Engineered mRNA for gene editing using crispr / cas12b
Optimized AaCas12bMax mRNA sequences with specific structural components and chemical modifications improve in vivo delivery and editing efficiency, addressing stability and translation challenges, enhancing therapeutic potential.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-20
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-26
AI Technical Summary
Existing CRISPR/Cas genome editing technologies face challenges in optimizing AaCas12bMax mRNA sequences for efficient in vivo delivery and editing, requiring improvements in mRNA stability, immunogenicity, and protein translation to enhance therapeutic efficacy.
Optimized AaCas12bMax mRNA sequences are designed with specific 5' cap, 5' UTR, ORF, 3' UTR, and poly-A regions, incorporating nuclear localization sequences and chemical modifications to enhance stability and translation efficiency, delivered via lipid nanoparticles.
The optimized mRNA sequences demonstrate higher translation efficiency, improved stability, and enhanced gene editing efficacy, reducing off-target effects and increasing protein yield.
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Figure PCTCN2024120028-FTAPPB-I100001 
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Abstract
Description
Engineered mRNA for gene editing using CRISPR / Cas12bFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present disclosure belongs to the field of gene therapy. Specifically, the present disclosure provides optimized and modified AaCas12bMax mRNA sequences for gene editing using CRISPR / AaCas12bMax.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Gene editing techniques hold great potential for treating human diseases. Not only for genetic disorders, but also for common diseases, gene editing has its unique advantages beyond the reach of traditional approaches. Since its discovery after meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases (ZFN) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) , the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) nuclease system (CRISPR / Cas) has rapidly become the most promising genome editing tool due to its simplicity and adaptability.
[0003] The CRISPR / Cas system was originally discovered as a prokaryotic adaptive immunity system used to recognize and cleave invading nucleic acids. Being reprogrammed for genome editing, the CRISPR / Cas system consists of one Cas nuclease and its corresponding guide RNA (gRNA) . Cas nuclease and gRNA are able to form a CRISPR complex that specifically binds to the target nucleic acid which is positioned next to a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) to induce a cleavage.
[0004] To date, novel CRISPR / Cas systems have continually been discovered in large numbers and phylogenetic diversities. Alicyclobacillus acidiphilus Cas (AaCas12b) , which belongs to the type V-B CRISPR system, was reprogrammed for mammalian genome editing (see PCT / CN2017 / 118948) . The mammalian genome editing efficiency of AaCas12b was significantly improved by protein engineering (see AaCas12bMax as disclosed in PCT / CN2022 / 137920) . The gRNA of AaCas12b or AaCas12bMax comprises a crRNA and tracrRNA. The gRNA was engineered to enhance the editing efficiency (see CN109337904B) . The gRNA may further comprise a scaffold sequence that is recognized and bound by the Cas protein, and a target sequence specific spacer sequence based on the genomic target to be edited or modified.
[0005] CRISPR / Cas genome editing technology has been increasingly shown to be a promising tool for treating a variety of diseases by permanently correcting deleterious mutations or disrupting disease-causing genes with great precision and efficiency. Based on the disease treatment strategies, the CRISPR / Cas genome editing components could be delivered via electroporation to enter cells for ex vivo gene editing applications, or delivered via lipid nanoparticles (LNP) or adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector for in vivo gene editing applications. LNPs have become an attractive nonviral delivery platform for CRISPR / Cas-mediated genome editing applications in vivo due to their low immunogenicity and application flexibility. More importantly, the transient nature of the editing components delivered by LNPs could significantly reduce the risks of CRISPR / Cas-associated off-target editing. By co-encapsulating the Cas mRNA and the target sequence-specific gRNA, LNP could deliver the editing components to target cells to induce efficient on-target therapeutic genome editing. To develop AaCas12bMax into an effective in vivo genome editing tool for clinical applications, it is essential to optimize the AaCas12bMax mRNA sequence and structural scaffold to minimize immunogenicity, enhance mRNA stability, and maximize protein translation and nuclear translocation efficiencies.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] Here we provide an AaCas12bMax mRNA (including its motifs, sequences and modifications) that can be delivered using non-viral vectors. The non-viral delivery vectors include cationic lipids, ionizable lipids, lipid-like materials, polymers, dendrimers, and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) . The AaCas12bMax open reading frame (ORF) includes nuclear localization sequences (NLS) and a coding sequence (CDS) . Different aspects of the AaCas12bMax sequence were optimized to maximize its in vivo editing efficacy when delivered as mRNA by LNP, including 5’ cap, 5’ UTR, NLS, CDS, 3’ UTR, poly A tail and ribonucleotide chemical modifications.
[0007] The present disclosure provides an mRNA comprising: a) a 5’ -cap structure; b) a 5’ untranslated region (UTR) ; c) an open reading frame (ORF) comprising a ribonucleotide sequence that encodes a Cas12bMax endonuclease, wherein the ribonucleotide sequence is at least 85%identical to a ribonucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-22 and 115; d) a 3’ untranslated region (UTR) ; and e) a poly-Aregion of least 100 ribonucleotides in length.
[0008] In some embodiments, said 5’ -cap structure comprises a Cap-1 structure, wherein said Cap-1 refers to m7GpppNm-, where Nm denotes any ribonucleotide with a 2′O methylation.
[0009] In some embodiments, said 5’ -UTR comprises a Kozak sequence of GCCACC, which is adjacent to the 5’ of said ORF.
[0010] In some embodiments, said 5’ -UTR is comprised of a ribonucleotide sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 23, 84-89 and 95.
