A monitoring system

Abstract

A monitoring system (10) including a wearable (12) to be worn by a user (14), a sensor (16) incorporated into the wearable (12) for detecting information relating to the user (14), a first database (18) including health data (20) related to the user (14), a second database (22) including general health data (24), and a processing unit (26) arranged in communication with the sensor (16), and the first and second databases (18) and (22) for receiving the sensed information relating to the user (14), obtaining health data relating to the sensed information from the first and second databases (18) and (22), analysing the obtained data and providing feedback (28) to the user (14) based on the analysis.

Description

[0001] A MONITORING SYSTEM

[0002] TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] This invention relates to a monitoring system. In particular, this invention relates a health monitoring and feedback system incorporated into a wearable for a user which is capable of obtaining and comparing health and environmental information relating to the user with general health data and providing feedback to the user.

[0004] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] According to the invention, there is provided a monitoring system including: - a wearable to be worn by a user; a sensor incorporated into the wearable for detecting information relating to the user; a first database including health data related to the user; a second database including general health data; and a processing unit arranged in communication with the sensor, and the first and second databases for receiving the detected information relating to the user, obtaining health data relating to the detected information from the first and second databases, analysing the obtained data and providing feedback to the user based on the analysis.

[0006] The wearable may be manufactured from any type of fabric. Preferably, the wearable may be in the form of a clothing item. The clothing item may be in the form of any one or more clothing items of the group including a shirt, long sleeve, pair of pants, pair of shorts, glove, cap, peak, beanie, helmet, shoe, pair of underwear, sock, jacket, jersey, and hoodie. The wearable may be in the form of an accessory. The accessory may be in the form of any one or more of the group including a watch, strap, pair of glasses, ring, and item of jewellery. The sensor may be in the form of any one or more sensor types of the group including electrical, optical, chemical, acoustic, motion, magnetic, moisture, and pressure. The sensor may convert a change in a physical quantity into an electrical signal. The sensor may include a transducer for enabling the conversion of the physical quantity into the electrical signal. The transducer may be in the form of any transducer type of the group including optical, temperature, piezoelectric, piezoresistive, capacitive, inductive, resonant, pressure, motion, oscillator, flow, photovoltaic, chemical, mutual induction, electromagnetic, and Hall effect.

[0007] An electrical sensor may be provided for detecting any one or more electrical properties of the group including voltage, current, resistance, impedance, conductance, capacitance, inductance, power, reactance, frequency, phase, amplitude, and wavelength. The electrical sensor may detect electrical signals generated by any one or more organs of the group including the heart, brain, stomach, skin, retina, nerves, spinal cord, and muscles.

[0008] An optical sensor may be provided for detecting light. Typically, the optical sensor may detect light and convert the light into an electrical signal. The optical sensor may detect any one or more light properties of the group including intensity, absorption, reflection, refraction, scattering, wavelength, polarisation, phase, direction, fluorescence, lifetime, modulation, colour, obscuration, and transmittance. The optical sensor may use light properties to detect any one or more parameters of the group including blood flow changes, the absorption of wavelengths of light by blood cells, the scattering of wavelengths of light by blood cells, the reflection of light by blood cells, infrared radiation, the absorption of wavelengths of light by water molecules in the body, the scattering of wavelengths of light by water molecules in the body, pulse wave velocity, the reflection of wavelengths of light by tissues in the body, and the absorption reflection of wavelengths of light by tissues in the body. The optical sensor may include an optical transducer. The optical transducer may include any one or more of the group including a photodiode, phototransistor, photoresistor diode array, position sensitive diode (PSD), CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) camera, photoconductor, and CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) camera. More particularly, the optical transducer may be in the form of any one or more transducers of the group including a Photoplethysmograph, spectrometer, Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, camera, optical fibre, and an electrode.

[0009] A chemical sensor may be provided for detecting a target analyte. The target analyte may be determined by measuring a chemical property of the target analyte when exposed to a certain chemical. Typically, the chemical sensor may detect the target analyte and create an electrical signal, which may be detected by an electronic device. The chemical sensor may detect any one or more chemical properties of the group including colour, pH, conductivity, luminance, optical properties, mass change, fluorescence, adsorption, absorption, surface plasmon resonance, and volume. The chemical sensor may use any one or more chemical properties to sense any one or more chemical concentrations of the group including a hormone, a protein, an enzyme, an ion, an electrolyte, a toxin, cholesterol, sweat, alcohol, acetone, saliva, and haemoglobin.

[0010] The hormone concentrations may include any one or more hormones of the group including cortisol, thyroid, glucose, melatonin, testosterone, oestrogen, oxytocin, insulin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, progesterone, somatotropin, leptin, ghrelin, vasopressin, prolactin, calcitonin, Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), and aldosterone.

[0011] The protein concentrations may include any one or more proteins of the group including Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), troponin, Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin, Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and interleukins.

[0012] The enzyme concentrations may include any one or more enzymes of the group including Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Glucose Oxidase, Cholinesterase, Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH), Creatine Kinase (CK), Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), Amylase, Proteases, Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Phosphatases, Urease, Catalase, Phospholipases, and Elastase.

[0013] The ion concentrations may include any one or more ions of the group including sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, hydrogen, nitrate, ammonium, lactate, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, lead, mercury sulphate, and phosphate.

[0014] The toxin concentrations may include any one or more toxins of the group including allergens, bacteria, pesticides, heavy metals, herbicides, viruses, and fungi.

[0015] A motion sensor may be providing for detecting motion of the user. Typically, the motion sensor may detect motion and convert the motion into an electrical signal. The motion sensor may detect any one or more mechanical properties of the group including inertial force, angular velocity, linear acceleration, displacement, dynamic acceleration, static acceleration, magnetic field, vibration, angle of inclination and mechanical deformation. The motion sensor may include any one or more motion transducers of the group including an accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, inclinometer, Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), flex, and vibration.

