Methods of ammonia liquefaction and storage and transfer thereof

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to an approach to ammonia storage and transportation. In one aspect, it relates to a process for the liquefaction of ammonia at ambient temperature and pressure.

Description

WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 METHODS OF AMMONIA LIQUEFACTION AND STORAGE AND TRANSFER THEREOF CROSS-REFERENCE

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 695,427, filed September 17, 2024, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 810,336, filed May 22, 2025, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. STATEMENT AS TO FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

[0002] This invention was made with government support under NSF SBIR Award No.2423448 awarded by the National Science Foundation and USDA SBIR Award No. 2025-33610-44867 awarded by the United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture. The government has certain rights in the invention. BACKGROUND

[0003] The storage and transportation of ammonia have traditionally relied on high-pressure tanks or refrigeration systems. While these approaches are technically adequate, they impose significant safety, cost, and environmental challenges. Such systems often require substantial capital outlays for certified tanks and ancillary equipment and can pose risks of leaks, pressure excursions, and accidental releases. There remains a need for ammonia storage and transport that operate at milder conditions with improved safety, reduced cost, and simplified handling across industrial, agricultural, and emerging energy applications. SUMMARY

[0004] To address the challenges associated with the storage and transfer of ammonia, the present disclosure provides a new method for preparing, storing, and transporting liquefied ammonia under milder conditions—specifically, at temperature higher than those required by conventional refrigerated systems, and at pressures lower that those used in traditional pressurized systems. This method operates at more convenient pressures and temperatures, such as ambient pressure and temperature, while minimizing any compromise on volume. In some embodiments, the present disclosure outlines various chemical compositions and methods for storing and transporting ammonia in liquid form under milder conditions compared to conventional approaches. This approach not only simplifies ammonia handling but also significantly improves the safety ofWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 ammonia storage and transport, particularly in the event of an incident or accidental release. Furthermore, the mild storage conditions enable the use of tanks requiring a reduced amount of steel compared to conventional pressurized or refrigerated systems, thereby lowering infrastructure costs and complexity. In addition, the system can deliver high-purity ammonia at the point of use, facilitating its direct application in downstream energy, industrial, and agricultural processes.

[0005] Provided herein is a method for storing ammonia (NH3), comprising: (i) providing a container comprising one or more storage materials, wherein the one or more storage materials comprise AnQm,or (AnQm)(NH3)x, wherein: A is a first moiety comprising lithium (Li), sodium (Na), hydrogen (H), thallium (Tl), indium (In), boron (B), gallium (Ga), silver (Ag), mercury (Hg), guanidinium (CH6N3+), ammonium (NH4+), arsenic (As), bromine (Br), iodine (I), or one or more atoms from Group 16 of periods 3, 4, and 5 of the Periodic Table of Elements; Q is a second moiety comprising at least one atom from boron (B), Group 15, or Group 16 of periods 3, 4, and 5, or a combination thereof, wherein, when A is guanidium (CH6N3+), As, or I, Q comprises one or more atoms from Group 17; n is an integer from 1 to 4; m is a number from 1 to 4; and x is a number from 1 to 8; and (ii) directing ammonia into said container to bring the ammonia in contact with the one or more storage materials, wherein upon contact with ammonia, at least a portion of the one or more storage materials store ammonia in liquid form.

[0006] In some embodiments, the directing ammonia into said container comprises introducing ammonia gas into the container such that the ammonia contacts with the one or more storage materials, thereby converting at least a portion of the one or more storage materials to a liquid phase that stores ammonia. In some embodiments, upon contact with the ammonia, the one or more storage materials and the ammonia form one or more liquefied ammonia products.

[0007] In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products comprise (AnQm)(NH3)y, wherein y is a number larger than x. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products have lower vapor pressure than ammonia. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products have at least one peritectic point or peritectic region.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601

[0008] In some embodiments, A is a cation selected from a lithium ion (Li+), a sodium ion (Na+), a hydrogen ion (H+), a silver ion (Ag+), a mercurous ion (Hg+), an ammonium ion (NH₄⁺), and a guanidinium ion (CH6N3+). In some embodiments, A comprises boron (B), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl), sulfur (S), or selenium (Se).

[0009] In some embodiments, Q is a second moiety comprising either (i) an atom from Group 15, or (ii) one or more multi-atomic groups containing at least one atom from boron (B), Group 15, or Group 16 of periods 3, 4, and 5, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, Q comprises a single atom from Group 15. In some embodiments, Q comprises nitrogen (N) or phosphorous (P). In some embodiments, Q comprises a polyatomic group comprising atoms selected from Groups 15 or 16 of periods 3 to 5, when A is lithium, sodium, ammonium, guanidinium, silver, or mercury. In some embodiments, Q comprises BF4-, SCN-, SeCN-, NO3-, CF3SO3-, -PF6-, -ClO4-, -C4F9SO3-, N(SO2F3)2-, NH2-, N3-(azide), or SbF6-.

[0010] In some embodiments, AnQm is an ionic compound. In some embodiments, AnQm is a non- ionic compound. In some embodiments, A is an element or molecular entity acting as a central moiety comprising B, Ga, I, Br, Tl, In, As, or atoms from Group 16 of periods 3, 4, and 5 of the Periodic Table of Elements. In some embodiments, Q is an atom or molecular entity covalently bonded to A, comprising at least one atom from group 15, 16 and 17.

[0011] In some embodiments, for each of the one or more storage materials, AnQm is selected from the group consisting of NaSCN, HSCN, NH4SCN, NH4SeCN, NaSeCN, (CH6N3)SCN (guanidinium thiocyanate), LiNO₃, NaNO3, (CH6N3)NO3 (guanidinium Nitrate)LiSCN, LiSeCN, NH4C4F9SO3, (CH6N3)I (guanidinium iodide), (CH6N3)BF4 (guanidinium tetrafluoroborate), NH4SbF6, NaSCN, AgSCN, HgSCN, NaSeCN, LiSeCN, NH4SeCN, LiN(SO2F3)2, NH4N(SO2F3)2, (CH6N3)SeCN (guanidinium selenocynate), (CH6N3)PF6 (guanidinium hexafluorophosphate), (CH6N3)(CF3SO3) (guanidinium trifluoromethanesulfonate), B(N3)3 (boron triazide), BrCN, ICN, Nitroform (HC(NO2)2), GaN3, InN3, TlN3, B(SCN)3, B(SeCN)3Ga(SCN)3, Ga(SeCN)3, SO2(NH2)2, SO2(NH2)(NC6H5), I2, AsI3,and SeO2(NH2)2. In some embodiments, for each of the one or more storage materials, AnQm is selected from the group consisting of BN3, BrCN, ICN, I2, Nitroform (HC(NO2)2), GaN3, InN3, TlN3, B(SCN)3, Ga(SCN)3, SO2(NH2)2, and SO2(NH2)(NC6H5)2. In some embodiments, for each of the one or more storage materials, AnQmis selected from the group consisting of NaSCN, LiSCN, NH4SCN, NH4SeCN, LiSeCN, NaSeCN, (CH6N3)BF4 (guanidinium tetrafluoroborate), guanidinium selenocynate, guanidinium thiocyanate, guanidinium hexafluorophosphate, guanidinium triflate, guanidinium iodide, LiN(SO2F3)2, NH4N(SO2F3)2, B(SeCN)3, BN3, and GaN3. In some embodiments, for each of theWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 one or more storage materials, AnQmis selected from the group consisting of NaSCN, NH4SCN, SO2(NH2)2, and LiSCN.

[0012] In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding one or more additives to the one or more storage materials and ammonia.

[0013] In some embodiments, the one or more additives are selected from the group consisting of water (H₂O), ethanol (C₂H₅OH), isopropanol (C₃H₇OH), propanol (C₃H₇OH), butanol (C4H10O), dimethyl sulfoxide (C₂H₆OS), glycerol (C₃H₈O₃), acetic acid (CH₃COOH), dimethylformamide (C₃H₇NO), pyridine (C₅H₅N), ethylene glycol (C₂H₆O₂), methanol (CH₃OH), acetone (C₃H₆O), tetrahydrofuran (C₄H₈O), diethylamine (C₄H₁₁N), triethylamine (C₆H₁₅N), propylene carbonate (C4H6O3), ethylene carbonate (C3H4O3), propylene glycol (C3H8O2), acetonitrile (C2H3N), N- methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (C5H9NO), hexamethylphosphorous triamide (C6H19N3OP), nitromethane (CH3NO2), urea (CH4N2O), phenol (C6H6O), 2-pyrrolidone (C4H7NO), diisopropylamine (C6H15N), 1,4-dioxane (C4H8O2), and morpholine (C4H9NO). In some embodiments, the one or more additives are selected from the group consisting of water (H₂O), ethanol (C₂H₅OH), isopropanol (C₃H₇OH), glycerol (C₃H₈O₃) or triethylamine (C₆H₁₅N), propylene carbonate (C4H6O3), ethylene carbonate (C3H4O3), propylene glycol (C3H8O2), and ethylene glycol ((CH₂OH)₂). In some embodiments, the one or more additives comprise water or ethylene glycol.

[0014] In some embodiments, the one or more additives are selected from the group consisting of inorganic / solid-phase and carbonaceous species. In some embodiments, the inorganic / solid-phase and carbonaceous species are selected from the group consisting of (NH4)2SO4, Na2SO4, NaCl, NH4Br, NH4I, NaI, LiI, KCl, K4Fe(CN)6, Fe2O3, Li2SO4, (NH4)3PO4, Al2O3, NH4PF6, NH4ClO4, NH4CF3SO3, NaCF3SO3, LiCF3SO3, a metal oxide, a metal nitride, a metal phosphide, a metal sulfide, a carbon based composition, NaS2O3, NH4NO3, NH4HCOO, LiHCOO, NaHCOO, NH4BrO3, LiBrO3, NaBrO3, NH4NO2, NH4SO3, LiSO3, NaSO3, NH4IO3, LiIO3, NaIO3, NH4C2O4, LiBO3, NaBO3, KBO3, NH4MnO4, NaMnO4, KMnO4, Na2CO3, NH4SbF6, LiSbF6, NaSbF6, NH4(CF3SO2)2N, NH4BF4, LiBF4, NaBF4, KBF4, NaPF6, and LiPF6. In some embodiments, the metal oxide comprises ZrO2 or ZnO. In some embodiments, the carbon based composition comprises graphene or carbon nanotube.

[0015] In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products is in liquid form at a temperature of about -80 °C to about 90 °C and at a pressure ranging from about 0.1 atm to about 25 atm. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at an ambient temperature and pressure. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about -40 °C to about 50 °C and at a pressure ofWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 about 0.5 atm to about 15 atm. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 1 atm to about 10 atm. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 1 atm. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 10 atm. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 30 °C and at a pressure of about 1 atm to about 5 atm. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at an ambient temperature and a pressure of about 0.7 atm to about 2 atm. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products and the one or more additives are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 1 atm to about 10 atm.

[0016] In some embodiments, the container comprises a first chamber. In some embodiments, the contacting ammonia with the one or more storage materials is carried out in the first chamber. In some embodiments, the first chamber comprises a liquefaction tank.

[0017] In some embodiments, the method further comprises storing the one or more liquefied ammonia products in a second chamber. In some embodiments, the second chamber comprises a storage tank.

[0018] In some embodiments, the method further comprises transporting the storage tank containing the one or more liquefied ammonia products to a utilization site. In some embodiments, the storage tank comprises an insulated container configured to maintain the one or more liquefied ammonia products at ambient temperature and pressure during transportation.

[0019] In some embodiments, a liquefaction efficiency of the ammonia is at most 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.9, or 100 % based on stoichiometry when the one or more storage materials are in contact with ammonia. In some embodiments, the weight% of the ammonia stored in the one or more liquefied ammonia products is at least 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 % when the one or more storage materials are in contact with ammonia.

[0020] In some embodiments, the method further comprises desorbing ammonia from the one or more storage materials storing the ammonia. In some embodiments, the desorption of ammonia is carried out by applying negative pressure, hydrofoils, vortices, vibrating piezo elements, microwaves, suspended elements, or direct heating to the storage material storing the ammonia.

[0021] In some embodiments, the desorption of ammonia is carried out at a temperature of about -35 °C to about 140 °C and a pressure of about 15 atm to about 0.001 atm. In some embodiments,WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 the desorption of ammonia is carried out at a temperature of about 20 °C to about 140 °C and about ambient pressure. In some embodiments, the desorption of ammonia is carried out at ambient temperature and a pressure about 1 atm to about 0.001 atm. In some embodiments, the desorption of ammonia is carried out at a temperature about 25 °C to about 80 °C and the pressure is about 1 atm to about 0.001 atm.

[0022] In some embodiments, the desorption of ammonia is carried out by: (i) heating the one or more storage material storing the ammonia to a temperature sufficient to promote the desorption of ammonia, (ii) applying a negative pressure below about 1 atm to the storage tank to reduce the pressure and induce the release of ammonia from the one or more liquefied ammonia products, or (iii) a combination of applying heat and a negative pressure.

[0023] In some embodiments, the temperature sufficient to promote the desorption of ammonia is about 15 °C to about 80 °C. In some embodiments, the reduced pressure to induce the release of ammonia is about 0.001 atm to about 0.8 atm. In some embodiments, the method further comprises recycling the ammonia that is desorbed and the one or more storage materials.

[0024] In some embodiments, the recycling comprises: a. separating the desorbed ammonia from the one or more storage materials, and b. removing residual ammonia from the one or more storage materials.

[0025] In some embodiments, the method further comprises automatically regulating the temperature and pressure of the liquefaction tank to prevent rapid phase transitions. In some embodiments, the temperature and pressure of the liquefaction tank are automatically regulated by monitoring and controlling with pressure gauges, thermometers, liquid level sensors, ammonia concentration electrodes or flowmeters, depending on real-time data of temperature, pressure, and ammonia concentration.

[0026] Provided herein is a method for processing ammonia (NH3), comprising: (i) Providing a container comprising one or more storage materials, wherein the one or more storage materials comprise AnQm or (AnQm)(NH3)x; and (ii) directing ammonia into said container to bring the ammonia in contact with the one or more storage materials, wherein upon contact with ammonia, the one or more storage materials store ammonia in liquid form, thereby creating one or more liquefied ammonia products, wherein:WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 A is a first moiety comprising lithium (Li), sodium (Na), hydrogen (H), thallium (Tl), indium (In), boron (B), gallium (Ga), silver (Ag), mercury (Hg), guanidinium (CH6N3+), ammonium (NH4+), arsenic (As), bromine (Br), iodine (I), or one or more atoms from Group 16 of periods 3, 4, and 5 of the Periodic Table of Elements; Q is a second moiety comprising at least one atom from boron (B), Group 15, or Group 16 of periods 3, 4, and 5, or a combination thereof, wherein, when A is guanidium (CH6N3+), As, or I, Q comprises one or more atoms from Group 17; n is an integer from 1 to 4; m is a number from 1 to 4; and x is a number from 1 to 8, (iii) storing the one or more liquefied ammonia products in a storage tank, (iv) transporting the storage tank containing the one or more liquefied ammonia products to a utilization site; and (v) desorbing ammonia from the one or more liquefied ammonia products.

[0027] In some embodiments, the directing ammonia into said container comprises introducing ammonia gas into the container such that the ammonia contacts with the one or more storage materials, thereby converting at least a portion of the one or more storage materials to a liquid phase that stores ammonia. In some embodiments, upon contact with the ammonia, the one or more storage materials and the ammonia form one or more liquefied ammonia products.

[0028] In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products comprise (AnQm)(NH3)y, wherein y is a number larger than x. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products have lower vapor pressure than ammonia. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products have at least one peritectic point or peritectic region.

[0029] In some embodiments, A is a cation selected from a lithium ion (Li+), a sodium ion (Na+), a hydrogen ion (H+), a silver ion (Ag+), a mercurous ion (Hg+), an ammonium ion (NH₄⁺), and a guanidinium ion (CH6N3+). In some embodiments, A comprises boron (B), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl), sulfur (S), or selenium (Se).

[0030] In some embodiments, Q is a second moiety comprising either (i) an atom from Group 15, or (ii) one or more multi-atomic groups containing at least one atom from boron (B), Group 15, or Group 16 of periods 3, 4, and 5, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, Q comprises a single atom from Group 15. In some embodiments, Q comprises nitrogen (N) or phosphorous (P).WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601

[0031] In some embodiments, Q comprises a polyatomic group comprising atoms selected from Groups 15 or 16 of periods 3 to 5, when A is lithium, sodium, ammonium, guanidinium, silver, or mercury. In some embodiments, Q comprises BF4-, SCN-, SeCN-, NO3-, CF3SO3-, -PF6-, -ClO4-, C4F9SO3-, N(SO2F3)2-, NH2-, N3-(azide), or SbF6-.

[0032] In some embodiments, AnQmis an ionic compound. In some embodiments, AnQmis a non- ionic compound.

[0033] In some embodiments, A is an element or molecular entity acting as a central moiety comprising B, Ga, I, Br, Tl, In, As, or atoms from Group 16 of periods 3, 4, and 5 of the Periodic Table of Elements. In some embodiments, Q is an atom or molecular entity covalently bonded to A, comprising at least one atom from group 15, 16 and 17.

[0034] In some embodiments, for each of the one or more storage materials, AnQmis selected from the group consisting of NaSCN, HSCN, NH4SCN, NH4SeCN, NaSeCN, (CH6N3)SCN (guanidinium thiocyanate), LiNO3, NaNO3, (CH6N3)NO3 (guanidinium Nitrate), LiSCN, LiSeCN, NH4ClO4, NH4C4F9SO3, (CH6N3)I (guanidinium iodide), (CH6N3)BF4 (guanidinium tetrafluoroborate), NH4SbF6, NaSCN, AgSCN, HgSCN, NaSeCN, LiSeCN, NH4SeCN, LiN(SO2F3)2, NH4N(SO2F3)2, (CH6N3)SeCN (guanidinium selenocynate), (CH6N3)PF6(guanidinium hexafluorophosphate), (CH6N3)(CF3SO3) (guanidinium trifluoromethanesulfonate), B(N3)3 (boron triazide), BrCN, ICN, Nitroform (HC(NO2)2), GaN3, InN3, TlN3, B(SCN)3, B(SeCN)3Ga(SCN)3, Ga(SeCN)3, SO2(NH2)2, SO2(NH2)(NC6H5), I2, AsI3,and SeO2(NH2)2. In some embodiments, for each of the one or more storage materials, AnQm is selected from the group consisting of BN3, BrCN, ICN, I2, Nitroform (HC(NO2)2), GaN3, InN3, TlN3, B(SCN)3, Ga(SCN)3, SO2(NH2)2, and SO2(NH2)(NC6H5)2. In some embodiments, for each of the one or more storage materials, AnQm is selected from the group consisting of NaSCN, LiSCN, NH4SCN, NH4SeCN, LiSeCN, NaSeCN, (CH6N3)BF4 (guanidinium tetrafluoroborate), guanidinium selenocynate, guanidinium thiocyanate, guanidinium hexafluorophosphate, guanidinium triflate, guanidinium iodide, LiN(SO2F3)2, NH4N(SO2F3)2, B(SeCN)3, BN3, and GaN3. In some embodiments, for each of the one or more storage materials, AnQm is selected from the group consisting of NaSCN, NH4SCN, SO2(NH2)2, and LiSCN.

[0035] In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding one or more additives to the one or more storage materials and ammonia. In some embodiments, the one or more additives are selected from the group consisting of water (H₂O), ethanol (C₂H₅OH), isopropanol (C₃H₇OH), propanol (C₃H₇OH), butanol (C4H10O), dimethyl sulfoxide (C₂H₆OS), glycerol (C₃H₈O₃), acetic acid (CH₃COOH), dimethylformamide (C₃H₇NO), pyridine (C₅H₅N), ethylene glycol (C₂H₆O₂),WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 methanol (CH₃OH), acetone (C₃H₆O), tetrahydrofuran (C₄H₈O), diethylamine (C₄H₁₁N), triethylamine (C₆H₁₅N), propylene carbonate (C4H6O3), ethylene carbonate (C3H4O3), propylene glycol (C3H8O2), acetonitrile (C2H3N), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (C5H9NO), hexamethylphosphorous triamide (C6H19N3OP), nitromethane (CH3NO2), urea (CH4N2O), phenol (C6H6O), 2-pyrrolidone (C4H7NO), diisopropylamine (C6H15N), 1,4-dioxane (C4H8O2), and morpholine (C4H9NO). In some embodiments, the one or more additives are selected from the group consisting of water (H₂O), ethanol (C₂H₅OH), isopropanol (C₃H₇OH), glycerol (C₃H₈O₃) or triethylamine (C₆H₁₅N), propylene carbonate (C4H6O3), ethylene carbonate (C3H4O3), propylene glycol (C3H8O2), and ethylene glycol ((CH₂OH)₂). In some embodiments, the one or more additives comprise water or ethylene glycol.

[0036] In some embodiments, the one or more additives are selected from the group consisting of inorganic / solid-phase and carbonaceous species. In some embodiments, the inorganic / solid-phase and carbonaceous species are selected from the group consisting of (NH4)2SO4, Na2SO4, NaCl, NH4Br, NH4I, NaI, LiI, KCl, K4Fe(CN)6, Fe2O3, Li2SO4, (NH4)3PO4, Al2O3, NH4PF6, NH4ClO4, NH4CF3SO3, NaCF3SO3, LiCF3SO3, a metal oxide, a metal nitride, a metal phosphide, a metal sulfide, a carbon based composition, NaS2O3, NH4NO3, NH4HCOO, LiHCOO, NaHCOO, NH4BrO3, LiBrO3, NaBrO3, NH4NO2, NH4SO3, LiSO3, NaSO3, NH4IO3, LiIO3, NaIO3, NH4C2O4, LiBO3, NaBO3, KBO3, NH4MnO4, NaMnO4, KMnO4, Na2CO3, NH4SbF6, LiSbF6, NaSbF6, NH4(CF3SO2)2N, NH4BF4, LiBF4, NaBF4, KBF4, NaPF6, and LiPF6. In some embodiments, the metal oxide comprises ZrO2 or ZnO. In some embodiments, the carbon based composition comprises graphene or carbon nanotube.

[0037] In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products is in liquid form at a temperature of about -80 °C to about 90 °C and at a pressure ranging from about 0.1 atm to about 25 atm. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at an ambient temperature and pressure. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about -40 °C to about 50 °C and at a pressure of about 0.5 atm to about 15 atm. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 1 atm to about 10 atm. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 1 atm. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 10 atm. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 30 °C andWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 at a pressure of about 1 atm to about 5 atm. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at an ambient temperature and a pressure of about 0.7 atm to about 2 atm. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products and the one or more additives are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 1 atm to about 10 atm.

[0038] In some embodiments, the container comprises a first chamber. In some embodiments, the contacting ammonia with the one or more storage materials is carried out in the first chamber. In some embodiments, the first chamber comprises a liquefaction tank. In some embodiments, the method further comprises storing the one or more liquefied ammonia products in a second chamber. In some embodiments, the second chamber comprises a storage tank. In some embodiments, the method further comprises transporting the storage tank containing the one or more liquefied ammonia products to a utilization site. In some embodiments, the storage tank comprises an insulated container configured to maintain the one or more liquefied ammonia products at ambient temperature and pressure during transportation.

[0039] In some embodiments, a liquefaction efficiency of the ammonia is at most 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.9, or 100 % based on stoichiometry when the one or more storage materials are in contact with ammonia. In some embodiments, a weight% of the ammonia stored in the one or more liquefied ammonia products is at least 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 % when the one or more storage materials are in contact with ammonia.

[0040] In some embodiments, the method further comprises desorbing ammonia from the one or more storage materials storing the ammonia. In some embodiments, the desorbing ammonia is carried out by applying negative pressure, hydrofoils, vortices, vibrating piezo elements, microwaves, suspended elements, or direct heating, or a combination thereof, to the storage material storing the ammonia. In some embodiments, the desorbing ammonia is carried out at a temperature of about -35 °C to about 140 °C and a pressure of about 15 atm to about 0.001 atm. In some embodiments, the desorbing ammonia is carried out at a temperature of about 20 °C to about 140 °C and about ambient pressure. In some embodiments, the desorbing ammonia is carried out at ambient temperature and a pressure of about 1 atm to about 0.001 atm. In some embodiments, the desorbing ammonia is carried out at a temperature of about 25 °C to about 80 °C and the pressure of about 1 atm to about 0.001 atm.

[0041] In some embodiments, the desorbing ammonia is carried out by: (i) heating the one or more storage material storing the ammonia to a temperature sufficient to promote the desorption of ammonia,WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 (ii) applying a negative pressure below about 1 atm to the storage tank to reduce the pressure and induce the release of ammonia from the one or more liquefied ammonia products, or (iii) a combination of applying heat and a negative pressure.

[0042] In some embodiments, the temperature sufficient to promote the desorption of ammonia is about 15 °C to about 80 °C. In some embodiments, the reduced pressure to induce the release of ammonia is about 0.001 atm to about 0.8 atm.

[0043] In some embodiments, the method further comprises recycling the ammonia that was desorbed and the one or more storage materials. In some embodiments, the recycling comprises: a. separating the desorbed ammonia from the one or more storage materials, and b. removing residual ammonia from the one or more storage materials.

[0044] In some embodiments, the method further comprises automatically regulating the temperature and pressure of the liquefaction tank to prevent rapid phase transitions. In some embodiments, the temperature and pressure of the liquefaction tank are automatically regulated by monitoring and controlling with pressure gauges, thermometers, liquid level sensors, ammonia concentration electrodes or flowmeters, depending on real-time data of temperature, pressure, and ammonia concentration.

[0045] Provided herein is a system for processing ammonia, comprising: a. a first chamber comprising one or more storage materials, wherein the one or more storage materials comprises AnQm or AnQm(NH3)x, wherein: A is a first moiety comprising lithium (Li), sodium (Na), hydrogen (H), thallium (Tl), indium (In), boron (B), gallium (Ga), silver (Ag), mercury (Hg), guanidinium (CH6N3+), ammonium (NH4+), arsenic (As), bromine (Br), iodine (I), or one or more atoms from Group 16 of periods 3, 4, and 5 of the Periodic Table of Elements; Q is a second moiety comprising at least one atom from boron (B), Group 15, or Group 16 of periods 2, 3, 4, and 5, or a combination thereof, wherein, when A is guanidium (CH6N3+), As, or I, Q comprises one or more atoms from Group 17; n is an integer from 1 to 4; m is a number from 1 to 4; x is a number from 1 to 8, wherein the first chamber is configured to withstand pressure up to about 25 atm,WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 wherein the first chamber is configured to receive ammonia, and wherein the one or more storage materials are configured to store ammonia in liquid form by forming one or more liquefied ammonia products upon contact with the ammonia; and b. a second chamber configured to store the storage materials storing the ammonia.

[0046] In some embodiments, the directing ammonia into said container comprises introducing ammonia gas into the container such that the ammonia contacts with the one or more storage materials, thereby converting at least a portion of the one or more storage materials to a liquid phase that stores ammonia. In some embodiments, the one or more storage materials are configured to form one or more liquefied ammonia products upon contact with the ammonia.

[0047] In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products comprise (AnQm)(NH3)y, wherein y is larger than x. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products have lower vapor pressure than ammonia. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products have at least one peritectic point or peritectic region.

[0048] In some embodiments, A is a cation selected from lithium ion (Li+), sodium ion (Na+), hydrogen ion (H+), silver ion (Ag+), mercurous ion (Hg+), ammonium ion (NH₄⁺), and guanidinium ion (CH6N3+). In some embodiments, A comprises boron (B), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl), sulfur (S), or selenium (Se).

[0049] In some embodiments, Q is a second moiety comprising either (i) an atom from Group 15, or (ii) one or more multi-atomic groups containing at least one atom from boron (B), Group 15, or Group 16 of periods 3, 4, and 5, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, Q comprises a single atom from Group 15. In some embodiments, Q comprises nitrogen (N) or phosphorous (P). In some embodiments, Q comprises a polyatomic group comprising atoms selected from Groups 15 or 16 of periods 3 to 5, when A is lithium, sodium, ammonium, guanidinium, silver, or mercury. In some embodiments, Q comprises -BF4, -SCN, -SeCN, -NO3, -CF3SO3, -PF6, -ClO4, -C4F9SO3, -N(SO2F3)2, -NH2, -N3, or -SbF6.

[0050] In some embodiments, AnQm is an ionic compound. In some embodiments, AnQm is a non- ionic compound. In some embodiments, A is an element or molecular entity acting as central atom comprising B, Ga, I, Br, Tl, In, As, or atoms from Group 16 of periods 3, 4, and 5 of the Periodic Table of Elements. In some embodiments, Q is an atom or molecular entity covalently bonded to A, comprising at least one atom from group 15, 16 and 17.

