a neighboring network entity, for example, via signaling transmitted by the neighboring network entity. The neighboring cell (s) and / or beam (s) may be or include candidate communication link (s) that the UE can handover or switch to from the cell (s) and / or beam (s) of the first network entity 602a. As an example, the neighboring cell (s) and / or beam (s) may include the second cell of the second coverage area 610b and / or the second set of beams 612b. The measurement report may indicate radio measurements (e.g., signal strengths) associated with the serving cell of the first network entity 602a and / or neighboring cell (s) , such as the cell (s) of the second network entity 602b. In certain cases, the measurement report may indicate the signal strengths associated with certain beam (s) of the serving cell and the neighboring cell (s) , such as the first set of beams 612a and / or the second set of beams 612b. A neighboring cell may be referred to herein as a non-serving cell. In some aspects, a serving cell may be non-active (such as in connection with lower-layer triggered mobility) , and may be considered a target cell for a mobility operation. “Non-serving cell” as used herein can refer to a non-active serving cell. Based on the measurement report (e.g., indicating a stronger signal strength associated with radio measurements for the second network entity 602b relative to the first network entity 602a) , the first network entity 602a may determine to handover (HO) communications with the UE 604 to the second network entity 602b. The first network entity 602a may be in communication with the second network entity 602b via a backhaul link 634 (e.g., an F1, Xn, and / or NG interface) in order to exchange information for the handover.
[0120] In the context of a handover or mobility operation, the first network entity 602a may be referred to as a source network entity; and the second network entity 602b may be referred to as a target, candidate, neighbor, or neighboring network entity, depending on the stage of the handover or mobility operation. As part of a handover, the source network entity transfers a connection with a UE to a target network entity. A candidate or neighboring network entity may be a possible target for the handover, and in some cases, the candidate or neighboring network entity may communicate via candidate cell (s) and / or beam (s) having coverage area (s) adjacent to or overlapping with the coverage area (s) of the source network entity.
[0121] In some cases, the handover may involve a CU / DU handover, such as inter-DU-intra-CU handover and / or inter-CU handover. For example, the handover may involve a handover from a source DU to a target or candidate DU in communication with a common CU (e.g., inter-DU-intra-CU handover) . In some cases, the handover may involve a handover from a source CU to a target or candidate CU (e.g., inter-CU handover) . Accordingly, the first network entity 602a and / or the second network entity 602b may be an example of an RU, DU, and / or CU.
[0122] The UE 604, the first network entity 602a, and / or the second network entity 602b may perform the handover in accordance with an interruption time. The interruption time may be specific to a frequency range of the handover. For example, a handover from FR2 to FR2 may be associated with a first interruption time and a handover from FR1 to FR1 may be associated with a second, different interruption time. The interruption time (Tinterrupt) is a time between an end of the last transmission time interval (TTI) containing the RRC command on the old PDSCH (that is, a PDSCH associated with the first network entity 602a) , and a time the UE 604 starts transmission of the new PRACH (that is, a PRACH associated with the second network entity 602b) , excluding an RRC procedure delay. For example, when intra-frequency or inter-frequency handover is commanded, the interruption time may be less than Tinterrupt, where Tinterrupt = Tsearch + TIU + Tprocessing +TΔ + Tmargin ms. Tsearch is a search time, and may indicate a time to search the target cell when the handover command is received by the UE 604. If the target cell is a known cell, then Tsearch = 0 ms. If the target cell is an unknown intra-frequency cell and the target cell Es / Iot≥-2 dB, then Tsearch = N*Trs ms. If the target cell is an unknown inter-frequency cell and the target cell Es / Iot≥-2 dB, then Tsearch = N*3*Trs ms. N = 8 when the target cell is in FR2-1, and N = 12 when the target cell is in FR2-2. Regardless of whether discontinuous reception (DRX) is in use by the UE 604, Tsearch may still be based on non-DRX target cell search times. Tprocessing is a time for UE processing. Tprocessing can be up to 20ms. Tmargin is a time for SSB post-processing. Tmargin can be up to 2ms. TΔ is a time for fine time tracking and acquiring full timing information of the target cell. TΔ = Trs for both known and unknown target cells. TIU is an interruption uncertainty in acquiring the first available PRACH occasion in the new cell. TIU can be up to the summation of a length of an SSB to PRACH occasion association period, and 10 ms. Trs is the SSB measurement timing configuration (SMTC) periodicity of a target NR cell if the UE 604 has been provided with an SMTC configuration for the target cell in the handover command, otherwise Trs may be the SMTC configured in a parameter measObjectNR having the same SSB frequency and subcarrier spacing. If such measObjectNR configured by a master or main node (MN) and a secondary node (SN) have different SMTCs, Trs is the periodicity of one of the SMTC. If the UE 604 is not provided an SMTC configuration or measurement object on this frequency, this clause is applied with Trs=5ms assuming the SSB transmission periodicity is 5ms. If the UE has been provided with higher layer signaling of smtc2 prior to the handover command, Trs follows smtc1 or smtc2 according to the physical cell identifier of the target cell.
[0123] As mentioned, the search time and the interruption time may be based at least in part on whether a target cell is considered “known. ” In FR2, the target cell is known if it meets the following conditions: (1) during the last 5 seconds before the reception of the handover command, the UE has sent a valid measurement report for the target cell, (2) during the last 5 seconds before the reception of the handover command, one of the SSBs measured from the target cell being configured remains detectable according to cell identification conditions, and (3) one of the SSBs measured from the target cell also remains detectable during the handover delay. A cell that is not considered “known” is considered “unknown. ” A cell that is considered unknown is referred to herein as associated with an unknown status. A handover delay may be defined as a sum of an applicable RRC processing delay and the interruption time. An RRC processing delay may define a length of time from an end of reception of an RRC message to when the UE is ready for reception of an uplink grant for a response to the RRC message.
[0124] Some aspects described herein provide an interruption time or search time that is based at least in part on whether narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction is performed, as described in more detail at least in connection with FIG. 8, below.
[0125] Note that the handover illustrated in FIG. 6 is an example of a mobility operation. Aspects of the present disclosure described herein may be applied to various types of UE mobility operations including, for example, (conditional) lower-layer triggered mobility (LTM) , L3 mobility, an Xn based handover, an N2 based handover, conditional handover, beam selection, beam switch, (conditional) serving cell modification or change, (conditional) serving cell addition, (conditional) serving cell release, cell group modification, cell group addition, cell group release, dual active protocol stack (DAPS) handover, dual connectivity, or the like. A mobility operation or handover may be triggered, for example, due to radio conditions (e.g., in response to a measurement report) , load balancing at a network entity, and / or a specific service (e.g., certain QoS specification (s) for communications are satisfied) .
[0126] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example 700 of narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example 700 includes a set of active serving cells 702 and a set of target cells 704 (e.g., non-active serving cells for higher-layer mobility, LTM candidate cells for LTM, or the like) . As illustrated, each set of cells is associated with a set of narrow beams (illustrated with solid outlines) and a set of wide beams (illustrated with dashed outlines) . For example, the set of narrow beams may be associated with CSI-RS transmissions, and the set of wide beams may be associated with SSB transmissions.
[0127] Example 700 illustrates a first time interval 706 and a second time interval 708. In the first time interval 706, only CSI-RSs of the set of target cells 704 may be detectable. For example, SSBs may be transmitted using the set of wide beams and may thus be associated with lower beamforming or array gain than the CSI-RSs. As shown, an AI / ML model or functionality 710 (e.g., ML model 510) may perform narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction during the first time interval 706. For example, the AI / ML model or functionality 710 may receive, as input, measurements on measurement target RSs associated with narrow beams (e.g., the detected CSI-RSs in the first time interval 706) . The AI / ML model or functionality 710 may output channel characteristic predictions regarding the set of wide beams (e.g., predicted SSB measurement values associated with one or more prediction target RSs, which may be SSBs) . Thus, after a handover command 712 is received, handover latency is reduced in the second time interval 708 relative to if narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction were not used and a UE (e.g., UE 104, UE 304, UE 604) instead waited until SSBs from the set of target cells 704 were detectable. “AI / ML model or functionality” may be used interchangeably with “AI model” and “ML model” herein.
[0128] Through such narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction, the UE may perform virtual and early receive beam refinement on the SSBs, without actually measuring the SSBs. When the UE is able to actually detect the corresponding SSBs, latencies for receive beam refinement could be reduced compared to the baseline methods described above. Moreover, based on the predicted channel characteristics of the SSBs (e.g., RSRPs / SINRs) , a network entity may perform early preparation for the UE being transferred to target cell via stronger predicted SSBs. For example, the network entity may schedule a random access channel (RACH) for timing advance (TA) acquisition, may perform transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state identification / activation, may perform early channel quality indicator or rank indicator (CQI / RI) calculation or prediction, or the like. Similarly, latencies to identify characteristics regarding other QCL types on the SSBs could also be reduced.
[0129] For Rx-beams, the UE may predict a subset of all available receive beams when predicting RSRPs / SINRs for Set-A SSBs. Thus, receive beam refinement on the SSBs during actual measurements may be more efficient than baseline methods that do not use narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction.
[0130] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example 800 of signaling associated with narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example 800 includes a network entity 802 (e.g., BS 102, one or more entities of FIG. 2, network entity 300, network entity 302, subject of action 1110) and a UE 804 (e.g., UE 104, UE 304, model inference host 1104, agent 1108) . The network entity 802 may be associated with a source cell (e.g., serving cell) of the UE 804.
[0131] As shown by reference number 806, the network entity 802 may transmit, and the UE 804 may receive, information indicating one or more measurement resource RSs and one or more prediction target RSs. For example, the information indicating the one or more measurement resource RSs and the one or more prediction target RSs may indicate one or more first resources for the one or more measurement resource RSs and one or more second resources for the one or more prediction target RSs. In some aspects, the one or more measurement resource RSs may be associated with a first set of beams (e.g., Set-B beams) and the one or more prediction target RSs may be associated with a second set of beams (e.g., Set-A beams) . In some aspects, the information indicated by reference number 806 may include or be associated with an indication for the UE 804 to report predicted channel characteristics associated with the one or more prediction target RSs (e.g., Set-A beams) based on measurements of the one or more measurement resource RSs (e.g., Set-B beams) . For example, the indication may indicate for the UE 804 to perform channel characteristic prediction (e.g., beam prediction) for the one or more prediction target RSs. In some aspects, the one or more prediction target RSs and the one or more measurement resource RSs may be associated with a target cell. For example, the one or more prediction target RSs and one or more measurement resource RSs may be configured for measurement and prediction regarding the target cell.
[0132] In some aspects, a measurement resource RS (e.g., a CSI-RS resource) may be configured with multiple QCL sources, as described with regard to FIG. 10.