[0016] A magnetic sensor may be provided for detecting magnetic fields. Typically, the magnetic sensor may detect magnetic fields and convert the magnetic fields into an electrical signal. The magnetic sensor may detect any one or more magnetic properties of the group including magnetic field strength, magnetic field direction, magnetic field variation, magnetic field polarity, magnetic anomalies, magnetic interference, magnetic flux density, magnetic field gradient, frequency of magnetic field changes, and magnetic field noise.

[0017] A pressure sensor may be provided for detecting a force exerted on the pressure sensor’s surface. Typically, the pressure sensor may detect the force and convert the force into an electrical signal. The pressure sensor may be used to sense any one or more of the group including mechanical stress, the deflection of a diaphragm or membrane, mechanical deformation, changes in light intensity, changes in fluid flow, and changes in resistance. The pressure sensor may include any one or more pressure transducers of the group including a strain gauge, potentiometric, piezoelectric, capacitive, resonant wire, and optical.

[0018] An environment sensor may be provided for detecting information external to the user or information of an environment surrounding the user. The environmental sensor may detect and convert information external to the user into an electrical signal. The environment sensor may detect any one or more measurements of the group including external temperature, water vapour in the surrounding area, the amount of light falling on a surface, electromagnetic radiation, environmental sounds, and the concentration of particles in the air.

[0019] The environment sensor may include an acoustic sensor for detecting a sound in the vicinity of the user. The acoustic sensor may detect the sound and convert the sound into an electrical signal. The acoustic sensor may detect any one or more sound wave properties of the group including amplitude, frequency, wavelength, speed, propagation, reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, absorption, and attenuation. The sound wave properties may be used to determine any one or more sound properties of the group including vibration, time of flight, intensity, sound pressure, and directionality.

[0020] The environment sensor may include a temperature sensor for detecting a temperature in the vicinity of the user. The temperature sensor may include any one or more temperature transducers of the group including a thermistor, thermocouple, resistance thermometer, infrared, and temperature-sensitive fabrics. The environment sensor may include a chemical sensor for detecting chemical concentrations in the air surrounding the user. The chemical concentrations in the air surrounding the user may include any one or more of the group including Carbon dioxide (CO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), Oxygen (02), Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Nitrogen dioxide (N02), Sulphur dioxide (S02), Ozone (03), Methane (CH4), Particle Matter (PM), heavy metals, Hydrocarbons, Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Esters, and Aromatic Compounds. The chemical sensor may include any one or more chemical transducers of the group including gas, electrochemical, pH, Ion-selective electrode (ISE), optical, enzymatic, nanomaterial-based, amperometric, Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), voltametric, chemiluminescent, and microbial.

[0021] The environment sensor may include a radio frequency sensor for detecting radio frequency (RF) signals surrounding the user. The radio frequency sensor may detect a radio wave and convert the radio wave into an electrical signal. The radio frequency sensor may detect any one or more radio wave parameters of the group including amplitude, phase, frequency, polarisation, doppler shift, and time delay. The radio wave parameters may be used to measure any one or more radio wave characteristics of the group including reflection, reflection, scattering, and absorption. The radio frequency sensor may include any one or more radio frequency transducers of the group including an impedance transducer, Doppler radar, accelerometer, gyroscope, and proximity transducer.

[0022] A plurality of sensors may be provided for detecting a plurality of information relating to the user. The plurality of sensors are incorporated into the wearable.

[0023] The information relating to the user may include physiological or biological parameters of the user. The physiological parameters may include any one or more of the group including heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure, body temperature, respiratory rate, blood oxygen saturation, electrodermal activity, blood flow, respiration volume, blood flow velocity, blood coagulation parameters, hydration levels, muscle oxygenation, joint range of motion, tissue oxygenation, lactate levels, pulse wave velocity, tissue pH, bone density, electrical activity in the brain, electrical activity in the muscles, electrical activity in the eyes, electrical activity in the stomach, electrical activity in the heart, interstitial fluid glucose, vascular health, blood volume pressure, tissue blood oxygenation, glucose levels, ultraviolet radiation, menstrual cycle information, sleep cycle information, saliva composition, and sweat composition.

[0024] The information relating to the user may include biometric information. The biometric information may include any one or more of the group including fingerprint, iris, retina, facial, voice, palm, hand geometry, vein, DNA, and gait.

[0025] The information relating to the user may include hormone concentrations. The hormone concentrations may include any one or more hormones of the group including adrenaline, serotonin, dopamine, cortisol, luteinising hormone (LSH), follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH), human growth hormone, thyroid, glucose, glucagon, melatonin, testosterone, oestrogen, oxytocin, insulin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, progesterone, somatotropin, leptin, ghrelin, vasopressin, prolactin, calcitonin, Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), and aldosterone.

[0026] The information relating to the user may include pregnancy information. The pregnancy information may include gestational age, weight of an unborn baby, height of the unborn baby, and estimated delivery date.

[0027] The information relating to the user may include protein concentrations. The protein concentrations may include any one or more proteins of the group including Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT- proBNP), troponin, Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin, Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and interleukins.

[0028] The information relating to the user may include enzyme concentrations. The enzyme concentrations may include any one or more enzymes of the group including Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Glucose Oxidase, Cholinesterase, Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH), Creatine Kinase (CK), Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), Amylase, Proteases, Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Phosphatases, Urease, Catalase, Phospholipases, and Elastase.

[0029] The information relating to the user may include ion concentrations. The ion concentrations may include any one or more ions of the group including sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, hydrogen, nitrate, ammonium, lactate, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, lead, mercury sulphate, and phosphate.

[0030] The information relating to the user may include toxin concentrations. The toxin concentrations may include any one or more toxins of the group including allergens, bacteria, pesticides, heavy metals, herbicides, viruses, and fungi.