[0051] In some embodiments, for each of the one or more storage materials, AnQmis selected from the group consisting of NaSCN, HSCN, NH4SCN, NH4SeCN, NaSeCN, (CH6N3)SCNWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 (guanidinium thiocyanate), , LiNO₃,NaNO3, (CH6N3)NO3(guanidinium Nitrate), LiSCN, LiSeCN, NH4C4F9SO3, (CH6N3)I (guanidinium iodide), (CH6N3)BF4(guanidinium tetrafluoroborate), NH4SbF6, NaSCN, AgSCN, HgSCN, NaSeCN, LiSeCN, NH4SeCN, LiN(SO2F3)2, NH4N(SO2F3)2, (CH6N3)SeCN (guanidinium selenocynate), (CH6N3)PF6 (guanidinium hexafluorophosphate), (CH6N3)(CF3SO3) (guanidinium trifluoromethanesulfonate), BN3(boron triazide), BrCN, ICN, Nitroform (HC(NO2)2), GaN3, GaI3, InN3, TlN3, B(SCN)3, B(SeCN)3Ga(SCN)3, Ga(SeCN)3, SO2(NH2)2, SO2(NH2)(NC6H5), I2, AsI3, and SeO2(NH2)2. In some embodiments, for each of the one or more storage materials, AnQmis selected from the group consisting of BN3, BrCN, ICN, Nitroform (HC(NO2)2), GaN3, GaI3, InN3, TlN3, B(SCN)3, Ga(SCN)3, SO2(NH2)2, I2, and SO2(NH2)(NC6H5)2. In some embodiments, for each of the one or more storage materials, AnQm is selected from the group consisting of NaSCN, LiSCN, NH4SCN, NH4SeCN, LiSeCN, NaSeCN, (CH6N3)BF4(guanidinium tetrafluoroborate), guanidinium selenocynate, guanidinium thiocyanate, guanidinium hexafluorophosphate, guanidinium triflate; guanidinium iodide, LiN(SO2F3)2, NH4N(SO2F3)2, B(SeCN)3, I2, BI3, BN3, and GaN3. In some embodiments, for each of the one or more storage materials, AnQmis selected from the group consisting of NaSCN, NH4SCN, SO2(NH2)2, and LiSCN.

[0052] In some embodiments, the first chamber comprises one or more additives. In some embodiments, the one or more additives are selected from the group consisting of water (H₂O), ethanol (C₂H₅OH), isopropanol (C₃H₇OH), propanol (C₃H₇OH), butanol (C4H10O), dimethyl sulfoxide (C₂H₆OS), glycerol (C₃H₈O₃), acetic acid (CH₃COOH), dimethylformamide (C₃H₇NO), pyridine (C₅H₅N), ethylene glycol (C₂H₆O₂), methanol (CH₃OH), acetone (C₃H₆O), tetrahydrofuran (C₄H₈O), diethylamine (C₄H₁₁N), triethylamine (C₆H₁₅N), propylene carbonate (C4H6O3), ethylene carbonate (C3H4O3), propylene glycol (C3H8O2), acetonitrile (C2H3N), N- methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (C5H9NO), hexamethylphosphorous triamide (C6H19N3OP), nitromethane (CH3NO2), urea (CH4N2O), phenol (C6H6O), 2-pyrrolidone (C4H7NO), diisopropylamine (C6H15N), 1,4-dioxane (C4H8O2), and morpholine (C4H9NO). In some embodiments, the one or more additives are selected from the group consisting of water (H₂O), ethanol (C₂H₅OH), isopropanol (C₃H₇OH), glycerol (C₃H₈O₃) or triethylamine (C₆H₁₅N), propylene carbonate (C4H6O3), ethylene carbonate (C3H4O3), propylene glycol (C3H8O2), and ethylene glycol ((CH₂OH)₂). In some embodiments, the additives comprise H₂O or ethylene glycol.

[0053] In some embodiments, the one or more additives are selected from the group consisting of inorganic / solid-phase and carbonaceous species. In some embodiments, the inorganic / solid-phase and carbonaceous species are selected from the group consisting of (NH4)2SO4, Na2SO4, NaCl,WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 NH4Br, NH4I, NaI, LiI, KCl, K4Fe(CN)6, Fe2O3, Li2SO4, (NH4)3PO4, Al2O3, NH4PF6, NH4ClO4, NH4CF3SO3, NaCF3SO3, LiCF3SO3, a metal oxide, a metal nitride, a metal phosphide, a metal sulfide, a carbon based composition, NaS2O3, NH4NO3, NH4HCOO, LiHCOO, NaHCOO, NH4BrO3, LiBrO3, NaBrO3, NH4NO2, NH4SO3, LiSO3, NaSO3, NH4IO3, LiIO3, NaIO3, NH4C2O4, LiBO3, NaBO3, KBO3, NH4MnO4, NaMnO4, KMnO4, Na2CO3, NH4SbF6, LiSbF6, NaSbF6, NH4(CF3SO2)2N, NH4BF4, LiBF4, NaBF4, KBF4, NaPF6, and LiPF6. In some embodiments, the metal oxide comprises ZrO2 or ZnO. In some embodiments, the carbon based composition comprises graphene or carbon nanotube.

[0054] In some embodiments, the one or more additives comprise water, and the water is about 1 to about 10 wt.%. In some embodiments, the one or more additives comprise water, and the water is about 0.2 to about 2 wt.%. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about -80 °C to about 90 °C and at a pressure ranging from about 0.1 atm to about 25 atm. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at ambient temperature and pressure. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about -40 °C to about 50 °C and at a pressure of about 0.5 atm to about 15 atm. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 1 atm to about 10 atm. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 1 atm. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 10 atm. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 30 °C and at a pressure of about 1 atm to about 5 atm. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at an ambient temperature and a pressure of about 0.7 atm to about 2 atm. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products and the one or more additives are in liquid phase at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 1 atm to about 10 atm.

[0055] In some embodiments, the first chamber comprises a liquefaction tank. In some embodiments, the first chamber comprises one or more sensors for monitoring contents of the first chamber. In some embodiments, the first chamber further comprises a controller and liquid level sensor for controlling a temperature and pressure of the first chamber. In some embodiments, the first chamber is configured to withstand temperature ranging from about -80 °C to about 140 °C.

[0056] In some embodiments, the first chamber is insulated to maintain the ammonia liquefactionWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 process at ambient temperature and pressure.

[0057] In some embodiments, the second chamber comprises a storage tank configured to store the storage material storing the ammonia. In some embodiments, the second chamber is made from material selected from polypropylene, PVC, PTFE, PFDF, PEEK, HDPE, PVDF, aluminum alloy, and thin-walled stainless steel tank. In some embodiments, the second chamber is configured to withstand a pressure of up to about 15 atm. In some embodiments, the second chamber is configured to withstand a temperature in the range from about -30 °C to about 140 °C. In some embodiments, the second chamber comprises a plurality of storage tanks. In some embodiments, the second chamber comprises a temperature control system and insulation materials. In some embodiments, the second chamber is connected to the first chamber. In some embodiments, the system further comprises a third chamber configured to release the ammonia from the storage material storing the ammonia. In some embodiments, the third chamber is connected to the second chamber. In some embodiments, the third chamber comprises a liquefied ammonia desorption tank. In some embodiments, the third chamber comprises a sensor configured to monitor contents of the third chamber. In some embodiments, the third chamber comprises a controller configured to adjust a temperature and pressure for a desorption process. In some embodiments, the third chamber is configured to withstand a temperature in the ranging of about -30 °C to about 140 °C. In some embodiments, the third chamber is insulated.

[0058] In some embodiments, the system further comprises a delivery component of the one or more liquefied ammonia products.

[0059] In some embodiments, the system is a single tank comprising the first, second, and third chambers.

[0060] Additional aspects and advantages of the present disclosure will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from the following detailed description, wherein only illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure are shown and described. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed. As will be realized, the present disclosure is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as Restrictive. INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

[0061] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are hereinWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. To the extent publications and patents or patent applications incorporated by reference contradict the disclosure contained in the specification, the specification is intended to supersede and / or take precedence over any such contradictory material. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0062] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present disclosure will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the disclosure are utilized, and the accompanying drawings (also “Figure” and “FIG.” herein), of which:

[0063] FIGs. 1A-1B depict a system designed to allow for versatile ammonia release and distribution methods in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0064] FIG.2A depicts a schematic of an ammonia storage and delivery apparatus, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0065] FIG. 2B depicts another schematic of an ammonia storage and delivery apparatus, incorporating additional features / elements to the apparatus of FIG.2A, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0066] FIG.2C depicts a schematic of an ammonia storage and delivery apparatus incorporating a plurality of sub-tanks in a modular configuration, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0067] FIG. 3 depicts a schematic of the mechanism of the formation of liquefied ammonia, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0068] FIG. 4A depicts a comparison of equilibrium vapor-pressure of representative liquefied ammonia products as disclosed herein (AMT-XX, where X is an arbitrary sample identifier, where each sample comprises one or more storage materials, with one or more additives, as described herein) relative to neat anhydrous ammonia at ambient temperature.

[0069] FIG. 4B depicts a comparison of equilibrium boiling point of representative liquefied ammonia products as disclosed herein (AMT-XX, where X is an arbitrary sample identifier, where each sample comprises one or more storage materials, with one or more additives, as described herein) relative to neat anhydrous ammonia at ambient pressure.

[0070] FIG.5 depicts recyclability of storage materials over 20 cycles of ammonia liquefaction- Release using the methods described herein, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601

[0071] FIGs. 6A and 6B depict Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-IR) analysis of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) before and after 6-month exposure to liquefied ammonia products, respectively, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0072] FIG.7 depicts storage of liquefied ammonia products disclosed herein in ordinary polymer- based tanks, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0073] FIG. 8 depicts one embodiment of the ammonia liquefaction process according to the methods and systems described herein, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0074] FIG. 9 depicts one embodiment of the inside of a liquefaction tank, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0075] FIG. 10 depicts one embodiment of the ammonia liquefaction process according to the methods and systems described herein, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0076] FIG.11 depicts a schematic of liquefied ammonia storage tank for use in the systems and methods described herein, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0077] FIG.12 depicts the vapor pressure of ammonia as a function of temperature for both pure ammonia and the liquefied ammonia composition described herein. The figure also indicates the corresponding temperature–pressure ranges over which each remains in the liquid phase, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0078] FIG. 13 depicts a comparison of ammonia leakage-release rates in conventional storage systems as well as systems storing liquefied ammonia products disclosed herein, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0079] FIG.14 depicts a schematic of ammonia release process, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0080] FIG.15A depicts a trend of the percentage of ammonia released from liquefied ammonia, as described herein. Tbrefers to the boiling point of the liquefied ammonia.

[0081] FIG. 15B depicts the percentage of released ammonia (relative to the total ammonia content initially present in the liquefied ammonia composition) as a function of time using the system depicted in FIG.14, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0082] FIGs. 16A-B depicts a schematic of one or more components of a continuous ammonia release system, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0083] FIG. 16C depicts a continuous ammonia release system disclosed herein, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure

[0084] FIG. 17 depicts the amount of released ammonia as a function of time using the systemWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 depicted in FIGs.16A-16C, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0085] FIG.18 depicts an example system of liquefying and storing ammonia, as well as releasing ammonia on demand, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0086] FIG. 19 depicts an example system where the ammonia storage, transport, and delivery tanks / reactors are integrated into a single reactor / tank unit (MR) for additional effectiveness and efficiency, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0087] FIG.20 depicts an engineered system for ammonia liquefaction and storage, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0088] FIG.21 depicts applications of liquefied ammonia produced by the systems and methods described herein, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0089] FIG.22 depicts an example of agricultural application for storing ammonia in farms, and applying ammonia to the soil as fertilizer, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0090] FIG. 23 depicts an example of transportation of liquefied ammonia, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0091] FIG.24 depicts a process for utilizing ammonia as a fuel, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0092] FIG.25 depicts an example of ammonia fuel system for maritime shipping, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0093] Unless indicated otherwise, the drawings are schematic and not to scale; dimensions, angles, and proportions may be simplified, exaggerated, or omitted for clarity. Features shown in any figure may be combined with features of any other figure, and reference to a particular figure does not limit the claimed subject matter to that arrangement. Arrows indicating material or utility flow are illustrative; direction, routing, and continuity may differ in practice. Connections shown as direct may be direct or indirect and may include intervening components. Terms such as upper / lower, top / bottom, and axial / radial describe orientation in the drawings only; devices may be used in any orientation. The number, shape, spacing, and arrangement of elements are illustrative and non-limiting; functional equivalents may be substituted. System boundaries and blocks in flow or block diagrams are functional representations; steps may be performed in a different order, concurrently, or iteratively unless stated otherwise. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0094] Ammonia is increasingly being considered as a carbon-free fuel for applications such as maritime shipping, where ammonia-fueled turbines and combustion engines are under development. It is projected that ammonia-fueled ships will dominate new vessel orders beginningWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 around 2044. However, significant safety concerns persist due to ammonia’s toxicity and the risks associated with leaks at terminals, storage facilities, and onboard tanks using conventional storage systems. These safety concerns are not limited to maritime applications but also apply to broader uses of ammonia as an energy carrier, particularly in public areas.

[0095] Ammonia is also being evaluated as a hydrogen carrier to facilitate the transportation of hydrogen from resource-rich regions to demand centers where hydrogen infrastructure is limited. Ammonia can be converted back to hydrogen for use in various applications, including hydrogen refueling stations and off-grid power generation. Nevertheless, public reluctance and stringent regulatory barriers regarding the handling of toxic ammonia pose major challenges to the widespread adoption of ammonia-based energy systems.

[0096] Beyond the energy sector, the agricultural industry also faces long-standing challenges in ammonia storage and handling. Despite ammonia’s high nitrogen content—delivering up to 82% nitrogen to the soil—many farmers prefer using chemical fertilizers. These fertilizers generally offer lower nitrogen content (ranging from 20% to 35%) and can lead to environmental contamination through runoff into nearby water bodies. This preference is driven largely by the complexity and perceived risks associated with handling ammonia. Emerging technologies focused on decentralized green ammonia production also encounter obstacles due to the limitations of existing storage methods, which are poorly adapted for small-scale, intermittent production. Current pressurized and refrigerated systems require heavy infrastructure investments that are impractical for decentralized or small-scale green ammonia production systems.

[0097] These challenges are not limited solely to specific end-uses of ammonia, but also extend to the broader logistics and transportation infrastructure needed to move ammonia from production to consumption points. For example, in the railway sector—traditionally the most cost-effective ground transportation method for ammonia—companies face significant hurdles due to the substantial liabilities associated with ammonia transport. Safety concerns have prompted some rail operators to seek legal protection or to consider withdrawing from the ammonia transportation business altogether. Thus, there remains a need for safer, more flexible, and cost-effective systems for storing, handling, and transporting ammonia across multiple industries, including energy, agriculture, and logistics.

[0098] As discussed above, traditional methods for ammonia storage and transportation present substantial challenges relating to safety, cost, and environmental impact. One major concern is ammonia’s high toxicity, which poses significant health risks in the event of leaks, including respiratory damage and potential fatalities. Managing pressurized or refrigerated ammonia systemsWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 also introduces operational risks, as maintaining ammonia under high pressure requires specialized infrastructure, including reinforced tanks, pipelines, and pressure management systems. These systems are costly to construct and maintain and increase the complexity of ammonia logistics. In addition, traditional storage tanks may be limited in the amount of ammonia they can safely hold due to vapor pressure constraints, which complicates supply chain and inventory management. Overpressure situations present a serious safety hazard, necessitating constant monitoring and pressure relief mechanisms. Accordingly, there remains a need for improved ammonia storage and transportation systems that address this safety, operational, and cost challenges.

[0099] While several alternative methods for ammonia storage have been proposed, each has significant drawbacks. For example, solid-state storage systems require high energy input for ammonia release, often needing temperatures above 200°C, and suffer from performance degradation over repeated cycles. This degradation is primarily due to partial decomposition of the solid material during desorption and the irreversible trapping of ammonia within the solid lattice, leading to a decline in storage efficiency in subsequent cycles. Moreover, because solid-state systems involve discrete solid phases, they also suffer from relatively poor space utilization compared to liquid storage systems, making large-scale storage and transport more challenging. As a result, the complexity and inherent limitations of solid-state ammonia storage restrict its viability as a practical solution.

[0100] Chemical carrier approaches similarly demand substantial energy for ammonia release and typically involve non-reversible reactions, making the carriers non-reusable. Solvent-based systems, such as aqueous or hydrated ammonia, while safer in terms of operating pressure, require significantly larger volumes to deliver equivalent amounts of ammonia and are impractical when high-purity anhydrous ammonia is needed. In addition, such solvent systems often introduce corrosivity concerns, requiring specialized handling and materials. Accordingly, a need remains for an ammonia storage technology that enables safe handling, operates under mild conditions, minimizes infrastructure demands, supports multiple reuse cycles, and consistently delivers high- purity ammonia at the point of use.

[0101] The compositions, systems, and methods described herein provide for the safe storage and transportation of ammonia under a broader range of conditions compared to conventional high- pressure or refrigerated systems. As described herein, when ammonia is stored in a liquid form (e.g., as liquefied ammonia products,) the broader ranges of conditions include both milder temperatures and pressures (e.g., ambient temperature and pressure,). As described herein, ammonia is stored in a liquid form (e.g., as liquefied ammonia products), under milder conditionsWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 including ambient or near-ambient temperatures and pressures. This approach enhances safety by reducing the risk of hazardous incidents associated with high-pressure or cryogenic systems, lowers infrastructure and operational costs by eliminating the need for extreme containment measures, and decreases the environmental footprint of ammonia storage and transport. The stored ammonia can be utilized across a wide range of applications, including use as a fertilizer, a chemical feedstock, a carbon-free fuel, or as a carrier for hydrogen storage and energy systems.

[0102] The compositions, systems, and methods described herein allow for the safe storage and transportation of ammonia using a broader range of conditions than conventional methods. In particular, as described herein, when ammonia is stored in a liquid form (e.g., as liquefied ammonia products,), where it can be stored, transported, and delivered in the broader ranges of conditions including both milder temperatures and pressures (e.g., ambient temperature and pressure,). This approach is not only safer and more cost-effective as there is no need for maintaining such extreme conditions, but also it has a reduced environmental impact. The ammonia that is stored can be utilized in various applications, including as a fertilizer and as a carrier for energy or hydrogen.

[0103] While various embodiments of the invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. Various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed. DEFINITIONS

[0104] “A,” “an” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates, thus the indefinite articles “a”, “an,”, and “the” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean “at least one.”

[0105] The term “about” as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as an amount, a temporal duration, and the like, is meant to encompass variations of ±5%, ±1%, or ±0.1% from the specified value, as such variations are appropriate to perform the disclosed methods or in connection with a disclosed composition. Whenever the term “about” precedes the first numerical value in a series of two or more numerical values, the term “about” applies to each of the numerical values in that series of numerical values. For example, about 1, 2, or 3 is equivalent to about 1, about 2, or about 3.

[0106] The term “atm” as used herein refers to 1 atmospheric pressure.

[0107] As used herein, the terms “liquefied” or “liquefication” mean that about 1% to about 100% of the ammonia product is in liquid phase. Preferably about 10% to about 90% of the ammoniaWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 product is in liquid phase. It is especially preferred that about 20% to about 80% of the ammonia product is in liquid phase.

[0108] As used herein, in some cases, the term “compound” or “ammonia liquefier” or “ammonia liquefier composition” or “liquefaction composition” refers to material of the formula AnQm or (AnQm)(NH3)x, wherein x is 1 to 8, unless otherwise specified. In some embodiments, a storage material comprises the compound and when the storage material comprising the compound interacts with ammonia, the storage material stores the ammonia. The compound may also include other components. The term “product” when used herein refers to composition or material comprising (AnQm)(NH3)y. The product may also include other components. The (AnQm)(NH3)y, wherein there is at least one NH3 in a noncovalent bound complex, is also referred to herein as liquefied ammonia product. In some embodiments, “storage material” or “ammonia storage materials” as referred to herein comprises the AnQmor (AnQm)(NH3)x, wherein x is 1 to 8, and the “storage material” comprises (AnQm)(NH3)y when storing ammonia, wherein y is a number that is at least 1 and is larger than x.

[0109] As used herein, “ammonia liquefied product(s)” or liquefied ammonia composition(s)” (e.g., the storage material when storing ammonia) refer to compounds of the formula (AnQm)(NH3)y, wherein y is a number that is at least 1 and larger than x as described herein. As described herein, the combination of storage material and ammonia (e.g., which forms the liquefied ammonia products) (e.g., the storage material when storing the ammonia)) has one or more peritectic points or regions with ammonia that allow for storage of ammonia as in liquid form at broad conditions (e.g., a broad range of temperature and pressure, such as ambient pressure and temperature) than would be required for pure ammonia. The liquefied ammonia products may include one or more ammonia liquefier compositions (e.g storage materials) and may further comprise one or more additives as described herein.

[0110] As used herein, the storage material may comprise a single compound or multiple compounds having the formula AnQmor (AnQm)(NH3)x, wherein x is 1 to 8 (e.g., in one embodiment, a storage material may comprise NH4SCN, while in another embodiment, the storage material may comprise both NH4SCN and sulfamide). While embodiments with one or two compounds are listed here, these are exemplary, and more than one or two compounds having the formula AnQm or (AnQm)(NH3)x may be present in the storage material. Similarly, the storage material when storing ammonia may comprise a single compound or multiple compounds having the formula (AnQm)(NH3)ywhen storing ammonia, wherein y is a number that is at least 1 and is larger than x. The storage material is configured to adsorb or store gaseous or liquid ammoniaWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 molecules converting ammonia to liquefied ammonia products when interacting with the ammonia under controlled conditions of temperature and pressure.

[0111] As used herein, the term “neat anhydrous ammonia” refers to ammonia that is substantially free of water, salts, stabilizers, or other additives, and thus is present in essentially pure form. At standard ambient temperature and pressure (about 20–25 °C, 1 atm), neat anhydrous ammonia exists as a gas, having a boiling point of approximately −33 °C and a melting point of approximately −78 °C.

[0112] As used herein, “multi-atomic moiety” means a multi-atomic moiety comprising at least two atoms. In some embodiments, the multi-atomic moiety comprises a multi-atomic moiety with at least two atoms, wherein there are at least one atom from Groups 15, 16, or 17 in the Periodic Table of Elements or a combination thereof. As part of the (AnQm)(NH3)x, the atoms may be capable of forming noncovalent bonds with ammonia. In some embodiments, a multi-atomic group contains at least one atom from boron (B), Group 15, or Group 16 of periods 3, 4, and 5, or a combination thereof,

[0113] Groups 15, 16, or 17 refer to those corresponding groups in the Periodic Table of Elements.

[0114] The term “ambient conditions” is defined herein to encompass a range of environmental parameters tailored for both general and specific commercial applications. Broadly, ambient conditions are characterized by temperatures ranging from about 10 °C to 30 °C and atmospheric pressures between 0.75 atm and 1.25 atm. This definition allows for flexibility to accommodate variations across diverse geographic and seasonal environments. In some embodiments, ambient conditions refer to temperatures between 20 °C and 30 °C, with pressures around 1 atm.

[0115] As used herein, the term "stable condition" refers to a state in which the liquefied ammonia product remains predominantly in the liquid phase under specified temperature and pressure conditions, with a vapor pressure lower than that of pure ammonia under the same conditions.

[0116] As used herein, the terms “peritectic point” or “peritectic line” refer to one point or specific locations on a phase diagram (with axes of temperature vs concentration %NH3) situated between the melting points of two compounds (i.e., pure ammonia and ammonia liquefier). These points or lines arise specifically when ammonia and AnQm react to form (AnQm)(NH3)y. A peritectic point may occur at a specific ammonia concentration, while a peritectic line may span a range of concentrations, depending on the characteristics of the ammonia liquefier (AnQm). The number of ammonia molecules that can be incorporated into the lattice structure of AnQm varies based on the specific lattice configuration and the nature of the interaction between ammonia and the host material. As a result, multiple ammonia-containing phases, represented as (AnQm)(NH₃)y, mayWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 form at different ammonia concentrations, potentially giving rise to multiple peritectic points. The presence and number of such points are influenced by the number of distinct (AnQm)(NH₃)ycomplexes that can form as a function of ammonia uptake. Typically, a higher ‘y’ value forms at a higher ammonia ratio and corresponds to a peritectic point or line at a lower temperature compared to those with a lower ‘y’. At any specific ammonia percentage where a peritectic point exists, ammonia can remain in a liquid state above its boiling point if the temperature exceeds this peritectic threshold.

[0117] As used herein, the term “safety conditions” refer to the ability of liquefied ammonia to maintain a low vapor pressure, thereby minimizing release rates in the event of leaks. Specifically, “safety” refers to when liquefied ammonia maintains a vapor pressure of below about 2 atm, with a preferred level of below about 1 atm. For example, in the case of a leak through an orifice with a diameter of 0.25 inches, when the storage and / or transport tank is at ambient pressure and the environmental temperature is 25 °C, the ammonia release rate should not exceed 0.02 pounds per hour. Furthermore, for a leak through an orifice with a diameter of 1 inch, the release rate is maintained below 0.5 pounds per hour. These specifications exemplify a broader framework aimed at ensuring safety in the handling, storage, and transport of ammonia under various potentially compromised conditions.

[0118] As used herein, the term “transporting” or “transportation” refers to the process of moving ammonia from one location to another, such as using various modes such as road, rail, air, or sea. Transportation involves the use of vehicles, infrastructure, and logistics systems to ensure that ammonia is delivered safely, efficiently, and within a specified time frame.

[0119] As used herein, the term “ammonia physical properties” refers to the characteristic physical parameters of ammonia that define its behavior under various conditions. This includes ammonia’s boiling point, typically at -33.34°C at 1 atm, which dictates the temperature at which ammonia transitions from liquid to gas; its freezing point at -77.7°C at 1 atm, indicating the temperature at which ammonia solidifies; ammonia’s vapor pressure, which varies with temperature and influences the conditions under which ammonia can remain in a liquid state.

[0120] Generally, as referred to herein, an ammonia feed stream comprises ammonia that is about 98% to about 99.99% purity.

[0121] Whenever the term “at least,” “greater than,” or “greater than or equal to” precedes the first numerical value in a series of two or more numerical values, the term “at least,” “greater than” or “greater than or equal to” applies to each of the numerical values in that series of numerical values. For example, greater than or equal to 1, 2, or 3 is equivalent to greater than or equal to 1, greaterWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 than or equal to 2, or greater than or equal to 3.

[0122] Whenever the term “at most,” “no more than,” “less than,” or “less than or equal to” precedes the first numerical value in a series of two or more numerical values, the term “at most,” “no more than,” “less than,” or “less than or equal to” applies to each of the numerical values in that series of numerical values. For example, less than or equal to 3, 2, or 1 is equivalent to less than or equal to 3, less than or equal to 2, or less than or equal to 1.

[0123] The foregoing description is illustrative and not limiting. Alternative arrangements, substitutions, and equivalents may be employed without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Unless the context dictates otherwise: “comprise(s),” “include(s),” and “have / has” are open-ended; singular forms (e.g., “a,” “an,” “the”) encompass the plural and vice versa; “or” is inclusive; numerical values may be about the stated amount and include the endpoints of any stated range; ranges are inclusive and combinable, and any endpoints may form sub-ranges; and intermediate values between stated endpoints are expressly contemplated. For temperature and pressure, “about” may denote ±10% unless otherwise specified (e.g., ±0.5 °C or ±0.05 atm where appropriate). Section headings are for convenience only.

[0124] The present disclosure is organized into sections for convenience only. Each section (e.g., Ammonia Storage Materials, Liquefaction Reactor, Storage / Transport Tank, Release Reactor) provides detailed embodiments of structures, processes, and methods; these disclosures are intended to be read together and not as mutually exclusive. Features described with respect to any subsystem may be implemented, in whole or in part, with any other subsystem where technically compatible; steps may be performed in different orders, batchwise or continuously, and by one or multiple physical vessels; a single component may perform multiple functions. The detailed sections that follow elaborate on the system, processes, and methods and are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. OVERVIEW SYSTEM FOR AMMONIA PROCESSING

[0125] In certain aspects, the present disclosure provides a system for processing ammonia. In some embodiments, with reference to FIG. 1A, processing may comprise liquefying (104a), storing (106a), transporting (optionally), and releasing (108a) (on-demand delivering) ammonia.

[0126] In some embodiments, with reference to FIG. 1B, the system comprises a first chamber (104b) configured to contact ammonia (102b) with ammonia liquefier composition comprising one or more storage materials, optionally with additives, to store the ammonia in a liquid form (e.g., as ammonia or one or more liquefied ammonia products). In some embodiments, the first chamber (104b) comprises a liquefaction tank; in other embodiments, it comprises a reactor, column, orWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 other vessel suitable for gas and / or liquid contact.