[0011] In some embodiments, said 5’ -UTR is derived from HBA1 (hemoglobin subunit alpha 1) and comprised of a ribonucleotide sequence which is at least 95%identical to a ribonucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23.
[0012] In some embodiments, said 3’ -UTR is comprised of a ribonucleotide sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 26 and 90-94.
[0013] In some embodiments, said 3’ -UTR comprises an alpha-globin 3’ -UTR structure, wherein the 3’-UTR is comprised of a ribonucleotide sequence which is at least 95%identical to a ribonucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26.
[0014] In some embodiments, said poly-Aregion has 100-250 ribonucleotides in length.
[0015] In some embodiments, said poly-Aregion has about 100 ribonucleotides in length.
[0016] In some embodiments, said ORF further comprises a ribonucleotide sequence that encodes one or more nuclear localization signal (NLS) peptides.
[0017] In some embodiments, any one of said one or more NLS peptides is independently selected from a group consisting of nucleoplasmin NLS, SV40 NLS, and c-myc NLS.
[0018] In some embodiments, said SV40 NLS comprises an amino acid sequence of PKKKRKV and / or an amino acid sequence of KRTADGSEFESPKKKRKVE.
[0019] In some embodiments, said SV40 NLS is encoded by a ribonucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24 and / or a ribonucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62 and / or a ribonucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 123.
[0020] In some embodiments, said c-myc NLS comprises an amino acid sequence of PAAKKKKLD and / or an amino acid sequence of PAAKRVKLD.
[0021] In some embodiments, said c-myc NLS is encoded by a ribonucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60 and / or a ribonucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63.
[0022] In some embodiments, said ORF further comprises a ribonucleotide sequence that encodes a 2×Flag-tag protein, wherein the 2×Flag-tag protein comprises an amino acid sequence of DYKDDDDKDYKDDDDK.
[0023] In some embodiments, said ribonucleotide sequence that encodes a 2×Flag-tag protein comprises a ribonucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25.
[0024] In some embodiments, one or more said NLS peptides are linked with a peptide linker of GGSGGG or GSGS, or with a 3×HA tag peptide, wherein the 3×HA tag peptide comprises an amino acid sequence of GSYPYDVPDYAYPYDVPDYAYPYDVPDYA.
[0025] In some embodiments, said peptide linker of GGSGGG is encoded by a ribonucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64.
[0026] In some embodiments, said peptide linker of GSGS is encoded by a ribonucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 119 or 120.
[0027] In some embodiments, said 3×HA tag peptide is encoded by a ribonucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65.
[0028] In some embodiments, said Cas12bMax endonuclease is Cas12b from Alicyclobacillus acidiphilus (AaCas12b) .
[0029] In some embodiments, said mRNA is SEQ ID NO: 46, which sequentially comprises a HBA1-derived 5'UTR (SEQ ID NO: 23) , a Kozak sequence (SEQ ID NO: 118) , a SV40 NLS (SEQ ID NO: 24) , a Cas12bMax endonuclease coding sequence (SEQ ID NO: 115) , a SV40 NLS (SEQ ID NO: 123) , a GSGS linker sequence (SEQ ID NO: 119) , a c-myc NLS sequence (SEQ ID NO: 60) , a GSGS linker sequence (SEQ ID NO: 120) , a nucleoplasmin NLS sequence (SEQ ID NO: 61) , a α-globin 3’ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 26) and a poly-A (SEQ ID NO: 27) .
[0030] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a system for editing a target gene in the genome of a cell, comprising: a) the mRNA described herein; and b) at least one guide RNA (gRNA) directed to the target gene, wherein a site-directed endonuclease is provided when the mRNA enters the cell and is translated to a protein.
[0031] In some embodiments, said site-directed endonuclease is able to combine with said gRNA to induce a double-stranded DNA break (DSB) at a target site of the target gene.
[0032] In some embodiments, said site-directed endonuclease is a Cas12b protein from Alicyclobacillus acidiphilus (AaCas12b) .
[0033] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a therapeutic composition comprising the mRNA described herein or the system described herein encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) .
[0034] In some embodiments, said composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0035] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for delivering the mRNA described herein and a target specific gRNA to a cell, wherein a site-directed endonuclease is provided when the mRNA enters the cell and is translated to a protein.
[0036] In some embodiments, said site-directed endonuclease is able to combine with said gRNA to induce a double-stranded DNA break (DSB) at a target site of the target gene.
[0037] The mRNA provided by the present disclosure has the following improvements: a) higher translation efficiency, b) improved mRNA stability against endonuclease cleavage and degradation to increase mRNA half-life and boost protein yield, c) N1-methyl-pseudouridine substitution of uridines in mRNA increases base pair stability to reduce translational mistakes, d) removed potentially detrimental repeats or palindromic sequences by synonymous mutations.
[0038] Additional aspects and advantages of the present disclosure will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from the following detailed description, wherein only illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure are shown and described. As will be realized, the present disclosure is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive.
[0039] INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
[0040] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
[0041] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
[0042] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed descriptions that set forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are employed, and the accompanying drawings (also “figure” and “FIG. ” herein) , of which:
[0043] FIG. 1A-1C illustrate the protein expression levels in HEK293T of candidate mRNAs containing different Aa-Cas12bMax CDS (C1-C22) , with different chemical modifications (M1-M3) or with different poly-Atails (A1-A4) detected with a flag-tag antibody.