[0133] In some aspects, the UE 804 may expect (e.g., may only expect) to be configured with measurement resource RSs and prediction target RSs that are associated with a non-active serving cell (for Layer 3 based mobility) or an LTM candidate cell that is not an active serving cell. For example, the UE 804 may only expect to be signaled with Set-B beams to be QCLed with Set-A beams, when the Set-A beams and the Set-B beams are associated with non-active serving cells (in Layer 3 based mobility) or LTM candidate cells that are not active serving cells (in LTM) . When the Set-A beams and the Set-B beams are associated with one or more active serving cells, the UE 804 may not expect to be signaled with Set-B beams that are QCLed with Set-A beams. In this way, the UE 804 may not spend data collection or model training efforts, on cases where the Set-A &Set-B beams are associated with active serving cells. Without the above restrictions, the UE 804 may spend efforts to guarantee performance of models that may be considered inappropriate for serving cells.
[0134] In some aspects, the network entity 802 may transmit, and the UE 804 may receive, information regarding CSI-RS based Set-B beams (that is, the one or more measurement resource RSs) and SSB based Set-A beams (that is the one or more prediction target RSs) . This information may include or be included in the information shown by reference number 806 or may be separate from the information shown by reference number 806.
[0135] The one or more prediction target RSs may include (e.g., be) a QCL source RS for the one or more measurement resource RSs. For example, Set-A beams may be based on SSB resources, while Set-B beams may be based on CSI-RS resources whose QCL source RSs are one or more of the Set-A beam SSB resources. When a first signal (or resource) is a QCL source for a second signal or resource, one or more spatial parameters (e.g., a Doppler parameter, a delay parameter, a spatial transmit filter) of the second signal or resource may be derived from the same one or more spatial parameters of the first signal or resource. In aspects described herein, the one or more prediction target RSs may be one or more SSBs, and may include a QCL source RS for the one or more measurement resource RSs. In such examples, the one or more measurement resource RSs may be one or more CSI-RSs. Thus, a UE 804 that measures a CSI-RS for a target cell of a handover can predict channel characteristics of an SSB of the target cell, where the SSB is a QCL source RS for the measured CSI-RS.
[0136] As shown by reference number 808, the UE 804 may measure the measurement resource RSs. For example, the UE may measure the measurement resource RSs during a time interval prior to receiving a handover command, such as in a time interval 706 illustrated in FIG. 7. The measurement may include any suitable measurement, such as an SINR measurement (e.g., an L1-SINR measurement, an L3-SINR measurement) , an RSRP measurement (e.g., an L1-RSRP measurement, an L3-RSRP measurement) , or the like. The network entity 802 may transmit RSs on the measurement resource RSs. For example, the transmitted RSs may include one or more CSI-RSs.
[0137] As shown by reference number 810, the UE 804 may perform channel characteristic prediction using the measurements of the measurement resource RSs to generate one or more predicted values. For example, the UE may use an AI / ML model or functionality, such as ML model 510 AI / ML model or functionality 710, ML model 1230, or ANN 1300, to perform the channel characteristic prediction. In some aspects, the one or more predicted values may include an RSRP, such as an L1-RSRP or an L3-RSRP. In some aspects, the one or more predicted values may include an SINR, such as a, L1-SINR or an L3-SINR. In some aspects, the one or more predicted values may be associated with one or more prediction target RSs, such as one or more Set-A beams. In some aspects, the one or more predicted values may be associated with a top number of prediction target RSs or beams, such as a Top K beams among the prediction target RSs or beams in terms of L1-RSRP, L3-RSRP, L1-SINR, or L3-SINR. As another example, the one or more predicted values may be associated with a top K beams among the prediction target RSs or beams in terms of a probability of a given RS or beam being including in a top K beams (e.g., Top 1) among prediction target RSs or beams with regard to L1-RSRP, L3-RSRP, L1-SINR, or L3-SINR.
[0138] Thus, the UE 804 may predict the one or more predicted values for the prediction target RSs, including the QCL source RS of the measurement resource RSs. In this way, the UE 804 may identify or predict properties of the QCL source RS without actually measuring the QCL source RS. In some examples, the QCL source RS may be an SSB that is QCLed with the measurement resource RSs, and the measurement resource RSs may include one or more CSI-RSs. Since the one or more CSI-RSs may be transmitted on a relatively narrow beam and the SSB may be transmitted on a relatively wide beam, the UE 804 can predict properties of the SSB before the SSB is detectable at the UE 804 by measuring the one or more CSI-RSs.
[0139] In some aspects, the UE 804 may perform channel characteristic prediction with regard to a prediction target RS associated with a latest measurement resource RS, such as a latest CSI-RS measurement occasion. In some aspects, the UE 804 may perform channel characteristic prediction with regard to prediction target RS (s) associated with measurement resource RSs (or CSI-RS measurement occasions) later than the latest measurement resource RS. In some aspects, the UE 804 may perform channel characteristic prediction with regard to prediction target RS (s) later than a slot carrying a beam prediction report (described below) .
[0140] As shown by reference number 812, the UE 804 may transmit, and the network entity 802 may receive, a report regarding the channel characteristic prediction. The report may indicate a prediction result. A prediction result may comprise the one or more predicted values. For example, the report may indicate a set of predicted values associated with one or more prediction target RSs, as described above. Thus, the prediction result may be based on the channel characteristic prediction. In some aspects, the UE 804 may report L1-RSRPs, L3-RSRPs, L1-SINRs, or L3-SINRs for the one or more prediction target RSs (e.g., Set-A SSBs) based on measurements on the one or more measurement resource RSs (e.g., Set-B CSI-RSs) . In some aspects, the UE 804 may report an appropriately restricted set of receive beam (s) associated with each reported measurement (RSRP / SINR) for a given prediction target RS (e.g., Set-A SSB) . For example, the UE 804 may report one or more receive beams that are predicted to be usable for the given prediction target RS. In some aspects, the UE 804 may identify the one or more receive beams using the AI / ML model or functionality described with regard to reference number 810.
[0141] As shown by reference number 814, the network entity 802 may transmit, and the UE 804 may receive, a handover command. The handover command may indicate the target cell. For example, the handover command may indicate a set of target cells including the target cell. In some aspects, the handover command may not (explicitly) indicate the target cell. In some aspects, (e.g., for Layer 3 based mobility) , the handover command may be received via RRC signaling. In some aspects, (e.g., for Layer 3 based mobility) the report shown by reference number 812 may be transmitted via RRC signaling. In some aspects (e.g., for LTM) , the handover command may be received via lower layer signaling, such as medium access control (MAC) signaling (e.g., a MAC control element (MAC-CE) ) . In some aspects (e.g., for LTM) , the report shown by reference number 812 may be transmitted via lower layer signaling, such as a CSI report or MAC signaling (e.g., a MAC control element (MAC-CE) ) .
[0142] The target cell may be associated with an unknown status when the handover command is received. For example, the target cell may fail to satisfy one or more of the following criteria: (1) during the last 5 seconds before the reception of the handover command, the UE 804 has sent a valid measurement report for the target cell, (2) during the last 5 seconds before the reception of the handover command, one of the SSBs measured from the target cell being configured remains detectable according to cell identification conditions, and (3) one of the SSBs measured from the target cell also remains detectable during the handover delay. In some examples, the target cell may fail the one or more criteria based on no SSB being detectable from the target cell. Thus, it may be beneficial to utilize narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction using the measurement resource RSs (e.g., CSI-RSs) of the target cell, which was performed in connection with reference number 810.
[0143] As shown by reference number 816, the UE 804 and the network entity 802 may perform the handover to the target cell. The handover may be performed in accordance with an interruption time defined above. As mentioned, the interruption time includes a search time. The handover at reference number 816 may use a search time (sometimes referred to as a shortened search time) that is shorter than a search time for a cell having an unknown status, which may be referred to as an “unknown cell search time. ” For example, the handover at reference number 816 may use the shorter search time when the target cell is associated with an unknown status and the UE 804 has transmitted a report indicating one or more channel characteristic prediction results (as described with regard to reference number 812) . More particularly, the handover at reference number 816 may use the shorter search time if the UE 804 has transmitted the report at least a first number (X) of time units (e.g., seconds, milliseconds, slots, subframes) prior to receiving the handover command indicated by reference number 814. Additionally, or alternatively the handover at reference number 816 may use the shorter search time if the target cell is associated with an unknown status because no SSBs of the target cell are detectable for a second number (Y) of time units (e.g., seconds, milliseconds, slots, subframes) prior to receiving the handover command indicated by reference number 814. This time gap may assist with configuring handover in accordance with the reported channel characteristic predictions of the report shown by reference number 812. In some aspects, X and / or Y may be defined by a wireless communication specification. In some aspects, X and / or Y may be based at least in part on whether the handover is a Layer 3 based handover or an LTM handover. For example, a first value of X and / or Y may be used for a Layer 3 based handover and a second value of X and / or Y may be used for an LTM handover.
[0144] An unknown cell search time is defined above, and may include, for example, Tsearch = N*Trs ms or Tsearch = N*3*Trs ms, where N is 8 for FR1 and 12 for FR2. The search time for the handover at reference number 816 may thus have a value between zero and Tsearch. The search time for the handover at reference number 816 may be referred to below as Tsearch_unknown_predict, and the unknown cell search time may be referred to as Tsearch_unknown. As mentioned, Tsearch_unknown_predict may be used where a cell is an unknown cell and valid prediction results regarding prediction target RSs of the cell have been transmitted. Below, additional detail regarding calculation of Tsearch_unknown_predict is provided. Then, a description of handover using Tsearch_unknown_predict, and an example of handover using Tsearch_unknown, is provided in connection with FIG. 9. N may be referred to as an SMTC periodicity factor.
[0145] In some aspects, the UE 804 and the network entity 802 may perform the handover using Tsearch_unknown_predict based on having previously transmitted a valid prediction report regarding the channel characteristic prediction at reference number 810.
[0146] In some aspects, Tsearch_unknown_predict may be determined using a scaling factor relative to Tsearch_unknown. The scaling factor may be referred to as α. In some aspects, the scaling factor may be defined as α=Tsearch-Unknown-Predict / Tsearch-Unknown.
[0147] In some aspects, a wireless communication specification may specify a value of α and / or a value of Tsearch-Unknown-Predict. For example, the wireless communication specification may specify that a value of N considered for determination of Tsearch (as defined above) is to use a value of N′ (referred to as a first SMTC periodicity factor) , where N′ is different than N (and N is referred to as a second SMTC periodicity factor) . In some aspects, N′<<N.
[0148] In some aspects, the UE 804 may transmit, and the network entity may receive information indicating a capability for a scaling factor or a search time. For example, the UE 804 may report capabilities associated with the value of α and / or the value of Tsearch-Unknown-Predict. In some aspects, the UE 804 may report a value of N′, such that the value of N considered for Tsearch is replaced by N′. As another example, the UE 804 may report a capability indicating a support value or range of values for the scaling factor.