[0127] In some embodiments, the system comprises a second chamber (106b) configured to store the liquefied ammonia product and, in certain cases, to transport the liquefied ammonia product to another location. In some embodiments, the second chamber (106b) is configured to maintain low ammonia vapor pressure. In some embodiments, the second chamber comprises one tank; in other embodiments, it comprises multiple smaller liquefied-ammonia storage tanks arranged modularly.

[0128] In some embodiments, the system comprises a third chamber (108b) configured to release ammonia gas from the liquefied ammonia product on demand. In some embodiments, the third chamber (108b) comprises a liquefied-ammonia desorption tank; in some embodiments, a liquefied-ammonia desorption reactor. The released ammonia may be delivered to a downstream user device (110b-1), and the remaining composition may be returned or recycled (110b-2) for subsequent liquefaction.

[0129] In some embodiments, the foregoing chambers are distinct vessels; in other embodiments, two or more chambers are integrated within a single apparatus or skid; and in further embodiments, mobile or stationary implementations are employed. Fluid communication may be provided by valved conduits, and the sequence of operations may be batch or continuous. Detailed embodiments of each subsystem including—Ammonia Storage Materials, Liquefaction Reactor (first chamber), Storage / Transport Tank (second chamber), and Release Reactor (third chamber)— are provided in their respective sections below, and those disclosures are expressly incorporated by reference into this overview.

[0130] In some embodiments, with reference to FIG. 2A, the system may include: (i) a first storage / delivery tank (main storage tank) (1) containing feed ammonia, stored under conditions appropriate for its state—either pressurized or refrigerated—depending on process requirements and source (e.g., production site); (ii) a second storage / delivery tank (ammonia liquefaction tank, adsorption or reaction tank) (3) containing the liquefaction compound (ammonia liquefier) and / or additives, which receives ammonia from tank (1) through a flow-control system (2) and liquefies it at desired conditions; and (iii) a third storage / delivery tank (liquefied-ammonia storage tank) (5) that stores the liquefied ammonia produced in tank (3) and delivered as a fluid through line (4) at low ammonia vapor pressure. The system further includes a release and delivery unit (6, 7) used to deliver low-vapor-pressure liquefied ammonia to the destination, where ammonia is released (gasified) for the desired application. Following release, the remaining composition is recovered and transferred back to liquefaction tank (3) to allow repeated use in subsequent liquefaction cycles.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601

[0131] In some embodiments, with reference to FIG.2B, a buffer tank (8) may be added between the liquefaction tank (3) and the liquefied-ammonia storage tank (5). The buffer tank (8) may operate in unidirectional or bidirectional mode. In a forward flow configuration (3→8→5), the buffer stabilizes pressure during transfer, regulates flow to the storage tank (5), acts as a thermal buffer, and can serve as an intermediate quality-assessment or additive-dosing stage. In a reverse flow configuration (5→8→3), the buffer equalizes pressure and facilitates the return of ammonia to the liquefaction tank (3) for reprocessing, moderates the temperature of the returning ammonia, and enables reprocessing or purification. The buffer improves operational flexibility and capacity management, enabling continuous operation, handling of surges when (3) produces more than (5) can receive, and temporary relocation during maintenance. Variations in the configuration (e.g., buffer connected to one or more tanks) and functionality may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

[0132] In some embodiments, with reference to FIG.2C, the liquefied-ammonia storage tank (5) comprises a plurality of sub-tanks arranged in a modular configuration. Each sub-tank can independently store liquefied ammonia and be selectively accessed and transferred to the delivery system (6). Sub-tanks can be added or removed to adjust storage capacity; the modular approach may also be applied to the liquefaction tank (3) and / or release chamber, which may comprise multiple sub-tanks that operate in parallel or selectively depending on demand.

[0133] In some embodiments, the system may comprise a control architecture with sensors (temperature, pressure, level, flow) and actuators (valves, pumps, heaters, vacuum pumps, mixers) implementing interlocks to maintain setpoints and prevent unsafe transfers. Vessels may include over-pressure protection and be manifolded to an off-gas treatment unit (e.g., scrubber or condenser). Installations may further include ammonia detectors, secondary containment, inerting, or blanketing, and emergency shutdown valves.

[0134] As used herein, the term “wetted materials” refers to the materials of construction that are in direct contact with the process fluid during operation. In some embodiments, the wetted materials may comprise stainless steels (e.g., 304, 316, 321, 440C), aluminum, and compatible polymers such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or perfluoroalkoxy alkane (PFA). These materials may optionally be used in conjunction with barrier coatings or liners. The outlets from storage (5) and / or buffer (8) may include a demister and / or particulate filter to reduce carry-over of liquefier solids to downstream equipment. Additional suitable materials are described in detail in the subsystem- specific sections and may be applied with the appropriate adjustments where operating conditionsWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 permit.

[0135] In some embodiments, once one or more ammonia liquefier compounds (with optional additives) contact ammonia, the ammonia may be maintained in a liquid form (e.g., liquefied ammonia products) within the temperature / pressure windows described herein. In some embodiments the ammonia may remain liquefied within a temperature range of about -80 °C to about 80 °C at ambient pressure. In some embodiments, the ammonia may remain liquefied within a temperature of about -80 °C to about 90 °C at pressures above about 2 atm. In some embodiments, the ammonia may remain liquefied at the temperature of -40 °C to about 40 °C at pressures above about 2 atm. In some embodiments, the ammonia may remain liquefied within a temperature of about -80 °C to about 90 °C. In some embodiments, the ammonia may remain liquefied at a temperature of -80, -70, -60, -50, -40, -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 °C. In some embodiments, the ammonia may remain liquefied at a temperature of about -80, -70, -60, - 50, -40, -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 °C. In some embodiments, the ammonia may remain liquefied at a temperature of at least -80, -70, -60, -50, -40, -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 °C. In some embodiments, the ammonia may remain liquefied at a temperature of at most -80, -70, -60, -50, -40, -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 °C. In some embodiments, the ammonia may remain liquefied at a temperature of -80, -70, -60, - 50, -40, -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 °C at ambient pressure. In some embodiments, the ammonia may remain liquefied at a temperature of about -80, -70, -60, -50, -40, -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 °C at ambient pressure. In some embodiments, the ammonia may remain liquefied at a temperature of at least -80, -70, -60, -50, -40, -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 °C at ambient pressure. In some embodiments, the ammonia may remain liquefied at a temperature of at most -80, -70, -60, -50, -40, -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 °C at ambient pressure. In some embodiments, the ammonia may remain liquefied at a temperature of -80, -70, -60, -50, -40, -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 °C at pressures above about 2 atm. In some embodiments, the ammonia may remain liquefied at a temperature of about -80, -70, -60, -50, -40, -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 °C at pressures above about 2 atm. In some embodiments, the ammonia may remain liquefied at a temperature of at least -80, -70, -60, -50, -40, -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 °C at pressures above about 2 atm. In some embodiments, the ammonia may remain liquefied at a temperature of at most -80, -70, -60, -50, -40, -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 °C at pressures above about 2 atm.

[0136] In some embodiments, liquefied-ammonia storage and / or transportation system operate byWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 maintaining the ammonia in a liquefied state using a pressure range from about 0.5 atm to about 20 atm. In some embodiments, liquefied-ammonia storage and / or transportation system operates by maintaining the ammonia in a liquefied state using a pressure range from about 1 atm to about 10 atm. In some embodiments, liquefied-ammonia storage and / or transportation operates by maintaining the ammonia in a liquefied state using a pressure range from about 1atm to about 5 atm. In some embodiments, the liquefied ammonia storage and / or transportation system operates by maintaining the ammonia in a liquefied state using a pressure of 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 atm. In some embodiments, the liquefied ammonia storage and / or transportation system operates by maintaining the ammonia in a liquefied state using a pressure of about 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 atm. In some embodiments, the liquefied ammonia storage and / or transportation system operates by maintaining the ammonia in a liquefied state using a pressure of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 atm. In some embodiments, the liquefied ammonia storage and / or transportation system operates by maintaining the ammonia in a liquefied state using a pressure of at most 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 atm. This process enables storage at ambient temperatures, reducing or eliminating the need for refrigeration and high-pressure containment.

[0137] In some embodiments, the system maintains a target ammonia weight percentage (wt.%) in the liquefied mixture under specified temperature and pressure. Higher pressures and / or lower temperatures increase ammonia wt.%. In some embodiments, the ammonia wt.% ranges from about 1% to about 95%. In some embodiments, the ammonia wt.% is within about 5% and 90%. In some embodiments, the ammonia wt.% ranges from about 10% to about 90%. In some embodiments, the ammonia wt.% is 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, or 90%. In some embodiments, the ammonia wt.% is about 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, or 90%. In some embodiments, the ammonia wt.% is at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, or 90%. In some embodiments, the ammonia wt.% is at most 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, or 90%.

[0138] There are various methods of storing ammonia in a liquefied state (liquefying ammonia using one or more ammonia liquefiers). In one embodiment, the input ammonia (in form of liquid or gas) interacts with a solid storage / liquefaction material at a pressure of about 10 atm and at temperatures from about −40 °C to about 40 °C. During this process, the flow of ammonia to the liquefaction tank may be halted, allowing system pressure to decrease as liquefaction proceeds; completion may be indicated by a minimum pressure, typically between about 1 and about 3 atm, after which the liquefied ammonia product is transferred to the storage tank. This facilitates formation of a highly stable liquefied ammonia product with lower vapor pressure (e.g., lower thanWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 about 2 atm at about 25 °C) and / or elevated boiling point. In other embodiments, the feed valve remains open to enable continuous liquefaction, with flow rates controlled according to the stoichiometric ratio between the liquefier and ammonia. In another embodiment, the process is initiated by contacting the solid with a priming quantity of liquid ammonia, followed by gas-phase ammonia addition until a single-phase liquid is obtained; gas and liquid feeds may be used simultaneously or separately.

[0139] There are various methods of desorbing / releasing ammonia from the liquefied-ammonia product (gasification / release) that may be utilized and are not limited to those identified herein. Such methods include, without limitation: heating, applying negative pressure, utilizing hydrofoils, generating vortices, employing vibrating piezo elements or piezoelectric devices, using microwaves, and implementing suspended elements. These methods may also be used in combination with one another, including combinations with heat and / or negative pressure.

[0140] In some embodiment, ammonia desorption / release may occur at temperatures above the boiling point of liquefied ammonia product. In some embodiment, ammonia desorption / release may occur at temperatures about 40 °C, at ambient pressures, using thermal heating. In another embodiment, ammonia desorption may occur at temperatures from about 40 °C to about 140 °C, at ambient pressures, using thermal heating. In another embodiment, ammonia desorption may occur at temperatures from about 70 °C to about 120 °C, at ambient pressures, using thermal heating. In some embodiments, ammonia desorption may occur at temperatures at 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, or 140 °C, at ambient pressures. In some embodiments, ammonia desorption may occur at temperatures at about 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, or 140 °C, at ambient pressures. In some embodiments, ammonia desorption may occur at temperatures no lower than 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, or 140 °C, at ambient pressures. In some embodiments, ammonia desorption may occur at temperatures no higher than 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, or 140 °C, at ambient pressures. While the foregoing values are stated for ambient pressure, the temperature required for release decreases as absolute pressure is reduced; accordingly, at sub-ambient pressures lower desorption temperatures may be used to achieve comparable ammonia release.

[0141] In another embodiment, ammonia desorption may occur at pressures below 1 atm at an ambient temperature, utilizing depressurizing system (e.g., a vacuum pump). In some embodiments, ammonia desorption may occur at pressures between about 0.001 and about 0.5 atm at an ambient temperature, utilizing a depressurizing system. In some embodiments, ammoniaWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 desorption may occur at pressures between about 0.001 and about 0.05 atm at an ambient temperature, utilizing depressurizing system. In some embodiments, ammonia desorption may occur at pressures between about 0.005 and about 0.1 atm, at an ambient temperature, utilizing depressurizing system. In some embodiments, ammonia desorption may occur at pressures of 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, or 1 atm at an ambient temperature. In some embodiments, ammonia desorption may occur at pressures of about 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, or 1 atm at an ambient temperature. In some embodiments, ammonia desorption may occur at pressures of at least 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, or 1 atm at an ambient temperature. In some embodiments, ammonia desorption may occur at pressures of no more than 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, or 1 atm at an ambient temperature. While the foregoing values are stated for ambient temperature, pressure and temperature are trade-offs: at temperatures above ambient, comparable desorption may be achieved at higher absolute pressures (shallower vacuum), whereas at temperatures below ambient, lower absolute pressures (deeper vacuum) may be employed to obtain similar release rate.

[0142] In some embodiments, the amount of released ammonia depends on a heating-element (or heat exchanger capacity) size, tank / reactor size, amount of liquefied ammonia, and tank / reactor configuration. In one embodiment, desorption may be initiated using a heat-transfer unit; as temperature increases, ammonia separates from the storage materials and is released as a gas, which is then directed out of the tank for loading. For efficient release, the temperature may be equal to or above the boiling point of the liquefied-ammonia composition, which depends on the liquefier composition and applied pressure. In other embodiments, the desorption system operates in a dual-mode manner, switching between thermal and vacuum-induced release based on energy availability, throughput, or equipment constraints.

[0143] In some embodiments, released ammonia destined for a user device passes through one or more polishing stages (e.g., condenser / cold trap, adsorbent bed, or membrane, compressor, etc.) and is delivered under regulated pressure / flow (e.g., 0.1–10 atm, 0.1–500 kg h⁻¹) to meet application-specific specifications.

[0144] Following ammonia release, the remaining composition in the release tank is reused for subsequent liquefaction. Exemplary approaches include collecting solid product from the bottom of the tank via an outlet and transferring it to the liquefaction unit; integrating liquefaction, storage, and release into a single vessel or skid to obviate separate solids transfer; and / or passing the liquefied ammonia products through a thin-film dryer or similar apparatus to release ammonia while collecting the remaining solid in a separate chamber, optionally cartridge-packaged for reuse. In another embodiment, the entire liquefied-ammonia storage tank (5) containing the post-releaseWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 composition is transported to a liquefaction site, re-liquefied / recharged with ammonia, and returned to service as a swappable / returnable module, thereby using the same tank for successive cycles. In a further embodiment, release occurs directly within the storage tank (5) by applying heat and / or vacuum to that vessel, such that a separate release unit (6, 7) is unnecessary, and storage, release, and subsequent re-liquefaction / refill occurs within the same tank.

[0145] In some embodiments, the ambient condition storage system is integrated at a production site or a consumer site to store ammonia under ambient conditions and release on demand for specific applications or for sale and delivery. In some embodiments, both production and consumer sites incorporate the ambient-storage system; released ammonia may be compressed into pressurized tanks or cooled into refrigerated tanks for delivery via traditional ammonia logistics. At the consumer site, the ammonia is stored and utilized according to the processes described herein. In some embodiments, production, consumer, and delivery sites are integrated with the ambient-storage system. Ammonia gas released from a large storage tank at the production center can undergo subsequent liquefaction in the delivery / loading tank (e.g., trailer truck, train, or ship) to be delivered in its liquefied form under ambient conditions. At the delivery site, ammonia can be processed using a modular release system installed on the delivery vehicle, and at the consumer site it can be liquefied and stored according to the processes described herein.

[0146] Without limitation, the subsequent sections describe the structures, materials, configurations, and operating methods applicable to the system’s compartments and overall process. The disclosures are to be read collectively, and sectioning is not intended to separate or restrict their combined use. AMMONIA LIQUEFIER (AMMONIA STORAGE MATERIAL)

[0147] In certain aspects, the present disclosure provides compounds or storage materials comprising compounds that can be used for the liquefaction of ammonia under a broader range of conditions than conventional methods. In some embodiments, the compounds or storage materials can be used for storing ammonia in liquid form under milder conditions compared to conventional methods. In some embodiments, the compounds or storage materials may be used for the liquefaction of ammonia at ambient temperature and pressure with minimal volume compromise. In some embodiments, the compounds or storage materials can be utilized for the storage and transportation of liquefied ammonia products at elevated temperatures and / or reduce pressure compared to traditional refrigerated or pressurized systems. In some embodiments, the storage material comprises the compound and “stores” ammonia upon contact with the ammonia (e.g., by forming one or more liquefied ammonia products with the ammonia.)WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601

[0148] In some embodiments, the noted compounds may be represented as AnQmor (AnQm)(NH3)xand is referred to as the storage material (the compound may also be referred to herein as a “ammonia liquefier”). As described herein, there may be one or more different compounds of the formula AnQm or (AnQm)(NH3)x that may be comprised by the storage material (e.g., a single compound of that formula, or multiple compounds of that formula). Upon contact with ammonia, the storage material may “store” the ammonia by forming a liquefied ammonia product having the formula (AnQm)(NH3)y. The value of y may vary depending on temperature, pressure, and % composition of ammonia. For each specific value of y, there may be one peritectic point. The liquefied ammonia products may also comprise one or more additives as described herein.

[0149] The AnQm compounds (e.g., in contrast to compounds having the formula (AnQm)(NH3)x) utilized in the adsorption process are initially free of ammonia. However, these compounds have the capability to complex with ammonia, forming structures denoted as (AnQm)(NH3)y. This notation indicates that the primary AnQm compound, when interacting with ammonia under controlled conditions of temperature and pressure, can adsorb ammonia molecules, progressing from (AnQm)(NH3)1to (AnQm)(NH3)y. The specific amount of ammonia that can be adsorbed is dependent on the intrinsic structural attributes of the AnQmcompound as well as the conditions under which the liquefaction process is conducted. Those skilled in the art can readily determine the potential maximum number of ammonia molecules (y) that can be adsorbed by any AnQm by conducting elemental analysis. In some embodiments, the elemental analysis includes, but is not limited to, combustion analysis (CHN analysis), Gas-chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), or acid-base titration which provides validation of the compound’s composition and the adsorbed ammonia quantity.

[0150] In some embodiments, the compound, AnQm or (AnQm)(NH3)x may be utilized for ammonia liquefaction to produce (AnQm)(NH3)y. The value of y represents the maximal number of ammonia molecules that can be complexed by the AnQmstructure under liquefaction conditions. This versatility allows compounds to be utilized in their original form (AnQm), depending on specific requirements, precursor costs, and process efficiencies. This strategy ensures that AnQm compounds are highly adaptable and efficient, accommodating a wide range of operational parameters and enhancing the overall robustness of the technology.

[0151] In some embodiments, a single compound disclosed herein may be used for ammonia liquefaction. In some embodiments, one or more compounds disclosed herein may be used for ammonia liquefaction. In some embodiments, the storage material comprises one or more compounds.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601

[0152] The storage material described herein is represented by the formula AnQmor (AnQm)(NH₃)x, where A and Q are defined below, and n, m, and x are integers as specified. The storage material can exist in two general structural forms: (1) ionic compounds and (II) molecular compounds.

[0153] In one embodiment, the storage material may be an ionic compound. In this case, A functions as a cation and Q functions as an anion. The cation (A) is selected from the group consisting of lithium (Li), sodium (Na), ammonium (NH₄⁺), guanidinium (CH₆N₃⁺), silver (Ag), and mercury (Hg). The anion (Q) is a polyatomic group comprising at least one atom selected from Group 15 or Group 16 of periods 3 to 5 of the Periodic Table of Elements. Examples of suitable anions include thiocyanate (SCN⁻), selenocyanate (SeCN⁻), and azide (N₃⁻). In some embodiments, such ionic compounds include but not limited to lithium thiocyanate (LiSCN), sodium azide (NaN₃), and guanidinium selenocyanate ((CH₆N₃)(SeCN)).

[0154] In another embodiment, the storage material may be a molecular (covalently bonded) compound. In this case, A is a neutral atom or molecular fragment that acts as a central atom. The neutral component (A) is selected from the group consisting of boron (B), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl), arsenic (As), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and elements of Group 16 of periods 3 to 5, such as sulfur (S). The moiety (Q) comprises at least one atom selected from Group 15, Group 16, or Group 17 of the Periodic Table of Elements. In some embodiments, such molecular compounds include but not limited to elemental iodine (I₂), B(SCN)3, B(SeCN)3, Ga(SCN)3, Ga(SeCN)3, SO2(NH2)2.

[0155] The variables used in the formula are defined as follows: n is an integer from 1 to 4; m is an integer from 1 to 4; and x is an integer from 1 to 8.

[0156] In some embodiments, the compounds have a structure of Formula (I): AnQm or (AnQm)(NH3)x Formula (I); wherein: A is a first moiety comprising lithium (Li), sodium (Na), hydrogen (H), thallium (Tl), indium (In), boron (B), gallium (Ga), silver (Ag), mercury (Hg), guanidinium (CH6N3+), ammonium (NH4+), arsenic (As), bromine (Br), iodine (I), or one or more atoms from Group 16 of periods 3, 4, and 5 of the Periodic Table of Elements; Q is a second moiety comprising at least one atom from boron (B), Group 15, or Group 16 of periods 3, 4, and 5, or a combination thereof. wherein, when A is guanidium (CH6N3+), As, or I, Q comprises one or more atoms from Group 17;WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 n is an integer from 1 to 4; m is a number from 1 to 4; and x is a number from 1 to 8.

[0157] In some embodiments, storage material, which comprises the one or more compounds, when storing ammonia (e.g., after contact with the ammonia) have at least one peritectic point or peritectic region with ammonia and produce liquefied ammonia and / or ammonia liquefied products, as described below.

[0158] In some embodiments, upon contact with the ammonia, the storage material and the ammonia form one or more liquefied ammonia products. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products comprise (AnQm)(NH3)y, wherein y is larger than x if the storage material (ammonia liquefier) comprises a compound having the formula (AnQm)(NH3)x. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products have lower vapor pressure than pure ammonia. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products have at least one peritectic point or peritectic region. In some embodiments, the one or more liquefied ammonia products have at least one peritectic point or peritectic region at ambient temperature and pressure.

[0159] In some embodiments, A is a cation selected from a lithium ion (Li+), a sodium ion (Na+), a hydrogen ion (H+), a silver ion (Ag+), a mercurous ion (Hg+), an ammonium ion (NH₄⁺), or a guanidinium ion (CH6N3+). In some embodiments, A comprises boron (B), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl), sulfur (S), or selenium (Se).

[0160] In some embodiments, Q is a second moiety comprising either (i) an atom from Group 15, or (ii) one or more multi-atomic groups containing at least one atom from boron (B), Group 15, or Group 16 of periods 3, 4, and 5, or a combination thereof.

[0161] In some embodiments, Q comprises a single atom from Group 15 or 17. In some embodiments, Q comprises a single atom from Group 15. In some embodiments, Q comprises a single atom from Group 17.

[0162] In some embodiments, Q comprises one or more atoms from Group 15 or 17. In some embodiments, Q comprises one or more atoms from Group 15. In some embodiments, Q comprises one or more atoms from Group 17. In some embodiments, Q comprises a single atom from Group 15, 16, or 17. In some embodiments, Q comprises a single atom from Group 15. In some embodiments, Q comprises a single atom from Group 16. In some embodiments, Q comprises a single atom from Group 17.

[0163] In some embodiments, Q comprises one or more multi-atomic groups containing at least one atom from boron (B), Group 15, 17, or Group 16 of periods 3, 4, and 5, or a combinationWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 thereof. In some embodiments, Q comprises one or more multi-atomic groups containing at least one atom from boron (B), Group 15, or Group 16 of periods 3, 4, and 5, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, Q comprises a halogen oxide comprising -ClO4.

[0164] In some embodiments, Q comprises nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), sulfur (S), fluorine (F), or iodine (I). In some embodiments, Q comprises nitrogen (N). In some embodiments, Q comprises phosphorous (P). In some embodiments, Q comprises sulfur (S), In some embodiments, Q comprises fluorine (F). In some embodiments, Q comprises iodine (I).

[0165] In some embodiments, Q is an anion comprising F- or I-. In some embodiments, Q is an anion comprising F-. In some embodiments, Q is an anion comprising I-.

[0166] In some embodiments, Q comprises at least two atoms from Group 15, 16 or 17. In some embodiments, Q comprises at least two atoms from Group 15. In some embodiments, Q comprises at least two atoms from Group 16. In some embodiments, Q comprises at least two atoms from Group 17.

[0167] In some embodiments, Q comprises -BF4, -SCN, -SeCN, -NO3, -CF3SO3, -PF6, -ClO4, - C4F9SO3, -CH3CO2, -N(SO2F3)2, -NH2, -N3, or -SbF6.

[0168] In some embodiments, AnQmis an ionic compound.

[0169] In some embodiments, AnQm is a non-ionic compound. In some embodiments, A is an element or molecular entity acting as a central atom comprising B, Ga, or atoms from Group 16 of periods 3, 4, and 5. In some embodiments, Q is an atom or molecular entity covalently bonded to A.

[0170] In some embodiments, the one or more compounds contact with ammonia to produce (AnQm)(NH3)y. In some embodiments, y is a number larger than x.

[0171] In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises one or more compounds selected from a group consisting of NaSCN, HSCN, NH4SCN, NH4SeCN, NaSeCN, (CH6N3)SCN (guanidinium thiocyanate), LiNO₃,NaNO3, (CH6N3)NO3(guanidinium Nitrate), LiSCN, LiSeCN, NH4C4F9SO3, (CH6N3)I (guanidinium iodide), (CH6N3)BF4(guanidinium tetrafluoroborate), NH4CH3CO2, NH4SbF6, NaSCN, AgI, AgSCN, HgSCN, NaSeCN, LiSeCN, NH4SeCN, LiN(SO2F3)2, NH4N(SO2F3)2, (CH6N3)SeCN (guanidinium selenocynate), (CH6N3)PF6 (guanidinium hexafluorophosphate), (CH6N3)(CF3SO3) (guanidinium trifluoromethanesulfonate), BN3 (boron triazide), BI3, BrCN, ICN, Nitroform (HC(NO2)2), GaN3, GaI3, InN3, TlN3, TlI3, InI3, B(SCN)3, B(SeCN)3 Ga(SCN)3, Ga(SeCN)3, SO2(NH2)2, I2, AsI3, SO2(NH2)(NC6H5), and SeO2(NH2)2.

[0172] In some embodiments, the compound comprises BN3, BI3, BrCN, ICN, NitroformWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 (HC(NO2)2), GaN3, GaI3, InN3, TlN3, TlI3, InI3, B(SCN)3, Ga(SCN)3, SO2(NH2)2, I2, or SO2(NH2)(NC6H5)2.

[0173] In some embodiments, the compound comprises BN3, BrCN, ICN, Nitroform (HC(NO2)2), GaN3, InN3, TlN3, B(SCN)3, Ga(SCN)3, SO2(NH2)2, or SO2(NH2)(NC6H5)2.

[0174] In some embodiments, the compound comprises NaSCN, LiSCN, NH4SCN, NH4SeCN, LiSeCN, NaSeCN, guanidinium selenocynate, guanidinium thiocyanate, guanidinium hexafluorophosphate, guanidinium triflate; guanidinium iodide, LiN(SO2F3)2, NH4N(SO2F3)2, B(SeCN)3, I2, BI3, BN3, GaN3, or GaI3.

[0175] In some embodiments, the compound comprises NaSCN, LiSCN, NH4SCN, NH4SeCN, LiSeCN, NaSeCN, guanidinium selenocynate, guanidinium thiocyanate, guanidinium hexafluorophosphate, guanidinium triflate, guanidinium iodide, LiN(SO2F3)2, NH4N(SO2F3)2, B(SeCN)3, BN3, or GaN3.

[0176] In some embodiments, the compound comprises NaSCN, NH4SCN, sulfamide (SO2(NH2)2) or LiSCN.

[0177] In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises one or more compounds, at least one of which is NaSCN. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises one or more compounds, at least one of which is NH4SCN. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises one or more compounds, at least one of which is SO2(NH2)2. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises one or more compounds, at least one of which is NH4SeCN. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises one or more compounds, at least one of which is NaSeCN. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises one or more compounds, at least one of which is (CH6N3)SCN (guanidinium thiocyanate). In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises one or more compounds, at least one of which is LiNO3. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises one or more compounds, at least one of which is (CH6N3)NO3(guanidinium Nitrate). In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises one or more compounds, at least one of which is LiSCN. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises one or more compounds, at least one of which is LiSeCN. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises one or more compounds, at least one of which is NH4C4F9SO3. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises one or more compounds, at least one of which is (CH6N3)I (guanidinium iodide). In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises one or more compounds, at least one of which is NH4CH3CO2. In some embodiments, the ammoniaWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 liquefier composition comprises one or more compounds, at least one of which is (CH6N3)PF6(guanidinium hexafluorophosphate). In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises one or more compounds, at least one of which is (CH6N3)(CF3SO3) (guanidinium trifluoromethanesulfonate).

[0178] In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises AgI. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises AgSCN. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises HgSCN. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises LiN(SO2F3)2. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises NH4N(SO2F3)2. In some embodiments, the compound is (CH6N3)SeCN (guanidinium selenocynate). In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises (CH6N3)PF6 (guanidinium hexafluorophosphate).