[0031] The information relating to the user may include a chemical concentration in the air surrounding the user. The chemical concentration in the air surrounding the user may be any one or more of the group including Carbon dioxide (CO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), Oxygen (02), Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Nitrogen dioxide (N02), Sulfur dioxide (S02), Ozone (03), Methane (CH4), Particle Matter (PM), heavy metals, Hydrocarbons, Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Esters, and Aromatic Compounds.

[0032] The information relating to the user may include motion information. The motion information may include velocity, acceleration, displacement, and impact detection.

[0033] The information relating to the user may include positional information. The positional information may include location, orientation, pitch, yaw, roll, direction, gestures, activity, altitude, posture, and proximity. The information relating to the user may include activity information. The activity information may include any one of more of the group including, steps, heart rate, exercises, training sessions, specific sports associated with the user, duration of physical activities, calories burned, distance covered, average pace or speed, workout intensity levels, rest periods, sleep patterns, sedentary time, active time, exercise goals and achievements, training plans, fitness assessments, heart rate variability, recovery metrics, exercise equipment usage, workout classes attended, personal bests, performance metrics, exercise-related injuries, exercise frequency, exercise preferences, and training load.

[0034] The information relating to the user may include acoustic information in the vicinity of the user. The acoustic information may include any one or more sounds of the group including speech, conversation, ambient noise, environmental, heartbeat, pulse rate, breathing, respiratory, snoring, sleep disturbances, physical activity, movement, coughing, sneezing, machinery noise, stress-induced vocal cues, emergency signals, music, ear-related health indicators, signs of fatigue, communication signals, home automation commands, safety alerts, and localisation.

[0035] The information relating to the user may include radio frequency information of radio frequencies surrounding the user. The radio frequency information may include any one or more of the group including voice, data, video, position, navigation, weather, satellite, environmental, identification, network, broadcasting, command control, and emergency services.

[0036] It is to be appreciated that the above information types, individually or in any combination, can be used to calculate, determine, predict or generate a wide range health related information of the user. For example, by keeping track of the various hormone levels in the body, it is possible to determine any of the group including, but not limited to, menstrual health, sleep health, metabolic health, mental health, reproductive health, physical health, pregnancy health, and immunity health. The health data related to the user may include activity information. The activity information may include a historical record of overall measurement of activity , steps, heart rate, exercises, training sessions, specific sports associated with the user, duration of physical activities, calories burned, distance covered, average pace or speed, workout intensity levels, rest periods, sleep patterns, sedentary time, active time, exercise goals and achievements, training plans, fitness assessments, heart rate variability, recovery metrics, exercise equipment usage, workout classes attended, personal bests, performance metrics, exercise-related injuries, exercise frequency, exercise preferences, and training load.

[0037] The health data related to the user may include genetic information. The genetic information may include any one or more of the group including genetic variants, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), gene exfpression profiles, chromosomal abnormalities, DNA methylation patterns, epigenetic modifications, copy number variations, mitochondrial DNA data, haplogroups, genetic predispositions, disease- associated genetic markers, carrier status for inherited conditions, pharmacogenomic information, pharmacogenetic information, genotype-phenotype correlations ancestry or ethnic origins, genetic relatedness to other individuals, genetic testing results, genetic counselling records, genotyping or sequencing data, familial genetic history, non-coding RNA analysis, structural variations, gene function annotations, proteinprotein interaction networks, pathway analysis results, regulatory elements, disease risk scores, polygenic risk scores, genetic traits or phenotypes, gene ontology annotations, genetic correlations, genome-wide association study (GWAS) results, population-level genetic data, and the like. The pharmacogenetic information may include a comprehensive list of drugs and their effects on the user given the user’s specific genotype. The comprehensive list may include information relating to the interaction between a particular drug and the user having a particular genotype. The comprehensive list of drugs may be filtered according to the particular medical information of the user, preferably being filterable according to the current medical information of the user. It is to be appreciated that the current medical information of the user may typically be updated during a consultation with the health practitioner. The health data related to the user may include biometric information. The biometric information may include any one or more of the group including fingerprint, iris, retina, facial, voice, palm, hand geometry, vein, DNA, and gait.

[0038] The first database may be updated constantly as information is detected by the sensor or sensors.

[0039] The general health data may include references to external information. The references may refer to various health-related publications. The health-related publications may be in the form of physical books or textbooks, or in the form of digital publications which may be accessed online. The digital publications may be in the form of medical journals or health-related research, wherein the references may be in the form of links typically accessible by any network connected computing device.

[0040] A communication means may be provided for allowing communication between each sensor and the processing unit. The communication means may include a wired or wireless connection. The wireless connection may include any one or more of the group including Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity), Bluetooth, Cellular, NFC (Near Field Communication), Zigbee, Z-Wave, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), and Infrared (IR).

[0041] The processing unit may form part of any one or more computing devices of the group including an on-board processor, smart watch, smart device, laptop, desktop computer, mobile phone, cloud-based platform, server, dedicated accessory, and tablet. It is to be appreciated that an on-board processor may refer to a processing unit such as an embedded processor or microcontroller (MCU) which may be integrated into the wearable itself. The processing unit may include a plurality of interconnected processors which may be associated with any one or more of the computing devices mentioned above. The processing unit may be configured to identify the information received by the sensor. Identification of the information may be dependent on the type of sensor from which the information is received. The processing unit may be configured to locate and obtain health data relating to the information received by the sensor. The processing unit may be configured to locate and obtain general health data relating to the information received by the sensor. The processing unit may be configured to carry out an analysis of the received information by comparing the received information with the health data and with the general health data obtained from the databases in order to determine a risk status of the user. The risk status may be dependent on whether the information received is within desired parameters relative to the obtained health data and the general health data. The processing unit may utilise artificial intelligence to carry out the analysis. Preferably, the processing unit may utilise machine learning to carry out the analysis. The machine learning may include any one or more of the machine learning types including supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised, and reinforcement.

[0042] The processing unit may obtain instructions to execute the above tasks from data stored on the computing device. The data may originate from a downloadable app-based computer program.