[0149] In some aspects, the scaling factor is associated with a number of measurement resource RSs, of the one or more measurement resource RSs, that are quasi co-located with the one or more prediction target RSs. For example, an SSB (e.g., a prediction target RS) may be associated with a number of QCLed CSI-RSs (e.g., measurement resource RSs) . The scaling factor or search time (whether specified in a wireless communication specification or reported by the UE 804) may be associated with the number of QCLed CSI-RSs. For example, a larger number of QCLed RSs may be associated with a higher scaling factor or a longer search time than a smaller number of QCLed RSs.
[0150] In some aspects, the UE 804 may transmit information indicating the scaling factor. For example, the UE 804 may transmit a report (e.g., a report as indicated by reference number 812) that indicates the scaling factor, a length of the search time, or a value of N′. In this example, the UE 804 and the network entity 802 may determine the search time according to a latest report (e.g., channel characteristic prediction report as indicated by reference number 812) transmitted by the UE 804. In some aspects, the scaling factor or search time may vary from report to report.
[0151] In some aspects, the scaling factor or search time may be configured such that the target cell is treated as a known cell (for purposes of the interruption time) if the UE 804 has reported a channel characteristic prediction regarding an SSB of the cell. For example, the scaling factor may be configured as zero, such that the Tsearch_unknown_predict timer has a length of zero. As another example, the UE 804 may report N′ as 1, such that Tsearch_unknown_predict is equal for a known cell and for the target cell.
[0152] In some aspects, the report indicated by reference number 812 may indicate whether to use Tsearch_unknown_predict to perform the handover. For example, a bit (e.g., a single bit) of the report indicated by reference number 812 may indicate whether to use the search time that is shorter than an unknown cell search time to perform the handover. In such examples, the report may indicate whether a handover interruption latency (e.g., Tinterruption) should be determined based on methods for conventional unknown cells if applicable, or based on an approach for an unknown cell for which a channel characteristic prediction has been reported. This may be beneficial since the UE 804 may not always identify an appropriate receive beam for a reported RSRP or SINR prediction. In such cases, the reporting of the RSRP or SINR prediction may not be expected to reduce the interruption associated with handover. By signaling whether or not to use Tsearch_unknown_predict, the UE 804 may align network and UE assumptions on which interruption time to use to perform the handover (such as based on whether channel characteristic predictions are expected to be beneficial for the UE 804 or network entity 802) .
[0153] As mentioned, the UE 804 and the network entity 802 may perform the handover using Tsearch_unknown_predict. For example, the UE 804 may start transmission of a PRACH on the target cell no later than Tinterrupt milliseconds after an end of a last TTI containing an RRC command on a PDSCH of a source cell of the handover, where Tinterrupt is calculated as described in connection with FIG. 6 and using Tsearch_unknown_predict.
[0154] FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating examples 900 and 902 of search times for a handover. Example 900 is an example in which a UE (e.g., UE 104, UE 304, UE 604, UE 804) performs a handover using an unknown cell search time (e.g., Tsearch_unknown) and example 902 is an example in which the UE performs a handover using a search time shorter than the unknown cell search time (e.g., Tsearch_unknown_predict) . Examples 900 and 902 relate to a first SSB, denoted SSB1, and a second SSB, denoted SSB2. For example, in example 900, the UE may report RSRP or SINR for SSB1 and / or SSB2, or may perform a handover to a target cell associated with SSB1 and / or SSB2.
[0155] In example 900, the UE may receive a handover command 904. The UE may identify receive beams for the SSB1 and the SSB2 at reference number 906. For example, the UE may attempt to detect SSB1 and / or SSB2 by sweeping potential SSB beams, as illustrated with regard to each potential SSB beam of SSB1 and / or SSB2. At a time 908, the SSB (s) may become detectable, and the handover may be complete. For example, the UE may transmit a PRACH using a configuration associated with a detected SSB, of SSB1 or SSB2.
[0156] Example 902 incorporates narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction using a set of measurement resource RSs (illustrated as “Set-B CSI-RS” ) that are QCLed with one or more of a set of prediction target RSs (illustrated as Set-A “SSB” ) . For example, the UE may predict (e.g., using AI / ML model or functionality 910 which may be an example of ML model 510, AI / ML model or functionality 710, ML model 1230, or ANN 1300) a set of measurement values, such as RSRP values or SINR values, for a set of SSBs of a target cell. In example 902, these are illustrated as a predicted RSRP for an SSB1 and a predicted RSRP for an SSB2. The UE may report these predicted values as described at reference number 810 of FIG. 8.
[0157] In example 902, the UE may receive the handover command 904. Prior to receiving the handover command, the UE may report one or more channel characteristic predictions regarding a target cell, as shown by reference number 912. In some aspects, the reporting of the one or more channel characteristic predictions may indicate a set of potential receive beams for SSB1 and / or a set of potential receive beams for SSB2. For example, the UE may identify these potential receive beams in connection with the narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction. In example 902, SSB1 is associated with 3 potential receive beams (indicated by dashed outlines) and SSB2 is associated with 3 potential receive beams (indicated by dashed outlines) . Thus, as shown by reference number 914, the UE may measure only the potential receive beams, thereby reducing search time for the handover as compared to measuring all possible receive beams as described with regard to example 900.
[0158] Furthermore, as shown by reference number 916, a network entity (e.g., BS 102, network entity 300 / 302, network entity 602, network entity 802) may prepare the handover using the one or more channel characteristic predictions. For example, the network entity may schedule a RACH for timing advance acquisition, may identify or activate an appropriate TCI state, may perform channel quality indication or rank indication calculation or estimation, or the like. Thus, a length of the handover can be further reduced relative to example 900. As shown, the handover of example 902 may be complete at a time 918, earlier than the time 908 at which the handover of example 900 is complete.
[0159] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example 1000 of multiple QCL sources for a measurement resource RS. Example 1000 illustrates a set of target cells 1002, a measurement resource RS 1004 (corresponding to a narrow beam on which a CSI-RS may be transmitted) , a first prediction target RS 1006 (corresponding to a wide beam on which an SSB1 may be transmitted) , a second prediction target RS 1008 (corresponding to a wide beam on which an SSB2 may be transmitted) , and a UE 1010 (e.g., UE 104, UE 304, UE 604, UE 804) . The set of target cells 1002 may be non-active serving cells or LTM candidate cells that are non-serving cells of the UE 1010.
[0160] In example 1000, a measurement resource RS 1004 (e.g., a CSI-RS resource) may be configured with multiple QCL source RSs. For example, the measurement resource RS 1004 may be configured with the first prediction target RS 1006 as a first QCL source RS and the second prediction target RS 1008 as a second QCL source RS. In some aspects, the first QCL source may be associated with a first priority (in example 1000, a higher priority) and the second QCL source may be associated with a second priority (in example 1000, a lower priority) .
[0161] As shown by reference number 1012, the UE 1010 may fail to detect the first prediction target RS 1006 associated with the first QCL source RS. Furthermore, as shown by reference number 1014, the UE 1010 may detect the second prediction target RS 1008 associated with the second QCL source RS. Thus, as shown by reference number 1016, the UE 1010 may use QCL parameters of the second QCL source RS to perform narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction as described elsewhere herein. Thus, a CSI-RS resource can be configured with multiple QCL source RSs comprising different priority orders. If a first QCL source RS comprising a first (highest) priority cannot be successfully detected, the detectable QCL source RS comprising a highest priority among all QCL source RSs associated with priorities lower than the first QCL source RS may be used to determine QCL information of the CSI-RS. If the UE 1010 subsequently detects the first prediction target RS 1006, the UE 1010 may update QCL information of the CSI-RS in accordance with the first QCL source RS. In some aspects, if a QCL source RS associated with a higher priority than a QCL source RS currently being used to determine the CSI-RS’s QCL information becomes detectable, the UE 1010 may update QCL information of the CSI-RS based on the QCL source RS associated with the higher priority.
[0162] The aspects of example 1000 may be beneficial because, in case of handover, QCL source RSs for CSI-RSs may typically be SSBs. Furthermore, when the UE 1010 is approaching a region where SSBs may become detectable, in some cases, a limited number of SSBs may be detectable, while remaining SSBs of a target cell remain undetectable. However, the undetectable SSBs (especially SSBs neighboring the detectable SSB (s) ) may become suitably strong in the future, which may be helpful at the UE 1010 and the network for handover latency reduction. In this case, the UE 1010 may temporarily rely on detectable SSBs as a QCL source RS to measure CSI-RSs that are QCLed with the temporarily non-detectable SSBs, to predict the non-detectable SSBs’ future channel characteristics (e.g., L1-RSRPs, L1-SINR, L3-RSRP, L3-SINR) while further refinements can be carried out when such SSBs become actually detectable. Thus, handover latency may be further shortened.
[0163] Without such methods, the UE 1010 may start from scratch to search for Rx-beams on the CSI-RSs, which could be slower and introduce additional latency. The methods considered here could be sub-optimal in terms of Rx-beam selection, but could be reasonably reliable especially considering SSBs neighboring to each other in terms of pointing directions.
[0164] FIGs. 11-13 provide description of ML training and implementation in a wireless communications network such as wireless communications network 100. The techniques described with regard to FIGs. 11-13 may be used to implement the operations described with respect to FIGs. 5-10.
[0165] ML is often characterized in terms of types of learning that generate specific types of learned models that perform specific types of tasks (such as channel characteristic prediction) . For example, different types of machine learning include supervised learning, unsupervised learning, semi-supervised learning, and reinforcement learning.
[0166] Supervised learning algorithms generally model relationships and dependencies between input features (e.g., a feature vector) and one or more target outputs. Supervised learning uses labeled training data, which are data including one or more inputs and a desired output. Supervised learning may be used to train models to perform tasks like classification, where the goal is to predict discrete values, or regression, where the goal is to predict continuous values. Some example supervised learning algorithms include nearest neighbor, naive Bayes, decision trees, linear regression, support vector machines (SVMs) , and artificial neural networks (ANNs) .
[0167] Unsupervised learning algorithms work on unlabeled input data and train models that take an input and transform it into an output to solve a practical problem. Examples of unsupervised learning tasks are clustering, where the output of the model may be a cluster identification, dimensionality reduction, where the output of the model is an output feature vector that has fewer features than the input feature vector, and outlier detection, where the output of the model is a value indicating how the input is different from a typical example in the dataset. An example unsupervised learning algorithm is k-Means.
[0168] Semi-supervised learning algorithms work on datasets containing both labeled and unlabeled examples, where often the quantity of unlabeled examples is much higher than the number of labeled examples. However, the goal of a semi-supervised learning is that of supervised learning. Often, a semi-supervised model includes a model trained to produce pseudo-labels for unlabeled data that is then combined with the labeled data to train a second classifier that leverages the higher quantity of overall training data to improve task performance.