[0179] In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises BI3. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises GaN3. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises GaI3. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises InN3. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises TlN3. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises TlI3. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises InI3. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises B(SCN)3. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises B(SeCN)3. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises Ga(SCN)3. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises Ga(SeCN)3. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises I2. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises AsI3. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises SO2(NH2)(NC6H5). In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises SeO2(NH2)2. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier composition comprises NaSCN, NH4SCN, or LiSCN.

[0180] As used herein, the term, “liquefaction temperature” refers to a specific temperature at which a ammonia transitions from a gaseous state to a liquid state under a given pressure. At this temperature under a given pressure, the compound and ammonia interact and form a liquid phase. The liquefaction temperature varies with pressure. In some embodiments, the liquefaction temperature may fall between the melting points of AnQm or (AnQm)(NH3)x and (AnQm)(NH3)y, depending on specific pressure conditions and ammonia concentration. As the ammonia concentration increases at a given pressure, the system may necessitate corresponding adjustments in both temperature and pressure to ensure continued liquefaction. Specifically, higher ammoniaWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 concentrations may require elevated pressures to maintain the liquefied state at ambient or near- ambient temperatures. Conversely, an increase in temperature will also require adjustments in pressure to sustain liquefaction. Additionally, the melting points of the (AnQm)(NH3)y complexes may vary with changes in ammonia content, such as alterations in the value of y, necessitating further adjustments in temperature and pressure to accommodate the adsorbed ammonia.

[0181] When ammonia comes into contact with the compound disclosed herein, vapor pressure of ammonia within the liquefied ammonia products may be substantially reduced (e.g., as compared to pure ammonia) leading to the liquefaction of ammonia. It can be explained by Callendar’s law, expressed as: ^^0−^^ ^^ ^^0= ^^−^^^^+^^wherein p and p0indicate the vapor pressure of liquefied ammonia product and pure ammonia (solvent), respectively. n and N represent the number of solute and solvent molecules, respectively. The number of free solvent molecules (i.e., those that are not liquefied) is given by N−yn, and the total number of molecules in the solution is N−yn+n. A key assumption here is that each solute molecule binds with y solvent molecules, effectively rendering them inactive for evaporation, which results in the liquefaction of ammonia. By defining the composition of ammonia in the c = N system,N + n , the value of y can be expressed as,Similarly, by defining the fraction of ammonia that is liquefied as ^^^^ ^^ , the liquefaction efficiency (%LE) reads:Upon exposure of the AnQmcompound to ammonia gas, ammonia molecules may become incorporated into the lattice structure of the compound. This incorporation may involve the formation of intermolecular interactions—such as induced dipole–dipole interactions or hydrogen bonding—between the ammonia molecules and the components of AnQm. These non-covalent interactions may induce lattice distortion and destabilize the solid crystalline framework, resulting in a phase transition from solid to liquid. The resulting liquefied state may be stabilized by continued interactions between the adsorbed ammonia and AnQm within the structure. In certain embodiments, hydrogen bonding may further contribute to the retention of ammonia and the maintenance of the liquid phase. The general process of liquefaction is shown in FIG.3.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601

[0182] An example is provided below:

[0183] In the above examples, at room temperature and ambient pressure, y = 2. The value of y depends on temperature and pressure, and it may increase if the temperature decreases or if the pressure increases. This change occurs because additional ammonia molecules can form further hydrogen bonds with the ammonia already present in the complex.

[0184] In the above example, at room temperature and ambient pressure, the amount of ammonia complexing with each specific compound may increase with a decrease in temperature or an increase in pressure, as additional ammonia molecules form further hydrogen bonds with the ammonia already present in the complex.

[0185] In some embodiments, and with reference to FIG 4A, the vapor pressure of liquefied ammonia is substantially lower than the pure ammonia gas and is close to the atmospheric pressure at ambient temperature. In some embodiments, with reference to FIG 4B, the boiling point of liquefied ammonia is substantially higher than the pure ammonia, enabling the (now liquefied) ammonia to remain in liquid state at ambient conditions.

[0186] In some embodiments, when the one or more storage materials are in contact with ammonia, the liquefaction efficiency of the ammonia is 95, 95.5, 96, 96.5, 97, 97.5, 98, 98.5, 99, 99.1, 99.2, 99.3, 99.4, 99.5, 99.6, 99.7, 99.8, 99.9, 99.99, or 100 % based on stoichiometry. In some embodiments, when the one or more storage materials are in contact with ammonia, a liquefaction efficiency of the ammonia is about 95, 95.5, 96, 96.5, 97, 97.5, 98.5, 99, 99.1, 99.2, 99.3, 99.4, 99.5, 99.6, 99.7, 99.8, 99.9, 99.99, or 100 % based on stoichiometry. In some embodiments, when the one or more storage materials are in contact with ammonia, the liquefaction efficiency of the ammonia is at least 95, 95.5, 96, 96.5, 97, 97.5, 98.5, 99, 99.1, 99.2, 99.3, 99.4, 99.5, 99.6, 99.7,WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 99.8, 99.9, 99.99, or 100 % based on stoichiometry. In some embodiments, when one or more storage materials are in contact with ammonia, the liquefaction efficiency of the ammonia is no more than 99, 99.1, 99.2, 99.3, 99.4, 99.5, 99.6, 99.7, 99.8, 99.9.9, 99.99, or 100 % based on stoichiometry.

[0187] In some embodiments, when one or more storage materials are in contact with ammonia, a weight% of the ammonia stored in the one or more liquefied ammonia products is 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, or 90 %. In some embodiments, when the one or more storage materials are in contact with ammonia, a weight% of the ammonia stored in the one or more liquefied ammonia products is about 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, or 90 %. In some embodiments, when the one or more storage materials are in contact with ammonia, a weight% of the ammonia stored in the one or more liquefied ammonia products is at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, or 90 %. In some embodiments, when the one or more storage materials are in contact with ammonia, a weight% of the ammonia stored in the one or more liquefied ammonia products is no more than 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, or 90 %.

[0188] In some embodiments, a combination of various AnQmor (AnQm)(NH3)xcompounds may be utilized to customize specific properties, including the weight percentage of stored ammonia, storage and liquefaction efficiency, vapor pressure and boiling point of liquefied ammonia, as well as cost optimization for particular conditions. These examples are illustrative, and other applications may also benefit from this approach.

[0189] In some embodiments, ammonia is released from the liquefied ammonia product under conditions described herein, leaving the ammonia liquefier (e.g., one or more storage materials with optional additives) substantially depleted of ammonia and available for reuse (see Ammonia Release).

[0190] In some embodiments, with reference to FIG 5, the regenerated composition retains from about 5% to about 100% of its initial capacity. In some embodiments, the regenerated composition retains from about 10% to about 99% of its initial capacity. In some embodiments, the regenerated composition retains at least about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 92%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% of its initial capacity. In some embodiments, the regenerated composition exhibits no more than about 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 7%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 15%, or 20% capacity loss relative to its initial capacity.

[0191] In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier compositions are recyclable for at least one additional cycle. In some embodiments, the compositions are recyclable for about 1 to about 20 cycles. In some embodiments, the compositions are recyclable for about 5 to about 100 cycles. InWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 some embodiments, the compositions are recyclable for about 5 to about 200 cycles. In some embodiments, the compositions are recyclable for at least about 20, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 500, 750, 1,000, 2,500, or 5,000 cycles. In some embodiments, the compositions undergo at least 20 cycles.

[0192] In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefier compositions retain at least about 40% of their initial capacity (e.g., of usable storage material) after 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 75, or 100 cycles. In some embodiments, the compositions retain at least about 50% of their initial capacity after 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 75, or 100 cycles. In some embodiments, the compositions retain at least about 80% of their initial capacity after 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 75, or 100 cycles. In some embodiments, the compositions retain at least about 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of their initial capacity after 100, 150, or 200 cycles. In some embodiments, the compositions retain at least about 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of their initial capacity after 250, 500, or 1,000 cycles.

[0193] In some embodiments, the average capacity fade per cycle (e.g., decrease in ammonia uptake, including loss of storage material or reduced their adsorption efficiency) for the ammonia liquefier compositions is no more than about 30% / cycle. In some embodiments, the average capacity fade per cycle is no more than about 20% / cycle. In some embodiments, the average capacity fade per cycle is no more than about 10% / cycle. In some embodiments, the average capacity fade per cycle is no more than about 5% / cycle. In some embodiments, the average capacity fade per cycle is no more than about 2% / cycle, 1% / cycle, 0.5% / cycle, 0.2% / cycle, 0.1% / cycle, or 0.05% / cycle.

[0194] In some embodiments, at least a portion of faded capacity of the ammonia liquefier compositions is recoverable by applying an enhanced regeneration step. In some embodiments, the enhanced regeneration step comprises increasing the regeneration temperature by about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50% relative to a standard ammonia-release temperature and / or extending the regeneration hold time by about two times, three times, four times, or five times and / or applying a deeper vacuum (e.g., to about 0.5, 0.3, or 0.2 atm). In some embodiments, the enhanced regeneration step restores at least about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the lost capacity, and in some embodiments, the enhanced regeneration step restores the post-regeneration capacity to at least about 80%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of initial capacity.

[0195] In some embodiments, at least a portion of faded capacity of the liquefied ammonia products may be recovered by a recrystallization reconditioning step. The composition may be dissolved in an appropriate solvent system (optionally ammonia-containing) and re-formed by crystallization; the solvent system may be selected from solvents and solvent mixtures known inWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 the art to dissolve the composition without undesirable decomposition. Crystallization may be induced by cooling, anti-solvent addition, controlled evaporation, and / or seeding, and the recrystallized composition may be isolated, washed, and dried using conventional unit operations. Recrystallization may be performed on each storage materials (i.e, the liquefier) individually or on a blend thereof, and one or more additives present may be removed during recrystallization and reintroduced thereafter to meet target specifications. Recrystallization may be used alone or in combination with an enhanced regeneration step (e.g., elevated temperature, extended hold time, deeper vacuum, or inert-gas purge) to restore performance, and the recrystallized composition may substantially restore ammonia uptake capacity and meet the capacity-retention criteria described herein for subsequent cycling. The recrystallization operation may be conducted in batch or continuous mode using standard crystallization equipment.

[0196] FIGs.6A, 6B, and 7 depict materials-compatibility profiles of liquefied ammonia products. In some embodiments, the liquefied ammonia products exhibit a materials-compatibility profile substantially similar to that of anhydrous ammonia under the intended temperature, pressure, and exposure conditions, such that materials compatible with anhydrous ammonia are also compatible with the liquefied ammonia products.

[0197] In some embodiments, compatible polymeric materials include, but are not limited to, high- density polyethylene (HDPE), ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), polypropylene (PP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), or combinations thereof.

[0198] In some embodiments, compatible metallic materials include but not limited to stainless- steel alloys including 304, 304L, 316, and 316L, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the liquefied ammonia product is no more reactive than anhydrous ammonia toward the foregoing materials and, in some embodiments, the liquefied ammonia product exhibits reduced corrosivity toward metals relative to aqueous ammonia under comparable conditions. ADDITIVES

[0199] In certain aspects, this disclosure provides an additive that may be utilized in the systems and methods of ammonia liquefaction described herein. The additives may be introduced to improve the liquefaction process. In some embodiments, to increase the adsorption or liquefaction of ammonia, one or more additives may be introduced, thereby enhancing the liquefaction process. These one or more additives may help stabilize vapor pressure and control the boiling point of the system. By influencing molecular interactions within the composition to affect properties of theWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 storage material and ammonia, the one or more additives effectively stabilize the liquefied ammonia products or ammonia within the storage material, optimizing storage conditions. In some embodiments, the composition comprises one or more additives. In some embodiments, the composition comprises one additive.

[0200] In some embodiments, one or more additives are used to enhance liquefaction efficiency, increase capacity, reduce cost, stabilize the liquefied ammonia product, and / or adjust properties such as boiling point, vapor pressure, viscosity, solubility, interfacial behavior, and thermal conductivity. In certain embodiments, the one or more additives function to stabilize the liquefied phase; modify boiling point or equilibrium vapor pressure; improve heat transfer; act as anti- flocculants to limit aggregation or recrystallization of the liquefier; increase the solubility of target species in the liquefied ammonia; or serve as diluents.

[0201] In some embodiments, the one or more additives are selected from a group consisting of molecular species selected from protic polar species, aprotic polar species, and nitrogen bases. In some embodiments, the protic polar species, aprotic polar species, and nitrogen bases include but are not limited to water (H₂O), ethanol (C₂H₅OH), isopropanol (C₃H₇OH), propanol (C₃H₇OH), butanol (C4H10O), dimethyl sulfoxide (C₂H₆OS), glycerol (C₃H₈O₃), acetic acid (CH₃COOH), dimethylformamide (C₃H₇NO), pyridine (C₅H₅N), ethylene glycol (C₂H₆O₂), methanol (CH₃OH), acetone (C₃H₆O), tetrahydrofuran (C₄H₈O), diethylamine (C₄H₁₁N), triethylamine (C₆H₁₅N), propylene carbonate (C4H6O3), ethylene carbonate (C3H4O3), propylene glycol (C3H8O2), acetonitrile (C2H3N), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (C5H9NO), hexamethylphosphorous triamide (C6H19N3OP), nitromethane (CH3NO2), urea (CH4N2O), phenol (C6H6O), 2-pyrrolidone (C4H7NO), diisopropylamine (C6H15N), 1,4-dioxane (C4H8O2), and morpholine (C4H9NO).

[0202] In some embodiments, the one or more additives are selected from a group consisting of water (H₂O), ethanol (C₂H₅OH), isopropanol (C₃H₇OH), glycerol (C₃H₈O₃) or triethylamine (C₆H₁₅N), propylene carbonate (C4H6O3), ethylene carbonate (C3H4O3), propylene glycol (C3H8O2), and ethylene glycol ((CH₂OH)₂).

[0203] In some embodiments, the one or more additives are selected from a group consisting of inorganic / solid-phase and carbonaceous species. In some embodiments, the inorganic / solid-phase and carbonaceous species include but are not limited to (NH4)2SO4, Na2SO4, NaCl, NH4Br, NH4I, NaI, LiI, KCl, K4Fe(CN)6, Fe2O3, Li2SO4, (NH4)3PO4, Al2O3, NH4PF6, NH4ClO4, NH4CF3SO3, NaCF3SO3, LiCF3SO3, a metal oxide (such as ZrO2, ZnO), a metal nitride, a metal phosphide, a metal sulfide, carbon based compositions (e.g., graphene, carbon nanotube), NaS2O3, NH4NO3,NH4HCOO, LiHCOO, NaHCOO, NH4BrO3, LiBrO3, NaBrO3, NH4NO2, NH4SO3,WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 LiSO3, NaSO3, NH4IO3, LiIO3, NaIO3, NH4C2O4, LiBO3, NaBO3, KBO3, NH4MnO4, NaMnO4, KMnO4, Na2CO3, NH4SbF6, LiSbF6, NaSbF6, NH4(CF3SO2)2N, NH4BF4, LiBF4, NaBF4, KBF4, NaPF6, LiPF6.

[0204] In some embodiments, the composition (i.e., storage materials) may comprise one or more additives. In some embodiments, the composition comprises one additive. In some embodiments, the composition comprises one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or more than ten additives.

[0205] In some embodiments, the storage material comprises one or more additives, at least one of which is NH4CF3SO3. In some embodiments, the storage material comprises one or more additives, where at least one of which is NH4BF4. In some embodiments, the storage material comprises one or more additives, where at least two of which are NH4BF4and propylene carbonate. In some embodiments, the storage materials comprise one or more additives, where at least two of which are NH4CF3SO3 and propylene carbonate. In some embodiments, the storage material comprises one or more additives, where at least two of which are NH4CF3SO3 and propylene glycol. In some embodiments, the storage material comprises one or more additives, where at least one of which is NH4PF6. In some embodiments, the storage material comprises one or more additives, where at least two of which are NH4PF6 and ethylene glycol. In some embodiments, the storage material comprises one or more additives, where at least two of which are NH4SO3CF3 and propylene glycol. In some embodiments, the storage material comprises one or more additives where at least two of which are NH4I and NaI. In some embodiments, the storage material comprises one or more additives where at least two of which are NH4I and ethylene glycol. In some embodiments, the storage material comprises one or more additives, where at least two of which are LiPF6 and propylene carbonate. In some embodiments, the storage material comprises one or more additives, where at least one of which is a metal oxide such as ZrO2 or ZnO.

[0206] In some embodiments, the one or more additives comprise water. In some embodiments, the addition of about 0.1 to about 20 weight% (wt.%) of water to liquefied ammonia may increase the boiling point of liquefied ammonia more than about 5%. In some embodiments, the addition of about 1 to about 10 wt.% of water to liquefied ammonia may increase the boiling point of liquefied ammonia more than about 5%. In some embodiments, the addition of about 0.2 to about 5 wt.% of water to liquefied ammonia may increase the boiling point of liquefied ammonia more than about 5%. In some embodiments, the addition of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 wt.% of water to liquefied ammonia may increase the boiling point of liquefied ammonia more than about 5%. In some embodiments, the addition ofWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 about 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 wt.% of water to liquefied ammonia may increase the boiling point of liquefied ammonia more than about 5%. In some embodiments, the addition of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 wt.% of water to liquefied ammonia may increase the boiling point of liquefied ammonia more than about 5%. In some embodiments, the addition of no more than 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 wt.% of water to liquefied ammonia may increase the boiling point of liquefied ammonia more than about 5%.

[0207] In some embodiment, the feeds to the liquefaction reaction vessel (adsorption vessel) may contain one or more additives that are not ammonia or storage material and can be adjusted to achieve the target properties of liquefied ammonia products. In some embodiment, the feeds to the liquefaction reaction vessel (adsorption vessel) may contain one or more additives that are not ammonia or storage material, adjusted to achieve the target properties of the liquefied ammonia products. The target properties of the liquefied ammonia products include but are not limited to liquefaction efficiency, vapor pressure, boiling point, viscosity, conductivity, nitrogen content, oxygen content, and hydrogen content.

[0208] In some embodiments, the feeds to the liquefaction reaction vessel (adsorption vessel) may contain up to about 25 % of additives by weight (e.g., 25 wt.%). In some embodiment, the feeds to the liquefaction reaction vessel (adsorption vessel) may contain up to about 1 to about 20% of additives by weight. In some embodiment, the feeds to the liquefaction reaction vessel (adsorption vessel) may contain up to about 5 to about 15% of additives by weight. In some embodiments, the feeds to adsorption vessel may comprise the additives at a concentration of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 wt.%. In some embodiments, the feeds to adsorption vessel may comprise the additives at a concentration of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 wt.%. In some embodiments, the feeds to adsorption vessel may comprise the additives at a concentration of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 wt.%. In some embodiments, the feeds to adsorption vessel may comprise the additives at a concentration of no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 wt.%.

[0209] In some embodiments, the one or more additives may modify the vapor pressure of ammonia by about 5% to 40%, depending on specific additive and its concentration. In some embodiments, the one or more additives may modify the vapor pressure of ammonia by about 8%WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 to 20%, depending on specific additive and its concentration. In some embodiments, the one or more additives may modify the vapor pressure of ammonia by 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, or 40%. In some embodiments, the one or more additives may modify the vapor pressure of ammonia by about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, or 40%. In some embodiments, the one or more additives may modify the vapor pressure of ammonia by at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, or 40%. In some embodiments, the one or more additives may modify the vapor pressure of ammonia by no more than 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, or 40%.

[0210] When a boiling point of additive is higher than liquefied ammonia, the one or more additives may decrease the vapor pressure of ammonia. In particular examples, ethylene glycol and propylene glycol have found to decrease the vapor pressure of liquefied ammonia. In some embodiments, the one or more additives may decrease the vapor pressure of ammonia by about 5% to 40%, depending on specific additive and its concentration. In some embodiments, the one or more additives may decrease the vapor pressure of ammonia by about 8% to 20%, depending on specific additive and its concentration. In some embodiments, the one or more additives may decrease the vapor pressure of ammonia by 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, or 40%. In some embodiments, the one or more additives may decrease the vapor pressure of ammonia by about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, or 40%. In some embodiments, the one or more additives may decrease the vapor pressure of ammonia by at least 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, or 40%. In some embodiments, the one or more additives may decrease the vapor pressure of ammonia by no more than 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, or 40%.

[0211] In some embodiments, the boiling point of liquefied ammonia may be elevated by an amount in the range of approximately 2^°C to 40^°C through the incorporation of the one or more additives. In some embodiments, the boiling point of liquefied ammonia may be increased by using the one or more additives within a range of about 10 °C to 25 °C. In some embodiments, the boiling point of liquefied ammonia may be increased by using the one or more additives by increments of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 °C. In some embodiments, the boiling point of liquefied ammonia may be increased by using the one or more additives by increments of about 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 °C. In some embodiments, the boiling point of liquefied ammonia may be increased by using the one or more additives by increments of at least 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 °C. In some embodiments, the boiling point of liquefied ammonia may be increasedWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 by using the one or more additives by increments of no more than 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 °C.

[0212] In some embodiments, a first ammonia liquefier (e.g., storage material) may produce a liquefied-ammonia composition that does not meet a specified stability in the intended storage conditions (e.g, storage at specific environmental or regional conditions). In such cases, one or more additional ammonia liquefiers may be used in combination with the first liquefier and, optionally, one or more additives, with the relative amounts chosen to deliver the target stability (e.g., vapor pressure and boiling point).

[0213] In some embodiments, the one or more additives may inherently possess ammonia liquefaction properties when employed in conjunction with an ammonia liquefier. In some embodiments, the one or more additives may inherently enhance the liquefaction characteristics when employed in conjunction with an ammonia liquefier. The combination of these additives, particularly those that alter the physical properties of ammonia, such as vapor pressure and boiling point, is configured to optimize the liquefaction process under a variety of operational conditions.

[0214] In some embodiments, the selection of additives is meticulously tailored to align with the specific operating conditions and the target properties of the liquefied ammonia. In some embodiments, in scenarios where extremely low vapor pressures are critical to mitigate evaporation losses, use of additives such as ammonium bromide (NH₄Br), ammonium iodide (NH₄I), or sodium iodide (NaI), or molecular additives (e.g., propylene glycol) may be particularly advantageous due to their pronounced effectiveness in reducing vapor pressure. In some embodiments, one or more additives (such as propylene glycol, propylene carbonate) may also be selected for their ability to inhibit crystallization of the liquefied ammonia composition during extended storage periods or throughout the transportation process, thereby maintaining the stability and integrity of the liquefied product over time.

[0215] In some embodiments, a combination of additives may enhance the liquefaction process efficiency by adjusting the ammonia physical properties. In another embodiment, the additives may adjust the vapor pressure and / or boiling point of ammonia and / or act as an anti-flocculant to prevent the aggregation of particles, thereby enhancing the stability and efficiency of the storage or transportation of ammonia.

[0216] In some embodiments, the proportions of additives may be adjusted based on experimental data as part of the refinement process. This involves adjusting the ratios of ammonia liquefier compound and ammonia to specific additives to identify the optimal conditions that maximize liquefaction while preserving the structural integrity and reactivity of the resulting compound.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601

[0217] The additives may be directly added to the feed or added after the liquefaction. In some embodiments, the feeds to the reaction vessel (adsorption vessel) may contain up to about 35 wt.% of components that are not ammonia or the storage material, to increase the phosphorous content. In some embodiments, the feeds to the reaction vessel (adsorption vessel) may contain about 1 to about 25 wt.% of components that are not ammonia or the storage material, to increase the phosphorous content. In some embodiments, the feeds to the reaction vessel (adsorption vessel) may contain about 5 to about 20 wt.%, of components that are not ammonia or the storage material, to increase the phosphorous content. In some embodiments, the feeds to the reaction vessel (adsorption vessel) may contain 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 wt.% of components that are not ammonia or the storage material, to increase the phosphorous content. In some embodiments, the feeds to the reaction vessel (adsorption vessel) may contain about 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 wt.% of components that are not ammonia or the storage material, to increase the phosphorous content. In some embodiments, the feeds to the reaction vessel (adsorption vessel) may contain at least 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 wt.% of components that are not ammonia or the storage material, to increase the phosphorous content. In some embodiments, the feeds to the reaction vessel (adsorption vessel) may contain no more than 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 wt.% of components that are not ammonia or the storage material, to increase the phosphorous content. Such components include but are not limited to diammonium phosphate (DAP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), superphosphate, triple superphosphate (TSP), ammonium polyphosphate, phosphoric acid, calcium phosphate, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), and potassium phosphate. These compositions may improve the direct use of liquefied ammonia for agricultural purposes. Additional nutrients or mineral additives, including but not limited to sulfur-, potassium- , or nitrogen-containing compounds, may also be included to tailor the composition for specific soil or crop requirements.

[0218] In one embodiment, the ammonia and storage material interaction / reaction may facilitate the conversion of ammonia from its gaseous form to a liquefied state in an efficient and safe manner across a broad range of operating conditions. In some embodiments, one or more components of the system operate within a temperature range from about -80 °C to about 90 °C and a pressure range from about 0.1 atm to about 25 atm. In some embodiments, the ammonia interaction occurs at temperatures ranging from about -40 °C to about 50 °C and pressures from about 1 atm to about 15 atm to enhance the liquefaction rate and stability of the liquefied ammonia. In some embodiments, the interaction is carried out at temperatures from about 0 °C to about 40 °C and pressures from about 1 atm to about 10 atm, optimizing the conversion process while maintainingWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 system safety and efficiency. In some embodiments, the system or one or more components of the system utilizes temperatures from about 0 °C to about 30 °C and pressures from about 1 atm to about 5 atm.

[0219] In some embodiments, the process may incorporate a step of pre-mixing the additives prior to the introduction of ammonia in a liquefaction tank. In cases where one or more additives are in liquid form, such as water, the liquefier composition may first be dissolved in the additive to ensure a homogeneous mixture and consistent reaction throughout the liquefaction process. This pre- mixing step is designed to maximize the contact efficiency between ammonia and the liquefaction agents, thereby enhancing the yield and overall quality of the resulting liquefied ammonia.

[0220] In some embodiments, the process may involve a temperature-controlled introduction of ammonia into the reaction tank to optimize the reaction kinetics based on the specific additives used. For example, higher temperatures (e.g., at a temperature of about 10 °C to about 40 °C) may be used when using one or more additives that function optimally under such conditions to form stable liquefied ammonia.

[0221] In some embodiments, the additives may be added during the liquefaction process. In some embodiments, the additives may be added after the liquefaction process. In some embodiments, the additives may be added either for ammonia transportation purposes or for ammonia release process. In some embodiments, in the ammonia release process a few % of propylene glycol may be added to better control the temperature fluctuation and foaming formation while using the vacuum. AMMONIA LIQUEFACTION

[0222] In certain aspects, the present disclosure provides at least one chamber that may contain a mixture comprising ammonia, one or more compounds, represented as AnQm or (AnQm)(NH3)x, to produce liquefied ammonia product. In some embodiments, at least one chamber can be used to produce liquefied ammonia. In some embodiments, ammonia liquefaction may occur in the system disclosed herein. Various chambers designed to contain a mixture of ammonia, AnQm, (AnQm)(NH3)x, or (AnQm)(NH3)y complexing agents along with one or more additives may be utilized for the “reaction-interaction-complexing.” These chambers are not limited to the examples provided here. In some embodiments, these chambers are referred to “tanks”, “liquefaction tanks”, “liquefaction units”, or “reaction vessels”.

[0223] In some embodiments, with reference to FIGs.2A and 8, an ammonia processing system comprises an ammonia storage and delivery system comprising (i) a first storage / delivery tank (ammonia feed source tank / (e.g., NH3 input)) (1), (ii) a second storage and delivery tank (ammoniaWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 liquefaction tank, or adsorption or reaction tank) (3), and (iii) a third storage and delivery tank (liquefied ammonia storage tank) (5).

[0224] In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefaction tank (3) is designed to withstand pressures up to about 25 atm. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefaction tank (3) is designed to withstand pressures in the range of about 0.1 to about 15 atm. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefaction tank (3) is designed to withstand pressures in the range of about 0.5 to about 10 atm. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefaction tank (3) is designed to withstand pressures of 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 atm. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefaction tank (3) is designed to withstand pressures of about 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 atm. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefaction tank (3) is designed to withstand pressures of at least 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 atm. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefaction tank (3) is designed to withstand pressures of no more than 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 atm. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefaction tank (3) is designed to withstand temperatures ranging from about -80 °C to about 140 °C. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefaction tank (3) is designed to withstand temperatures ranging from about -60 °C to about 120 °C. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefaction tank (3) is designed to withstand temperatures ranging from about -40 °C to about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefaction tank (3) is designed to withstand temperatures of -80, -70, -60, -50, -40, -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, or 120 °C. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefaction tank (3) is designed to withstand temperatures of about -80, -70, -60, -50, -40, -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, or 120 °C. In some embodiments, the ammonia liquefaction tank (3) is designed to withstand temperatures of at least -80, -70, -60, -50, -40, -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50°C. In some embodiments, the liquefaction tank can be operated at variable pressures within the range of about 1 to about 20 atm to adjust the rate of ammonia liquefaction depending on the desired throughput and external temperature conditions. This enables more flexible operation during seasonal temperature variations.