[0044] FIG. 2A illustrates the second-round screening results of 14 AaCas12bMax mRNAs evaluated by protein expression levels in HepG2, Hep3B and Huh7 cells detected with a flag-tag antibody. FIG. 2B-2D illustrate the editing efficiencies of candidate AaCas12bMax mRNAs in HepG2, Hep3B and Huh7 cells.
[0045] FIG. 3 illustrates the schematic structures of the 8 designed AaCas12bMax mRNA sequences with different NLS additions.
[0046] FIG. 4A illustrates the editing efficiencies of AaCas12bMax mRNA in various loci evaluated in HepG2, Huh7 and Neuro2A cell lines, detected by T7E1 assay. FIG. 4B illustrates the editing efficiencies of the low dose groups, detected by NGS.
[0047] FIG. 5 illustrates the editing efficiencies of dose titration of LNP-encapsulated AaCas12bMax mRNA and gRNA, detected by NGS.
[0048] FIG. 6 illustrates the editing efficiencies of dose titration of LNP-encapsulated mRNAs in Huh7 and HepG2 cells, detected by T7E1 assay.
[0049] FIG. 7 illustrates the schematic structures of the second round designed mRNAs with different NLS combinations.
[0050] FIG. 8A-8B illustrate the editing efficiencies of LNP-encapsulated mRNAs with optimized NLS patterns in Huh7 and HepG2 cells, tested by T7E1 assay and by NGS.
[0051] FIG. 9A-9B illustrate the editing efficiencies of LNP-encapsulated mRNAs with optimized UTR sequences in Huh7 and HepG2 cells, tested by NGS.
[0052] FIG. 10A-10B illustrate the editing efficiencies of LNP-encapsulated mRNAs with optimized UTR sequences in PHH cells, tested by T7E1 assay and NGS.
[0053] FIG. 11 illustrates the editing efficiencies of LNP-encapsulated N9 or U17 mRNAs in wild-type mice. The indel frequency of the liver KLKB1 was tested by NGS.
[0054] FIG. 12A-12B illustrate the editing efficiencies of LNP-encapsulated with AaCas12bMax mRNA and gRNA in different ratios evaluated in the Huh7 cells by T7E1 assay (12A) and in PHH by NGS (12B) .DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0055] While various embodiments of the invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed.
[0056] As used herein, the term “messenger RNA” (mRNA) refers to a polynucleotide that encodes at least one peptide, polypeptide or protein. mRNA as used herein encompasses both modified and unmodified RNA. mRNA may contain one or more coding and non-coding regions. mRNA can be purified from natural sources, produced using recombinant expression systems and optionally purified, chemically synthesized, etc. Where appropriate, e.g., in the case of chemically synthesized molecules, mRNA can comprise nucleoside analogs such as analogs having chemically modified bases or sugars, backbone modifications, etc. An mRNA sequence is presented in the 5’ to 3’ direction unless otherwise indicated. In some embodiments, an mRNA is or comprises natural nucleosides (e.g., adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine) ; nucleoside analogs (e.g., 2-aminoadenosine, 2-thiothymidine, inosine, pyrrolo-pyrimidine, 3-methyl adenosine, 5-methylcytidine, C-5 propynyl-cytidine, C-5 propynyl-uridine, 2-aminoadenosine, C5-bromouridine, C5-fluorouridine, C5-iodouridine, C5-propynyl-uridine, C5-propynyl-cytidine, C5-methylcytidine, 2-aminoadenosine, 7-deazaadenosine, 7-deazaguanosine, 8-oxoadenosine, 8-oxoguanosine, O (6) -methylguanine, 2-thiocytidine, pseudouridine, and 5-methylcytidine) ; chemically modified bases; biologically modified bases (e.g., methylated bases) ; intercalated bases; modified sugars (e.g., 2’ -fluroribose, ribose, 2’ -deoxyribose, arabinose, and hexose) ; and / or modified phosphate groups (e.g., phosphorothioates and 5’ -N-phosphoramidite linkages) .
[0057] As used herein, the terms “identical” in the context of two or more nucleic acids or polypeptide sequences, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides that are the same (i.e., about 60%identity, preferably 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%or higher identity over a specified region when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence over a comparison window or designated region) as measured using a BLAST or BLAST 2.0 sequence comparison algorithms with default parameters described below, or by manual alignment and visual inspection (see, e.g., NCBI web site or the like) . Such sequences are then said to be “substantially identical” . This definition also refers to, or may be applied to, the compliment of a test sequence. The definition also includes sequences that have deletions and / or additions, as well as those that have substitutions.
[0058] As used herein, the term “Guide RNA” and “gRNA” are used herein interchangeably to refer collectively to either an sgRNA, a trRNA (also known as tracrRNA) , or a crRNA (also known as CRISPR RNA) . The crRNA and trRNA may be linked as one RNA molecule (single guide RNA, also known as sgRNA) or in two separate RNA molecules (dual guide RNA, also known as dgRNA) . “Guide RNA” or “gRNA” refers to each type. The trRNA sequences may be naturally occurring, or the trRNA sequence may include modifications or variations of the naturally-occurring sequences.
[0059] The terms “nucleic acid endonuclease” , “DNA endonuclease” and “endonuclease” as used herein are interchangeable herein, and refer to an enzyme which possesses catalytic activity for DNA cleavage. By “cleavage” it is meant as the breakage of the covalent backbone of a DNA molecule. Both single-stranded cleavage and double-stranded cleavage are possible, and double-stranded cleavage can occur as a result of two distinct single-stranded cleavage events. DNA cleavage can result in the production of either blunt ends or staggered ends. In certain embodiments, a complex comprising a DNA-targeting RNA and a site-directed modifying polypeptide is used for targeted double-stranded DNA cleavage.