[0169] Reinforcement learning algorithms use observations gathered by an agent from an interaction with an environment to take actions that may maximize a reward or minimize a risk. Reinforcement learning is a continuous and iterative process in which the agent learns from its experiences with the environment until it explores, for example, a full range of possible states. An example type of reinforcement learning algorithm is an adversarial network. Reinforcement learning may be particularly beneficial when used to improve or attempt to optimize a behavior of a model deployed in a dynamically changing environment, such as a wireless communication network.
[0170] ML models may be deployed in one or more devices (e.g., network entities such as base station (s) and / or UE (s) ) to support various wired and / or wireless communication aspects of a communication system. For example, an ML model may be trained to identify patterns and relationships in data corresponding to a network, a device, an air interface, or the like. As another example, an ML model may be trained to predict channel characteristics based on measurements of a channel. An ML model may improve operations relating to one or more aspects, such as transceiver circuitry controls, frequency synchronization, timing synchronization, channel state estimation, channel equalization, channel state feedback, modulation, demodulation, device positioning, transceiver tuning, beamforming, signal coding / decoding, network routing, load balancing, and energy conservation (to name just a few) associated with communications devices, services, and / or networks.
[0171] FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example AI architecture 1100 that may be used for AI-enhanced wireless communications. As illustrated, the architecture 1100 includes multiple logical entities, such as a model training host 1102, a model inference host 1104 (e.g., UE 104 or 304) , data source (s) 1106, and an agent 1108 (e.g., UE 104 or 304) . The AI architecture may be used in any of various use cases for wireless communications, such as those listed above.
[0172] The model inference host 1104, in the architecture 1100, is configured to run an ML model (e.g., ML model 510, AI / ML model or functionality 710 or 910) based on inference data 1112 provided by data source (s) 1106. The model inference host 1104 may produce an output 1114 (e.g., a predicted value, such as a discrete or continuous value) based on the inference data 1112, that is then provided as input to the agent 1108. In some aspects, the output 1114 may relate to a prediction target RS that includes a QCL source RS of a measurement resource RS, as described elsewhere herein.
[0173] The agent 1108 may be an element or an entity of a wireless communications network (such as wireless communications network 100) . For example, the agent 1108 may be a UE 104 or 304, a network entity 300 or 302, a disaggregated network entity including a CU, a DU, and / or an RU) , or a RIC in a cloud-based RAN, among some examples. Additionally, a type of agent 1108 may depend on the type of tasks performed by the model inference host 1104, the type of inference data 1112 provided to model inference host 1104, and / or the type of output 1114 produced by model inference host 1104. For example, if output 1114 from the model inference host 1104 is associated with narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction, the agent 1108 may be or include a UE, a DU, or an RU.
[0174] After the agent 1108 receives output 1114 from the model inference host 1104, agent 1108 may determine whether to act based on the output. For example, the agent 1108 may be a UE, and the output 1114 from model inference host 1104 may be one or more predicted channel characteristics for one or more prediction target RSs. For example, the model inference host 1104 may predict channel characteristics for a set of beams based on the measurements of another set of beams. In aspects described herein, the model inference host 1104 may predict channel characteristics for a wider beam (e.g., an SSB beam) based on measurements of a narrower beam (e.g., a CSI-RS beam) of which the wider beam is a QCL source. Based on the predicted channel characteristics, the agent 1108, such as the UE, may send, to the subject of action 1110, such as an NE, a request to switch to a different beam for communications or a report (such as the report shown by reference number 812 of FIG. 8) . In some cases, the agent 1108 and the subject of action 1110 are the same entity.
[0175] The data sources 1106 may be configured for collecting data that is used as training data 1116 for training an ML model, or as inference data 1112 for feeding an ML model inference operation. In particular, the data sources 1106 may collect data from any of various entities (e.g., the UE and / or the BS) , which may include the subject of action 1110, and provide the collected data to a model training host 1102 for ML model training. For example, after a subject of action 1110 (e.g., a UE) receives a beam configuration from agent 1108, the subject of action 1110 may provide performance feedback associated with the beam configuration to the data sources 1106, where the performance feedback may be used by the model training host 1102 for monitoring and / or evaluating the ML model performance, such as whether the output 1114, provided to agent 1108, is accurate. In some examples, if the output 1114 provided to agent 1108 is inaccurate (or the accuracy is below an accuracy threshold) , the model training host 1102 may determine to modify or retrain the ML model used by model inference host 1104, such as via an ML model deployment / update.
[0176] In certain aspects, the model training host 1102 may be deployed at or with the same or a different entity than that in which the model inference host 1104 is deployed. For example, in order to offload model training processing, which can impact the performance of the model inference host 1104, the model training host 1102 may be deployed at a model server as further described herein. Further, in some cases, training and / or inference may be distributed amongst devices in a decentralized or federated fashion.
[0177] In some aspects, an ML model is deployed at or on a network entity for narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction. More specifically, a model inference host, such as model inference host 1104 in FIG. 11, may be deployed at or on the network entity for narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction.
[0178] In some other aspects, an ML model is deployed at or on a UE for narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction. More specifically, a model inference host, such as model inference host 1104 in FIG. 11, may be deployed at or on the UE for narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction.
[0179] FIG. 12 illustrates an example AI architecture 1200 of a first wireless device 1202 that is in communication with a second wireless device 1204. The first wireless device 1202 may be a UE described herein, such as UE 104 or 304 as described herein with respect to FIGs. 1 and 3. Similarly, the second wireless device 1204 may be an NE described herein, such as BS 102 or NE 300 / 302 as described herein with respect to FIGs. 1 and 3. Note that the AI architecture of the first wireless device 1202 may be applied to the second wireless device 1204.
[0180] The first wireless device 1202 may be, or may include, a chip, SoC, a SiP, chipset, package or device that includes one or more processors, processing blocks or processing elements (collectively “the processor 1210” ) and one or more memory blocks or elements (collectively “the memory 1220” ) .
[0181] As an example, in a transmit mode, the processor 1210 may transform information (e.g., packets or data blocks) into modulated symbols. As digital baseband signals (e.g., digital in-phase (I) and / or quadrature (Q) baseband signals representative of the respective symbols) , the processor 1210 may output the modulated symbols to a transceiver 1240. The processor 1210 may be coupled to the transceiver 1240 for transmitting and / or receiving signals via one or more antennas 1246. In this example, the transceiver 1240 includes RF circuitry 1242, which may be coupled to the antennas 1246 via an interface 1244. As an example, the interface 1244 may include a switch, a duplexer, a diplexer, a multiplexer, and / or the like. The RF circuitry 1242 may convert the digital signals to analog baseband signals, for example, using a digital-to-analog converter. The RF circuitry 1242 may include any of various circuitry, including, for example, baseband filter (s) , mixer (s) , frequency synthesizer (s) , power amplifier (s) , and / or low noise amplifier (s) . In some cases, the RF circuitry 1242 may upconvert the baseband signals to one or more carrier frequencies for transmission. The antennas 1246 may emit RF signals, which may be received at the second wireless device 1204.
[0182] In receive mode, RF signals received via the antenna 1246 (e.g., from the second wireless device 1204) may be amplified and converted to a baseband frequency (e.g., downconverted) . The received baseband signals may be filtered and converted to digital I or Q signals for digital signal processing. The processor 1210 may receive the digital I or Q signals and further process the digital signals, for example, demodulating the digital signals.
[0183] One or more ML models 1230 (e.g., ML model 510, AI / ML model or functionality 710 or 910) may be stored in the memory 1220 and accessible to the processor (s) 1210. In certain cases, different ML models 1230 with different characteristics may be stored in the memory 1220, and a particular ML model 1230 may be selected based on its characteristics and / or application as well as characteristics and / or conditions of first wireless device 1202 (e.g., a power state, a mobility state, a battery reserve, a temperature, etc. ) . For example, the ML models 1230 may have different inference data and output pairings (e.g., different types of inference data produce different types of output) , different levels of accuracies (e.g., 80%, 90%, or 95%accurate) associated with the predictions (e.g., the one or more measurement values 514 of FIG. 5 or the output 1114 of FIG. 11) , different latencies (e.g., processing times of less than 10 ms, 100 ms, or 1 second) associated with producing the predictions, different ML model sizes (e.g., file sizes) , different coefficients or weights, etc.
[0184] The processor 1210 may use the ML model 1230 to produce output data (e.g., the one or more measurement values 514 of FIG. 5 or the output 1114 of FIG. 11) based on input data (e.g., the first set of measurements 512 of FIG. 5 or the inference data 1112 of FIG. 11) , for example, as described herein with respect to the inference host 1104 of FIG. 11. The ML model 1230 may be used to perform any of various AI-enhanced tasks, such as those listed above.
[0185] As an example, the ML model 1230 may take measurements of a reference signal (e.g., corresponding to a narrow beam such as for a CSI-RS) as input to predict a channel characteristic associated with a different reference signal (e.g., corresponding to a wide beam such as for an SSB, which may include a QCL source of the narrow beam described above) . The input data may include, for example, measurements of one or more reference or pilot signals, such as a CQI, a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) , a SINR, a signal-to-noise-plus-distortion ratio (SNDR) , a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) , a RSRP, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) , and / or a block error rate (BLER) . The output data may include, for example, one or more predicted measurements (or characteristics) of one or more reference or pilot signals, which may be different from the reference or pilot signals associated with the input data. In certain aspects, the one or more reference or pilot signals for which the one or more measurements are predicted may be considered “virtual resources” in they are not actually transmitted, but the measurements are predicted as though they were transmitted. In certain aspects, the one or more reference or pilot signals for which the one or more measurements are predicted may actually be transmitted but not actually measured by first wireless device 1202. Note that other input data and / or output data may be used in addition to or instead of the examples described herein.
[0186] In certain aspects, a model server 1250 may perform any of various ML model lifecycle management (LCM) tasks for the first wireless device 1202 and / or the second wireless device 1204. The model server 1250 may operate as the model training host 1102 and update the ML model 1230 using training data. In some cases, the model server 1250 may operate as the data source 1106 to collect and host training data, inference data, and / or performance feedback associated with an ML model 1230. In certain aspects, the model server 1250 may host various types and / or versions of the ML models 1230 for the first wireless device 1202 and / or the second wireless device 1204 to download.
[0187] In some cases, the model server 1250 may monitor and evaluate the performance of the ML model 1230 to trigger one or more LCM tasks. For example, the model server 1250 may determine whether to activate or deactivate the use of a particular ML model at the first wireless device 1202 and / or the second wireless device 1204, and the model server 1250 may provide such an instruction to the respective first wireless device 1202 and / or the second wireless device 1204. In some cases, the model server 1250 may determine whether to switch to a different ML model 1230 being used at the first wireless device 1202 and / or the second wireless device 1204, and the model server 1250 may provide such an instruction to the respective first wireless device 1202 and / or the second wireless device 1204. In yet further examples, the model server 1250 may also act as a central server for decentralized machine learning tasks, such as federated learning.