[0043] The feedback may be in the form of any one or more of the group of feedback types including quantitative, qualitative, predictive, constructive, actionable, and interactive. The qualitative feedback may include any one or more of the group including personalised notifications, risk status, insights, recommendations, coaching, alerts, and reminders. The actionable feedback may include user-specific recommendations for the improvement of any one or more of the factors measured by the sensor. The interactive feedback may include any one or more of the group including visual, haptic, auditory, textual, and gesture. For example, the haptic feedback may include an electrical impulse for stimulating blood flow in a muscle. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0044] A monitoring system in accordance with the invention will now be described by way of the following, non-limiting examples with reference to the accompanying drawing.

[0045] In the drawing: -

[0046] Figure 1 is a flow diagram representing functional processes employed by the monitoring system.

[0047] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0048] Referring now to Figure 1 , reference numeral 10 refers generally to a monitoring system. The monitoring system 10 includes a wearable 12 to be worn by a user 14, a sensor 16 incorporated into the wearable 12 for detecting information relating to the user 14, a first database 18 including health data 20 related to the user 14, a second database 22 including general health data 24, and a processing unit 26 arranged in communication with the sensor 16, and the first and second databases 18 and 22 for receiving the sensed information relating to the user 14, obtaining health data relating to the sensed information from the first and second databases 18 and 22, analysing the obtained data and providing feedback 28 to the user 14 based on the analysis.

[0049] The wearable 12 can be manufactured from any type of fabric. Typically, the wearable 12 is in the form of a clothing item. The clothing item is in the form of any one or more clothing items of the group including a shirt, long sleeve, pair of pants, pair of shorts, glove, cap, peak, beanie, helmet, shoe, pair of underwear, sock, jacket, jersey, and hoodie. The wearable is in the form of an accessory. The accessory is in the form of any one or more of the group of accessories including a watch, strap, pair of glasses, ring, and item of jewellery. The sensor 16 is in the form of any one or more sensor types of the group including electrical, optical, chemical, acoustic, motion, magnetic, moisture, and pressure. The sensor 16 converts a change in a physical quantity into an electrical signal. The sensor 16 includes a transducer for enabling the conversion of the physical quantity into the electrical signal. The transducer is in the form of any transducer type of the group including optical, temperature, piezoelectric, piezoresistive, capacitive, inductive, resonant, pressure, motion, oscillator, flow, photovoltaic, chemical, mutual induction, electromagnetic, and Hall effect.

[0050] An electrical sensor is provided for detecting any one or more electrical properties of the group including voltage, current, resistance, impedance, conductance, capacitance, inductance, power, reactance, frequency, phase, amplitude, and wavelength. The electrical sensor detects electrical signals generated by any one or more organs of the group including the heart, brain, stomach, skin, retina, nerves, spinal cord, and muscles.

[0051] An optical sensor is provided for detecting light. Typically, the optical sensor detects light and converts the light into an electrical signal. The optical sensor detects any one or more light properties of the group including intensity, absorption, reflection, refraction, scattering, wavelength, polarisation, phase, direction, fluorescence, lifetime, modulation, colour, obscuration, and transmittance. The optical sensor uses light properties to detect any one or more parameters of the group including blood flow changes, the absorption of wavelengths of light by blood cells, the scattering of wavelengths of light by blood cells, the reflection of light by blood cells, infrared radiation, the absorption of wavelengths of light by water molecules in the body, the scattering of wavelengths of light by water molecules in the body, pulse wave velocity, the reflection of wavelengths of light by tissues in the body, and the absorption reflection of wavelengths of light by tissues in the body. The optical sensor includes an optical transducer. The optical transducer includes any one or more of the group including a photodiode, phototransistor, photoresistor diode array, position sensitive diode (PSD), CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) camera, photoconductor, and CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) camera. More particularly, the optical transducer is in the form of any one or more transducers of the group including a Photoplethysmograph, spectrometer, Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, camera, optical fibre, and an electrode.

[0052] A chemical sensor is provided for detecting a target analyte. The target analyte is determined by measuring a chemical property of the target analyte when exposed to a certain chemical. Typically, the chemical sensor detects the target analyte and creates an electrical signal, which can be detected by an electronic device. The chemical sensor detects any one or more chemical properties of the group including colour, pH, conductivity, luminance, optical properties, mass change, fluorescence, adsorption, absorption, surface plasmon resonance, and volume. The chemical sensor uses any one or more of the chemical properties to sense any one or more chemical concentrations of the group including a hormone, a protein, an enzyme, an ion, an electrolyte, a toxin, cholesterol, sweat, alcohol, acetone, saliva, and haemoglobin.

[0053] The hormone concentrations include any one or more hormones of the group including cortisol, thyroid, glucose, melatonin, testosterone, oestrogen, oxytocin, insulin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, progesterone, somatotropin, leptin, ghrelin, vasopressin, prolactin, calcitonin, Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), and aldosterone.

[0054] The protein concentrations include any one or more proteins of the group including Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), troponin, Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin, Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and interleukins.

[0055] The enzyme concentrations include any one or more enzymes of the group including Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Glucose Oxidase, Cholinesterase, Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH), Creatine Kinase (CK), Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), Amylase, Proteases, Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Phosphatases, Urease, Catalase, Phospholipases, and Elastase.

[0056] The ion concentrations include any one or more ions of the group including sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, hydrogen, nitrate, ammonium, lactate, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, lead, mercury sulphate, and phosphate.

[0057] The toxin concentrations include any one or more toxins of the group including allergens, bacteria, pesticides, heavy metals, herbicides, viruses, and fungi.

[0058] A motion sensor is provided for detecting motion of the user. Typically, the motion sensor detects motion and converts the motion into an electrical signal. The motion sensor detects any one or more mechanical properties of the group including inertial force, angular velocity, linear acceleration, displacement, dynamic acceleration, static acceleration, magnetic field, vibration, angle of inclination and mechanical deformation. The motion sensor includes any one or more motion transducers of the group including an accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, inclinometer, Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), flex, and vibration.