[0225] In some embodiments, and with reference to FIG. 2C, the liquefaction systems or liquefaction tanks can be offered as modular units, allowing for scalability and adaptability across various operational scales of liquefaction processes, ranging from about 1 to 500 tons. In some embodiments, the liquefaction systems or liquefaction tanks can be offered as modular units, allowing for operational scales of liquefaction processes of at least 1, 10, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250,WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 tons. They can also be designed to suit different environmental conditions. These capacity ranges are just examples; the tanks can be customized to meet specific volume requirements based on operational needs and environmental factors.

[0226] In some embodiments, liquefaction systems or liquefaction tanks may be constructed from one or more materials that are chemically resistant to ammonia. In some embodiments, and with reference to FIG. 7, the liquefaction systems or liquefaction tanks may comprise polymer-based tanks. In some embodiments, liquefaction systems or liquefaction tank may be constructed from one or more materials consist of Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC), High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM), Epoxy, Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK), Polypropylene, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF), or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, liquefaction systems or liquefaction tank may be constructed form metal alloys including but not limited to stainless steel alloys such as SS304 or SS 316. In some embodiments, other alloy metal tanks such as Hastelloy C-276, Inconel 625 and Aluminum alloys (e.g., 5083 or 6061) may also be used. In some embodiments, any of these materials may be used as part of the tank's components to adjust the cost and thermal and pressure compatibility. In some embodiments, the liquefaction tanks may be coated with these materials to enhance their pressure resistance and chemical compatibility with ammonia.

[0227] In some embodiments, the liquefaction tanks may be insulated to maintain the ammonia liquefaction process at ambient temperature and pressure during the production of liquefied ammonia. Insulation can significantly reduce thermal exchange with the environment, which helps keeping the ammonia in its liquefied state more efficiently. This efficiency may lower the energy costs associated with temperature regulation.

[0228] In some embodiment, the liquefaction tanks may be divided into multiple sub-tanks. Each sub-tank within the liquefaction tank is configured to independently process ammonia, allowing for parallel or selective operation depending on the system’s demand.

[0229] In some embodiments, a modular liquefaction tank may be designed to facilitate easy extraction and replacement of the AnQm compound, optimizing the reuse process and minimizing downtime in the ammonia liquefaction and storage system.

[0230] In some embodiments, with reference to FIG.8, the liquefaction reactor or tank is charged with one or more ammonia liquefier compositions (e.g., storage materials as described herein) through a liquefaction feeding system (LFS). The supply system may include a powder-handlingWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 device such as a screw conveyor, gravity feeder, or vibratory feeder, or other suitable methods for introducing solids.

[0231] In some embodiments, one or more additives, as described herein, may be introduced into the reactor. Additives may be delivered through the same supply system as the liquefier or via a separate inlet. In cases that the additive is liquid, it may be introduced using a pumping system. The additive can be premixed with the liquefier prior to entering the reactor or dosed separately within the tank to optimize interaction.

[0232] Based on one embodiment, once introduced, ammonia gas is contacted with the liquefier (and optionally the additive) to form a liquefied ammonia product. In some embodiments, the reactor may include internal components such as baffles and / or an agitator to enhance dispersion and accelerate liquefaction.

[0233] In certain embodiments, a monitoring system is provided to regulate temperature, pressure, and liquid level in the reactor. During operation, an ammonia supply valve (SV) may remain open to operate in a high‑pressure mode (e.g., about 4–8 atm) that accelerates liquefaction.

[0234] In further embodiments, at least two operating approaches are provided: (i) a High‑Pressure Method, where the SV remains open until liquefaction is complete to enable rapid conversion; and (ii) a Stoichiometric Control Method, where a metered quantity of ammonia is introduced based on liquefier composition, additive content, and flow rate, after which the SV is closed. In the latter case, internal pressure decreases as ammonia transitions from gas to liquid and stabilizes near the vapor pressure of liquid ammonia at about ambient temperature.

[0235] In some embodiments, with reference to FIG.9, an ammonia inlet tube is positioned within the lower region of the tank to improve gas–liquefier contact. In some embodiments, the distal end may be located about 1–10% of the total tank height above the bottom (geometry‑dependent). Locating the inlet above the primary liquefier bed may reduce efficiency because unreacted solid can settle beneath the formed liquid layer. In some embodiments, dispersion may be improved by multiple gas entry points and / or an inlet tube with perforations along its lower section. A spray‑type distribution system may be employed to produce finer gas streams. An agitator may be included to maintain mixing and accelerating conversion.

[0236] A deep tube (2) can be used to transfer the liquefied ammonia (e.g., within the liquefied ammonia products, as described herein) to the storage tank. The flow can be driven by the pressure inside the liquefaction tank if the high-pressure method is used, as described herein. Alternatively, the transfer can be controlled using a pump or a similar suction system to regulate the flow. The liquefaction tank can be filled up to 98–99% of its capacity, ensuring maximum utilization whileWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 maintaining safe operational limits.

[0237] According to certain embodiments, the interaction between ammonia gas and the liquefier may generate heat (exothermic reaction), making temperature monitoring a crucial aspect of the system. In some embodiments, the monitoring unit may include temperature sensors in addition to pressure sensors, liquid level sensors, and other monitoring devices to ensure process stability. In some embodiments, to manage this heat, a heat exchanger can be integrated into the system, or ammonia can be introduced in pulses to regulate thermal buildup.

[0238] In applications where liquefaction time or thermal management is critical, a portion of the ammonia feed may be introduced in liquid form. With reference to FIG 10, A heat exchanger or refrigeration unit (HX / RF) is integrated at the ammonia input so that liquid ammonia (at temperatures below about −30^°C or liquid ammonia at about 10 atm) rather than gaseous ammonia, is delivered into the reactor for the liquefaction process. In one embodiment, feeding about 10–30% of the ammonia as liquid reduces heat generation by more than 50% and accelerates mixing and liquefaction.

[0239] In some embodiments, the liquefaction system or liquefaction tank comprises various means for monitoring the ammonia liquification product process including sensors that provide real-time data (feedback) on temperature, pressure, and ammonia concentration, enabling control over the liquification process. In some embodiments, the sensors include but not limited to thermocouples, pressure transducers, and gas analyzers. In some embodiments, the sensors may be placed at critical points along the reaction tank, inside the tank itself, along pipelines, and at input and output streams where the highest variations in temperature, pressure, and concentration are expected. The sensors can be linked to a central processing unit (CPU) or programmable logic controller (PLC) for real time monitoring and modification / control of the ammonia feed stream, temperature and pressure and may also be linked to safety controls. The safety controls may be automatic or manual to regulate the temperature or pressurization processes to reduce or prevent phase transitions that can destabilize the system. By destabilizing the system is meant causing deviations from the optimal operating conditions, potentially leading to inefficiencies, safety hazards, or system failures. In some embodiments, sensor / feedback mechanism is used to adjust the flow rates between liquefaction and storage tanks based on real-time sensor data on ammonia density and pressure. This automated control optimizes the storage conditions and can prevent over-pressurization or under-utilization of storage capacity.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 LIQUEFIED AMMONIA STORAGE

[0240] In certain aspects, the present disclosure provides various chambers for storing liquefied ammonia products. The chambers may also store ammonia, AnQm, (AnQm)(NH3)x, and (AnQm)(NH3)y complexing agents as well as any combination of one or more additives. These chambers are useful for storing and transporting liquefied ammonia. These chambers are not limited to the examples provided here. In some embodiments, with reference to FIGs 2, 8, and 10, these chambers are referred to “storage tanks” or “liquefied ammonia storage tank” (5) and “liquefied ammonia transportation tank” (8).

[0241] FIG.2B illustrates an embodiment of an ammonia storage and delivery system, similar to the configuration shown in FIG.2A, but with the addition of a buffer tank (8) situated between the ammonia liquefaction tank (3) and the liquefied ammonia storage tank (5). The buffer tank (8) is designed to manage and stabilize the flow and pressure of liquefied ammonia between these tanks, thereby enhancing the system's flexibility and efficiency. The buffer tank (8) may be capable of operating in either a unidirectional or bidirectional manner, allowing for both forward and reverse flows of ammonia, depending on the requirements of the system. In some embodiments, the buffer tank may be either a pressurized tank that is commonly used in the industry or a liquefaction tank of a smaller size than the main liquefaction tank. In some embodiments, the buffer tank may act as a support tank.

[0242] In some embodiments, with reference to FIGs. 10 and 11, the storage tanks are designed to withstand pressures up to about 15 atm. In some embodiments, the storage tanks are designed to withstand pressures in the range of about 0.001 to about 10 atm. In some embodiments, the storage tanks are designed to withstand pressures in the range of about 0.01 to about 5 atm. In some embodiments, the storage tanks are designed to withstand pressures of 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 atm. In some embodiments, the storage tanks are designed to withstand pressures of about 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 atm. In some embodiments, the storage tanks are designed to withstand pressures of at least 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 atm. In some embodiments, the storage tanks are designed to withstand pressures of no more than 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 atm. In some embodiments, the storage tanks are designed to withstand temperatures ranging from about -30 °C to about 140 °C. In some embodiments, the storage tanks are designed to withstand temperatures of -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70,WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, or 140 °C. In some embodiments, the storage tanks are designed to withstand temperatures of about -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, or 140 °C. In some embodiments, the storage tanks are designed to withstand temperatures of at least -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, or 140 °C. In some embodiments, the storage tanks are designed to withstand temperatures of at most 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, or 140 °C. This enables more flexible operation during seasonal temperature variations. The storage tanks can be provided as modular tanks to facilitate scalability, and adaptability, for example, across different operational scales ranging from 500 kg to 5000 tons and varying environmental conditions. These capacities are illustrative examples; tanks can be customized to accommodate other volume requirements based on specific operational needs and environmental conditions.

[0243] In some embodiments, with reference to FIGs.6 and 7, the storage and transportation tank may be constructed from one or more materials that are chemically resistant to ammonia. In some embodiments, the storage and transportation tank may be constructed from materials comprising Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC), Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM), Epoxy, Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK), Polypropylene, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF), stainless steel alloys (e.g., SS304 or SS 316), Aluminum, or Polyethylene (PE), High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE), or mixtures thereof, as well as other materials compatible with ammonia liquefied systems. Other alloy metal tanks such as Hastelloy C-276, Inconel 625 and Aluminum alloys (e.g., 5083 or 6061) may also be used. In some embodiments, the storage and transportation tank may be made from stainless steel alloys (such as SS304 or SS 316), Aluminum, PTFE, PVC, or high- density PE (HDPE). In some embodiments, the storage and transportation tank may be made from Stainless Steel 316, Aluminum, or HDPE. In some embodiments, the storage and transportation tank may be coated with these materials to enhance its pressure resistance and chemical compatibility with ammonia.

[0244] In some embodiments, the storage tank may comprise an ordinary, commercially available container not specifically designed for high-pressure ammonia service. In certain embodiments, the tank may be atmospheric and unpressurized, relying on the stability of the liquefied ammonia products described herein to enable safe storage under ambient conditions.

[0245] The storage tanks can be equipped with insulation to, for instance, keep the liquefied ammonia at ambient temperature and pressure throughout its storage and transport. Insulation effectively minimizes thermal interaction with external conditions. This improvement ensures theWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 ammonia remains liquefied more effectively, reducing the energy expenditures required for temperature control.

[0246] In another embodiment, the chambers for storing liquefied ammonia incorporate a modular feature wherein multiple smaller liquefied ammonia storage tanks are employed in place of a single, larger tank. FIG. 2C illustrates an ammonia storage and delivery system, similar to the configuration shown in FIG. 2A, wherein the liquefied ammonia storage tank (5) comprises a plurality of sub-tanks arranged in a modular configuration. The modular liquefied ammonia storage tanks are designed to accommodate a scalable number of sub-tanks, each capable of independently storing liquefied ammonia. The liquefied ammonia stored in the sub-tanks of the liquefied ammonia storage tank can be selectively accessed and transferred to the delivery system which allows for the addition or removal of sub-tanks to adjust the storage capacity as required by the system's operational needs. This modular configuration enhances system reliability and permits maintenance or repair activities to be conducted without interrupting the overall operation of the system.

[0247] Thus, the storage tanks can be provided as modular tanks to facilitate scalability and adaptability, for example, across operational scales ranging from small (about 1 to about 500 tons) to large (about 600 to about 10,000 tons) and variable environmental conditions. When multiple smaller liquid ammonia storage tanks (e.g., about 500 tons each) replace a single large tank (e.g., about 10,000 tons), the modularity increases system reliability and allows for maintenance or repair without disrupting the entire system’s operation. These sizes are merely illustrative, and tanks can be tailored in various dimensions to meet specific requirements.

[0248] In another embodiment, with reference to FIGs.8 and 10, the liquefied ammonia “reaction tank”, storage and transport tanks may be equipped with temperature control system and insulation materials that significantly reduce thermal exchange with the environment. In some embodiments, they may include, but are not limited to, polyurethane foam, mineral wool, cellulose, fiberglass, polystyrene, aerogel, vacuum insulated panels (VIPs), reflective foil, phenolic foam, calcium silicate, perlite, and ceramic fiber. This enhancement maintains the ammonia in its liquefied state more efficiently, lowering energy costs associated with temperature regulation.

[0249] In some embodiments, the pipeline connecting the liquefaction and storage tanks comprises an inline filtration system that removes impurities from the ammonia during transfer. This ensures higher purity of stored ammonia, enhancing the safety and efficiency of the re- conversion / desorption process.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601

[0250] In another embodiment, the system comprises a feedback mechanism that adjusts the flow rates between the liquefaction and storage tanks based on real-time sensor data on ammonia density and pressure. This automated control optimizes the storage conditions and prevents over- pressurization or under-utilization of storage capacity.

[0251] In some embodiments, the system may be configured for either above ground or underground liquefaction processes and storage of liquefied ammonia, with storage tanks equipped with appropriate safety features.

[0252] In another embodiment, the pipeline connecting the liquefaction and storage tanks comprises an inline filtration system that removes impurities from the ammonia during transfer. This ensures higher purity of stored ammonia, enhancing the safety and efficiency of the re- conversion / desorption process.

[0253] FIG.12 depicts a Pressure–Temperature curve of pure ammonia and the liquefied ammonia compositions (also referred to herein as “liquefied ammonia products”). As described herein, components of the storage / transport system are configured to align with the pressure–temperature behavior of the liquefied ammonia products. A vessel rating may be determined from the equilibrium vapor pressure of the product at the expected design temperature (e.g., site ambient or regulatory reference temperature), such that the container safely accommodates the maximum internal pressure without venting.

[0254] In certain embodiments, the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) of a storage / transport vessel used in the system may be at least equal to or greater than the equilibrium vapor pressure of the composition at the highest anticipated ambient temperature. For example, the MAWP may be selected as ≥ 1.1×, ≥ 1.25×, or ≥ 1.5× the equilibrium pressure at the design temperature (e.g., within an ambient range of 0–50 °C, −10–60 °C, or site-specific percentile temperatures such as the 95th or 99th percentile). By way of illustration, for a liquefied ammonia products exhibiting an equilibrium vapor pressure of about 2 atm at 40 °C, the vessel may be rated at least 2 atm, and in particular embodiments ≥ 2.5 or ≥ 3 atm to provide additional margin. Relief devices and instrumentation may be coordinated with this rating to ensure safe operation while maintaining low-pressure characteristics.

[0255] In some embodiments, the system provides inherently reduced release (ammonia scape) rates during leakage incidents compared to conventional pressurized or refrigerated storage. For example, a representative ¼-inch breach at ambient conditions may yield < 50 g h⁻¹ release, such as < 20 g h⁻¹, < 10 g h⁻¹, or about 5 g h⁻¹. By contrast, comparable pressurized storage may release > 30,000 g h⁻¹ and refrigerated storage > 8,000 g h⁻¹. Accordingly, the disclosed system may reduceWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 release rates by at least about fifty times, one hundred times, five hundred times, eight thousand times, or more, relative to conventional designs. Such reductions in incident release rates provide extended response times for detection and intervention, enabling mitigation on the scale of minutes to hours rather than seconds, thereby improving operational safety margins.

[0256] In further embodiments, incidental liquid fractions released outdoors may substantially retained in the local substrate (e.g., soil, gravel, or absorbent bedding), where they are converted to ammonium species by moisture. This containment behavior minimizes airborne dispersion and facilitates straightforward remediation. Installations may optionally include berms, liners, or absorbent layers beneath or around the vessel to further immobilize spills.

[0257] In some embodiments, the storage / transport vessel may include thermal insulation to reduce heat ingress and stabilize vapor pressure. The insulation may be configured such that diurnal temperature swings of 20 °C result in a vapor pressure fluctuation of less than ±10%, or less than ±5%, relative to nominal equilibrium values.

[0258] In certain embodiments, the storage / transport may be constructed with a double-wall design defining an interstitial space that functions as a secondary barrier. The interstitial region may be evacuated, purged with inert gas, or filled with a reactive / sorptive medium capable of immobilizing or neutralizing ammonia in the event of a through-wall leak. The interstitial may also be monitored to provide early leak detection. In some embodiments, vessel penetrations, valves, and couplings are designed with double containment or other standard safety practices to minimize fugitive emissions during normal connection, disconnection, or maintenance.

[0259] In certain embodiments, relief devices are provided to direct any over-pressure discharge to a treatment unit (e.g., aqueous or scrubbing medium), ensuring that even worst-case venting events result in minimal release to the environment. LIQUEFIED AMMONIA DELIVERY / TRANSPORT

[0260] In certain aspects, the present disclosure relates to transport / delivery system for liquefied ammonia. As used herein, the term “liquefied ammonia” may refer to liquefied ammonia within the liquefied ammonia products. In some embodiment, with reference to FIG.1B, the liquefied ammonia storage tank may be transported to an ammonia delivery site. After the ammonia has been desorbed and released, the empty storage tank may be returned to a processing facility to be refilled through the ammonia liquefaction process, ensuring a continuous cycle of use and efficiency in ammonia logistics.

[0261] In another embodiment, the liquefied ammonia storage tank may be transported to and stored at a delivery site, allowing for the on-demand release of ammonia based on local needs. ThisWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 capability enhances the flexibility and responsiveness of ammonia distribution networks, particularly in areas requiring frequent or irregular supply.

[0262] In another embodiment, the storage / delivery tank may be designed for easy transport. In some embodiments, the storage / delivery tank comprises a corrosion-resistant container. In some embodiments, the corrosion-resistant container may be cylindrical or spherical in shape. This container may be insulated to prevent heat ingress and minimize temperature fluctuations. As previously mentioned, liquefied ammonia has a lower vapor pressure, allowing it to be stored, transported, and handled in ordinary lower pressure containers suitable for ground transportation (e.g., truck trailers or railcars) or sea transportation (e.g., maritime vessels), including but not limited to the types described here for ammonia storage.

[0263] In some embodiments, the container may be utilized to carry the liquefied composition and may include moisture-control systems or additives to prevent the substance from adsorbing atmospheric water during storage and transportation. Suitable moisture-control strategies may include incorporation of desiccant materials such as sodium polyacrylate, silica gel, activated alumina, molecular sieves (e.g., 3A or 4A zeolites), or calcium oxide. In some embodiments, polymeric absorbents, hygroscopic salts, or surface coatings that repel or bind moisture may also be included. In other embodiments, a replaceable moisture-scavenging cartridge or liner may be integrated into the container to continuously remove water vapor and maintain the stability of the liquefied composition.

[0264] In certain aspect, this disclosure provides various ways for transporting the storage tank comprising liquefied ammonia products that may be utilized and are not limited to those identified herein. In some embodiments, the examples include, but not limited to pipelines, conduits, ducts and the like. These may be comprised of conventional materials such as Stainless steel, Carbon steel, Low-alloy steels, Iron alloys, Aluminum alloys, thereof. Liquid ammonia can also be transported by ship, air, rail and truck. An example of a pipeline is NuStar’s 2000-mile-long ammonia pipeline system consisting of 4 inch, 6 inch, 8 inch and 10 inch pipe that transports about 1.5 million tons of anhydrous liquid ammonia per year.

[0265] The use of the materials described above is partly facilitated by the properties of the liquefied ammonia products. For example, in conventional methods of storing and transporting ammonia, refrigerated temperatures (i.e., -33 ºC) and / or high pressures (e.g., 10 atm) are necessary to maintain ammonia in a liquefied state. As a result, these conventional methods require stronger, more specialized materials for storage and transportation to withstand such conditions. However, by utilizing the storage material and the resulting liquefied ammonia products, temperatures andWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 pressures within a more manageable range can be employed for storage, transportation, and desorption. This innovation opens up the possibility of using different types of storage tanks. Consequently, tanks made from the aforementioned materials may be cheaper, easier to obtain, lighter in weight, more environmentally friendly, and more versatile in design, thereby enhancing overall efficiency and reducing costs in the ammonia supply chain.

[0266] In another embodiment, the liquefied ammonia storage means can be transported to and stored at a delivery site, allowing for the on-demand release of ammonia based on local needs. This capability enhances the flexibility and responsiveness of ammonia distribution networks, particularly in areas requiring frequent or irregular supply.

[0267] In some embodiments, transportable vessels may incorporate internal baffles to reduce liquid sloshing, monitoring features such as shock and tilt indicators, and structural strength sufficient to withstand accidental drops from a height of about 0.8–1.2 meters onto a hard surface without loss of containment. In further embodiments, the packaging may include thermal insulation configured to limit vapor-pressure increase to ≤ 0.5 atm over a 24-hour period at stored temperatures.

[0268] In another embodiment, each storage / delivery tank comprises a dedicated compartment designed to collect and recover the compound used for ammonia adsorption once desorption is complete. This allows for the segregated recovery and transportation of the used liquefier compound back to a facility, where it can be reused in the ammonia liquefaction process, thus enhancing the sustainability and cost-efficiency of the operation. AMMONIA DESORPTION

[0269] The foregoing embodiments describe desorption system primarily carried out in a batch- type system (a tank-based system) or in a continues system in which ammonia is released from liquefied ammonia products within a vessel by heating or depressurization, or combination thereof (generally called Release Unit).

[0270] In certain aspects, with reference to FIG.14 the present disclosure also provides various chambers for desorbing the ammonia from the liquefied ammonia products. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides various chambers for desorbing ammonia from the liquefied ammonia products and any additives. These chambers are not limited to the examples provided here. In some embodiments, these chambers are referred “desorption tanks”, “liquefied ammonia desorption tank”, or simply “tanks”. In some embodiments, the desorption tank may be the same tank used for storage. In some embodiments, the desorption tank may be an independent tank designated for the desorption process.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601

[0271] In one embodiment, the desorption process may be initiated using a heat transfer unit. As the temperature increases, ammonia separates from the liquefied ammonia products and is released as a gas. This gas is then directed out of the tank for loading. With reference to FIG.15A, for the most efficient release (desorption) process, the temperature should be equal or above the boiling point of the liquefied ammonia products, which depends on liquefier composition and the release pressure. FIG.15B shows an example where the ammonia is released on demand according to the described embodiment.

[0272] In some embodiments, heat may be applied from either outside or inside the tank.

[0273] In some embodiments, heating can be applied using microwaves, with the frequency of the microwaves tuned to match the energy of the N-H bond.

[0274] In some embodiments, a depressurizing system (suction system) may also be implemented to extract the produced ammonia gas and facilitate further ammonia release, which may improve efficiency and shorten the release time; for instance, using a pump integrated with the heating system can increase the release rate by at least five times at the same temperature.

[0275] In some embodiments, when using a system with integrated heat and depressurizing (e.g., vacuum pump), adjustment between pumping suction and heat application may be used to ensure a steady state flow rate of ammonia.

[0276] In another embodiment, once the ammonia has been desorbed, the emptied storage tanks, now free of ammonia, are transported back to a central processing facility. Here, they are refilled using the ammonia liquefaction process, thereby optimizing the reuse and circulation of storage tanks within the ammonia supply chain.

[0277] In another embodiment, the liquefied ammonia storage tank can be transported to an ammonia delivery site. After the ammonia has been desorbed and released, the empty storage tanks may be returned to a processing facility to be refilled through the ammonia liquefaction process, ensuring a continuous cycle of use and efficiency in ammonia logistics.

[0278] In another embodiment, the overall system incorporates a modular design for the liquefaction, storage, and desorption tanks to facilitate scalability and adaptability of the system across different operational scales and environmental conditions.

[0279] In another embodiment, the overall system’s (or a part thereof) operational parameters may be designed to function optimally within the natural ambient environmental conditions, minimizing the need for additional cooling, or pressurization.

[0280] In other embodiments, with reference to FIGs.14, and 16A-16C, ammonia desorption is performed in a continuous release unit configured to form a mechanically renewed thin film of theWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 liquefied ammonia products on a heated surface. In these embodiments, the liquefied ammonia composition from one or more storage tanks is metered into the release unit and spread as a thin film along a heated inner wall by a rotating element comprising blades, wipers, or distribution features. The film-forming configuration increases interfacial area, refreshes the boundary layer, and shortens diffusion path length, thereby accelerating desorption relative to tank-based systems. In some embodiments, the release unit operates under reduced pressure and / or with a co-current or counter-current sweep gas, and desorbed ammonia is continuously withdrawn while the depleted liquefier is discharged for regeneration and reuse.

[0281] In some embodiments, the release unit comprises a continuous release reactor with a cylindrical housing with a central shaft and wiping or scraping elements that rotate to spread the liquefied ammonia composition across the heated surface. In some embodiments, the wiping elements may include hinged blades, scrapers, paddles, or helical flights. In some embodiments, with reference to FIGs. 16A-16C, the continuous release reactor may be oriented vertically. In some embodiments, the continuous release reactor may be oriented in any suitable direction, including but not limited to vertical, horizontal, or at any intermediate or alternative angle. In other embodiments, the continuous release reactor may be oriented horizontally or at an angle between vertical and horizontal. In some embodiments, the continuous release reactor has a nominal thickness of about 0.05 mm to about 10 mm, such as about 0.1 mm to about 3.0 mm, or about 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mm in particular embodiments. In some embodiments, the housing may be operated at a pressure of about 0.01 atm to about 5 atm, such as about 0.3 atm to about 2.5 atm. In some embodiments, the wall or jacket temperature is higher than the boiling point of the liquefied ammonia product at release pressure. In some embodiments, the wall or jacket temperature may range from about 10 °C to about 140 °C, such as about 30 °C to about 120 °C, or more particularly about 80–100 °C. FIG.17 shows an example where the ammonia is released on demand according to the described embodiment. In some embodiments, the release unit comprises one or more shafts. In some embodiments, the release unit comprises one, two, three, four, five, or more shafts.

[0282] In some embodiments, the ammonia vapor generated in the release unit is withdrawn from a vapor outlet located at or near the top of the reactor. In some embodiments, the vapor outlet may be connected to a gas processing unit, such as a condenser, refrigeration system, compressor, or auxiliary storage tank (AST). In some embodiments, a vacuum system is applied to the vapor space to operate the release unit under reduced pressure of about 0.01 atm to about 2.0 atm, such as about 0.4–0.9 atm, to enhance desorption efficiency at lower temperatures. In some embodiments, when vacuum is applied, a cyclone or demister is included to separate entrained solid particles from theWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 vapor stream.

[0283] In some embodiments, a pumping system is coupled to the vapor outlet to regulate the flow of evaporated ammonia gas. In certain embodiments, the pumping system may comprise a centrifugal pump, diaphragm pump, scroll compressor, Roots blower, or other ammonia- compatible pump configured to provide steady flow or to maintain a desired outlet pressure. In some embodiments, the pump may operate in conjunction with a condenser, compressor, or downstream utilization device to ensure continuous delivery of ammonia gas at controlled rates.

[0284] In some embodiments, the dried solid liquefier material is conveyed downward and discharged from the bottom of the release unit. In some embodiments, the downward conveyance may occur by gravity, by spiral motion of the wipers, or by use of an auger or agitator system. In some embodiments, the discharged solid may be collected in a separate chamber, returned to the storage tank, or transferred through a pneumatic conveying line. In some embodiments, a rotary valve, screw conveyor, or other metering device is provided to discharge the solids while maintaining system pressure.

[0285] In some embodiments, the solid recovery from the release system is directed to a collection chamber for storage and transport to a central liquefaction facility. In other embodiments, the solid is returned directly to the liquefied ammonia storage tank, where it precipitates and accumulates. In such embodiments, the storage tank may be re-liquefied in situ by introducing ammonia gas or liquid until the desired inventory is restored.