[0188] Example Artificial Intelligence Model
[0189] FIG. 13 is an illustrative block diagram of an example ANN 1300. ANN 1300 may be an example of ML model 510, AI / ML model or functionality 710 or 910, or ML model 1230.
[0190] ANN 1300 may receive input data 1306 which may include one or more bits of data 1302, pre-processed data output from pre-processor 1304 (optional) , or some combination thereof. Here, data 1302 may include training data, verification data, application-related data, or the like, e.g., depending on the stage of development and / or deployment of ANN 1300. Pre-processor 1304 may be included within ANN 1300 in some other implementations. Pre-processor 1304 may, for example, process all or a portion of data 1302 which may result in some of data 1302 being changed, replaced, deleted, etc. In some implementations, pre-processor 1304 may add additional data to data 1302.
[0191] ANN 1300 includes at least one first layer 1308 of artificial neurons 1310 (e.g., perceptrons) to process input data 1306 and provide resulting first layer output data via edges 1312 to at least a portion of at least one second layer 1314. Second layer 1314 processes data received via edges 1312 and provides second layer output data via edges 1316 to at least a portion of at least one third layer 1318. Third layer 1318 processes data received via edges 1316 and provides third layer output data via edges 1320 to at least a portion of a final layer 1322 including one or more neurons to provide output data 1324. All or part of output data 1324 may be further processed in some manner by (optional) post-processor 1326. Thus, in certain examples, ANN 1300 may provide output data 1328 that is based on output data 1324, post-processed data output from post-processor 1326, or some combination thereof. Post-processor 1326 may be included within ANN 1300 in some other implementations. Post-processor 1326 may, for example, process all or a portion of output data 1324 which may result in output data 1328 being different, at least in part, to output data 1324, e.g., as result of data being changed, replaced, deleted, etc. In some implementations, post-processor 1326 may be configured to add additional data to output data 1324. In this example, second layer 1314 and third layer 1318 represent intermediate or hidden layers that may be arranged in a hierarchical or other like structure. Although not explicitly shown, there may be one or more further intermediate layers between the second layer 1314 and the third layer 1318.
[0192] The structure and training of artificial neurons 1310 in the various layers may be tailored to specific requirements of an application. Within a given layer of an ANN, some or all of the neurons may be configured to process information provided to the layer and output corresponding transformed information from the layer. For example, transformed information from a layer may represent a weighted sum of the input information associated with or otherwise based on a non-linear activation function or other activation function used to “activate” artificial neurons of a next layer. Artificial neurons in such a layer may be activated by or be responsive to weights and biases that may be adjusted during a training process. Weights of the various artificial neurons may act as parameters to control a strength of connections between layers or artificial neurons, while biases may act as parameters to control a direction of connections between the layers or artificial neurons. An activation function may select or determine whether an artificial neuron transmits its output to the next layer or not in response to its received data. Different activation functions may be used to model different types of non-linear relationships. By introducing non-linearity into an ML model, an activation function allows the ML model to “learn” complex patterns and relationships in the input data. Some non-exhaustive example activation functions include a linear function, binary step function, sigmoid, hyperbolic tangent (tanh) , a rectified linear unit (ReLU) and variants, exponential linear unit (ELU) , Swish, Softmax, and others.
[0193] Design tools (such as computer applications, programs, etc. ) may be used to select appropriate structures for ANN 1300 and a number of layers and a number of artificial neurons in each layer, as well as selecting activation functions, a loss function, training processes, etc. Once an initial model has been designed, training of the model may be conducted using training data. Training data may include one or more datasets within which ANN 1300 may detect, determine, identify or ascertain patterns. Training data may represent various types of information, including written, visual, audio, environmental context, operational properties, etc. During training, parameters of artificial neurons 1310 may be changed, such as to minimize or otherwise reduce a loss function or a cost function. A training process may be repeated multiple times to fine-tune ANN 1300 with each iteration.
[0194] For example, ANN 1300 or another AI / ML model or functionality may be trained to perform narrow-to-wide channel characteristic prediction (such as at a model training host 1102) . For example, a training dataset may include channel characteristics (e.g., RSRPs or SINRs) measured from the considered measurement resource RSs and prediction target RSs (e.g., CSI-RSs and SSBs) together with receive beams used or identified for the respective RSs. An input of the ANN 1300 may include RSRPs / SINRs measured from the CSI-RSs and the receive beams used / identified for the CSI-RSs. An output of the ANN 1300 may include RSRPs / SINRs (e.g., real-time RSRPs / SINRs or future RSRPs / SINRs) predicted for the SSBs plus the receive beams identified for the predicted SSBs. The ANN 1300 may receive inputs from various historical CSI-RS measurement cycles, and may output one or more real-time or future sets of results (e.g., predicted channel characteristics) with regard to one or more temporal occasions.
[0195] ANN 1300 or other ML models may be implemented in various types of processing circuits along with memory and applicable instructions therein, for example, as described herein with respect to FIGS. 11 and 12. For example, general-purpose hardware circuits, such as, such as one or more CPUs and one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) may be employed to implement a model. One or more ML accelerators, such as tensor processing units (TPUs) , embedded neural processing units (eNPUs) , or other special-purpose processors, and / or field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , or the like also may be employed. Various programming tools are available for developing ANN models.
[0196] Aspects of Artificial Intelligence Model Training
[0197] There are a variety of model training techniques and processes that may be used prior to, or at some point following, deployment of an ML model, such as ML model 510, AI / ML model or functionality 710 or 910, ML model 1230, or ANN 1300 of FIG. 13.
[0198] As part of a model development process, information in the form of applicable training data may be gathered or otherwise created for use in training an ML model accordingly. For example, training data may be gathered or otherwise created regarding information associated with received / transmitted signal strengths, interference, and resource usage data, as well as any other relevant data that might be useful for training a model to address one or more problems or issues in a communication system. In certain instances, all or part of the training data may originate in one or more UEs, one or more network entities, or one or more other devices in a wireless communication system. In some cases, all or part of the training data may be aggregated from multiple sources (e.g., one or more UEs, one or more network entities, the Internet, etc. ) . For example, wireless network architectures, such as SONs or minimization of drive test (MDT) networks, may be adapted to support collection of data for ML model applications. In another example, training data may be generated or collected online, offline, or both online and offline by a UE, network entity, or other device (s) , and all or part of such training data may be transferred or shared (in real or near-real time) , such as through store and forward functions or the like. Offline training may refer to creating and using a static training dataset, e.g., in a batched manner, whereas online training may refer to a real-time or near-real-time collection and use of training data. For example, an ML model at a network device (e.g., a UE) may be trained and / or fine-tuned using online or offline training. For offline training, data collection and training can occur in an offline manner at the network side (e.g., at a base station or other network entity) or at the UE side. For online training, the training of a UE-side ML model may be performed locally at the UE or by a server device (e.g., a server hosted by a UE vendor) in a real-time or near-real-time manner based on data provided to the server device from the UE.
[0199] In certain instances, all or part of the training data may be shared within a wireless communication system, or even shared (or obtained from) outside of the wireless communication system.
[0200] Once an ML model has been trained with training data, the ML model’s performance may be evaluated. In some scenarios, evaluation / verification tests may use a validation dataset, which may include data not in the training data, to compare the model’s performance to baseline or other benchmark information. If model performance is deemed unsatisfactory, it may be beneficial to fine-tune the model, e.g., by changing its architecture, re-training it on the data, or using different optimization techniques, etc. Once a model’s performance is deemed satisfactory, the model may be deployed accordingly. In certain instances, a model may be updated in some manner, e.g., all or part of the model may be changed or replaced, or undergo further training, just to name a few examples.
[0201] As part of a training process for an ANN, such as ANN 1300 of FIG. 13, parameters affecting the functioning of the artificial neurons and layers may be adjusted. For example, backpropagation techniques may be used to train the ANN by iteratively adjusting weights and / or biases of certain artificial neurons associated with errors between a predicted output of the model and a desired output that may be known or otherwise deemed acceptable. Backpropagation may include a forward pass, a loss function, a backward pass, and a parameter update that may be performed in training iteration. The process may be repeated for a certain number of iterations for each set of training data until the weights of the artificial neurons / layers are adequately tuned.
[0202] Backpropagation techniques associated with a loss function may measure how well a model is able to predict a desired output for a given input. An optimization algorithm may be used during a training process to adjust weights and / or biases to reduce or minimize the loss function which should improve the performance of the model. There are a variety of optimization algorithms that may be used along with backpropagation techniques or other training techniques. Some initial examples include a gradient descent based optimization algorithm and a stochastic gradient descent based optimization algorithm. A stochastic gradient descent (or ascent) technique may be used to adjust weights / biases in order to minimize or otherwise reduce a loss function. A mini-batch gradient descent technique, which is a variant of gradient descent, may involve updating weights / biases using a small batch of training data rather than the entire dataset. A momentum technique may accelerate an optimization process by adding a momentum term to update or otherwise affect certain weights / biases.
[0203] An adaptive learning rate technique may adjust a learning rate of an optimization algorithm associated with one or more characteristics of the training data. A batch normalization technique may be used to normalize inputs to a model in order to stabilize a training process and potentially improve the performance of the model.
[0204] A “dropout” technique may be used to randomly drop out some of the artificial neurons from a model during a training process, e.g., in order to reduce overfitting and potentially improve the generalization of the model.
[0205] An “early stopping” technique may be used to stop an on-going training process early, such as when a performance of the model using a validation dataset starts to degrade.
[0206] Another example technique includes data augmentation to generate additional training data by applying transformations to all or part of the training information.
[0207] A transfer learning technique may be used which involves using a pre-trained model as a starting point for training a new model, which may be useful when training data is limited or when there are multiple tasks that are related to each other.
[0208] A multi-task learning technique may be used which involves training a model to perform multiple tasks simultaneously to potentially improve the performance of the model on one or more of the tasks. Hyperparameters or the like may be input and applied during a training process in certain instances.
[0209] Another example technique that may be useful with regard to an ML model is a “pruning” technique. A pruning technique, which may be performed during a training process or after a model has been trained, involves the removal of unnecessary (e.g., because they have no impact on the output) or less necessary (e.g., because they have negligible impact on the output) , or possibly redundant features from a model. In certain instances, a pruning technique may reduce the complexity of a model or improve efficiency of a model without undermining the intended performance of the model. Pruning techniques may be particularly useful in the context of wireless communication, where the available resources (such as power and bandwidth) may be limited.
[0210] One or more of the example training techniques presented above may be employed as part of a training process. As above, some example training processes that may be used to train an ML model include supervised learning, unsupervised learning, semi-supervised learning, and reinforcement learning technique.
[0211] Example Operations
[0212] FIG. 14 shows a method 1400 for wireless communications by an apparatus, such as UE 104 of FIG. 1, UE 304 of FIG. 3, UE 804 of FIG. 8, UE 1010 of FIG. 10, model inference host 1104 or agent 1108 of FIG. 11, or first wireless device 1202 of FIG. 12.