[0060] In some embodiments, said nuclease could be a CRISPR / Cas protein. A CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) genomic locus can be found in the genomes of many prokaryotes (e.g., bacterium and archaeans) . In prokaryotes, the CRISPR locus encodes products that function as a type of immune system to help defend the prokaryotes against foreign invaders, such as virus and phage. There are three stages of CRISPR locus function: integration of new sequences into the CRISPR locus, expression of CRISPR RNA (crRNA) , and silencing of the foreign invader nucleic acid. Six types of CRISPR systems (e.g., Type I, Type II, Type III, Type IV, Type V and Type VI) have been identified.
[0061] A CRISPR locus includes a number of short repeating sequences referred to as “repeats” . When expressed, the repeats can form secondary structures (e.g., hairpins) and / or comprise unstructured single-stranded sequences. The repeats usually occur in clusters and frequently diverge between species. The repeats are regularly interspaced with unique intervening sequences referred to as “spacers, ” resulting in a repeat-spacer-repeat locus architecture. The spacers are identical to or have high homology with known foreign invader sequences. A spacer-repeat unit encodes a crisprRNA (crRNA) , which is processed into a mature form of the spacer-repeat unit. A crRNA comprises a “seed” or spacer sequence that is involved in targeting a target nucleic acid (in the naturally occurring form in prokaryotes, the spacer sequence targets the foreign invader nucleic acid) . A spacer sequence is located at the 5’ or 3’ end of the crRNA. A CRISPR locus also comprises polynucleotide sequences encoding CRISPR Associated (Cas) genes. Cas genes encode endonucleases involved in the biogenesis and the interference stages of crRNA function in prokaryotes. Some Cas genes comprise homologous secondary and / or tertiary structures.
[0062] In some embodiments, said CRISPR / Cas protein is Cas12b. “Cas12b” , “Cas12b nuclease” , “Cas12b protein” , “C2C1” , “C2C1 nuclease” and “C2C1 protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to an RNA-guided sequence-specific nuclease from a microbial CRISPR system. Cas12b is capable of targeting and cleaving a DNA target sequence under the direction of a guide RNA to form a DNA double strand break (DSB) , also known as classical dsDNA cleavage activity or cis dsDNA cleavage activity. Upon recognition and binding of the corresponding target DNA sequence, the complex of Cas12b with the gRNA is also able to activate its trans single-stranded DNA cleavage activity, also referred to as non-classical bypass ssDNA cleavage activity.
[0063] In some embodiments, the Cas12b protein is an AaCas12b protein from Alicyclobacillus acidophilus, an AkCas12b protein from Alicyclobacillus kakegawensis, an AmCas12b protein from Alicyclobacillus macroreticulatus, a BhCas12b protein from Bacillus hisshi, a BsCas12b protein from Bacillus, a Bs3Cas12b protein from Bacillus, a Disulfovibrio inopinatus Cas12b protein, a lacs Cas12b protein from lacyella sediminis, an SbCas12b protein from sporohae bacteria, a Cas12b protein from leptotus caliidus. In some preferred embodiments, the Cas12b protein is a Cas12b protein from Alicyclobacillus acidophilus (AaCas12b) . The Cas12b proteins described herein can be used for genome editing in mammals, as well as for the nucleic acid detection methods of the invention.
[0064] In some preferred embodiments, the Cas12b protein comprises the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 116. In some embodiments, the Cas12b protein comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 116. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of the Cas12b protein has one or more amino acid residue substitutions, deletions, or additions relative to SEQ ID NOs: 116. For example, the Cas12b protein has an amino acid sequence with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 amino acid residue substitutions, deletions, or additions relative to SEQ ID NOs: 116.
[0065] In some preferred embodiments, the engineered Cas12b protein comprises any one of the following substitutions or combinations thereof: 1) D116R; 2) E475R; 3) Q119F and E475R; 4) Q119F, E475R, and E758R; 5) Q119Y; (6) Q119F; 7) Q119W; 8) I757R; 9) E758R; 10) E761R; 11) K768R; 12) I757R and E758R; 13) I757R and E761R; 14) I757R and K768R; 15) E758R and E761R; 16) E758R and K768R; 17) E761R and K768R; 18) I757R, E758R, and E761R; 19) I757R, E758R, and K768R; 20) I757R, E761R and K768R; 21) E758R, E761R, and K768R; 22) I757R, E758R, E761R, and K768R; 23) Q866M; 24) Q869M; 25) Q866M and Q869M; 26) E636R; 27) Q854R; 28) N857K; 29) N865W; 30) N865Y; 31) Q1093W; 32) Q1093Y; and 33) D858R; and wherein the amino acid residue numbering is according to SEQ ID NO: 116. In some embodiments, the engineered Cas12b protein comprises any one of the following substitutions or combinations thereof: 1) Q866M and Q869M; (2) Q119F and E475R; and (3) Q119F, E475R and E758R; and wherein the amino acid residue numbering is according to SEQ ID NO: 116.
[0066] As used herein, the term “lipid nanoparticle” or its abbreviation “LNP” used herein refers to a drug carrier in the order of nanometers and composed of one layer of lipids. In the context of the present application, the term “lipid nanoparticle” also contemplates “lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticle” which includes both lipid portions and hydrophobic polymer portions.