[0286] In another embodiment, the discharged solid material is separated from the vapor stream in a cyclone or filter housing located at the bottom of the release unit. In such embodiments, the separated powder may be directed either to the storage vessel for reuse or to an external collection chamber for packaging. In some embodiments, the cyclone separator may operate at a cut-size of about 1 µm to about 200 µm, such as about 5–50 µm, to efficiently remove entrained particles. In some embodiments, when a vacuum system or cyclone is employed, the gas outlet of the cyclone may be connected to the primary vapor outlet of the release unit, thereby forming a single combined outlet stream directed to the downstream loading system.

[0287] In some embodiments, the continuous release system enables decoupling of ammonia storage from ammonia delivery, such that one or more release units may be operated in parallel or series to provide the required ammonia gas feed to a downstream loading system. In some embodiments, the loading system may comprise a hydrogen cracker, ammonia-fueled engine, fuel cell system, or other utilization device. In some embodiments, this architecture allows for modular operation, high release rates on demand, and continuous delivery of ammonia gas.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601

[0288] In some embodiments, the release operation is carried out in any suitable vapor–liquid (or vapor–liquid–solid) contacting and separation apparatus, with desorbed ammonia withdrawn and the depleted storage materials removed for regeneration.

[0289] In some embodiments, the release operation is carried out in any suitable vapor–liquid (or vapor–liquid–solid) contacting and separation apparatus, including, without limitation, thin- film / wiped-film evaporators, vacuum flash vessels, gas-stripping columns (packed or tray), sparged tanks, membrane contactors, or disengagement devices (e.g., demister pads, cyclonic separators, knock-out drums), with desorbed ammonia withdrawn and the depleted storage material removed for regeneration.

[0290] In some embodiments, the desorption unit is designed to withstand pressures up to about 15 atm. In some embodiments, the desorption tanks are designed to withstand pressures in the range of about 0.001 to about 10 atm. In some embodiments, the desorption tanks are designed to withstand pressures in the range of about 0.01 to about 5 atm. In some embodiments, the desorption tanks / reactor are designed to withstand pressures in the range of about 0.01 to about 8 atm. In some embodiments, the desorption tanks are designed to withstand pressures of 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 atm. In some embodiments, the desorption tanks are designed to withstand pressures of about 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 atm. In some embodiments, the desorption tanks are designed to withstand pressures of at least 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 atm. In some embodiments, the desorption tanks are designed to withstand pressures of no more than 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 atm. In some embodiments, the desorption tanks are designed to withstand temperatures ranging from about -30 °C to about 140 °C. In some embodiments, the desorption tanks are designed to withstand temperatures of -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, or 140 °C. In some embodiments, the desorption tanks are designed to withstand temperatures of about -40, -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, or 140 °C. In some embodiments, the desorption tanks are designed to withstand temperatures of at least -40, -30, -20, -10, 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, or 140 °C. In some embodiments, the desorption tanks are designed to withstand temperatures of at most 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, or 140 °C. This enables more flexible operation during seasonal temperature variations. The tanks can be provided as modular tanks to facilitate scalability and adaptability, for example, across different operationalWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 scales for desorption processes ranging from about 500 kg to about 500 tons and varying environmental conditions. These capacities are illustrative examples; tanks can be customized to accommodate other volume requirements based on specific operational needs and environmental conditions.

[0291] In some embodiments, the desorption release unit may be at least partially constructed from materials comprising Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC), Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM), Epoxy, Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK), Polypropylene, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF), Stainless Steel 304, Stainless Steel 316, Aluminum, or Polyethylene (PE), or mixtures thereof, as well as other materials compatible with ammonia liquefied systems. In some embodiments, other alloy metal tanks such as Hastelloy C-276, Inconel 625, and Aluminum alloys (e.g., 5083 or 6061) may also be used. In some embodiments, the desorption tank may be made from Stainless Steel 304, Stainless Steel 316, Aluminum, PTFE, PVC, or high-density PE (HDPE), or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, Stainless Steel 316, Aluminum, or HDPE may be used for the desorption tank. In some embodiments, the desorption tank may be coated with these materials to enhance its heat and pressure resistance and chemical compatibility with ammonia.

[0292] In some embodiments, the desorption release unit may be equipped with insulation to reduce the energy expenditure required for temperature control during the desorption phase.

[0293] In some embodiments, with reference to FIG. 14, the present disclosure allows for monitoring the ammonia desorption process. In some embodiments, the monitoring includes the use of sensors that provide real-time data on temperature, pressure, and ammonia concentration, enabling control over the desorption process. These sensors include, but not limited to, thermocouples for temperature, pressure transducers for pressure, and gas detectors for ammonia concentration. In some embodiments, the sensors may be positioned at critical control points within the desorption system, including inlets and outlets, and directly within the reaction chamber. In some embodiments, the sensors may be linked to a central control system for real time monitoring and modification / control of the gaseous ammonia product, temperature, and pressure. In some embodiments, the sensors may also be linked to safety controls. The safety controls may be automatic or manual to regulate the heating or pressurization process to reduce or prevent phase transitions that can destabilize the system. By destabilizing the system is meant causing operational inefficiencies, safety risks, or mechanical failures due to inappropriate phase handling or system pressures. In another embodiment, the system comprises safety features that automatically regulateWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 the heating or depressurization process to prevent rapid phase transitions that could destabilize the system.

[0294] In some embodiments, depending on the application of ammonia, loading the ammonia output gas may include one or more of: (i) directly utilizing the released ammonia gas; (ii) employing a gas processing unite (GPU) which can be a condenser, cooler, refrigeration system, or compressor to deliver pure anhydrous ammonia in desired form (i.e, liquid or gas at the temperature and pressure needed for the receiving system) (as illustrated in FIG. 14); In some embodiments, depending on the application of ammonia, a pressurized or refrigerated ammonia tank may be used as a supplementary tank (AST) to ensure the steady flow of ammonia into the loading site.

[0295] In some embodiments, with reference to FIG. 18 ammonia liquefaction, storage, and release system may be integrated together. In some embodiments, with reference to FIG.19, the ammonia storage, transport, and delivery tank / reactor may be integrated into a single reactor / tank unit (MR), streaming the entire process. FIG. 20 illustrates a simplified engineered system representing the entire system without the need to add different configuration or connections for the system compartment disclosed herein.

[0296] In some embodiments, alternative evaporation or evaporation–crystallization systems, such as those used in industrial brine concentration processes, may be employed for the release of ammonia from the liquefied ammonia composition and for the subsequent collection or separation of the resulting components. Application of System for processing Liquefied Ammonia System

[0297] In some embodiments, with reference to FIG. 21, the systems and methods described herein for ammonia liquefaction, storage / transport, and release are configured for use across a variety of utilization sites, enabling safe, lower-cost, and simplified handling of ammonia for storage and delivery to diverse applications. A utilization site may comprise but is not limited to any facility, location, equipment, or vehicle where a liquefied ammonia product, liquid or gaseous ammonia, hydrogen obtained from ammonia (e.g., by thermal cracking or electrochemical cracking), nitrogen obtained from ammonia, or any combination thereof is consumed, processed, or supplied for an end use.

[0298] In some embodiments, representative utilization sites may include but are not limited to: agricultural sites (e.g. for on-farm application of ammonia and production / handling of fertilizers such as urea and diammonium phosphate); chemical manufacturing sites (e.g., for use of ammonia as a chemical feedstock or intermediate); hydrogen-carrier operation sites (e.g., for production ofWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 hydrogen from ammonia by thermal cracking or electrochemical processes for clean-energy use); direct ammonia fueling sites (e.g., combustion in engines or turbines and ammonia-based power systems); refrigeration (use of ammonia as a refrigerant); emissions control and waste treatment (use of ammonia in pollutant scrubbing or related processes); and fueling sites as well as logistics nodes (e.g., ports, terminals, and refueling stations handling ammonia and / or hydrogen derived from ammonia).

[0299] While some sites have been described above, those sites are exemplary, and other sites, such as additional industrial, commercial, agricultural, or energy sites where applications that employ ammonia or species derived from ammonia, may be utilized.

[0300] In some embodiment, the methods and systems described in the present disclosure may be utilized for separating ammonia from reactant gases in ammonia green synthesis. In some embodiment, the methods and systems described in the present disclosure may be utilized for purifying gases from ammonia contamination. In some embodiment, the liquefied ammonia may be used in ammonia cracking processes. In some embodiments, the liquefied ammonia may be used in ammonia electrolysis as ammonia feed. In some embodiments, the liquefied ammonia may be used in ammonia fuel cells. In some embodiments, the liquefied ammonia may be used in agricultural operations.

[0301] Ammonia Applicator: In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides an ammonia storage and application system for agricultural use, configured to store and supply anhydrous ammonia as a nitrogen source. As described herein, because liquid ammonia can be stored at ambient temperatures and pressures when utilizing the systems and methods described herein, high-pressure tanks or refrigeration are not required for the ammonia storage and application system for agricultural use. The system for agricultural use may utilize a liquefied ammonia products, as described herein, that enables ammonia to be maintained in a liquid state at ambient temperature and pressure. The liquefied ammonia product is contained in ordinary storage tanks as described herein. During field applications, with reference to FIG.22, the system is operable with existing ammonia applicators. These applicators typically deliver ammonia into the soil through a network of injection knives mounted on a toolbar. The system allows for controlled release of pure anhydrous ammonia from the liquefied storage medium, where it can be directed through the applicator nozzles for soil injection or goes to a secondary chamber for further processing (e.g., mixed with water) and injected or sprayed to the soil through applicator nozzles. The depleted storage material remains in the storage tank after ammonia is released and can be reused for subsequent adsorption and storage cycles. The system is adaptable to various storage andWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 application configurations, enabling integration with standard farm equipment and existing ammonia handling infrastructure.

[0302] Ammonia Storage in farms: In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a system for on-farm storage of ammonia, which can be used for direct storage for later use or as part of a decentralized green ammonia production process. The system enables ammonia to be stored in ordinary tanks, as described herein, using a storage materials (e.g., of liquefied ammonia products, as described herein) that allows ammonia to be maintained in a liquid state at ambient temperature and pressure. The system may be implemented in various configurations, including direct storage for agricultural use, where ammonia is introduced into a storage tank containing the liquefier, where it is stabilized in a liquid state. When needed, ammonia can be selectively released in pure anhydrous form for applications such as fertilization or fuel supply. Depleted storage material, and / or remaining liquefied ammonia products, as described herein, may remain in the tank after ammonia release, allowing for subsequent reloading and reuse. The system may additionally be integrated with on-farm ammonia production, where ammonia is produced on- site—such as through electrolysis-based green ammonia synthesis or biomass-driven production— the system allows for direct capture and storage of the generated ammonia. The storage material adsorbs and maintains ammonia in liquid form at ambient conditions, enabling continuous storage and controlled release when needed.

[0303] While this embodiment describes on-farm ammonia storage, the same approach can be expanded and adapted for ammonia storage and handling in other facilities and applications. For example, similar storage principles can be applied in maritime ammonia bunkering, chemical manufacturing sites, ammonia cracking system for hydrogen production, industrial ammonia distribution hubs, and other decentralized ammonia supply networks. Additional details, configurations, and modifications can further advance both the storage system itself and its integration into various industries where ammonia storage and controlled release are required.

[0304] Ammonia transport: The method and system disclosed herein provides safe transportation (e.g. train, trailer truck, or ship) of ammonia under mild conditions,

[0305] In another embodiment, with reference to FIG.23, the present disclosure provides a system for transporting ammonia under mild conditions using trains or trailer trucks, or ship, incorporating a storage materials within the transport tanks to enable safe and efficient ammonia storage and delivery. The system allows ammonia to be loaded into the transport tank in either gaseous or liquid form, where it interacts with the composition for liquefying the ammonia (e.g., the storage material as described herein) which allows it to be maintained in a liquid state at ambientWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 temperature and pressure. While there are various ways of process for transporting ammonia at ambient condition as described in this disclosure, in one exemplary case, the transportation process can be carried out by directly feeding ammonia (in liquid or gas form) into a transport / storage tank, where it is immediately liquefied upon contact with the liquefier (e.g., the storage material, as described herein) already inside the vehicle tank. The formation of liquefied ammonia product (e.g., when the ammonia contacts the storage material) will allow for safe and ambient transport of ammonia. The liquefaction process can also be done in a separate facility and the liquefied ammonia can be directly fed to the vehicle tank for transport. Upon arrival at the destination, ammonia can be delivered through the system and process described in this disclosure. This system is adaptable to various transport configurations, including railcars, tanker trucks, and intermodal transport containers, enabling repeated ammonia transport cycles without requiring pressurized or cryogenic storage systems.

[0306] In some embodiments, the liquefied ammonia may be used for ammonia fuel systems for maritime shipping. In some embodiments, with reference to FIGs. 24 and 25, ammonia fueling architecture is implemented for maritime use. A representative arrangement includes: (i) an ambient-condition storage module containing a liquefied ammonia composition (e.g., storage material as described herein storing liquid ammonia); (ii) a release / gasification module configured to produce / desorb the ammonia gas from the liquefied ammonia composition; (iii) a power unit selected from the group of ammonia combustion engines, turbines / boilers, or a hydrogen-from- ammonia subsystem (e.g., cracker feeding engines, turbines, or fuel cells); and (iv) a recycle loop returning depleted storage material to storage. During port operations, supplied anhydrous ammonia is contacted with the depleted storage material to regenerate the liquefied ammonia composition for subsequent voyages. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the thermal duty for release / gasification is provided by waste heat from onboard equipment, including engine jacket water, exhaust-gas heat recovery, lube-oil or coolant loops, steam or hot-water circuits, or power- electronics cooling; auxiliary heaters may be used alternatively or in combination. FIG.25 shows one representative vessel layout in which modules are distributed within hull spaces. The number, size, and placement of modules are illustrative and may vary (e.g., one, two, or three storage modules may be used, or one or more release / gasification modules may be used), and functionally equivalent components may be substituted. In the illustrative arrangement of FIG.25, labels such as MR (multifunctional reactor), AST (ammonia support tank, or Auxiliary Tank), AEU (ammonia energy unit), identify representative modules and instrumentation; other nomenclature and instrumentation may be used.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601

[0307] The architecture of FIGs. 24–25 is likewise applicable to other platforms that utilize ammonia as a fuel or hydrogen carrier, including on-road and off-road vehicles, rail equipment, other classes of marine craft, and stationary power systems, enabling safer handling at ambient conditions with reduced infrastructure and cost relative to pressurized-ammonia systems.

[0308] It shall be understood that different aspects of the invention can be appreciated individually, collectively, or in combination with each other. Various aspects of the invention described herein may be applied to any of the particular applications disclosed herein. The compositions of matter disclosed herein in the composition section of the present disclosure may be utilized in the method section including methods of use and production disclosed herein, or vice versa.

[0309] While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. It is not intended that the invention be limited by the specific examples provided within the specification. While the invention has been described with reference to the aforementioned specification, the descriptions and illustrations of the embodiments herein are not meant to be construed in a limiting sense. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. Furthermore, it shall be understood that all aspects of the invention are not limited to the specific depictions, configurations or relative proportions set forth herein which depend upon a variety of conditions and variables. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is therefore contemplated that the invention shall also cover any such alternatives, modifications, variations or equivalents. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby. EXAMPLES

[0310] The following examples are included for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

[0311] Example 1: This example describes a process for the liquefaction and storage of ammonia. Liquefied ammonia products were prepared using the process described in this disclosure (e.g., by contacting storage materials as described herein with ammonia). For each sample, approximately 100 g total of one or more storage materials (in powder, crystalline, or blended form, depending on process requirements), as described herein and with reference to FIG.2A, was added to tank (3). Ammonia stored in a conventional storage tank (1) equipped with a pressure and temperature control system, was transferred into the liquefaction tank (3) through insulated piping (2) toWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 minimize heat gain, with the flow regulated by a gate valve and optionally managed by an integrated block-and-bleed valve system for precise control and safety. Upon introduction of ammonia, the liquefaction process was initiated under controlled temperature conditions in a closed system. This exothermic liquefaction process was monitored carefully, with a cooling jacket employed to dissipate excess heat. The process continued until the solid storage materials were fully converted into the liquefied state, at which point the ammonia gas inlet valve was closed. The system was then allowed to equilibrate, as indicated by a reduction in internal pressure from its initial level to approximately ambient pressure, signifying adsorption of headspace ammonia gas by the liquefier composition. The resulting liquefied ammonia product was then transferred via check valve and a flow controller in conjunction with an integrated block and bleed valve system to a final storage tank (5) for further analysis. The final storage tank maintained the liquefied ammonia under ambient conditions of about 10 °C to 30 °C and 0.75 to 1.25 atm. Boiling point and vapor pressure measurements were conducted for each sample. Representative results are shown in FIGs. 4A and 4B. The measured boiling points of the liquefied ammonia products at ambient pressure were in the range of approximately 20 °C to about 50 °C, and the vapor pressures of the liquefied ammonia produced at ambient temperature measured to be close to the ambient pressure.

[0312] Example 2: Ammonia liquefaction: In other examples, the process employed liquid ammonia as the feed to the liquefaction tank. The liquid ammonia was obtained either by cooling ammonia gas to approximately −33 °C using a refrigeration system or by withdrawing liquid ammonia directly from a pressurized storage tank through a dip tube. The liquid ammonia was then introduced into the liquefaction tank, where it interacted with one or more storage materials, as described herein. This method provided an immediate ammonia source, which both enhanced temperature control during the exothermic liquefaction process and significantly accelerated the overall liquefaction process rate. In representative trials, depending on the particular storage material and process parameters used, the total liquefaction time was reduced by a factor of at least 2× to 20× compared to conventional gaseous ammonia feed. For example, in one large-scale run utilizing approximately 1 kg of liquefier composition, the total liquefaction process time decreased by a factor of about 18X compared to conventional gaseous ammonia feed.

[0313] Example 3: Additives: In another example, one or more additives, as described in this disclosure, were incorporated into the process when one or more ammonia liquefier compositions were used to liquefy ammonia according to the procedure described in Example 1. The additives were combined with the liquefier compositions prior to the introduction of ammonia into theWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 liquefaction tank. The presence of these additives resulted in an observable increase in the amount of ammonia liquefied compared to control runs performed under otherwise identical conditions but without additives. In representative cases, increases exceeding 10% were recorded.

[0314] Example 4: Presence of the water: In another example, water was incorporated into the storage materials and evaluated using the process described in Example 1. In one case, the addition of approximately 10 wt% water to the storage materials increased the liquefaction efficiency by at least 5%. In another case, the addition of approximately 18 wt% water to the liquefier composition did not result in any significant change in liquefaction efficiency compared to control runs without added water. In another case, the addition of approximately 29 wt% water to the liquefier composition resulted in a reduction in the amount of ammonia liquefied by at least 5%, with the extent of the reduction dependent on factors such as liquefaction temperature, operating pressure, and agitation conditions.

[0315] Example 5: Ammonia Batch release: In another example, with reference to FIG.15B, the release of ammonia from the liquefied ammonia product was evaluated using the product prepared according to the process described in this disclosure. Approximately 2 liters of liquefied ammonia were heated to approximately its boiling point under control conditions by circulating a heating fluid through a heat exchanger coil positioned inside the release tank. Ammonia release was observed immediately upon switching ON the heat exchanger and opening the release valve. The released ammonia gas was analyzed using a gas analyzer, showing a purity greater than 99%. Heating was maintained until the ammonia was fully released, leaving only the solid storage material within the system. Analysis of the residual material using Nessler’s Reagent Method confirmed that the composition retained less than 1% ammonia. Over the course of the process, more than 99% of the stored ammonia was released in gaseous form, while the solid components of the ammonia liquefier composition remained intact. FIG. 15A illustrates the relationship between release temperature and the percentage of ammonia released.

[0316] Example 6: Ammonia Batch release: In another example, the release of ammonia from the liquefied ammonia product was performed under the same conditions as described in Example 5, with the addition of a vacuum chamber connected to the release system. Heating of the liquefied ammonia via the internal heat exchanger coil was initiated, and once the temperature inside the release system reached approximately to the boiling point of the liquefied ammonia product, a vacuum was applied. The combined application of heat and subsequent reduced pressure increased the flow rate of ammonia gas output compared to atmospheric-pressure release. Depending on the boiling point of the particular liquefied ammonia product, as well as the applied heatingWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 temperature and vacuum level, the ammonia release rate increased by factors of approximately two times, four times, six times, eight times, ten times, or up to twenty-five times relative to the baseline process described in Example 5. The accelerated release resulted in a substantially shorter total release time while maintaining ammonia gas purity greater than 99%, as verified by gas analysis. No significant difference in ammonia gas purity was observed compared to Example 5, and the residual ammonia content in the solid storage material after release was less than 0.5%, as determined by Nessler’s Reagent Method.

[0317] Example 7: Ammonia continuous release: A continuous ammonia release system was constructed as shown in FIG. 16. The system comprised a vertical cylindrical housing with a central rotating shaft bearing 28 blades, each about 5 cm in length and positioned about 0.2 mm from the heated wall, providing an effective film area of about 0.5 m². A peristaltic pump transferred an ambient liquefied ammonia product comprising one or more storage materials as described herein to the dryer. The housing was jacketed; a recirculating heat-transfer loop maintained the jacket at about 80 °C. The shaft was operated in the range of 1–100 RPM to maintain a thin film on the heated surface. A temperature probe monitored internal temperature, and a control system regulated feed, jacket temperature, and shaft speed. Ammonia vapor was withdrawn through the gas outlet and measured with an inline ammonia gas flowmeter. Under these conditions, the system provided a continuous release rate of approximately 9 kg h⁻¹, as shown in FIG. 17. The solid, depleted storage material was discharged from the bottom outlet and collected in a dedicated solids chamber. The depleted storage material may be discharged in any suitable direction, including from the bottom outlet or one or more alternative outlets. In other embodiments, the depleted storage material may be discharged in any suitable direction or through alternative outlets. Analysis of the collected solid residue using Nessler’s Reagent Method confirmed that the retained ammonia content was less than about 0.2% by weight. Over the course of the release process, more than 99.8% of the stored ammonia was recovered in gaseous form, while the solid components of the storage material remained intact.

[0318] Example 8: Ammonia continuous release: In another example, a continuous release system similar to that described in Example 7 was operated under reduced pressure with an integrated cyclone separator. Liquefied ammonia product comprising one or more storage materials as described herein was fed to the release unit via a peristaltic pump. The housing was jacketed and maintained at a temperature of about 60–70 °C using a recirculating heat-transfer loop. A vacuum pump was coupled to the vapor outlet to reduce the internal operating pressure to about 0.5–0.9 atm. The generated ammonia vapor was withdrawn both through the primary vapor outlet andWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 through the cyclone gas outlet. In this configuration, the two outlets were connected to form a single combined gas stream that was directed to a downstream loading system. The cyclone efficiently separated entrained solid particles from the vapor stream; the collected solids were discharged through the bottom outlet and transferred to a dedicated collection chamber. Analyzed using the Nessler’s Reagent Method, the residual solid material retained less than 0.5% by weight ammonia, corresponding to greater than 99.5% release efficiency under these operating conditions. The configuration therefore enables high ammonia recovery at reduced jacket temperatures while maintaining efficient separation of the solid liquefier composition.

[0319] Example 9: Recyclability: In another example, and with reference to FIG. 5, the recyclability of the system was evaluated by determining the number of adsorption-desorption cycles that the same composition can undergo while maintaining liquefaction efficiency. Accordingly, upon completion of the release process, as described in Example 6, the remaining solid storage material was collected and reused for subsequent liquefaction. The next cycle liquefaction process was carried out according to the procedure described in this disclosure, and more specifically, in Example 1. After each liquefaction cycle, the weight percent of ammonia content in the resulting liquefied ammonia product was determined by gravimetric analysis, using a balance to measure the mass of the storage material before liquefaction and the mass of the liquefied ammonia product obtained after liquefaction. The measured ammonia content for each cycle was compared to the ammonia content from the initial cycle (i.e., the first use of the liquefier composition). The release process was again performed according to Example 6, and the complete liquefaction–release cycle was repeated for more than 20 consecutive cycles. Across all 20 cycles, no significant change in the ammonia content of the liquefied ammonia product was observed, confirming the high recyclability and stability of the storage material under repeated use.

[0320] Example 10: Safety: In another example, the safety of the liquefied ammonia composition (e.g., liquefied ammonia products, as described herein) was evaluated by simulating an incidental leakage scenario. A standard ¼-inch valve gauge was used as a leak source in the storage tank, and the release of ammonia fumes is measured over time under ambient conditions. For comparison, a similar experiment was conducted for pressurized and refrigerated ammonia storage systems. With reference to FIG. 13, the liquefied ammonia composition (e.g., the liquefied ammonia product) exhibited a leakage-release rate of 5 g per hour, whereas traditional pressurized and refrigerated systems demonstrated release rates of 38,400 g per hour and 9,000 g per hour, respectively, under the same environmental and leakage conditions. These results demonstrate that the liquefied ammonia product has a substantially lower leakage rate than conventional systems, therebyWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 significantly reducing potential hazards in accidental release scenarios.

[0321] Example 11. Storage materials: In another example, with reference to FIGs. 6 and 7, liquefied ammonia products prepared using one or more storage materials as described in this disclosure were stored under ambient conditions (i.e., ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure) for approximately 6 months in tanks constructed from one or more polymer-based materials as described in this disclosure. Following the storage period, no significant chemical degradation or surface morphological changes were observed in any of the tested materials. As shown in FIGs. 6A and 6B, the structural integrity of the tanks was confirmed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Attenuated Total Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-IR), with results comparable to those obtained for storage-grade steel. FIG. 7 shows an example of a polymer-based tank suitable for storing the liquefied ammonia products disclosed herein. LIST OF EMBODIMENTS

[0322] The following list of embodiments of the invention are to be considered as disclosing various features of the invention, which features can be considered to be specific to the particular embodiment under which they are discussed, or which are combinable with the various other features as listed in other embodiments. Thus, simply because a feature is discussed under one particular embodiment does not necessarily limit the use of that feature to that embodiment.

[0323] Embodiment 1. A method for storing and transporting ammonia, comprising: a. contacting ammonia with a compound of formula AnQm.(NH3)xto form a stable, liquefied ammonia product having the formula AnQm.(NH3)y, at a temperature of about -80 °C to about 90 °C and at a pressure ranging from about 0.1 atm to about 25 atm, wherein: • A is Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, H, Ag, Hg or an ammonium ion; • n is a whole number from 1 to 4; • Q is F, Cl, Br, I, or a multi-atomic anion comprising at least two atoms from group 15, 16 or 17 or a combination thereof; • m is a number from 1 to 4; • x is a number from 0 to 8; • y is x + z; and • z is a whole number from 1 to 8; b. storing the liquefied ammonia product in a storage tank; c. transporting the storage tank containing the liquefied ammonia product to a utilization site; andWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 d. desorbing ammonia from the liquefied ammonia product to prepare ammonia and the compound AnQm.(NH3)x.

[0324] Embodiment 2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the compound is, HSCN, NH4SCN, NH4SeCN, NaSeCN, Guanidinium thiocyanate, , LiNO₃, NaNO3, (CH6N3)NO3 (guanidinium Nitrate), LiSCN, LiSeCN, NH4C4F9SO3, Guanidinium Iodide NH4CH3CO2, NH4SbF6, or NaSCN, AgI, Ag (SCN).

[0325] Embodiment 3. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the compound is NH4SCN, NaSCN, NH4SeCN, LiSCN, LiNO₃, NaNO3, (CH6N3)NO3(guanidinium Nitrate) NH4C4F9SO3, NH4CH3CO2, NH4SbF6, NaSCN, AgI, Ag (SCN) or Hg (SCN), Guanidinium thiocyanate, Guanidinium Iodide, NaSeCN.

[0326] Embodiment 4. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the compound is, NH4SCN, LiNO₃, NaNO3,(CH6N3)NO3(guanidinium Nitrate) NH4C4F9SO3, NH4SbF6, AgI or Ag(SCN), Guanidinium thiocyanate, Guanidinium Iodide, NaSeCN.

[0327] Embodiment 5. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the compound is, Guanidinium thiocyanate, Guanidinium Iodide, NaSeCN, LiSeCN, LiSCN, NH4SCN, NaSCN, CH6N3)SeCN (guanidinium selenocynate), (CH6N3)PF6(guanidinium hexafluorophosphate), (CH6N3)(CF3SO3) (guanidinium trifluoromethanesulfonate), NH4BF4, LiNO₃, NaNO3,

[0328] Embodiment 6. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the compound is NH4SCN, NH4SeCN, NaSCN, Guanidinium thiocyanate, Guanidinium Iodide, LiSCN, and LiSeCN

[0329] Embodiment 7. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the compound is NH4SeCN.