[0059] A magnetic sensor is provided for detecting magnetic fields. Typically, the magnetic sensor detects magnetic fields and converts the magnetic fields into an electrical signal. The magnetic sensor detects any one or more magnetic properties of the group including magnetic field strength, magnetic field direction, magnetic field variation, magnetic field polarity, magnetic anomalies, magnetic interference, magnetic flux density, magnetic field gradient, frequency of magnetic field changes, and magnetic field noise.

[0060] A pressure sensor is provided for detecting a force exerted on the pressure sensor’s surface. Typically, the pressure sensor detects the force and converts the force into an electrical signal. The pressure sensor is used to sense any one or more of the group including mechanical stress, the deflection of a diaphragm or membrane, mechanical deformation, changes in light intensity, changes in fluid flow, and changes in resistance. The pressure sensor includes any one or more of the pressure transducers of the group including a strain gauge, potentiometric, piezoelectric, capacitive, resonant wire, and optical.

[0061] An environment sensor is provided for detecting information external to the user or information of an environment surrounding the user. The environment sensor detects and converts information external to the user into an electrical signal. The environment sensor detects any one or more measurements of the group including external temperature, water vapour in the surrounding area, the amount of light falling on a surface, electromagnetic radiation, environmental sounds, and the concentration of particles in the air.

[0062] The environment sensor includes an acoustic sensor for detecting a sound in the vicinity of the user. The acoustic sensor detects the sound and converts the sound into an electrical signal. The acoustic sensor detects any one or more sound wave properties of the group including amplitude, frequency, wavelength, speed, propagation, reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, absorption, and attenuation. The sound wave properties are used to determine any one or more sound properties of the group including vibration, time of flight, intensity, sound pressure, and directionality.

[0063] The environment sensor includes a temperature sensor for detecting a temperature in the vicinity of the user. The temperature sensor includes any one or more temperature transducers of the group including a thermistor, thermocouple, resistance thermometer, infrared, and temperature-sensitive fabrics.

[0064] The environment sensor includes a chemical sensor for detecting chemical concentrations in the air surrounding the user. The chemical concentrations in the air surrounding the user includes any one or more of the group including Carbon dioxide (CO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), Oxygen (02), Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Nitrogen dioxide (N02), Sulphur dioxide (S02), Ozone (03), Methane (CH4), Particle Matter (PM), heavy metals, Hydrocarbons, Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Esters, and Aromatic Compounds. The chemical sensor includes any one or more chemical transducers of the group of chemical transducers including gas, electrochemical, pH, Ion-selective electrode (ISE), optical, enzymatic, nanomaterial-based, amperometric, Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), voltametric, chemiluminescent, and microbial.

[0065] The environment sensor includes a radio frequency sensor for detecting radio frequency (RF) signals surrounding the user. The radio frequency sensor detects a radio wave and converts the radio wave into an electrical signal. The radio frequency sensor detects any one or more radio wave parameters of the group including amplitude, phase, frequency, polarisation, doppler shift, and time delay. The radio wave parameters are used to measure any one or more radio wave characteristics of the group including reflection, reflection, scattering, and absorption. The radio frequency sensor includes any one or more radio frequency transducers of the group including an impedance transducer, Doppler radar, accelerometer, gyroscope, and proximity transducer.

[0066] A plurality of sensors are provided for detecting a plurality of information relating to the user. The plurality of sensors 16 are incorporated into the wearable 12.

[0067] The information relating to the user includes physiological or biological parameters of the user 16. The physiological parameters include any one or more of the group including heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure, body temperature, respiratory rate, blood oxygen saturation, electrodermal activity, blood flow, respiration volume, blood flow velocity, blood coagulation parameters, hydration levels, muscle oxygenation, joint range of motion, tissue oxygenation, lactate levels, pulse wave velocity, tissue pH, bone density, electrical activity in the brain, electrical activity in the muscles, electrical activity in the eyes, electrical activity in the stomach, electrical activity in the heart, interstitial fluid glucose, vascular health, blood volume pressure, tissue blood oxygenation, glucose levels, ultraviolet radiation, menstrual cycle information, sleep cycle information, saliva composition, and sweat composition.

[0068] The information relating to the user 16 includes biometric information. The biometric information includes any one or more of the group including fingerprint, iris, retina, facial, voice, palm, hand geometry, vein, DNA, and gait.

[0069] The information relating to the user 16 includes hormone concentrations. The hormone concentrations include any one or more hormones of the group including adrenaline, serotonin, dopamine, cortisol, luteinising hormone (LSH), follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH), human growth hormone, thyroid, glucose, glucagon, melatonin, testosterone, oestrogen, oxytocin, insulin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, progesterone, somatotropin, leptin, ghrelin, vasopressin, prolactin, calcitonin, Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), and aldosterone.

[0070] The information relating to the user includes pregnancy information. The pregnancy information includes gestational age, weight of an unborn baby, height of the unborn baby, and estimated delivery date.

[0071] The information relating to the user 16 includes protein concentrations. The protein concentrations include any one or more proteins of the group including Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), troponin, Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin, Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and interleukins.

[0072] The information relating to the user 16 includes enzyme concentrations. The enzyme concentrations include any one or more enzymes of the group including Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Glucose Oxidase, Cholinesterase, Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH), Creatine Kinase (CK), Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), Amylase, Proteases, Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Phosphatases, Urease, Catalase, Phospholipases, and Elastase.

[0073] The information relating to the user 16 includes ion concentrations. The ion concentrations include any one or more ions of the group including sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, hydrogen, nitrate, ammonium, lactate, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, lead, mercury sulphate, and phosphate.

[0074] The information relating to the user 16 includes toxin concentrations. The toxin concentrations include any one or more toxins of the group including allergens, bacteria, pesticides, heavy metals, herbicides, viruses, and fungi.