[0067] Examples
[0068] The following examples are set forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention nor are they intended to represent that the experiments below are all or the only experiments performed. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g. amounts, temperature, etc. ) but some experimental errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, molecular weight is weight average molecular weight, temperature is in degrees Celsius, and pressure is at or near atmospheric. Standard abbreviations may be used, e.g., bp, base pair (s) ; kb, kilobase (s) ; pl, picoliter (s) ; s or sec, second (s) ; min, minute (s) ; h or hr, hour (s) ; aa, amino acid (s) ; nt, nucleotide (s) ; i.m., intramuscular (ly) ; i. p., intraperitoneal (ly) ; s. c., subcutaneous (ly) ; and the like.
[0069] Example 1: Materials and methods
[0070] In vitro transcription (IVT) of Cas mRNA
[0071] The coding sequence of the target protein was inserted into a plasmid for use as a PCR template which contains sequences of the AaCas12bMax protein, 5′and 3′UTRs, and a T7 promoter upstream of the 5′UTR. PCR was then performed to generate an AaCas12bMax IVT template containing a poly-A tail. T7 RNA polymerase recognizes the T7 promoter of the DNA template to initiate IVT. The 5' of the IVTed mRNA was capped by the addition of cap analogs during IVT and N1-methyl-pseudo-Uridine was used to substitute UTPs. All IVT reactions were performed at 37 ℃ for 2 hours. And DNA template was removed by DNaseI at 37 ℃ for 30 minutes, then a column purification step was performed to obtain the full-length IVTed AaCas12bMax mRNA.
[0072] Guide RNA (gRNA)
[0073] Unmodified gRNAs were also obtained by IVT using T7 RNA polymerase (NEB, E2050S) following the user’s guide. Chemical modified gRNAs were commercially synthesized.
[0074] Cell culture
[0075] HepG2 cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection. Hep3B and Huh7 cells were purchased from the Wuhan Pricella Biotechnology Co., Ltd. . HepG2, Hep3B, Huh7 cells were maintained in DMEM + 10%FBS and passaged every 3 days.
[0076] AaCas12bMax mRNA and gRNA transfection
[0077] 24 hours before transfection, HepG2, Hep3B, Huh7, Neuro2A and Hepa1-6 cells were inoculated into 96-well plates at a density of 1×104 cells / well. Aa-Cas12bMax mRNA and gRNA were transfected using Lipofectamine 3000 Transfection Reagent (Invitrogen, L3000008) following the user’s guide. 72 hours after transfection, cells were collected for analysis of indel frequency.
[0078] Primary hepatocytes
[0079] Primary human hepatocytes (PHH) were recovered and inoculated into 96-well plates at a density of 2×105 cells / well in plating medium for overnight, then cell media were changed to the maintenance medium. Maintenance medium was aspirated and replaced every 2 days. PHH (lot. HUM182641) was purchased from LONZA. PHH (lot. 386549) was purchased from Liver Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd..
[0080] Lipid nanoparticle production
[0081] Lipid Nanoparticles were prepared by mixing aqueous phase which contains Cas mRNA and gRNA with ethanol phase which contains the lipid components. The two phases were mixed by using a microfluidic mixing process with a standard staggered herringbone mixer.
[0082] The ethanol phase was prepared by adding (1) an ionizable cationic lipid, SM102 or L52715, structure shown in Table 1, (2) a neutral lipid, specifically DSPC, (3) a steroid, specifically cholesterol, and (4) a PEG lipid, specifically DMG-PEG2000 into ethanol (PEG-DMG) . The ratio of the lipid components was 50: 10: 38.5: 1.5 mol%of ionizable cationic lipid: DSPC: cholesterol: PEG-DMG.
[0083] Table 1. Structure of L52715
[0084] RNA was dissolved in 50 mM sodium citrate buffer (pH = 4.0) at the concentration of 0.1 mg / mL. The weight ratio of the RNA molecules to the ionizable cationic lipid was kept at 1: 10 (acationic lipid amine to RNA phosphate (N: P) molar ratio is about 4.5) . The ratio of AaCas12bMax mRNA: sgRNA was 1: 1 by weight of the RNA components, unless indicated otherwise. The concentration of LNP was shown as the concentration of the total RNA.
[0085] The lipid solution (ethanol phase) was injected at 1 mL / min, and the aqueous phase was injected at 3 mL / min into the mixer. The volume ratio of the aqueous phase to the ethanol phase was 3: 1. After mixing, the resulting LNP was subjected to dialysis to remove ethanol and achieve buffer exchange. Dialysis was conducted twice against Tris-HCl Solution (20 mM, pH 7.4) using Slide-A-Lyzer cassettes (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Rockford, Ill. ) with a molecular weight cutoff of 100 KD at 4℃ for overnight. Then the LNPs were concentrated using 100 kDa Amicon spin filter (centrifugation at 4000 ×g at 4 ℃) to achieve the desired concentration. Finaly, 40%sucrose solution was added and the final nanoparticle solution with 8%sucrose was stored at -80 ℃.
[0086] LNP treatment in vitro
[0087] 24 hours before LNP treatment, HepG2, Hep3B, Huh7, Neuro2A and Hepa1-6 cells were inoculated into 96-well plates at a density of 1×104 cells / well. On the day of LNP addition, LNPs were diluted to the desired concentration in DMEM + 10%FBS. The cell media were then aspirated and replaced with DMEM + 10%FBS + LNP.