[0330] Embodiment 8. The method of embodiment 1 additionally comprising contacting ammonia with the compound and an additive comprising water (H₂O), ethanol (C₂H₅OH), isopropanol (C₃H₇OH), propanol (C₃H₇OH), butanol (C4H10O), dimethyl sulfoxide (C₂H₆OS), glycerol (C₃H₈O₃), acetic acid (CH₃COOH), dimethylformamide (C₃H₇NO), pyridine (C₅H₅N), ethylene glycol (C₂H₆O₂), methanol (CH₃OH), acetone (C₃H₆O), tetrahydrofuran (C₄H₈O), diethylamine (C₄H₁₁N), triethylamine (C₆H₁₅N), propylene carbonate (C4H6O3), ethylene carbonate (C3H4O3), propylene glycol (C3H8O2), acetonitrile (C2H3N), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (C5H9NO), hexamethylphosphorous triamide (C6H19N3OP), nitromethane (CH3NO2), urea (CH4N2O), Phenol (C6H6O), 2-pyrrolidone (C4H7NO), diisopropylamine (C6H15N), 1,4-dioxane (C4H8O2) or morpholine (C4H9NO).

[0331] Embodiment 9. The method of embodiment 1, additionally comprising contacting ammonia with the compound and an additive wherein the additive is water (H₂O), ethanol (C₂H₅OH), isopropanol (C₃H₇OH), glycerol (C₃H₈O₃) or triethylamine (C₆H₁₅N). propylene carbonateWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 (C4H6O3), ethylene carbonate (C3H4O3), propylene glycol (C3H8O2), ethylene glycol.

[0332] Embodiment 10. The method of embodiment 1, additionally comprising contacting ammonia with the compound and an additive wherein the additive is water (H₂O) or ethanol (C₂H₅OH).

[0333] Embodiment 11. The method of embodiment 9, wherein the water is about 1 to about 10 wt.%.

[0334] Embodiment 12. The method of embodiment 9, wherein the water is about 0.2 to about 2 wt.%.

[0335] Embodiment 13. The method of embodiment 5, additionally comprising contacting ammonia with the compound and an additive wherein the additive is water (H₂O), ethanol (C₂H₅OH), isopropanol (C₃H₇OH), glycerol (C₃H₈O₃) or triethylamine (C₆H₁₅N).

[0336] Embodiment 14. The method of embodiment 13, wherein the additive comprises water (H₂O) or ethanol (C₂H₅OH).

[0337] Embodiment 15. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the compound and ammonia are contacted at a temperature of about -40 °C to about 50 °C at pressures of about 0.5 atm to about 15 atm.

[0338] Embodiment 16. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the compound and ammonia are contacted at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 1 atm to about 10 atm.

[0339] Embodiment 17. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the compound and ammonia are contacted at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 1 atm.

[0340] Embodiment 18. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the compound and ammonia are contacted at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 10 atm.

[0341] Embodiment 19. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the temperature is about 0 °C to about 30 °C and at a pressure of about 1 atm to about 5 atm.

[0342] Embodiment 20. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the temperature is about ambient, and the pressure is about 0.7 atm to about 2 atm.

[0343] Embodiment 21. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the compound and ammonia are contacted at about ambient temperature and about ambient pressure.

[0344] Embodiment 22. The method of embodiment 12, wherein ammonia, the compound and additive are contacted at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 1 atm to about 10 atm.

[0345] Embodiment 23. The method of embodiment 13, wherein the ammonia, compound andWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 additive are contacted at about ambient temperature and about ambient pressure.

[0346] Embodiment 24. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the liquefied ammonia is used in ammonia cracking processes.

[0347] Embodiment 25. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the liquefied ammonia is used in ammonia electrolysis as ammonia feed.

[0348] Embodiment 26. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the liquefied ammonia is used in ammonia fuel cells.

[0349] Embodiment 27. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the ammonia liquefier compound is used in ammonia green synthesis, for separating ammonia product from reactant gases.

[0350] Embodiment 28. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the ammonia liquefier compound is used for purifying gases from ammonia contamination.

[0351] Embodiment 29. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the liquefied ammonia is used as a nitrogen source for agriculture.

[0352] Embodiment 30. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the ammonia is desorbed by vacuum, hydrofoils, vortices and vibrating piezo elements; or microwaves, suspended elements and direct heating.

[0353] Embodiment 31. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the liquefied ammonia is desorbed at a temperature of about -35 °C to about 140 °C and a pressure of about 15 atm to about 0.001 atm.

[0354] Embodiment 32. The method of embodiment 30, wherein the liquefied ammonia is desorbed at a temperature of about 40 °C to about 140 °C and a pressure of close to ambient.

[0355] Embodiment 33. The method of embodiment 30, wherein the liquefied ammonia is desorbed at ambient temperature and a pressure about 1 atm to about 0.001 atm.

[0356] Embodiment 34. The method of embodiment 30, wherein the temperature is about 25 °C to about 80 °C and the pressure is about 1 atm to about 0.001 atm.

[0357] Embodiment 35. The method of embodiment 1, further comprising: • transporting the liquefied ammonia product in insulated containers that maintain the liquefied ammonia product at ambient temperature and pressure during transportation.

[0358] Embodiment 36. The method of embodiment 1,wherein the desorption of gaseous ammonia from liquefied ammonia product is achieved by: b. heating the liquefied ammonia to a temperature sufficient to promote the desorption of ammonia, or c. applying a vacuum below about 1 atm to the storage tank to reduce the pressure and induceWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 the release of gaseous ammonia from the liquefied mixture. d. or a combination of heat and vacuum.

[0359] Embodiment 37. The method of embodiment 36, wherein the desorption temperature is about 15 °C to about 80 °C or the vacuum is about 0.001 atm to about 0.5 atm.

[0360] Embodiment 38. The method of embodiment 36, wherein the additionally including safety features that automatically regulate the heating or depressurization process to prevent rapid phase transitions that could destabilize the system.

[0361] Embodiment 39. The method of embodiment 1, where the ammonia liquefaction and desorption processes are monitored and controlled with pressure gauges, thermometers, ammonia concentration electrodes or flowmeters to provide real-time data on temperature, pressure, and ammonia concentration.

[0362] Embodiment 40. The method of embodiment 1, further including recovering and reusing AnQmdesorbed compound, where the AnQmdesorbed compound is processed to remove residual ammonia, tested for efficacy, and recycled for continuous use.

[0363] Embodiment 41. A system for the liquification, storage and desorption of ammonia comprising: i. a mixture comprising ammonia and AnQm.(NH3)x; ii. means for containing the mixture comprising ammonia and AnQm(NH3)x to prepare liquefied ammonia product; a. wherein A is Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, H, or an ammonium ion; b. n is from 1 to 4; c. Q is F, Cl, Br, I, or a multi-atomic anion comprising at least two atoms from group 15, 16 or 17 or a combination thereof; d. m is from 1 to 4; e. x is from 0 to 8; f. y is x + z; and g. z is 1 to 8; iii. means for storing liquefied ammonia product; and iv. means for desorbing ammonia from liquefied ammonia product.

[0364] Embodiment 42. A system as recited in embodiment 41, comprising a means for monitoring the ammonia liquification product preparation.

[0365] Embodiment 43. A system as recited in embodiment 41, comprising a means for monitoring the ammonia desorption from the liquefied ammonia product.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601

[0366] Embodiment 44. A system as recited in embodiment 41, comprising a means for transporting the liquefied ammonia product.

[0367] Embodiment 45. A system as recited in embodiment 41, wherein the means for storing liquefied ammonia product is a polypropylene, PVC, PTFE, PFDF, PEEK, HDPE, PVDF, aluminum alloy, or thin-walled stainless steel tank capable of maintaining low ammonia vapor pressure.

[0368] Embodiment 46. A method for storing and transporting ammonia, comprising: a. storing ammonia by contacting ammonia with a compound to form a liquefied ammonia product that results in at least one peritectic point; b. storing the liquefied ammonia product in a storage tank; c. transporting the storage tank containing the liquefied ammonia product; and d. desorbing ammonia from the liquefied ammonia product to prepare ammonia and the compound.

[0369] Embodiment 47. A method for storing and transporting ammonia, comprising: a. contacting ammonia with a compound of formula AnQm.(NH3)xto form a stable, liquefied ammonia product having the formula AnQm.(NH3)y, at a temperature of about -80 °C to about 90 °C and at a pressure ranging from about 0.1 atm to about 25 atm, wherein: • A is Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, H, Ag, Hg or an ammonium ion; • n is a whole number from 1 to 4; • Q is F, Cl, Br, I, or a multi-atomic anion comprising at least two atoms from group 15, 16 or 17 or a combination thereof; • m is a whole number from 1 to 4; • x is a whole number from 0 to 8; • y is x + z; and • z is a whole number from 1 to 8; and wherein AnQm.(NH3)xis a compound capable of forming at least one peritectic point when combined with ammonia; b. storing the liquefied ammonia product in a storage tank; c. transporting the storage tank containing the liquefied ammonia product to a utilization site; d. desorbing ammonia from the liquefied ammonia product at the utilization site to release ammonia and the compound AnQm.(NH3)x;e. recovering compound AnQm.(NH3)x after desorbing ammonia from the liquefiedWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 ammonia product to prepare recycled AnQm.(NH3)xcompound; and f. contacting the recycled AnQm.(NH3)xcompound with ammonia to prepare liquefied ammonia product.

[0370] Embodiment 48. A system for the liquefaction, storage, and transportation of ammonia, comprising: a. a liquefaction tank configured to contain ammonia and a compound of the formula AnQm.(NH3)x, to achieve liquefaction at ambient temperature and pressure to form a stable, liquefied ammonia product; having the formula AnQm.(NH3)y. wherein • A is Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, H, or an ammonium ion; • n is from 1 to 4; • Q is F, Cl, Br, I, or a multi-atomic anion comprising at least two atoms from group 15, 16 or 17 or a combination thereof; • m is from 1 to 4; • x is from 0 to 8; • y is x + z; and • z is 1 to 8; b. a storage tank that maintains the liquefied ammonia in a liquefied state at a pressure of about 0.7 atm to about 2 atm and ambient temperature. c. a desorption tank that facilitates the controlled conversion of stored liquefied ammonia product to gaseous ammonia by heat or vacuum.

[0371] Embodiment 50. The method of embodiment 48, wherein ammonia is contacted with NH4SeCN, LiSeCN, NaSeCN, KSeCN, NH4OCN, LiOCN, NaOCN, KOCN; NH4NCO, LiNCO, NaNCO, KNCO, NH4BrO3, LiBrO3, NaBrO3, KBrO3; NH4SO3, LiSO3, NaSO3or KSO3.

Claims

WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 CLAIMS WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method for storing ammonia (NH3), comprising: (i) providing a container comprising one or more storage materials, wherein the one or more storage materials comprise AnQm,or (AnQm)(NH3)x, wherein: A is a first moiety comprising lithium (Li), sodium (Na), hydrogen (H), thallium (Tl), indium (In), boron (B), gallium (Ga), silver (Ag), mercury (Hg), guanidinium (CH6N3+), ammonium (NH4+), arsenic (As), bromine (Br), iodine (I), or one or more atoms from Group 16 of periods 3, 4, or 5 of the Periodic Table of Elements; Q is a second moiety comprising at least one atom from boron (B), Group 15, or Group 16 of periods 3, 4, or 5, or a combination thereof, wherein, when A is guanidium (CH6N3+), or I, Q comprises one or more atoms from Group 17; n is an integer from 1 to 4; m is a number from 1 to 4; and x is a number from 1 to 8; and (ii) directing ammonia into said container to bring the ammonia in contact with the one or more storage materials, wherein upon contact with ammonia, at least a portion of the one or more storage materials store ammonia in liquid form.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the directing ammonia into said container comprises introducing ammonia gas into the container such that the ammonia contacts the one or more storage materials, thereby converting at least a portion of the one or more storage materials to a liquid phase that stores ammonia.

3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein upon contact with the ammonia, the one or more storage materials and the ammonia form one or more liquefied ammonia products.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products comprise (AnQm)(NH3)y, wherein y is a number larger than x.

5. The method of claim 3 or 4, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products have lower vapor pressure than ammonia.

6. The method of any one of claim 3 to 5, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products have at least one peritectic point or peritectic region.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 7. The method of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein A is a cation selected from a lithium ion (Li+), a sodium ion (Na+), a hydrogen ion (H+), a silver ion (Ag+), a mercurous ion (Hg+), an ammonium ion (NH₄⁺), and a guanidinium ion (CH6N3+).

8. The method of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein A comprises boron (B), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl), sulfur (S), or selenium (Se).

9. The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein Q is a second moiety comprising either (i) an atom from Group 15, or (ii) one or more multi-atomic groups containing at least one atom from boron (B), Group 15, or Group 16 of periods 3, 4, or 5, or a combination thereof.

10. The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein Q comprises a single atom from Group 15.

11. The method of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein Q comprises nitrogen (N) or phosphorous (P).

12. The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein Q comprises a polyatomic group comprising atoms selected from Groups 15 or 16 of periods 3 to 5, when A is lithium, sodium, ammonium, guanidinium, silver, or mercury.

13. The method of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein Q comprises BF4-, SCN-, SeCN-, NO3-, CF3SO3-, PF6-, ClO4-, C4F9SO3-, N(SO2F3)2-, NH2-, N3-(azide), or SbF6-.

14. The method of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein AnQm is an ionic compound.

15. The method of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein AnQmis a non-ionic compound.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein A is an element or molecular entity acting as a central moiety comprising B, Ga, I, Br, Tl, In, As, or atoms from Group 16 of periods 3, 4, or 5 of the Periodic Table of Elements.

17. The method of claim 15 or 16, wherein Q is an atom or molecular entity covalently bonded to A, comprising at least one atom from group 15, 16 and 17.

18. The method of any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein, for each of the one or more storage materials, AnQmis selected from the group consisting of NaSCN, HSCN, NH4SCN, NH4SeCN, NaSeCN, (CH6N3)SCN (guanidinium thiocyanate), LiNO₃, NaNO3, (CH6N3)NO3 (guanidinium Nitrate)LiSCN, LiSeCN, NH4C4F9SO3, (CH6N3)I (guanidinium iodide), (CH6N3)BF4 (guanidinium tetrafluoroborate), NH4SbF6, NaSCN, AgSCN, HgSCN, NaSeCN, LiSeCN, NH4SeCN, LiN(SO2F3)2, NH4N(SO2F3)2, (CH6N3)SeCN (guanidinium selenocynate), (CH6N3)PF6 (guanidinium hexafluorophosphate), (CH6N3)(CF3SO3) (guanidinium trifluoromethanesulfonate), B(N3)3(boron triazide), BrCN, ICN, Nitroform (HC(NO2)2), GaN3, InN3, TlN3, B(SCN)3, B(SeCN)3 Ga(SCN)3, Ga(SeCN)3, SO2(NH2)2, SO2(NH2)(NC6H5), I2, AsI3, and SeO2(NH2)2.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 19. The method of any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein, for each of the one or more storage materials, AnQmis selected from the group consisting of BN3, BrCN, ICN, I2, Nitroform (HC(NO2)2), GaN3, InN3, TlN3, B(SCN)3, Ga(SCN)3, SO2(NH2)2, and SO2(NH2)(NC6H5)2.

20. The method of any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein, for each of the one or more storage materials, AnQmis selected from the group consisting of NaSCN, LiSCN, NH4SCN, NH4SeCN, LiSeCN, NaSeCN, (CH6N3)BF4(guanidinium tetrafluoroborate), guanidinium selenocynate, guanidinium thiocyanate, guanidinium hexafluorophosphate, guanidinium triflate, guanidinium iodide, LiN(SO2F3)2, NH4N(SO2F3)2, B(SeCN)3, BN3, and GaN3.

21. The method of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein, for each of the one or more storage materials, AnQm is selected from the group consisting of NaSCN, NH4SCN, SO2(NH2)2, and LiSCN.

22. The method of any one of claims 1 to 21, further comprising adding one or more additives to the one or more storage materials and ammonia.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein the one or more additives are selected from the group consisting of water (H₂O), ethanol (C₂H₅OH), isopropanol (C₃H₇OH), propanol (C₃H₇OH), butanol (C4H10O), dimethyl sulfoxide (C₂H₆OS), glycerol (C₃H₈O₃), acetic acid (CH₃COOH), dimethylformamide (C₃H₇NO), pyridine (C₅H₅N), ethylene glycol (C₂H₆O₂), methanol (CH₃OH), acetone (C₃H₆O), tetrahydrofuran (C₄H₈O), diethylamine (C₄H₁₁N), triethylamine (C₆H₁₅N), propylene carbonate (C4H6O3), ethylene carbonate (C3H4O3), propylene glycol (C3H8O2), acetonitrile (C2H3N), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (C5H9NO), hexamethylphosphorous triamide (C6H19N3OP), nitromethane (CH3NO2), urea (CH4N2O), phenol (C6H6O), 2-pyrrolidone (C4H7NO), diisopropylamine (C6H15N), 1,4-dioxane (C4H8O2), and morpholine (C4H9NO).

24. The method of claim 22 or 23, wherein the one or more additives are selected from the group consisting of water (H₂O), ethanol (C₂H₅OH), isopropanol (C₃H₇OH), glycerol (C₃H₈O₃) or triethylamine (C₆H₁₅N), propylene carbonate (C4H6O3), ethylene carbonate (C3H4O3), propylene glycol (C3H8O2), and ethylene glycol ((CH₂OH)₂).

25. The method of any one of claims 22 to [0202], wherein the one or more additives comprise water or ethylene glycol.

26. The method of claim 22, wherein the one or more additives are selected from the group consisting of inorganic / solid-phase and carbonaceous species.

27. The method of claim 26, wherein the inorganic / solid-phase and carbonaceous species are selected from the group consisting of (NH4)2SO4, Na2SO4, NaCl, NH4Br, NH4I, NaI, LiI, KCl, K4Fe(CN)6, Fe2O3, Li2SO4, (NH4)3PO4, Al2O3, NH4PF6, NH4ClO4, NH4CF3SO3, NaCF3SO3,WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 LiCF3SO3, a metal oxide, a metal nitride, a metal phosphide, a metal sulfide, a carbon based composition, NaS2O3, NH4NO3, NH4HCOO, LiHCOO, NaHCOO, NH4BrO3, LiBrO3, NaBrO3, NH4NO2, NH4SO3, LiSO3, NaSO3, NH4IO3, LiIO3, NaIO3, NH4C2O4, LiBO3, NaBO3, KBO3, NH4MnO4, NaMnO4, KMnO4, Na2CO3, NH4SbF6, LiSbF6, NaSbF6, NH4(CF3SO2)2N, NH4BF4, LiBF4, NaBF4, KBF4, NaPF6, and LiPF6.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein the metal oxide comprises ZrO2or ZnO.

29. The method of claim 27, wherein the carbon based composition comprises graphene or carbon nanotube.

30. The method of any one of claims 3 to 29, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products is in liquid form at a temperature of about -80 °C to about 90 °C and at a pressure ranging from about 0.1 atm to about 25 atm.

31. The method of any one of claims 3 to 29, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at an ambient temperature and pressure.

32. The method of any one of claims 3 to 29, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about -40 °C to about 50 °C and at a pressure of about 0.5 atm to about 15 atm.

33. The method of any one of claims 3 to 29, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 1 atm to about 10 atm.

34. The method of any one of claims 3 to 29, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 1 atm.

35. The method of any one of claims 3 to 29, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 10 atm.

36. The method of any one of claims 3 to 29, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 30 °C and at a pressure of about 1 atm to about 5 atm.

37. The method of any one of claims 3 to 29, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at an ambient temperature and a pressure is about 0.7 atm to about 2 atm.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 38. The method of any one of claims 3 to 29, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products and the one or more additives are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 1 atm to about 10 atm.

39. The method of any one of claims 1 to 38, wherein the container comprises a first chamber.

40. The method of any one of claims 1 to 39, wherein the contacting ammonia with the one or more storage materials is carried out in the first chamber.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein the first chamber comprises a liquefaction tank.

42. The method of any one of claims 1 to 41, further comprising storing the one or more liquefied ammonia products in a second chamber.

43. The method of claim 42, wherein the second chamber comprises a storage tank.

44. The method of claim 41 or 43, further comprising transporting the storage tank containing the one or more liquefied ammonia products to a utilization site.

45. The method of claim 41 or 44, wherein the storage tank comprises an insulated container configured to maintain the one or more liquefied ammonia products at ambient temperature and pressure during transportation.

46. The method of any one of claims 1 to 45, wherein a liquefaction efficiency of the ammonia is at most 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.9, or 100 % based on stoichiometry when the one or more storage materials are in contact with ammonia.

47. The method of any one of claims 1 to 45, wherein a weight% of the ammonia stored in the one or more liquefied ammonia products is at least 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 % when the one or more storage materials are in contact with ammonia.

48. The method of any one of claims 1 to 47, further comprising desorbing ammonia from the one or more storage materials storing the ammonia.

49. The method of claim 48, wherein the desorption of ammonia is carried out in a desorption system.

50. The method of claim 49 wherein the desorption system comprises a batch type system or a continuous system.

51. The method of claim 50, wherein the batch type system comprises a tank-based system.

52. The method of claim 50, wherein the continuous system comprises a release unit comprising a housing, a central shaft, or a wiping or scraping element.

53. The method of claim 51, wherein the wiping or scraping element comprises a blade, a scraper, a paddle, a helical flight, a wiper, a distribution feature, or a combination thereof.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 54. The method of any one of claims 50 to 53, further comprising using the continuous system to release ammonia from the liquefied ammonia compositions within a vessel.

55. The method of any one of claims 52 to 54, further comprising using the release unit to form a thin film of the liquefied ammonia product on a heated inner wall of the unit by the wiping or scraping element.

56. The method of claim 55, wherein the thin film of the liquefied ammonia product increases an interfacial area of the liquefied ammonia product, refreshes a boundary layer of the liquefied ammonia product, and shortens diffusion path length of the liquefied ammonia product.

57. The method of any one of claims 52 to 56, wherein the housing is operated at a pressure of about 0.01 atm to about 5 atm.

58. The method of any one of claims 52 to 57, wherein a temperature of the release unit is higher than boiling point of the liquefied ammonia product at a release pressure.

59. The method of claim 58, wherein the temperature of the release unit ranges from about 10 °C to about 140 °C.

60. The method of any one of claims 50 to 59, further comprising continuously withdrawing desorbed ammonia from a vapor outlet located at or near the top of the release unit, leaving a depleted storage material.

61. The method of claim 60, wherein the vapor outlet is connected to a gas processing unit.

62. The method of claim 61, wherein the gas processing unit comprises a condenser, refrigeration system, compressor, or auxiliary storage tank (AST).

63. The method of any one of claims 52 to 62, wherein a vacuum system is applied to the release unit under a pressure of about 0.01 atm to about 2.0 atm to enhance desorption efficiency at a lower temperature.

64. The method of any one of claims 60 to 63, further comprising regulating a flow of the ammonia gas by a pumping system coupled to the vapor outlet, wherein the pumping system provides a steady flow or maintains an outlet pressure.

65. The method of claim 64, wherein the pumping system comprises a centrifugal pump, a diaphragm pump, a scroll compressor, a roots blower, or an ammonia-compatible pump.

66. The method of any one of claims 60 to 65, further comprising delivering the depleted storage material down through the release unit and discharging from bottom of the release unit.

67. The method of claim 66, wherein delivering the depleted storage material is carried out by gravity, a spiral motion of a wiper, or use of an auger or agitator system.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 68. The method of claim 66 or 67, further comprising collecting the depleted storage material in a collection chamber, returning to the storage tank, or transferring through a conveying line.

69. The method of any one of claims 50 to 68, wherein the continuous system comprises one or more release units that operate in parallel or series.

70. The method of any one of claims 49 to 54, wherein the desorption system is configured to withstand pressures up to about 15 atm.

71. The method of claim 47, wherein the desorption of ammonia is carried out by applying negative pressure, hydrofoils, vortices, vibrating piezo elements, microwaves, suspended elements, or direct heating to the storage material storing the ammonia.

72. The method of claim 47 or 49, wherein the desorption of ammonia is carried out at a temperature of about -35 °C to about 140 °C and a pressure of about 15 atm to about 0.001 atm.

73. The method of claim 47 or 49, wherein the desorption of ammonia is carried out at a temperature of about 20 °C to about 140 °C and about ambient pressure.

74. The method of claim 47 or 49, wherein the desorption of ammonia is carried out at ambient temperature and a pressure about 1 atm to about 0.001 atm.

75. The method of claim 47 or 49, wherein the desorbing desorption of ammonia is carried out at a temperature of about 25 °C to about 80 °C and the pressure is about 1 atm to about 0.001 atm.

76. The method of claim 47 or 49, wherein the desorption of ammonia is carried out by: (i) heating the one or more storage material storing the ammonia to a temperature sufficient to promote the desorption of ammonia, (ii) applying a negative pressure below about 1 atm to the storage tank to reduce the pressure and induce the release of ammonia from the one or more liquefied ammonia products, or (iii) a combination of applying heat and a negative pressure.

77. The method of claim 76, wherein the temperature sufficient to promote the desorption of ammonia is equal or higher than a boiling point of the one or more liquefied ammonia products.

78. The method of claim 76 or 77, wherein the temperature sufficient to promote the desorption of ammonia is about 15 °C to about 80 °C.

79. The method of any one of claims 76 to 78, wherein heat is applied from either outside or inside the desorption system.

80. The method of claim 76, wherein the reduced pressure to induce the release of ammonia is about 0.001 atm to about 0.8 atmWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 81. The method of any one of claims 76 to 80, further comprising recycling the ammonia that was desorbed and the one or more storage materials.

82. The method of claim 81, wherein the recycling comprises: a. separating the desorbed ammonia from the one or more storage materials, and b. removing residual ammonia from the one or more storage materials.

83. The method of claim 82, further comprising automatically regulating the temperature and pressure of the liquefaction tank to prevent rapid phase transitions.

84. The method of claim 83, wherein the temperature and pressure of the liquefaction tank are automatically regulated by monitoring and controlling with pressure gauges, thermometers, liquid level sensors, ammonia concentration electrodes or flowmeters, depending on real-time data of temperature, pressure, and ammonia concentration.

85. A method for processing ammonia (NH3), comprising: (i) providing a container comprising one or more storage materials, wherein the one or more storage materials comprise AnQm or (AnQm)(NH3)x; and (ii) directing ammonia into said container to bring the ammonia in contact with the one or more storage materials, wherein upon contact with ammonia, the one or more storage materials store ammonia in liquid form, wherein: A is a first moiety comprising lithium (Li), sodium (Na), hydrogen (H), thallium (Tl), indium (In), boron (B), gallium (Ga), silver (Ag), mercury (Hg), guanidinium (CH6N3+), ammonium (NH4+), arsenic (As), bromine (Br), iodine (I), or one or more atoms from Group 16 of periods 3, 4, or 5 of the Periodic Table of Elements; Q is a second moiety comprising at least one atom from boron (B), Group 15, or Group 16 of periods 3, 4, or 5, or a combination thereof, wherein, when A is guanidium (CH6N3+), As, or I, Q comprises one or more atoms from Group 17; n is an integer from 1 to 4; m is a number from 1 to 4; and x is a number from 1 to 8, (iii) storing the one or more liquefied ammonia products in a storage tank, (iv) transporting the storage tank containing the one or more liquefied ammonia products to a utilization site; andWSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 (v) desorbing ammonia from the one or more liquefied ammonia products.

86. The method of claim 85, wherein the directing ammonia into said container comprises introducing ammonia gas into the container such that the ammonia contacts the one or more storage materials, thereby converting at least a portion of the one or more storage materials to a liquid phase that stores ammonia.

87. The method of claim 85 or 86, wherein upon contact with the ammonia, the one or more storage materials and the ammonia form one or more liquefied ammonia products.

88. The method of claim 87, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products comprise (AnQm)(NH3)y, wherein y is a number larger than x.

89. The method of claim 87 or 88, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products have lower vapor pressure than ammonia.

90. The method of any one of claim 87 to 89, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products have at least one peritectic point or peritectic region.

91. The method of any one of claims 85 to 90, wherein A is a cation selected from a lithium ion (Li+), a sodium ion (Na+), a hydrogen ion (H+), a silver ion (Ag+), a mercurous ion (Hg+), an ammonium ion (NH₄⁺), and a guanidinium ion (CH6N3+).

92. The method of any one of claims 85 to 91, wherein A comprises boron (B), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl), sulfur (S), or selenium (Se).

93. The method of any one of claims 85 to 92, wherein Q is a second moiety comprising either (i) an atom from Group 15, or (ii) one or more multi-atomic groups containing at least one atom from boron (B), Group 15, or Group 16 of periods 3, 4, or 5, or a combination thereof.

94. The method of any one of claims 85 to 93, wherein Q comprises a single atom from Group 15.

95. The method of any one of claims 85 to 94, wherein Q comprises nitrogen (N) or phosphorous (P).

96. The method of any one of claims 85 to 95, wherein Q comprises a polyatomic group comprising atoms selected from Groups 15 or 16 of periods 3 to 5, when A is lithium, sodium, ammonium, guanidinium, silver, or mercury.

97. The method of any one of claims 85 to 96, wherein Q comprises BF4-, SCN-, SeCN-, NO3, CF3SO3-, PF6-, ClO4-, C4F9SO3-, N(SO2F3)2-, NH2-, N3-(azide), or SbF6-.