[0213] Method 1400 begins at block 1405 with receiving information indicating one or more measurement resource RSs and one or more prediction target RSs, the one or more measurement resource RSs and the one or more prediction target RSs associated with a channel characteristic prediction, the information indicating that a QCL source RS of the one or more measurement resource RSs is included in the one or more prediction target RSs.
[0214] Method 1400 then proceeds to block 1410 with transmitting a report of a prediction result regarding the one or more prediction target RSs including the QCL source RS, the prediction result indicating one or more predicted values associated with the one or more prediction target RSs and being based on the channel characteristic prediction.
[0215] In one aspect, the one or more prediction target RSs and the one or more measurement resource RSs are associated with a target cell for a handover.
[0216] In one aspect, method 1400 further includes receiving, after transmitting the report, a handover command indicating the target cell, wherein the target cell is associated with an unknown status and a search time for the unknown status when the handover command is received.
[0217] In one aspect, method 1400 further includes performing the handover using a shortened search time that is shorter than the search time for the unknown status.
[0218] In one aspect, the shortened search time is associated with a scaling factor relative to the search time for the unknown status.
[0219] In one aspect, method 1400 further includes transmitting capability information associated with the scaling factor.
[0220] In one aspect, the scaling factor is associated with a number of measurement resource RSs, of the one or more measurement resource RSs, that are quasi co-located with the one or more prediction target RSs.
[0221] In one aspect, the report further indicates the scaling factor.
[0222] In one aspect, the report further indicates the scaling factor in associated with the report being transmitted at least a length of time before the handover command is received.
[0223] In one aspect, the scaling factor is zero.
[0224] In one aspect, the shortened search time is associated with a first SMTC periodicity factor and the unknown cell search time is associated with a second SMTC periodicity factor different than the first SMTC periodicity factor.
[0225] In one aspect, method 1400 further includes transmitting capability information associated with the first SMTC periodicity factor.
[0226] In one aspect, the first SMTC periodicity factor is associated with a number of measurement resource RSs, of the one or more measurement resource RSs, that are quasi co-located with the one or more prediction target RSs.
[0227] In one aspect, the report further indicates the first SMTC periodicity factor.
[0228] In one aspect, the report indicates the first SMTC periodicity factor in associated with the report being transmitted at least a length of time before the handover command is received.
[0229] In one aspect, the first SMTC periodicity factor is one.
[0230] In one aspect, the report further indicates to use the search time to perform the handover based on the report including the prediction result.
[0231] In one aspect, the unknown status is based at least in part on the target cell being undetectable for X time units prior to receiving the handover command and the UE having transmitted the report at least Y time units prior to receiving the handover command.
[0232] In one aspect, at least one of X or Y is based at least in part on whether the handover is a Layer 3-based handover or a lower-layer triggered handover.
[0233] In one aspect, the report is a RRC report and a handover command associated with the handover is an RRC handover command.
[0234] In one aspect, the report comprises a channel state information report or a medium access control report, and a handover command associated with the handover is a medium access control handover command.
[0235] In one aspect, the one or more measurement resource RSs are associated with a configuration that indicates a plurality of QCL source RSs, including the QCL source RS, for the one or more measurement resource RSs, wherein each QCL source RS, of the plurality of QCL source RSs, is associated with a respective priority.
[0236] In one aspect, the channel characteristic prediction is based at least in part on a selected QCL source RS corresponding to a detected prediction target RS, wherein the QCL source RS comprises the selected QCL source RS and the detected prediction target RS comprises the one or more prediction target RSs, and wherein the selected QCL source RS is associated with a highest priority of any QCL source RS associated with a detected prediction target RS.
[0237] In one aspect, the one or more prediction target RSs and the one or more measurement resource RSs are associated with a non-active serving target cell or a lower-layer triggered mobility candidate cell that is a non-active serving cell.
[0238] In one aspect, method 1400, or any aspect related to it, may be performed by an apparatus, such as communications device 1600 of FIG. 16, which includes various components operable, configured, or adapted to perform the method 1400. Communications device 1600 is described below in further detail.
[0239] Note that FIG. 14 is just one example of a method, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative operations are possible consistent with this disclosure.
[0240] FIG. 15 shows a method 1500 for wireless communications by an apparatus, such as BS 102 of FIG. 1, network entity 300 or network entity 302 of FIG. 3, network entity 802 of FIG. 8, or a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to FIG. 2. In some aspects, the apparatus may be an example of second wireless device 1204 of FIG. 12 or subject of action 1110 of FIG. 11.
[0241] Method 1500 begins at block 1505 with transmitting information indicating one or more measurement resource RSs and one or more prediction target RSs, the one or more measurement resource RSs and the one or more prediction target RSs associated with a channel characteristic prediction, the information indicating that a QCL source RS of the one or more measurement resource RSs is included in the one or more prediction target RSs.
[0242] Method 1500 then proceeds to block 1510 with obtaining a report of a prediction result regarding the one or more prediction target RSs including the QCL source RS, the prediction result indicating one or more predicted values associated with the one or more prediction target RSs and being based on the channel characteristic prediction.
[0243] In one aspect, the one or more prediction target RSs and the one or more measurement resource RSs are associated with a target cell for a handover.
[0244] In certain aspects, method 1500 further includes transmitting, after obtaining the report, a handover command indicating the target cell, wherein the target cell is associated with an unknown status and a search time for the unknown status when the handover command is received.
[0245] In certain aspects, method 1500 further includes performing the handover using a shortened search time that is shorter than the search time for the unknown status.
[0246] In one aspect, the shortened search time is associated with a scaling factor relative to the search time for the unknown status.
[0247] In certain aspects, method 1500 further includes receiving capability information associated with the scaling factor.
[0248] In one aspect, the scaling factor is associated with a number of measurement resource RSs, of the one or more measurement resource RSs, that are quasi co-located with the one or more prediction target RSs.
[0249] In one aspect, the report further indicates the scaling factor.
[0250] In one aspect, the report further indicates the scaling factor in associated with the report being transmitted at least a length of time before the handover command is received.
[0251] In one aspect, the scaling factor is zero.
[0252] In one aspect, the search time is associated with a first SMTC periodicity factor and the unknown cell search time is associated with a second SMTC periodicity factor different than the first SMTC periodicity factor.
[0253] In certain aspects, method 1500 further includes receiving capability information associated with the first SMTC periodicity factor.
[0254] In one aspect, the first SMTC periodicity factor is associated with a number of measurement resource RSs, of the one or more measurement resource RSs, that are quasi co-located with the one or more prediction target RSs.
[0255] In one aspect, the report indicates the first SMTC periodicity factor.
[0256] In one aspect, the report indicates the first SMTC periodicity factor in associated with the report being received at least a length of time before the handover command is transmitted.
[0257] In one aspect, the first SMTC periodicity factor is one.
[0258] In one aspect, the report indicates to use the search time.
[0259] In one aspect, the unknown status is based at least in part on the target cell being undetectable for X time units prior to receiving the handover command and the network entity having received the report at least Y time units prior to receiving the handover command.
[0260] In one aspect, at least one of X or Y is based at least in part on whether the handover is a Layer 3-based handover or a lower-layer triggered handover.
[0261] In one aspect, the report is a RRC report and a handover command associated with the handover is an RRC handover command.
[0262] In one aspect, the report comprises a channel state information report or a medium access control report, and a handover command associated with the handover is a medium access control handover command.
[0263] In one aspect, the one or more measurement resource RSs are associated with a configuration that indicates a plurality of QCL source RSs, including the QCL source RS, for the one or more measurement resource RSs, wherein each QCL source RS, of the plurality of QCL source RSs, is associated with a respective priority.
[0264] In one aspect, the channel characteristic prediction is based at least in part on a selected QCL source RS corresponding to a detected prediction target RS, wherein the QCL source RS comprises the selected QCL source RS and the detected prediction target RS comprises the one or more prediction target RSs, and wherein the selected QCL source RS is associated with a highest priority of any QCL source RS associated with a detected prediction target RS.
[0265] In one aspect, the one or more prediction target RSs and the one or more measurement resource RSs are associated with a non-active serving target cell or a lower-layer triggered mobility candidate cell that is a non-active serving cell.
[0266] In one aspect, method 1500, or any aspect related to it, may be performed by an apparatus, such as communications device 1700 of FIG. 17, which includes various components operable, configured, or adapted to perform the method 1500. Communications device 1700 is described below in further detail.
[0267] Note that FIG. 15 is just one example of a method, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative operations are possible consistent with this disclosure.
[0268] Example Communications Devices
[0269] FIG. 16 depicts aspects of an example communications device 1600 configured for wireless communications. In some aspects, communications device 1600 is a user equipment, such as UE 104 or UE 304 described above with respect to FIGS. 1 and 3. In some aspects, the communications device 1600 may be an example of a model inference host 1104 or agent 1108 of FIG. 11, or first wireless device 1202 of FIG. 12
[0270] The communications device 1600 includes a processing system 1605 coupled to a transceiver 1655 (e.g., a transmitter and / or a receiver) . The transceiver 1655 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device 1600 via an antenna 1660, such as the various signals as described herein. The processing system 1605 may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device 1600, including processing signals received and / or to be transmitted by the communications device 1600.
[0271] The processing system 1605 includes one or more processors 1610. In various aspects, the one or more processors 1610 may be representative of one or more processors 314, as described with respect to FIG. 3. The one or more processors 1610 are coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 1630 (which may be representative of the one or more memories 316 described with respect to FIG. 3) via a bus 1650. In certain aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1630 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) , including code 1635-1645, that when executed by the one or more processors 1610, enable and cause the one or more processors 1610 to perform the method 1400 described with respect to FIG. 14, or any aspect related to it, including any operations described in relation to FIG. 14. Note that reference to a processor performing a function of communications device 1600 may include one or more processors performing that function of communications device 1600, such as in a distributed fashion.
[0272] In the depicted example, computer-readable medium / memory 1630 stores code for receiving 1635, code for transmitting 1640, and code for performing 1645. Processing of the code 1635-1645 may enable and cause the communications device 1600 to perform the method 1400 described with respect to FIG. 14, or any aspect related to it.
[0273] The one or more processors 1610 include circuitry configured to implement (e.g., execute) the code (e.g., executable instructions) stored in the computer-readable medium / memory 1630, including circuitry for receiving 1615, circuitry for transmitting 1620, and circuitry for performing 1625. Processing with circuitry 1615-1625 may enable and cause the communications device 1600 to perform the method 1400 described with respect to FIG. 14, or any aspect related to it.
[0274] More generally, means for communicating, transmitting, sending or outputting for transmission may include the transceiver (s) 320, antenna (s) 318, and / or one or more processors 314 of the UE 104 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceiver 1655 and / or antenna 1660 of the communications device 1600 in FIG. 16, and / or one or more processors 1610 of the communications device 1600 in FIG. 16. Means for communicating, receiving or obtaining may include transceiver (s) 320, antenna (s) 318, and / or one or more processors 314 of the UE 304 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceiver 1655 and / or antenna 1660 of the communications device 1600 in FIG. 16, and / or one or more processors 1610 of the communications device 1600 in FIG. 16.