[0075] The information relating to the user 16 includes a chemical concentration in the air surrounding the user. The chemical concentration in the air surrounding the user is any one or more of the group including Carbon dioxide (CO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), Oxygen (02), Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Nitrogen dioxide (N02), Sulfur dioxide (S02), Ozone (03), Methane (CH4), Particle Matter (PM), heavy metals, Hydrocarbons, Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Esters, and Aromatic Compounds.

[0076] The information relating to the user 16 includes motion information. The motion information includes velocity, acceleration, displacement, and impact detection.

[0077] The information relating to the user 16 includes positional information. The positional information includes location, orientation, pitch, yaw, roll, direction, gestures, activity, altitude, posture, and proximity.

[0078] The information relating to the user 16 includes activity information. The activity information includes any one of more of the group including, steps, heart rate, exercises, training sessions, specific sports associated with the user, duration of physical activities, calories burned, distance covered, average pace or speed, workout intensity levels, rest periods, sleep patterns, sedentary time, active time, exercise goals and achievements, training plans, fitness assessments, heart rate variability, recovery metrics, exercise equipment usage, workout classes attended, personal bests, performance metrics, exercise-related injuries, exercise frequency, exercise preferences, training load, and the like.

[0079] The information relating to the user 16 includes acoustic information in the vicinity of the user. The acoustic information includes any one or more sounds of the group including speech, conversation, ambient noise, environmental, heartbeat, pulse rate, breathing, respiratory, snoring, sleep disturbances, physical activity, movement, coughing, sneezing, machinery noise, stress-induced vocal cues, emergency signals, music, ear-related health indicators, signs of fatigue, communication signals, home automation commands, safety alerts, and localisation.

[0080] The information relating to the user 16 includes radio frequency information of radio frequencies surrounding the user. The radio frequency information includes any one or more of the group including voice, data, video, position, navigation, weather, satellite, environmental, identification, network, broadcasting, command control, and emergency services.

[0081] It is to be appreciated that the above information types, individually or in any combination, can be used to calculate, determine, predict or generate a wide range health related information of the user. For example, by keeping track of the various hormone levels in the body, it is possible to determine any of the group including, but not limited to, menstrual health, sleep health, metabolic health, mental health, reproductive health, physical health, pregnancy health, and immunity health. The health data 20 related to the user 16 includes activity information. The activity information includes a historical record of overall measurement of activity, steps, heart rate, exercises, training sessions, specific sports associated with the user, duration of physical activities, calories burned, distance covered, average pace or speed, workout intensity levels, rest periods, sleep patterns, sedentary time, active time, exercise goals and achievements, training plans, fitness assessments, heart rate variability, recovery metrics, exercise equipment usage, workout classes attended, personal bests, performance metrics, exercise-related injuries, exercise frequency, exercise preferences, training load, and the like.

[0082] The health data related 20 related to the user 16 includes genetic information. The genetic information includes any one or more of the group including genetic variants, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), gene expression profiles, chromosomal abnormalities, DNA methylation patterns, epigenetic modifications, copy number variations, mitochondrial DNA data, haplogroups, genetic predispositions, disease-associated genetic markers, carrier status for inherited conditions, pharmacogenomic information, pharmacogenetic information, genotype-phenotype correlations ancestry or ethnic origins, genetic relatedness to other individuals, genetic testing results, genetic counselling records, genotyping or sequencing data, familial genetic history, non-coding RNA analysis, structural variations, gene function annotations, protein-protein interaction networks, pathway analysis results, regulatory elements, disease risk scores, polygenic risk scores, genetic traits or phenotypes, gene ontology annotations, genetic correlations, genome-wide association study (GWAS) results, population-level genetic data, and the like. The pharmacogenetic information includes a comprehensive list of drugs and their effects on the user given the user’s specific genotype. The comprehensive list includes information relating to the interaction between a particular drug and the user having a particular genotype. The comprehensive list of drugs is filtered according to the particular medical information of the user, preferably being filterable according to the current medical information of the user. It is to be appreciated that the current medical information of the user is typically updated during a consultation with the health practitioner. The health data 20 related to the user 16 includes biometric information. The biometric information includes any one or more of the group including fingerprint, iris, retina, facial, voice, palm, hand geometry, vein, DNA, and gait.

[0083] The first database 18 is updated constantly as information is detected by the sensor 16 or sensors.

[0084] The general health data 24 includes references to external information. The references refer to various health-related publications. The health-related publications are in the form of physical books or textbooks, or in the form of digital publications which are accessed online. The digital publications are in the form of medical journals or health-related research, wherein the references are in the form of links typically accessible by any network connected computing device.

[0085] A communication means is provided for allowing communication between each sensor 16 and the processing unit 26. The communication means includes a wired or wireless connection. The wireless connection includes any one or more of the group including Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity), Bluetooth, Cellular, NFC (Near Field Communication), Zigbee, Z-Wave, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), and Infrared (IR).

[0086] The processing unit 26 forms part of any one or more computing devices of the group including an on-board processor, smart watch, smart device, laptop, desktop computer, mobile phone, cloud-based platform, server, dedicated accessory, and tablet. It is to be appreciated that an on-board processor refers to a processing unit such as an embedded processor or microcontroller (MCU) which is integrated into the wearable itself. Typically, the processing unit 26 includes a plurality of interconnected processors which are associated with any one or more of the computing devices mentioned above. The processing unit 26 is configured to identify the information received by the sensor 16. Identification of the information is dependent on the type of sensor from which the information is received. The processing unit 26 is configured to locate and obtain health data 20 relating to the information received by the sensor 16. The processing unit 26 is configured to locate and obtain general health data 24 relating to the information received by the sensor 16. The processing unit 26 is configured to carry out an analysis of the received information by comparing the received information with the health data 20 and with the general health data 24 obtained from the databases 20 and 24 in order to determine a risk status of the user 14. The risk status is dependent on whether the information received is within desired parameters relative to the obtained health data 20 and the general health data 24. The processing unit 26 utilises artificial intelligence to carry out the analysis. The processing unit 26 utilises machine learning to carry out the analysis. The machine learning includes any one or more of the machine learning types including supervised, unsupervised, semisupervised, and reinforcement.