[0088] 48 hours before LNP treatment, PHH or PCH were recovered and inoculated into 96-well plated at the indicated density. On the day of LNP addition, LNPs were diluted to the desired concentration in the maintenance medium + 6%FBS. The cell media were then aspirated and replaced by maintenance medium + 6%FBS + LNP for 6 hours , then LNP-containing medium was removed and replaced with the maintenance medium for additional 66 hours before harvesting the cells and supernatants for analysis of indel efficiencies.
[0089] LNP delivery in vivo
[0090] C57BL / 6J mice, at 6-8 weeks of age were used for the studies. Animals were weighed and grouped randomly. LNP were diluted in PBS to the desired concentration and intravenously injected through lateral tail vein at 200 μL / animal. The animals were observed at approximately 6 hours post dose for adverse effects. Animals were euthanized at various time points. Liver tissues were collected for DNA extraction.
[0091] Analysis of protein expression by Western blotting
[0092] 72 hours after transfection, cells were collected in RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime, P0013C) with a protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche, 04693159001) , followed by SDS-PAGE loading buffer (Cowin Bio, CW0027) , denatured for 15 minutes at 95℃, centrifuged at 12, 000 rpm for 10 minutes. Supernatants were separated in 4%-10%SDS-PAGE gel (Cowin Bio, CW0022M) , and blotted onto 0.45 μm NC transfer membrane (Merck, HATF00010) .
[0093] The flag peptide tag and the housekeeping gene GAPDH were detected by an antibody against flag (Sigma, HPA029122) and GAPDH (Abcam, ab8245) , respectively.
[0094] Analysis of on-target cleavage efficiency
[0095] The collected cells were lysed and the genomic DNAs were extracted using the One Step Mouse Genotyping Kit (Vazyme, PD101-01) . For liver tissue samples, tissues were homogenized and genomic DNA were extracted using the FastPure Cell / Tissue DNA Isolation Mini Kit (Vazyme, DC102-01) .
[0096] To qualitatively determine the frequency of insertions and deletions (indels) at the target site, T7E1 assay was utilized. PCR primers around the target sites were designed and the genomic areas of interest were amplified. Primer sequences are listed below in Table 2. The PCR products were annealed and later digested by T7 Endonuclease I (NEB, M0302L) for gel analysis.
[0097] Table 2. Primer sequences used for T7E1 assay
[0098] To quantitatively determine the frequencies of insertions and deletions (indels) at the target site, next generation sequencing (NGS) was utilized. PCR primers around the target sites were designed and the genomic areas of interest were amplified. Primer sequences are listed below in Table 3. A second round of PCR was performed to add the sequence motifs for Illumina sequencing (VAHTS Dual UMI UDI Adapters Set 1-4 for Illumina, N351-N354) . The amplicons were sequenced on Novaseq S4 (Illumina) . The reads were analyzed on Cas-Analyzer and indel frequencies were calculated.
[0099] Table 3. Primer sequences used for NGS
[0100] Example 2: Optimization of the AaCas12bMax coding sequence (CDS) , poly-Aand chemical modifications
[0101] 22 Different AaCas12bMax CDSs (C1-C22) were designed to give raise to AaCas12bMax mRNAs consisting of a Cap-1, a hemoglobin subunit alpha 1 (HBA1) derived 5’ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 23) , a SV40 NLS (SEQ ID NO: 24) , CDS (SEQ ID NO: 1-22) , another SV40 NLS (SEQ ID NO: 123) , a 2 × flag tag (SEQ ID NO: 25) , an α-globin 3’ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 26) and a 100 nt poly-Atail (SEQ ID NO: 27) . The AaCas12bMax mRNAs containing C1-C22 were transfected into HEK293T cells and the Cas12b protein expression levels were detected with a flag tag antibody (FIG. 1A) .
[0102] PseudoU (M1) , 5moU (M2) and N1-methyl-pseudoU (M3) were used independently to replace the UTPs of the mRNA products. The AaCas12bMax mRNAs containing M1-M3 were transfected into HEK293T cells and the Cas12b protein levels were detected with a flag tag antibody (FIG. 1B) . The results showed that N1-me-pseudoU mediated a high-level and stable Cas12b protein expression.
[0103] Four different poly-Atails were evaluated (A1-A4, SEQ ID NOs: 27-30) . AaCas12bMax mRNAs containing A1, A2, A3 or A4 were transfected into HEK293T cells and the Cas12b protein levels were detected with a flag tag antibody (FIG. 1C) . The results showed that A1 mediated the highest levels of Cas12b protein expression.
[0104] Based on the above results, 14 AaCas12bMax mRNAs containing different combinations of AaCas12bMax CDS, UTP modification and polyA sequence were designed for further evaluation of AaCas12bMax protein expression (FIG. 2A) and indel efficiencies (Fig. 2B) in HepG2, Hep3B and Huh7 cells. Data shown in FIG. 3B were generated using 100 ng mRNA and 3 pmol gRNA (SEQ ID NO: 31) . In other experiments, 30 ng (FIG. 2C) or 10 ng (FIG. 2D) AaCas12bMax mRNA and 120 ng chemically modified gRNA (SEQ ID NO: 32 and 33) were used for evaluation of editing efficiencies in Huh7 cells.
[0105] The nucleotide sequences of the chemically modified gRNAs are shown as following (m: 2’ -OMe modified; *: phosphorothioate (PS) bond) :
[0106] Based on the above results, N1-methyl-pseudo-U, C3 and A1 were selected as the AaCas12bMax CDS, UTP modification and poly A sequence combination for further optimization of the nuclear localization signal (NLS) , 5’ -and 3’ -untranslated regions (UTRs) .