98. The method of any one of claims 85 to 97, wherein AnQm is an ionic compound.

99. The method of any one of claims 85 to 97, wherein AnQmis a non-ionic compound.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 100. The method of claim 99, wherein A is an element or molecular entity acting as a central moiety comprising B, Ga, I, Br, Tl, In, As, or atoms from Group 16 of periods 3, 4, or 5 of the Periodic Table of Elements.

101. The method of claim 99 or 100, wherein Q is an atom or molecular entity covalently bonded to A, comprising at least one atom from group 15, 16 and 17.

102. The method of any one of claims 85 to 101, wherein, for each of the one or more storage materials, AnQm is selected from the group consisting of NaSCN, HSCN, NH4SCN, NH4SeCN, NaSeCN, (CH6N3)SCN (guanidinium thiocyanate), LiNO₃, NaNO3,(CH6N3)NO3(guanidinium Nitrate), LiSCN, LiSeCN, NH4SO3CF3, NH4C4F9SO3, (CH6N3)I (guanidinium iodide), (CH6N3)BF4 (guanidinium tetrafluoroborate), NH4SbF6, NaSCN, AgSCN, HgSCN, NaSeCN, LiSeCN, NH4SeCN, LiN(SO2F3)2, NH4N(SO2F3)2, (CH6N3)SeCN (guanidinium selenocynate), (CH6N3)PF6(guanidinium hexafluorophosphate), (CH6N3)(CF3SO3) (guanidinium trifluoromethanesulfonate), B(N3)3 (boron triazide), BrCN, ICN, Nitroform (HC(NO2)2), GaN3, InN3, TlN3, B(SCN)3, B(SeCN)3 Ga(SCN)3, Ga(SeCN)3, SO2(NH2)2, SO2(NH2)(NC6H5), I2, AsI3, and SeO2(NH2)2.

103. The method of any one of claims 85 to 102, wherein, for each of the one or more storage materials, AnQm is selected from the group consisting of BN3, BrCN, ICN, I2, Nitroform (HC(NO2)2), GaN3, InN3, TlN3, B(SCN)3, Ga(SCN)3, SO2(NH2)2, and SO2(NH2)(NC6H5)2.

104. The method of any one of claims 85 to 103, wherein, for each of the one or more storage materials, AnQm is selected from the group consisting of NaSCN, LiSCN, NH4SCN, NH4SeCN, LiSeCN, NaSeCN, (CH6N3)BF4 (guanidinium tetrafluoroborate), guanidinium selenocynate, guanidinium thiocyanate, guanidinium hexafluorophosphate, guanidinium triflate, guanidinium iodide, LiN(SO2F3)2, NH4N(SO2F3)2, B(SeCN)3, BN3, and GaN3.

105. The method of any one of claims 85 to 104, wherein, for each of the one or more storage materials, AnQmis selected from the group consisting of NaSCN, NH4SCN, SO2(NH2)2, and LiSCN.

106. The method of any one of claims 81 to 105, further comprising adding one or more additives to the one or more storage materials and ammonia.

107. The method of claim 106, wherein the one or more additives are selected from the group consisting of water (H₂O), ethanol (C₂H₅OH), isopropanol (C₃H₇OH), propanol (C₃H₇OH), butanol (C4H10O), dimethyl sulfoxide (C₂H₆OS), glycerol (C₃H₈O₃), acetic acid (CH₃COOH), dimethylformamide (C₃H₇NO), pyridine (C₅H₅N), ethylene glycol (C₂H₆O₂), methanol (CH₃OH), acetone (C₃H₆O), tetrahydrofuran (C₄H₈O), diethylamine (C₄H₁₁N), triethylamine (C₆H₁₅N),WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 propylene carbonate (C4H6O3), ethylene carbonate (C3H4O3), propylene glycol (C3H8O2), acetonitrile (C2H3N), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (C5H9NO), hexamethylphosphorous triamide (C6H19N3OP), nitromethane (CH3NO2), urea (CH4N2O), phenol (C6H6O), 2-pyrrolidone (C4H7NO), diisopropylamine (C6H15N), 1,4-dioxane (C4H8O2), and morpholine (C4H9NO).

108. The method of claim 106 or 107, wherein the one or more additives are selected from the group consisting of water (H₂O), ethanol (C₂H₅OH), isopropanol (C₃H₇OH), glycerol (C₃H₈O₃) or triethylamine (C₆H₁₅N), propylene carbonate (C4H6O3), ethylene carbonate (C3H4O3), propylene glycol (C3H8O2), and ethylene glycol ((CH₂OH)₂).

109. The method of any one of claims 106 to 108, wherein the one or more additives comprise water or ethylene glycol.

110. The method of claim 106, wherein the one or more additives are selected from the group consisting of inorganic / solid-phase and carbonaceous species.

111. The method of claim 110, wherein the inorganic / solid-phase and carbonaceous species are selected from the group consisting of (NH4)2SO4, Na2SO4, NaCl, NH4Br, NH4I, NaI, LiI, KCl, K4Fe(CN)6, Fe2O3, Li2SO4, (NH4)3PO4, Al2O3, NH4PF6, NH4ClO4, NH4CF3SO3, NaCF3SO3, LiCF3SO3, a metal oxide, a metal nitride, a metal phosphide, a metal sulfide, a carbon based composition, NaS2O3, NH4NO3, NH4HCOO, LiHCOO, NaHCOO, NH4BrO3, LiBrO3, NaBrO3, NH4NO2, NH4SO3, LiSO3, NaSO3, NH4IO3, LiIO3, NaIO3, NH4C2O4, LiBO3, NaBO3, KBO3, NH4MnO4, NaMnO4, KMnO4, Na2CO3, NH4SbF6, LiSbF6, NaSbF6, NH4(CF3SO2)2N, NH4BF4, LiBF4, NaBF4, KBF4, NaPF6, and LiPF6.

112. The method of claim 111, wherein the metal oxide comprises ZrO2 or ZnO.

113. The method of claim 111, wherein the carbon based composition comprises graphene or carbon nanotube.

114. The method of any one of claims 87 to 113, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products is in liquid form at a temperature of about -80 °C to about 90 °C and at a pressure ranging from about 0.1 atm to about 25 atm.

115. The method of any one of claims 87 to 113, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at an ambient temperature and pressure.

116. The method of any one of claims 87 to 113, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about -40 °C to about 50 °C and at a pressure of about 0.5 atm to about 15 atm.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 117. The method of any one of claims 87 to 113, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 1 atm to about 10 atm.

118. The method of any one of claims 87 to 113, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 1 atm.

119. The method of any one of claims 87 to 113, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 10 atm.

120. The method of any one of claims 87 to 113, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 30 °C and at a pressure of about 1 atm to about 5 atm.

121. The method of any one of claims 87 to 113, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at an ambient temperature and a pressure is about 0.7 atm to about 2 atm.

122. The method of any one of claims 87 to 113, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products and the one or more additives are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 1 atm to about 10 atm.

123. The method of any one of claims 85 to 122, wherein the container comprises a first chamber.

124. The method of any one of claims 85 to 123, wherein the contacting ammonia with the one or more storage materials is carried out in the first chamber.

125. The method of claim 123 or 124, wherein the first chamber comprises a liquefaction tank.

126. The method of any one of claims 85 to 125, further comprising storing the one or more liquefied ammonia products in a second chamber.

127. The method of claim 126, wherein the second chamber comprises a storage tank.

128. The method of claim 126 or 127, further comprising transporting the storage tank containing the one or more liquefied ammonia products to a utilization site.

129. The method of claim 127 or 128, wherein the storage tank comprises an insulated container configured to maintain the one or more liquefied ammonia products at ambient temperature and pressure during transportation.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 130. The method of any one of claims 85 to 129, wherein a liquefaction efficiency of the ammonia is at most 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 99.9, or 100 % based on stoichiometry when the one or more storage materials are in contact with ammonia.

131. The method of any one of claims 85 to 130, wherein a weight% of the ammonia stored in the one or more liquefied ammonia products is at least 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 % when the one or more storage materials are in contact with ammonia.

132. The method of any one of claims 85 to 131, further comprising desorption of ammonia from the one or more storage materials storing the ammonia.

133. The method of claim 132, wherein the desorption of ammonia is carried out by applying negative pressure, hydrofoils, vortices, vibrating piezo elements, microwaves, suspended elements, or direct heating, or a combination thereof, to the storage material storing the ammonia.

134. The method of claim 132 or 133, wherein the desorption of ammonia is carried out in a desorption system.

135. The method of claim 134 wherein the desorption system comprises a batch type system or a continuous system.

136. The method of claim 135, wherein the batch type system comprises a tank-based system.

137. The method of claim 135, wherein the continuous system comprises a release unit comprising a housing, a central shaft, or a wiping or scraping element.

138. The method of claim 137, wherein the wiping or scraping element comprises a blade, a scraper, a paddle, a helical flight, a wiper, a distribution feature, or a combination thereof.

139. The method of any one of claims 132 to 138, further comprising using the continuous system to release ammonia from the liquefied ammonia compositions within a vessel.

140. The method of any one of claims 135 to 139, further comprising using the release unit to form a thin film of the liquefied ammonia product on a heated inner wall of the unit by the wiping or scraping element.

141. The method of claim 140, wherein the thin film of the liquefied ammonia product increases an interfacial area of the liquefied ammonia product, refreshes a boundary layer of the liquefied ammonia product, and shortens diffusion path length of the liquefied ammonia product.

142. The method of any one of claims 137 to 141, wherein the housing is operated at a pressure of about 0.01 atm to about 5 atm.

143. The method of any one of claims 137 to 142, wherein a temperature of the release unit is higher than boiling point of the liquefied ammonia product at a release pressure.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 144. The method of claim 143, wherein the temperature of the release unit ranges from about 10 °C to about 140 °C.

145. The method of any one of claims 132 to 144, further comprising continuously withdrawing desorbed ammonia from a vapor outlet located at or near the top of the release unit, leaving a depleted storage material.

146. The method of claim 145, wherein the vapor outlet is connected to a gas processing unit.

147. The method of claim 146, wherein the gas processing unit comprises a condenser, refrigeration system, compressor, or auxiliary storage tank (AST).

148. The method of any one of claims 137 to 147, wherein a vacuum system is applied to the release unit under a pressure of about 0.01 atm to about 2.0 atm to enhance desorption efficiency at a lower temperature.

149. The method of any one of claims 145 to 148, further comprising regulating a flow of the ammonia gas by a pumping system coupled to the vapor outlet, wherein the pumping system provides a steady flow or maintains an outlet pressure.

150. The method of claim 149, wherein the pumping system comprises a centrifugal pump, a diaphragm pump, a scroll compressor, a roots blower, or an ammonia-compatible pump.

151. The method of any one of claims 145 to 150, further comprising delivering the depleted storage material down through the release unit and discharging from bottom of the release unit.

152. The method of claim 151, wherein delivering the depleted storage material is carried out by gravity, a spiral motion of a wiper, or use of an auger or agitator system.

153. The method of claim 151 or 152, further comprising collecting the depleted storage material in a collection chamber, returning to the storage tank, or transferring through a conveying line.

154. The method of any one of claims 135 to 153, wherein the continuous system comprises one or more release units that operate in parallel or series.

155. The method of any one of claims 134 to 139, wherein the desorption system is configured to withstand pressures up to about 15 atm.

156. The method of claim 132, wherein the desorption of ammonia is carried out at a temperature of about -35 °C to about 140 °C and a pressure of about 15 atm to about 0.001 atm.

157. The method of claim 132, wherein the desorption of ammonia is carried out at a temperature of about 20 °C to about 140 °C and about ambient pressure.

158. The method of claim 132, wherein the desorption of ammonia is carried out at ambient temperature and a pressure about 1 atm to about 0.001 atm.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 159. The method of claim 132, wherein the desorption of ammonia is carried out at a temperature of about 25 °C to about 80 °C and the pressure is about 1 atm to about 0.001 atm.

160. The method of claim 132, wherein the desorption of ammonia is carried out by: (i) heating the one or more storage material storing the ammonia to a temperature sufficient to promote the desorption of ammonia, (ii) applying a negative pressure below about 1 atm to the storage tank to reduce the pressure and induce the release of ammonia from the one or more liquefied ammonia products, or (iii) a combination of applying heat and a negative pressure.

161. The method of claim 160, wherein the temperature sufficient to promote the desorption of ammonia is equal or higher than a boiling point of the one or more liquefied ammonia products.

162. The method of claim 160 or 161, wherein the temperature sufficient to promote the desorption of ammonia is about 15 °C to about 80 °C.

163. The method of any one of claims 160 to 162, wherein heat is applied from either outside or inside the desorption system.

164. The method of claim 160, wherein the reduced pressure to induce the release of ammonia is about 0.001 atm to about 0.8 atm.

165. The method of any one of claims 160 to 164, further comprising recycling the ammonia that was desorbed and the one or more storage materials.

166. The method of claim 165, wherein the recycling comprises: a. separating the desorbed ammonia from the one or more storage materials, and b. removing residual ammonia from the one or more storage materials.

167. The method of claim 166, further comprising automatically regulating the temperature and pressure of the liquefaction tank to prevent rapid phase transitions.

168. The method of claim 167, wherein the temperature and pressure of the liquefaction tank are automatically regulated by monitoring and controlling with pressure gauges, thermometers, liquid level sensors, ammonia concentration electrodes or flowmeters, depending on real-time data of temperature, pressure, and ammonia concentration.

169. A system for processing ammonia, comprising: a. a first chamber comprising one or more storage materials, wherein the one or more storage materials comprises AnQm or AnQm(NH3)x, wherein: A is a first moiety comprising lithium (Li), sodium (Na), hydrogen (H), thallium (Tl), indium (In), boron (B), gallium (Ga), silver (Ag), mercury (Hg),WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 guanidinium (CH6N3+), ammonium (NH4+), arsenic (As), bromine (Br), iodine (I), or one or more atoms from Group 16 of periods 3, 4, or 5 of the Periodic Table of Elements; Q is a second moiety comprising at least one atom from boron (B), Group 15, or Group 16 of periods 3, 4, or 5, or a combination thereof, wherein, when A is guanidium (CH6N3+), As, or I, Q comprises one or more atoms from Group 17; n is an integer from 1 to 4; m is a number from 1 to 4; x is a number from 1 to 8, wherein the first chamber is configured to withstand pressure up to about 25 atm, wherein the first chamber is configured to receive ammonia, and wherein the one or more storage materials are configured to store ammonia in liquid form upon contact with the ammonia; and b. a second chamber configured to store the storage materials storing the ammonia.

170. The system of claim 169, wherein the directing ammonia into said container comprises introducing ammonia gas into the container such that the ammonia contacts the one or more storage materials, thereby converting at least a portion of the one or more storage materials to a liquid phase that stores ammonia.

171. The system of claim 169 or 170, wherein the one or more storage materials are configured to form one or more liquefied ammonia products upon contact with the ammonia.

172. The system of claim 171, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products comprise (AnQm)(NH3)y, wherein y is larger than x.

173. The system of claim 171 or 172, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products have lower vapor pressure than ammonia.

174. The system of any one of claims 171 to 173, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products have at least one peritectic point or peritectic region.

175. The system of any one of claims 169 to 174, wherein A is a cation selected from lithium ion (Li+), sodium ion (Na+), hydrogen ion (H+), silver ion (Ag+), mercurous ion (Hg+), ammonium ion (NH₄⁺), and guanidinium ion (CH6N3+).

176. The system of any one of claims 169 to 175, wherein A comprises boron (B), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl), sulfur (S), or selenium (Se).WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 177. The method of any one of claims 169 to 176, wherein Q is a second moiety comprising either (i) an atom from Group 15, or (ii) one or more multi-atomic groups containing at least one atom from boron (B), Group 15, or Group 16 of periods 3, 4, or 5, or a combination thereof.

178. The system of any one of claims 169 to 177, wherein Q comprises a single atom from Group 15.

179. The system of any one of claims 169 to 178, wherein Q comprises nitrogen (N) or phosphorous (P).

180. The system of any one of claims 169 to 179, wherein Q comprises a polyatomic group comprising atoms selected from Groups 15 or 16 of periods 3 to 5, when A is lithium, sodium, ammonium, guanidinium, silver, or mercury.

181. The system of any one of claims 169 to 180, wherein Q comprises -BF4, -SCN, -SeCN, - NO3, -CF3SO3, -PF6, -ClO4, -C4F9SO3, -N(SO2F3)2, -NH2, -N3, or -SbF6.

182. The system of any one of claims 169 to 181, wherein AnQm is an ionic compound.

183. The system of any one of claims 169 to 181, wherein AnQm is a non-ionic compound.

184. The system of claim 183, wherein A is an element or molecular entity acting as central atom comprising B, Ga, I, Br, Tl, In, As, or atoms from Group 16 of periods 3, 4, or 5 of the Periodic Table of Elements.

185. The system of claim 183 or 184, wherein Q is an atom or molecular entity covalently bonded to A, comprising at least one atom from group 15, 16 and 17.

186. The system of any one of claims 169 to 185, wherein, for each of the one or more storage materials, AnQm is selected from the group consisting of, NaSCN, HSCN, NH4SCN, NH4SeCN, NaSeCN, (CH6N3)SCN (guanidinium thiocyanate), NH4NO3, LiNO₃, (CH6N3)NO3 (guanidinium Nitrate),LiSCN, LiSeCN, NH4SO3CF3, NH4C4F9SO3, (CH6N3)I (guanidinium iodide), (CH6N3)BF4 (guanidinium tetrafluoroborate), NH4SbF6, NaSCN, AgSCN, HgSCN, NaSeCN, LiSeCN, NH4SeCN, LiN(SO2F3)2, NH4N(SO2F3)2, (CH6N3)SeCN (guanidinium selenocynate), (CH6N3)PF6(guanidinium hexafluorophosphate), (CH6N3)(CF3SO3) (guanidinium trifluoromethanesulfonate), BN3 (boron triazide), BrCN, ICN, Nitroform (HC(NO2)2), GaN3, GaI3, InN3, TlN3, B(SCN)3, B(SeCN)3 Ga(SCN)3, Ga(SeCN)3, SO2(NH2)2, SO2(NH2)(NC6H5), I2, AsI3, and SeO2(NH2)2.

187. The system of any one of claims 169 to 186, wherein, for each of the one or more storage materials, AnQm is selected from the group consisting of BN3, BrCN, ICN, Nitroform (HC(NO2)2), GaN3, GaI3, InN3, TlN3, B(SCN)3, Ga(SCN)3, SO2(NH2)2, I2, and SO2(NH2)(NC6H5)2.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 188. The system of any one of claims 169 to 187, wherein, for each of the one or more storage materials, AnQmis selected from the group consisting of NaSCN, LiSCN, NH4SCN, NH4SeCN, LiSeCN, NaSeCN, (CH6N3)BF4 (guanidinium tetrafluoroborate), guanidinium selenocynate, guanidinium thiocyanate, guanidinium hexafluorophosphate, guanidinium triflate; guanidinium iodide, LiN(SO2F3)2, NH4N(SO2F3)2, B(SeCN)3, I2, BI3, BN3, and GaN3.

189. The system of any one of claims 169 to 188, wherein, for each of the one or more storage materials, AnQm is selected from the group consisting of NaSCN, NH4SCN, SO2(NH2)2, and LiSCN.

190. The system of any one of claims 169 to 189, wherein the first chamber comprises one or more additives.

191. The system of claim 190, wherein the one or more additives are selected from the group consisting of water (H₂O), ethanol (C₂H₅OH), isopropanol (C₃H₇OH), propanol (C₃H₇OH), butanol (C4H10O), dimethyl sulfoxide (C₂H₆OS), glycerol (C₃H₈O₃), acetic acid (CH₃COOH), dimethylformamide (C₃H₇NO), pyridine (C₅H₅N), ethylene glycol (C₂H₆O₂), methanol (CH₃OH), acetone (C₃H₆O), tetrahydrofuran (C₄H₈O), diethylamine (C₄H₁₁N), triethylamine (C₆H₁₅N), propylene carbonate (C4H6O3), ethylene carbonate (C3H4O3), propylene glycol (C3H8O2), acetonitrile (C2H3N), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (C5H9NO), hexamethylphosphorous triamide (C6H19N3OP), nitromethane (CH3NO2), urea (CH4N2O), phenol (C6H6O), 2-pyrrolidone (C4H7NO), diisopropylamine (C6H15N), 1,4-dioxane (C4H8O2), and morpholine (C4H9NO).

192. The system of claim 190 or 191, wherein the one or more additives are selected from the group consisting of water (H₂O), ethanol (C₂H₅OH), isopropanol (C₃H₇OH), glycerol (C₃H₈O₃) or triethylamine (C₆H₁₅N), propylene carbonate (C4H6O3), ethylene carbonate (C3H4O3), propylene glycol (C3H8O2), and ethylene glycol ((CH₂OH)₂).

193. The system of any one of claims 190 to 192, wherein the additives comprise H₂O or ethylene glycol.

194. The system of claim 190, wherein the one or more additives are selected from the group consisting of inorganic / solid-phase and carbonaceous species.

195. The system of claim 194, wherein the inorganic / solid-phase and carbonaceous species are selected from the group consisting of (NH4)2SO4, Na2SO4, NaCl, NH4Br, NH4I, NaI, LiI, KCl, K4Fe(CN)6, Fe2O3, Li2SO4, (NH4)3PO4, Al2O3, NH4PF6, NH4ClO4, NH4CF3SO3, NaCF3SO3, LiCF3SO3, a metal oxide, a metal nitride, a metal phosphide, a metal sulfide, a carbon based composition, NaS2O3, NH4NO3, NH4HCOO, LiHCOO, NaHCOO, NH4BrO3, LiBrO3, NaBrO3, NH4NO2, NH4SO3, LiSO3, NaSO3, NH4IO3, LiIO3, NaIO3, NH4C2O4, LiBO3, NaBO3, KBO3,WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 NH4MnO4, NaMnO4, KMnO4, Na2CO3, NH4SbF6, LiSbF6, NaSbF6, NH4(CF3SO2)2N, NH4BF4, LiBF4, NaBF4, KBF4, NaPF6, and LiPF6.

196. The system of claim 195, wherein the metal oxide comprises ZrO2 or ZnO.

197. The system of claim 195, wherein the carbon based composition comprises graphene or carbon nanotube.

198. The system of any one of claims 190 to 197, wherein the one or additives comprise water, and the water is about 1 to about 10 wt.%.

199. The system of any one of claims 190 to 198, wherein the one or more additives comprise water, and the water is about 0.2 to about 2 wt.%.

200. The system of any one of claims 169 to 199, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about -80 °C to about 90 °C and at a pressure ranging from about 0.1 atm to about 25 atm.

201. The system of any one of claims 169 to 200, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at ambient temperature and pressure.

202. The system of any one of claims 169 to 201, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about -40 °C to about 50 °C and at a pressure of about 0.5 atm to about 15 atm.

203. The system of any one of claims 169 to 201, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 1 atm to about 10 atm.

204. The system of any one of claims 169 to 201, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 1 atm.

205. The system of any one of claims 169 to 201, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 10 atm.

206. The system of any one of claims 169 to 201, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 30 °C and at a pressure of about 1 atm to about 5 atm.

207. The system of any one of claims 169 to 201, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products are in liquid form at an ambient temperature and a pressure of about 0.7 atm to about 2 atm.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 208. The system of any one of claims 169 to 201, wherein the one or more liquefied ammonia products and the one or more additives are in liquid phase at a temperature of about 0 °C to about 40 °C and a pressure of about 1 atm to about 10 atm.

209. The system of any one of claims 169 to 201, wherein the first chamber comprises a liquefaction tank.

210. The system of any one of claims 169 to 209, wherein the first chamber comprises one or more sensors for monitoring contents of the first chamber.

211. The system of any one of claims 169 to 210, wherein the first chamber further comprises a controller and liquid level sensor for controlling a temperature and pressure of the first chamber.

212. The system of any one of claims 169 to 211, wherein the first chamber is configured to withstand temperature ranging from about -80 °C to about 140 °C.

213. The system of any one of claims 169 to 212, wherein the first chamber is insulated to maintain the ammonia liquefaction process at ambient temperature and pressure.

214. The system of any one of claims 169 to 213, wherein the second chamber comprises a storage tank configured to store the storage materials storing the ammonia.

215. The system of any one of claims 169 to 214, wherein the second chamber is made from material selected from polypropylene, PVC, PTFE, PFDF, PEEK, HDPE, PVDF, aluminum alloy, and thin-walled stainless steel tank.

216. The system of any one of claims 169 to 215, wherein the second chamber is configured to withstand a pressure of up to about 15 atm.

217. The system of any one of claims 169 to 216, wherein the second chamber is configured to withstand a temperature in the range from about -30 °C to about 140 °C.

218. The system of any one of claims 169 to 217, wherein the second chamber comprises a plurality of storage tanks.

219. The system of any one of claims 169 to 218, wherein the second chamber comprises a temperature control system and insulation materials.

220. The system of any one of claims 169 to 219, wherein the second chamber is connected to the first chamber.

221. The system of any one of claims 169 to 220, further comprising a third chamber, wherein the third chamber is a desorption system configured to release the ammonia from the storage materials storing the ammonia.

222. The system of claim 221, wherein the third chamber is connected to the second chamber.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 223. The system of claim 221 or 222, wherein the desorption system comprises a batch type system or a continuous system.

224. The system of claim 222 or 223, wherein the batch type system comprises a liquefied ammonia desorption tank.

225. The system of any one of claims 221 to 224, wherein the desorption system comprises a sensor configured to monitor contents of the desorption system.

226. The system of any one of claims 221 to 225, wherein the desorption system comprises a controller configured to adjust a temperature and pressure for a desorption process.

227. The system of any one of claims 221 to 226 wherein the desorption system is configured to withstand a temperature in the ranging of about -30 °C to about 140 °C.

228. The system of any one of claims 221 to 227, wherein the desorption system is insulated.

229. The system of claim 223, wherein the continuous system comprises a release unit comprising a housing, a central shaft, or a wiping or scraping element.

230. The system of claim 229, wherein the wiping or scraping element comprises a blade, a scraper, a paddle, a helical flight, a wiper, a distribution feature, or a combination thereof.

231. The system of any one of claims 223 to 230, further comprising using the continuous system to release ammonia from the liquefied ammonia compositions within a vessel.

232. The system of any one of claims 229 to 231, further comprising using the release unit to form a thin film of the liquefied ammonia product on a heated inner wall of the unit by the wiping or scraping element.

233. The system of claim 232, wherein the thin film of the liquefied ammonia product increases an interfacial area of the liquefied ammonia product, refreshes a boundary layer of the liquefied ammonia product, and shortens diffusion path length of the liquefied ammonia product.

234. The system of any one of claims 229 to 233, wherein the housing is operated at a pressure of about 0.01 atm to about 5 atm.

235. The system of any one of claims 229 to 234, wherein a temperature of the release unit is higher than boiling point of the liquefied ammonia product at a release pressure.

236. The system of claim 235, wherein the temperature of the release unit ranges from about 10 °C to about 140 °C.

237. The system of any one of claims 221 to 236, further comprising a vapor outlet located at or near the top of the release unit, wherein the vapor outlet is configured to continuously withdraw desorbed ammonia, leaving a depleted storage material.

238. The system of claim 237, wherein the vapor outlet is connected to a gas processing unit.WSGR Docket No.70778-701.601 239. The system of claim 238, wherein the gas processing unit comprises a condenser, refrigeration system, compressor, or auxiliary storage tank (AST).

240. The system of any one of claims 229 to 239, wherein a vacuum system is applied to the release unit under a pressure of about 0.01 atm to about 2.0 atm to enhance desorption efficiency at a lower temperature.

241. The system of any one of claims 237 to 240, further comprising a pumping system coupled to the vapor outlet, wherein the pumping system is configured to regulate a flow of the ammonia gas and to provide a steady flow or maintains an outlet pressure.

242. The system of claim 241, wherein the pumping system comprises a centrifugal pump, a diaphragm pump, a scroll compressor, a roots blower, or an ammonia-compatible pump.

243. The system of any one of claims 237 to 242, wherein the depleted storage material is delivered down through the release unit and discharged from bottom of the release unit.

244. The system of claim 243, wherein delivering the depleted storage material is carried out by gravity, a spiral motion of a wiper, or use of an auger or agitator system.

245. The system of claim 243 or 244, wherein the depleted storage material is collected in a collection chamber, returned to the storage tank, or transferred through a conveying line.

246. The system of any one of claims 223 to 245, wherein the continuous system comprises one or more release units that operate in parallel or series.

247. The system of any one of claims 222 to 231, wherein the desorption system is configured to withstand pressures up to about 15 atm.

248. The system of any one of claims 169 to 247, further comprising a delivery component of the one or more liquefied ammonia products.

249. The system of any one of claims 169 to 248, wherein the system is a single tank comprising the first, second, and third chambers.

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