[0275] FIG. 17 depicts aspects of an example communications device 1700 configured for wireless communications. In some aspects, communications device 1700 is a network entity, such as BS 102 of FIG. 1, network entity 300 or 302 of FIG. 3, or a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to FIG. 2. In some aspects, the communications device 1700 may be an example of second wireless device 1204 of FIG. 12 or subject of action 1110 of FIG. 11.
[0276] The communications device 1700 includes a processing system 1705 coupled to a transceiver 1765 (e.g., a transmitter and / or a receiver) and / or a network interface 1775. The transceiver 1765 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device 1700 via an antenna 1770, such as the various signals as described herein. The network interface 1775 is configured to obtain and send signals for the communications device 1700 via communications link (s) , such as a backhaul link, midhaul link, and / or fronthaul link as described herein, such as with respect to FIG. 2. The processing system 1705 may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device 1700, including processing signals received and / or to be transmitted by the communications device 1700.
[0277] The processing system 1705 includes one or more processors 1710. In various aspects, one or more processors 1710 may be representative of one or more processors 306 described with respect to FIG. 3. The one or more processors 1710 are coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 1735 (which may be representative of one or more memories 308 described with respect to FIG. 3) via a bus 1760. In certain aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1735 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) , including code 1740-1755, that when executed by the one or more processors 1710, enable and cause the one or more processors 1710 to perform the method 1500 described with respect to FIG. 15, or any aspect related to it, including any operations described in relation to FIG. 15. Note that reference to a processor of communications device 1700 performing a function may include one or more processors of communications device 1700 performing that function, such as in a distributed fashion.
[0278] In the depicted example, the computer-readable medium / memory 1735 stores code for transmitting 1740, code for obtaining 1745, code for performing 1750, and code for receiving 1755. Processing of the code 1740-1755 may enable and cause the communications device 1700 to perform the method 1500 described with respect to FIG. 15, or any aspect related to it.
[0279] The one or more processors 1710 include circuitry configured to implement (e.g., execute) the code (e.g., executable instructions) stored in the computer-readable medium / memory 1735, including circuitry for transmitting 1715, circuitry for obtaining 1720, circuitry for performing 1725, and circuitry for receiving 1730. Processing with circuitry 1715-1730 may enable and cause the communications device 1700 to perform the method 1500 described with respect to FIG. 15, or any aspect related to it.
[0280] Various components of the communications device 1700 may provide means for performing the method 1500 described with respect to FIG. 15, or any aspect related to it. Means for communicating, transmitting, sending or outputting for transmission may include the transceiver (s) 310, antenna (s) 312, and / or or one or more processors 306 of the network entity 300 or 302 illustrated in FIG. 3, transceiver 1765, antenna 1770, and / or network interface 1775 of the communications device 1700 in FIG. 17, and / or one or more processors 1710 of the communications device 1700 in FIG. 17. Means for communicating, receiving or obtaining may include the transceiver (s) 310, antenna (s) 312, and / or or one or more processors 306 of the network entity 300 or 302, transceiver 1765, antenna 1770, and / or network interface 1775 of the communications device 1700 in FIG. 17, and / or one or more processors 1710 of the communications device 1700 in FIG. 17.
[0281] Example Clauses
[0282] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:
[0283] Clause 1: A method for wireless communications by a user equipment (UE) comprising: receiving information indicating one or more measurement resource RSs and one or more prediction target RSs, the one or more measurement resource RSs and the one or more prediction target RSs associated with a channel characteristic prediction, the information indicating that a QCL source RS of the one or more measurement resource RSs is included in the one or more prediction target RSs; and transmitting a report of a prediction result regarding the one or more prediction target RSs including the QCL source RS, the prediction result indicating one or more predicted values associated with the one or more prediction target RSs and being based on the channel characteristic prediction.
[0284] Clause 2: The method of Clause 1, wherein the one or more prediction target RSs and the one or more measurement resource RSs are associated with a target cell for a handover.
[0285] Clause 3: The method of Clause 2, further comprising: receiving, after transmitting the report, a handover command indicating the target cell, wherein the target cell is associated with an unknown status and a search time for the unknown status when the handover command is received; and performing the handover using a shortened search time that is shorter than the search time for the unknown status.
[0286] Clause 4: The method of Clause 3, wherein the shortened search time is associated with a scaling factor relative to the search time for the unknown status.
[0287] Clause 5: The method of Clause 4, further comprising transmitting capability information associated with the scaling factor.
[0288] Clause 6: The method of Clause 4, wherein the scaling factor is associated with a number of measurement resource RSs, of the one or more measurement resource RSs, that are quasi co-located with the one or more prediction target RSs.
[0289] Clause 7: The method of Clause 4, wherein the report further indicates the scaling factor.
[0290] Clause 8: The method of Clause 7, wherein the report further indicates the scaling factor in associated with the report being transmitted at least a length of time before the handover command is received.
[0291] Clause 9: The method of Clause 4, wherein the scaling factor is zero.
[0292] Clause 10: The method of Clause 3, wherein the shortened search time is associated with a first SMTC periodicity factor and the search time for the unknown status is associated with a second SMTC periodicity factor different than the first SMTC periodicity factor.
[0293] Clause 11: The method of Clause 10, further comprising transmitting capability information associated with the first SMTC periodicity factor.
[0294] Clause 12: The method of Clause 10, wherein the first SMTC periodicity factor is associated with a number of measurement resource RSs, of the one or more measurement resource RSs, that are quasi co-located with the one or more prediction target RSs.
[0295] Clause 13: The method of Clause 10, wherein the report indicates the first SMTC periodicity factor.
[0296] Clause 14: The method of Clause 13, wherein the report indicates the first SMTC periodicity factor in associated with the report being transmitted at least a length of time before the handover command is received.
[0297] Clause 15: The method of Clause 10, wherein the first SMTC periodicity factor is one.
[0298] Clause 16: The method of Clause 3, wherein the report indicates to use the shortened search time to perform the handover based on the report including the prediction result.
[0299] Clause 17: The method of Clause 3, wherein the unknown status is based at least in part on the target cell being undetectable for X time units prior to receiving the handover command and the UE having transmitted the report at least Y time units prior to receiving the handover command.
[0300] Clause 18: The method of Clause 17, wherein at least one of X or Y is based at least in part on whether the handover is a Layer 3-based handover or a lower-layer triggered handover.
[0301] Clause 19: The method of Clause 2, wherein the report is a RRC report and a handover command associated with the handover is an RRC handover command.
[0302] Clause 20: The method of Clause 2, wherein the report comprises a channel state information report or a medium access control report, and a handover command associated with the handover is a medium access control handover command.
[0303] Clause 21: The method of any one of Clauses 1-20, wherein the one or more measurement resource RSs are associated with a configuration that indicates a plurality of QCL source RSs, including the QCL source RS, for the one or more measurement resource RSs, wherein each QCL source RS, of the plurality of QCL source RSs, is associated with a respective priority.
[0304] Clause 22: The method of Clause 21, wherein the channel characteristic prediction is based at least in part on a selected QCL source RS corresponding to a detected prediction target RS, wherein the QCL source RS comprises the selected QCL source RS and the detected prediction target RS comprises the one or more prediction target RSs, and wherein the selected QCL source RS is associated with a highest priority of any QCL source RS associated with a detected prediction target RS.
[0305] Clause 23: The method of any one of Clauses 1-22, wherein the one or more prediction target RSs and the one or more measurement resource RSs are associated with a non-active serving target cell or a lower-layer triggered mobility candidate cell that is a non-active serving cell.
[0306] Clause 24: A method for wireless communications by a network entity comprising: transmitting information indicating one or more measurement resource RSs and one or more prediction target RSs, the one or more measurement resource RSs and the one or more prediction target RSs associated with a channel characteristic prediction, the information indicating that a QCL source RS of the one or more measurement resource RSs is included in the one or more prediction target RSs; and obtaining a report of a prediction result regarding the one or more prediction target RSs including the QCL source RS, the prediction result indicating one or more predicted values associated with the one or more prediction target RSs and being based on the channel characteristic prediction.
[0307] Clause 25: The method of Clause 24, wherein the one or more prediction target RSs and the one or more measurement resource RSs are associated with a target cell for a handover.
[0308] Clause 26: The method of Clause 25, further comprising: transmitting, after obtaining the report, a handover command indicating the target cell, wherein the target cell is associated with an unknown status and a search time for the unknown status when the handover command is received; and performing the handover using a shortened search time that is shorter than the search time for the unknown status.
[0309] Clause 27: The method of Clause 26, wherein the shortened search time is associated with a scaling factor relative to the search time for the unknown status.
[0310] Clause 28: The method of Clause 27, further comprising receiving capability information associated with the scaling factor.
[0311] Clause 29: The method of Clause 27, wherein the scaling factor is associated with a number of measurement resource RSs, of the one or more measurement resource RSs, that are quasi co-located with the one or more prediction target RSs.
[0312] Clause 30: The method of Clause 27, wherein the report further indicates the scaling factor.
[0313] Clause 31: The method of Clause 30, wherein the report further indicates the scaling factor in associated with the report being transmitted at least a length of time before the handover command is received.
[0314] Clause 32: The method of Clause 27, wherein the scaling factor is zero.
[0315] Clause 33: The method of Clause 26, wherein the shortened search time is associated with a first SMTC periodicity factor and the search time for the unknown status is associated with a second SMTC periodicity factor different than the first SMTC periodicity factor.
[0316] Clause 34: The method of Clause 33, further comprising receiving capability information associated with the first SMTC periodicity factor.
[0317] Clause 35: The method of Clause 33, wherein the first SMTC periodicity factor is associated with a number of measurement resource RSs, of the one or more measurement resource RSs, that are quasi co-located with the one or more prediction target RSs.
[0318] Clause 36: The method of Clause 33, wherein the report indicates the first SMTC periodicity factor.
[0319] Clause 37: The method of Clause 36, wherein the report indicates the first SMTC periodicity factor in associated with the report being received at least a length of time before the handover command is transmitted.
[0320] Clause 38: The method of Clause 33, wherein the first SMTC periodicity factor is one.
[0321] Clause 39: The method of Clause 26, wherein the report indicates to use the shortened search time to perform the handover based on the report including the prediction result.
[0322] Clause 40: The method of Clause 26, wherein the unknown status is based at least in part on the target cell being undetectable for X time units prior to receiving the handover command and the network entity having received the report at least Y time units prior to receiving the handover command.
[0323] Clause 41: The method of Clause 40, wherein at least one of X or Y is based at least in part on whether the handover is a Layer 3-based handover or a lower-layer triggered handover.