[0107] Example 3: Optimization of NLS
[0108] AaCas12bMax has to enter the nucleus to be a functional endonuclease. Therefore, addition of NLS to AaCas12bMax could in theory significantly impact its editing efficiency. AaCas12bMax mRNAs containing 21 different combinations of NLS were designed to identify the optimal NLS pattern. These AaCas12bMax mRNAs were modified with N1-methyl-pseudo-U and contained a Cap-1, a HBA1 derived 5’ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 23) , a Kozak sequence (SEQ ID NO: 118) , an AaCas12bMax CDS (SEQ ID NO: 3) , an α-globin 3’ UTR (SEQ ID NO: 26) , a 100 nt poly-Atail (SEQ ID NO: 27) and various NLS.
[0109] The schematic structures of N1-N8 are shown in FIG. 3. N1-N8 (SEQ ID NO: 34-41) were IVTed and purified. gRNAs (SEQ ID NO: 42-45) without chemical modifications were also IVTed and purified. The indicated amounts of AaCas12bMax mRNA and 114 ng of gRNA were co-transfected into the indicated cells (FIG. 4A) , T7E1 assay were used to evaluate the editing efficiencies. The low dose groups were further analyzed by NGS (FIG. 4B) . Furthermore, 31.6 ng of AaCas12bMax mRNA and 114 ng of gRNA (SEQ ID NO: 42) were co-transfected into Neuro2A cells and the editing efficiencies analyzed by NGS (FIG. 4B) . The results showed that N1, N3, N6 and N8 mediated the best editing efficiencies.
[0110] N1, N3, N6 and N8 were chosen for further evaluation. LNPs encapsulated with the indicated AaCas12bMax mRNA and gRNA were inoculated into cells at the concentration of 316 ng / mL and 100 ng / mL, respectively. NGS was used for analysis of the editing efficiencies (FIG. 5) . The results revealed that N6 overall mediated the best editing efficiency in multiple cell lines on various loci.
[0111] For large-scale mRNA production, the N6 sequence was optimized to remove the BspQI endonuclease recognition sites to generate N9 (SEQ ID NO: 46) . N9 contains the AaCas12bMax CDS of C23 (SEQ ID NO: 115) . LNP encapsulated with N6 or N9 and the chemically modified gRNA (SEQ ID NO: 47) were inoculated into Huh7 and HepG2 cells at the concentrations indicated. The editing efficiencies were analyzed by T7E1 assay (FIG. 6) . The results revealed that N9 mediated improved editing efficiency.
[0112] The nucleotide sequence of the chemically modified gRNA is shown as following (m: 2’ -OMe modified; *: phosphorothioate (PS) bond) :
[0113] Based on N9, another series of AaCas12bMax mRNA sequences were designed to further optimize NLS (N10-N21, SEQ ID NO: 48-59) . The schematic structures of N10-N21 are shown in FIG. 7. N9 and N10 share the same sequence except for the poly-A (SEQ ID NO: 46 and 48) . LNPs encapsulated with AaCas12bMax mRNA N9-N21 and the chemically modified gRNA (SEQ ID NO: 47) were inoculated into Huh7 and HepG2 cells at the indicated concentrations. The editing efficiencies were analyzed by T7E1 assay (FIG. 8A) . Samples from the 31.6 ng / mL group were deep sequenced and the results are shown in FIG. 8B. The results revealed that N9 mediated the best editing efficiency.
[0114] Example 4: Optimization of UTRs
[0115] UTRs can improve the stability and affect the expression efficiency of mRNA. AaCas12bMax mRNAs containing 18 different UTRs were designed based on N9 (U2-U19, SEQ ID NO: 66-83) . The designed mRNAs contained modified N1-methyl-pseudo-U, a Cap-1, a 5’ -UTR, a Kozak sequence (SEQ ID NO: 118) , an SV40 NLS (SEQ ID NO: 24) , an AaCas12bMax CDS (SEQ ID NO: 115) , another SV40 NLS (SEQ ID NO: 123) , a GSGS linker (SEQ ID NO: 119) , a c-myc-like NLS (SEQ ID NO: 60) , a GSGS linker (SEQ ID NO: 120) , a nucleoplasmin NLS (SEQ ID NO: 61) , a stop codon, a 3’ -UTR and a 100 nt poly-Atail (SEQ ID NO: 27) . The UTR sequences of the mRNAs are summarized in Table 4.
[0116] Table 4. The UTR sequences of N9 and U2-U19
[0117] LNP encapsulated with the indicated AaCas12bMax mRNA N9 or U2-U12 and the chemically modified gRNA (SEQ ID NO: 47) were inoculated into Huh7 and HepG2 cells. The editing efficiencies were analyzed using deep sequencing (FIG. 9A) . N9, U4, U5, U9, U11 and U12 were chosen for further evaluation. N9, U4, U5, U9, U11, U12 and U13-U19 were encapsulated together with a gRNA (SEQ ID NO: 47) into LNP and tested in Huh7 and HepG2 cells (FIG. 9B) and PHH (FIG. 10) . Based on the above studies, N9, U5 and U17 repeatedly showed the best editing efficiencies.
[0118] N9 and U17 were further evaluated in vivo. LNP encapsulated with AaCas12bMax mRNA N9 (SEQ ID NO: 46) or U17 (SEQ ID NO: 81) and the chemically modified gRNA (SEQ ID NO: 117) were intravenously injected into the C57BL / 6J mice. The indel frequencies of the liver tissue were analyzed by NGS (FIG. 11) . The in vivo results showed that N9 was the best editor.
[0119] The nucleotide sequence of the chemically modified gRNA is shown as following (m: 2’ -OMe modified; *: phosphorothioate (PS) bond) :
[0120] Example 5: Optimization of the ratio of mRNA and gRNA packaged in LNP
[0121] As the RNA carrying capacity of LNP is constant, varying the ratios of mRNA and gRNA could significantly impact the editing efficiency of the LNP. LNPs encapsulated with AaCas12bMax mRNA (SEQ ID NO: 96) and gRNA (SEQ ID NO: 32) at various weight ratios were produced. The editing efficiencies were evaluated in Huh7 cells (FIG. 12A) and PHH (FIG. 12B) . The results revealed that mRNA to gRNA at 1: 1 and 1: 2 weight ratios achieved the most effective editing efficiencies.
[0122] While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. It is not intended that the invention be limited by the specific examples provided within the specification. While the invention has been described with reference to the aforementioned specification, the descriptions and illustrations of the embodiments herein are not meant to be construed in a limiting sense. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. Furthermore, it shall be understood that all aspects of the invention are not limited to the specific depictions, configurations or relative proportions set forth herein which depend upon a variety of conditions and variables. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is therefore contemplated that the invention shall also cover any such alternatives, modifications, variations or equivalents. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.
Claims
1.An mRNA comprising: a) a 5’-cap structure; b) a 5’ untranslated region (UTR) ; c) an open reading frame (ORF) comprising a ribonucleotide sequence that encodes a Cas12b endonuclease, wherein the Cas12b endonuclease coding sequence is at least 85%identical to a ribonucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NO: 1-22 and 115; d) a 3’ untranslated region (UTR) ; and e) a poly-A region of at least 100 nucleotides in length.2.The mRNA according to claim 1, wherein said 5’-cap structure comprises a Cap-1 structure.3.The mRNA according to claim 1 or 2, wherein said 5’-UTR comprises a Kozak sequence of GCCACC, which is adjacent to 5’ of said ORF.4.The mRNA according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein said 5’-UTR is comprised of a ribonucleotide sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 23, 84-89 and 95.5.The mRNA according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein said 5’-UTR is a HBA1 (hemoglobin subunit alpha 1) derived 5’-UTR, wherein the 5’-UTR is comprised of a ribonucleotide sequence which is at least 95%identical to a ribonucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23.6.The mRNA according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein said 3’-UTR is comprised of a ribonucleotide sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 26 and 90-94.7.The mRNA according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein said 3’-UTR comprises an alpha-globin 3’-UTR, wherein the 3’-UTR is comprised of a ribonucleotide sequence which is at least 95%identical to a ribonucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26.8.The mRNA according to any one of claims 1-7, wherein said poly-A region has 100-250 ribonucleotides in length.9.The mRNA according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein said poly-A region has about 100 ribonucleotides in length.10.The mRNA according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein said ORF further comprises a ribonucleotide sequence that encodes one or more nuclear localization signal (NLS) peptides.11.The mRNA according to claim 10, wherein any one of said one or more NLS peptides is independently selected from a group consisting of nucleoplasmin NLS, SV40 NLS and c-myc NLS.12.The mRNA according to claim 11, wherein said SV40 NLS ribonucleotide sequence encodes a peptide comprising amino acid sequence of PKKKRKV and / or an amino acid sequence of KRTADGSEFESPKKKRKVE.13.The mRNA according to claim 11 or 12, wherein said SV40 NLS peptide is encoded by a ribonucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24 and / or a ribonucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62 and / or a ribonucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 123.14.The mRNA according to claim 11, wherein said c-myc NLS ribonucleotide sequence encodes a peptide comprising amino acid sequence of PAAKKKKLD and / or an amino acid sequence of PAAKRVKLD.15.The mRNA according to claim 11 or 14, wherein said c-myc NLS peptide is encoded by a ribonucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60 and / or a ribonucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63.16.The mRNA according to any one of claims 10-15, wherein one or more said NLS peptides are linked with a linker peptide of GGSGGG or GSGS.17.The mRNA according to claim 16, wherein said linker peptide of GGSGGG is encoded by a nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64.18.The mRNA according to claim 16, wherein said linker peptide of GSGS is encoded by a ribonucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 119 or 120.19.The mRNA according to any one of claims 1-18, wherein said Cas12b endonuclease is a Cas12b protein from Alicyclobacillus acidiphilus (AaCas12b) .20.A system for editing a target gene in the genome of a cell, comprising: a) the mRNA of any one of claims 1-19; and b) at least one guide RNA (gRNA) directed to the target gene, wherein a site-directed endonuclease is provided when the mRNA enters the cell and is translated to a protein.21.The system according to claim 20, wherein said site-directed endonuclease is able to combine with said gRNA to induce a double-stranded DNA break (DSB) at a target site of the target gene.22.The system according to claim 20 or 21, wherein said site-directed endonuclease is a Cas12b protein from Alicyclobacillus acidiphilus (AaCas12b) .23.A therapeutic composition comprising the mRNA of any one of claims 1-19 or the system of any one of claims 20-22 encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) .24.The therapeutic composition according to claim 23, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.25.A method for inducing a DSB in a target gene in a cell, the method comprising: delivering the mRNA of any one of claims 1-19 and at least a target specific gRNA to a cell, wherein a site-directed endonuclease is provided when the mRNA enters the cell and is translated to a protein.26.The method according to claim 25, wherein said site-directed endonuclease is able to combine with said gRNA to induce a double-stranded DNA break (DSB) at a target site of the target gene.
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