[0324] Clause 42: The method of Clause 25, wherein the report is a RRC report and a handover command associated with the handover is an RRC handover command.
[0325] Clause 43: The method of Clause 25, wherein the report comprises a channel state information report or a medium access control report, and a handover command associated with the handover is a medium access control handover command.
[0326] Clause 44: The method of any one of Clauses 24-43, wherein the one or more measurement resource RSs are associated with a configuration that indicates a plurality of QCL source RSs, including the QCL source RS, for the one or more measurement resource RSs, wherein each QCL source RS, of the plurality of QCL source RSs, is associated with a respective priority.
[0327] Clause 45: The method of Clause 44, wherein the channel characteristic prediction is based at least in part on a selected QCL source RS corresponding to a detected prediction target RS, wherein the QCL source RS comprises the selected QCL source RS and the detected prediction target RS comprises the one or more prediction target RSs, and wherein the selected QCL source RS is associated with a highest priority of any QCL source RS associated with a detected prediction target RS.
[0328] Clause 46: The method of any one of Clauses 24-45, wherein the one or more prediction target RSs and the one or more measurement resource RSs are associated with a non-active serving target cell or a lower-layer triggered mobility candidate cell that is a non-active serving cell.
[0329] Clause 47: One or more apparatuses, comprising: one or more memories comprising executable instructions; and one or more processors configured to execute the executable instructions and cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-46.
[0330] Clause 48: One or more apparatuses, comprising: one or more memories; and one or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories, configured to cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-46.
[0331] Clause 49: One or more apparatuses, comprising: one or more memories; and one or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories, configured to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-46.
[0332] Clause 50: One or more apparatuses, comprising means for performing a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-46.
[0333] Clause 51: One or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of one or more apparatuses, cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-46.
[0334] Clause 52: One or more computer program products embodied on one or more computer-readable storage media comprising code for performing a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-46.
[0335] Additional Considerations
[0336] The preceding description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. The examples discussed herein are not limiting of the scope, applicability, or aspects set forth in the claims. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. For example, changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements discussed without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Various examples may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, the methods described may be performed in an order different from that described, and various actions may be added, omitted, or combined. Also, features described with respect to some examples may be combined in some other examples. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method that is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to, or other than, the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0337] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules and circuits described in connection with the present disclosure may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, an AI processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an ASIC, a FPGA or other programmable logic device (PLD) , discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, a SoC, a SiP, or any other such configuration.
[0338] As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (e.g., a-a, a-a-a, a-a-b, a-a-c, a-b-b, a-c-c, b-b, b-b-b, b-b-c, c-c, and c-c-c or any other ordering of a, b, and c) .
[0339] As used herein, the term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure) , ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” may include receiving (e.g., receiving information) , accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” may include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing and the like.
[0340] As used herein, “coupled to” and “coupled with” generally encompass direct coupling and indirect coupling (e.g., including intermediary coupled aspects) unless stated otherwise. For example, stating that a processor is coupled to a memory allows for a direct coupling or a coupling via an intermediary aspect, such as a bus.
[0341] The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more actions for achieving the methods. The method actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of actions is specified, the order and / or use of specific actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims. Further, the various operations of methods described above may be performed by any suitable means capable of performing the corresponding functions. The means may include various hardware and / or software component (s) and / or module (s) , including, but not limited to a circuit, an ASIC, or processor.
[0342] The following claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims. Reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean only one unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” The subsequent use of a definite article (e.g., “the” or “said” ) with an element (e.g., “the processor” ) is not intended to invoke a singular meaning (e.g., “only one” ) on the element unless otherwise specifically stated. For example, reference to an element (e.g., “a processor, ” “the processor, ” etc. ) , unless otherwise specifically stated, should be understood to refer to one or more elements (e.g., “one or more processors, ” or the like) . The terms “set” and “group” are intended to include one or more elements, and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Where reference is made to one or more elements performing functions (e.g., steps of a method) , one element may perform all functions, or more than one element may collectively perform the functions. When more than one element collectively performs the functions, each function need not be performed by each of those elements (e.g., different functions may be performed by different elements) and / or each function need not be performed in whole by only one element (e.g., different elements may perform different sub-functions of a function) . Similarly, where reference is made to one or more elements configured to cause another element (e.g., an apparatus) to perform functions, one element may be configured to cause the other element to perform all functions, or more than one element may collectively be configured to cause the other element to perform the functions. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims.
Claims
A user equipment (UE) configured for wireless communications, comprising: one or more memories; and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories and configured to cause the UE to:receive information indicating one or more measurement resource reference signals (RSs) and one or more prediction target RSs, the one or more measurement resource RSs and the one or more prediction target RSs associated with a channel characteristic prediction, the information indicating that a quasi co-location (QCL) source RS of the one or more measurement resource RSs is included in the one or more prediction target RSs; andtransmit a report of a prediction result regarding the one or more prediction target RSs including the QCL source RS, the prediction result indicating one or more predicted values associated with the one or more prediction target RSs and being based on the channel characteristic prediction.The UE of claim 1, wherein the one or more prediction target RSs and the one or more measurement resource RSs are associated with a target cell for a handover.The UE of claim 2, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the UE to:receive, after transmitting the report, a handover command indicating the target cell, wherein the target cell is associated with an unknown status and a search time for the unknown status when the handover command is received; andperform the handover using a shortened search time that is shorter than the search time for the unknown status.The UE of claim 3, wherein the shortened search time is associated with a scaling factor relative to the search time for the unknown status.The UE of claim 4, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the UE to transmit capability information associated with the scaling factor.The UE of claim 4, wherein the scaling factor is associated with a number of measurement resource RSs, of the one or more measurement resource RSs, that are quasi co-located with the one or more prediction target RSs.The UE of claim 4, wherein the report further indicates the scaling factor.The UE of claim 7, wherein the report further indicates the scaling factor in associated with the report being transmitted at least a length of time before the handover command is received.The UE of claim 3, wherein the shortened search time is associated with a first synchronization signal block measurement timing configuration (SMTC) periodicity factor and the search time for the unknown status is associated with a second SMTC periodicity factor different than the first SMTC periodicity factor.The UE of claim 9, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the UE to transmit capability information associated with the first SMTC periodicity factor.The UE of claim 9, wherein the first SMTC periodicity factor is associated with a number of measurement resource RSs, of the one or more measurement resource RSs, that are quasi co-located with the one or more prediction target RSs.The UE of claim 9, wherein the report further indicates the first SMTC periodicity factor.The UE of claim 12, wherein the report indicates the first SMTC periodicity factor in associated with the report being transmitted at least a length of time before the handover command is received.The UE of claim 3, wherein the report further indicates to use the shortened search time to perform the handover based on the report including the prediction result.The UE of claim 3, wherein the unknown status is based at least in part on the target cell being undetectable for X time units prior to receiving the handover command and the UE having transmitted the report at least Y time units prior to receiving the handover command, wherein at least one of X or Y is based at least in part on whether the handover is a Layer 3-based handover or a lower-layer triggered handover.The UE of claim 1, wherein the one or more measurement resource RSs are associated with a configuration that indicates a plurality of QCL source RSs, including the QCL source RS, for the one or more measurement resource RSs, wherein each QCL source RS, of the plurality of QCL source RSs, is associated with a respective priority.The UE of claim 16, wherein the channel characteristic prediction is based at least in part on a selected QCL source RS corresponding to a detected prediction target RS, wherein the QCL source RS comprises the selected QCL source RS and the detected prediction target RS comprises the one or more prediction target RSs, and wherein the selected QCL source RS is associated with a highest priority of any QCL source RS associated with a detected prediction target RS.The UE of claim 1, where the one or more prediction target RSs and the one or more measurement resource RSs are associated with a non-active serving target cell or a lower-layer triggered mobility candidate cell that is a non-active serving cell.A network entity configured for wireless communications, comprising: one or more memories; and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories and configured to cause the network entity to:transmit information indicating one or more measurement resource reference signals (RSs) and one or more prediction target RSs, the one or more measurement resource RSs and the one or more prediction target RSs associated with a channel characteristic prediction, the information indicating that a quasi co-location (QCL) source RS of the one or more measurement resource RSs is included in the one or more prediction target RSs; andobtain a report of a prediction result regarding the one or more prediction target RSs including the QCL source RS, the prediction result indicating one or more predicted values associated with the one or more prediction target RSs and being based on the channel characteristic prediction.The network entity of claim 19, wherein the one or more prediction target RSs and the one or more measurement resource RSs are associated with a target cell for a handover.The network entity of claim 20, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the network entity to:transmit, after obtaining the report, a handover command indicating the target cell, wherein the target cell is associated with an unknown status and a search time for the unknown status when the handover command is received; andperform the handover using a shortened search time that is shorter than the search time for the unknown status.The network entity of claim 21, wherein the shortened search time is associated with a scaling factor relative to the search time for the unknown status.The network entity of claim 22, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the network entity to receive capability information associated with the scaling factor.The network entity of claim 23, wherein the scaling factor is associated with a number of measurement resource RSs, of the one or more measurement resource RSs, that are quasi co-located with the one or more prediction target RSs.The network entity of claim 23, wherein the one or more prediction target RSs and the one or more measurement resource RSs are associated with a non-active serving target cell or a lower-layer triggered mobility candidate cell that is a non-active serving cell.A method of wireless communications at a user equipment (UE) , comprising:receiving information indicating one or more measurement resource reference signals (RSs) and one or more prediction target RSs, the one or more measurement resource RSs and the one or more prediction target RSs associated with a channel characteristic prediction, the information indicating that a quasi co-location (QCL) source RS of the one or more measurement resource RSs is included in the one or more prediction target RSs; andtransmitting a report of a prediction result regarding the one or more prediction target RSs including the QCL source RS, the prediction result indicating one or more predicted values associated with the one or more prediction target RSs and being based on the channel characteristic prediction.The method of claim 26, wherein the one or more prediction target RSs and the one or more measurement resource RSs are associated with a target cell for a handover.The method of claim 27, further comprising:receiving, after transmitting the report, a handover command indicating the target cell, wherein the target cell is associated with an unknown status and a search time for the unknown status when the handover command is received; andperforming the handover using a shortened search time that is shorter than the search time for the unknown status.A method of wireless communications at a network entity (NE) , comprising:transmitting information indicating one or more measurement resource reference signals (RSs) and one or more prediction target RSs, the one or more measurement resource RSs and the one or more prediction target RSs associated with a channel characteristic prediction, the information indicating that a quasi co-location (QCL) source RS of the one or more measurement resource RSs is included in the one or more prediction target RSs; andobtaining a report of a prediction result regarding the one or more prediction target RSs including the QCL source RS, the prediction result indicating one or more predicted values associated with the one or more prediction target RSs and being based on the channel characteristic prediction.The method of claim 29, wherein the one or more prediction target RSs and the one or more measurement resource RSs are associated with a target cell for a handover.
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