[0087] The processing unit 26 obtains instructions to execute the above tasks from data stored on the computing device. The data typically originates from a downloadable app-based computer program.

[0088] The feedback 28 is in the form of any one or more of the group including quantitative, qualitative, predictive, constructive, actionable, and interactive. The qualitative feedback includes any one or more of the group including personalised notifications, risk status, insights, recommendations, coaching, alerts, and reminders. The actionable feedback includes user-specific recommendations for the improvement of any one or more of the factors measured by the sensor. The interactive feedback includes any one or more of the group including visual, haptic, auditory, textual, and gesture. For example, the haptic feedback includes an electrical impulse for stimulating blood flow in a muscle. For example, the sensor 16 detects a user’s heart rate and supplies the information to the processing unit 26. The processing unit 26 identifies that the information received is heart rate information. The processing unit 26 locates and obtains the user’s prior heart rate information from the first database 18. The processing unit 26 locates and obtains general heart rate information from the second database 24. The processing unit 26 carries out an analysis by comparing the user’s current heart rate information with the user’s prior heart rate information and with the general heart rate information. The processing unit 26 determines a risk status of the current heart rate, i.e. , whether there is cause for concern. The processing unit 26 compiles a report which includes details of the user’s current heart rate, user’s heart rate trends over time, insights relating to general heart rate information, the risk status relating to the user’s current heart rate, and recommendations for the user to improve the risk status. The processing unit 26 supplies the report to the user 14 as feedback 28

[0089] It is, of course, to be appreciated that the monitoring system in accordance with the invention is not limited to the precise constructional and functional details as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings and which may be varied as desired.

[0090] Although only certain embodiments of the invention have been described herein, it will be understood by any person skilled in the art that other modifications, variations, and possibilities of the invention are possible. Such modifications, variations and possibilities are therefore to be considered as falling within the spirit and scope of the invention and hence form part of the invention as herein described and / or exemplified. It is further to be understood that the examples are provided for illustrating the invention further and to assist a person skilled in the art with understanding the invention and is not meant to be construed as unduly limiting the reasonable scope of the invention. The inventor believes that the monitoring system in accordance with the present invention is advantageous in that highly detailed and specific health related feedback can be provided to the user nearly instantly, which greatly reduces reaction time to potentially risky health issues. It is believed that the present invention alleviates the need to manually research health issues and specific recommendations which could be inaccurate. In addition, having detailed health information available on-hand allows health related parameters to be altered in a far shorter time period, allowing health related issues to be prevented or avoided, thereby significantly improving the ability to maintain a healthy lifestyle and optimise human health in general.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A monitoring system including: - a wearable to be worn by a user; a sensor incorporated into the wearable for detecting information relating to the user; a first database including health data related to the user; a second database including general health data; and a processing unit arranged in communication with the sensor, and the first and second databases and for receiving the detected information relating to the user, obtaining health data relating to the detected information from the first and second databases, analysing the obtained data and providing feedback to the user based on the analysis.

2. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the wearable is manufactured from any type of fabric.

3. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 1 or 2 wherein the wearable is in the form of a clothing item.

4. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 3 wherein the clothing item is in the form of any one or more clothing items of the group including a shirt, long sleeve, pair of pants, pair of shorts, glove, cap, peak, beanie, helmet, shoe, pair of underwear, sock, jacket, jersey, and hoodie.

5. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more of the preceding claims wherein the wearable is in the form of an accessory.

6. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 5 wherein the accessory is in the form of any one or more of the group of accessories including a watch, strap, pair of glasses, ring, and item of jewellery.

7. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more of the preceding claims wherein the sensor is in the form of any one or more sensor types of the group including electrical, optical, chemical, acoustic, motion, magnetic, moisture, and pressure.

8. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more of the preceding claims wherein the sensor converts a change in a physical quantity into an electrical signal.

9. The monitoring system as claim 8 wherein the sensor includes a transducer for enabling the conversion of the physical quantity into the electrical signal.

10. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 9 wherein the transducer is in the form of any transducer type of the group including optical, temperature, piezoelectric, piezoresistive, capacitive, inductive, resonant, pressure, motion, oscillator, flow, photovoltaic, chemical, mutual induction, electromagnetic, and Hall effect.11 . The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more of the preceding claims wherein an electrical sensor is provided for detecting any one or more electrical properties of the group including voltage, current, resistance, impedance, conductance, capacitance, inductance, power, reactance, frequency, phase, amplitude, and wavelength.

12. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 11 wherein the electrical sensor detects electrical signals generated by any one or more organs of the group including the heart, brain, stomach, skin, retina, nerves, spinal cord, and muscles.

13. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more of the preceding claims wherein an optical sensor is provided for detecting light.

14. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 13 wherein the optical sensor detects light and converts the light into an electrical signal.

15. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 13 or 14 wherein the optical sensor detects any one or more light properties of the group including intensity, absorption, reflection, refraction, scattering, wavelength, polarisation, phase, direction, fluorescence, lifetime, modulation, colour, obscuration, and transmittance.

16. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 15 wherein the optical sensor uses light properties to detect any one or more parameters of the group including blood flow changes, the absorption of wavelengths of light by blood cells, the scattering of wavelengths of light by blood cells, the reflection of light by blood cells, infrared radiation, the absorption of wavelengths of light by water molecules in the body, the scattering of wavelengths of light by water molecules in the body, pulse wave velocity, the reflection of wavelengths of light by tissues in the body, and the absorption reflection of wavelengths of light by tissues in the body.

17. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more of claims 13 to 16 wherein the optical sensor includes an optical transducer.

18. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 17 wherein the optical transducer includes any one or more of the group including a photodiode, phototransistor, photoresistor diode array, position sensitive diode (PSD), CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) camera, photoconductor, and CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide- Sem iconductor) camera.

19. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 17 or 18 wherein the optical transducer is in the form of any one or more transducers of the group including aPhotoplethysmograph, spectrometer, Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, camera, optical fibre, and an electrode.

20. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more of the preceding claims wherein a chemical sensor is provided for detecting a target analyte.

21. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 20 wherein the target analyte is determined by measuring a chemical property of the target analyte when exposed to a certain chemical.

22. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 20 or 21 wherein the chemical sensor detects the target analyte and creates an electrical signal, which can be detected by an electronic device.

23. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more of claims 20 to 22 wherein the chemical sensor detects any one or more chemical properties of the group including colour, pH, conductivity, luminance, optical properties, mass change, fluorescence, adsorption, absorption, surface plasmon resonance, and volume.

24. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 23 wherein the chemical sensor uses any one or more of the chemical properties to sense any one or more chemical concentrations of the group including a hormone, a protein, an enzyme, an ion, an electrolyte, a toxin, cholesterol, sweat, alcohol, acetone, saliva, and haemoglobin.

25. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 24 wherein the hormone concentrations include any one or more hormones of the group including cortisol, thyroid, glucose, melatonin, testosterone, oestrogen, oxytocin, insulin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, progesterone, somatotropin, leptin, ghrelin, vasopressin, prolactin, calcitonin, Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), and aldosterone.

26. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 24 wherein the protein concentrations include any one or more proteins of the group including Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), troponin, Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin, Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and interleukins.

27. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 24 wherein the enzyme concentrations include any one or more enzymes of the group including Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Glucose Oxidase, Cholinesterase, Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH), Creatine Kinase (CK), Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), Amylase, Proteases, Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Phosphatases, Urease, Catalase, Phospholipases, and Elastase.

28. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 24 wherein the ion concentrations include any one or more ions of the group including sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, hydrogen, nitrate, ammonium, lactate, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, lead, mercury sulphate, and phosphate.

29. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 24 wherein the toxin concentrations include any one or more toxins of the group including allergens, bacteria, pesticides, heavy metals, herbicides, viruses, and fungi.

30. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more of the preceding claims wherein a motion sensor is provided for detecting motion of the user.

31. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 30 wherein the motion sensor detects motion and converts the motion into an electrical signal.

32. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 30 or 31 wherein the motion sensor detects any one or more mechanical properties of the group including inertial force, angular velocity, linear acceleration, displacement, dynamic acceleration, static acceleration, magnetic field, vibration, angle of inclination and mechanical deformation.

33. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more of claims 30 to 32 wherein the motion sensor includes any one or more motion transducers of the group including an accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, inclinometer, Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), flex, and vibration.

34. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more of the preceding claims wherein a magnetic sensor is provided for detecting magnetic fields.

35. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 34 wherein the magnetic sensor detects magnetic fields and converts the magnetic fields into an electrical signal.

36. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 34 or 35 wherein the magnetic sensor detects any one or more magnetic properties of the group including magnetic field strength, magnetic field direction, magnetic field variation, magnetic field polarity, magnetic anomalies, magnetic interference, magnetic flux density, magnetic field gradient, frequency of magnetic field changes, and magnetic field noise.

37. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more of the preceding claims wherein a pressure sensor is provided for detecting a force exerted on the pressure sensor’s surface.

38. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 37 wherein the pressure sensor detects the force and converts the force into an electrical signal.

39. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 37 or 38 wherein the pressure sensor is used to sense any one or more of the group including mechanical stress, the deflection of a diaphragm or membrane, mechanical deformation, changes in light intensity, changes in fluid flow, and changes in resistance.

40. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more of claims 37 to 39 wherein the pressure sensor includes any one or more of the pressure transducers of the group including a strain gauge, potentiometric, piezoelectric, capacitive, resonant wire, and optical.41 . The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more of the preceding claims wherein an environment sensor is provided for detecting information external to the user or information of an environment surrounding the user.

42. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 41 wherein the environment sensor detects and converts information external to the user into an electrical signal.

43. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 41 or 42 wherein the environment sensor detects any one or more measurements of the group including external temperature, water vapour in the surrounding area, the amount of light falling on a surface, electromagnetic radiation, environmental sounds, and the concentration of particles in the air.

44. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more of claims 41 to 43 wherein the environment sensor includes an acoustic sensor for detecting a sound in the vicinity of the user.

45. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 44 wherein the acoustic sensor detects the sound and converts the sound into an electrical signal.

46. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 44 or 45 wherein the acoustic sensor detects any one or more sound wave properties of the group including amplitude, frequency, wavelength, speed, propagation, reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, absorption, and attenuation.

47. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 46 wherein the sound wave properties are used to determine any one or more sound properties of the group including vibration, time of flight, intensity, sound pressure, and directionality.

48. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more of claims 41 to 43 wherein the environment sensor includes a temperature sensor for detecting a temperature in the vicinity of the user.

49. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 48 wherein the temperature sensor includes any one or more temperature transducers of the group including a thermistor, thermocouple, resistance thermometer, infrared, and temperature-sensitive fabrics.

50. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more of claims 41 to 43 wherein the environment sensor includes a chemical sensor for detecting chemical concentrations in the air surrounding the user.

51. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 50 wherein the chemical concentrations in the air surrounding the user includes any one or more of the group including Carbon dioxide (CO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), Oxygen (02), Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Ozone (03), Methane (CH4), Particle Matter (PM), heavy metals, Hydrocarbons, Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Esters, and Aromatic Compounds.

52. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 50 or 51 wherein the chemical sensor includes any one or more chemical transducers of the group of chemicaltransducers including gas, electrochemical, pH, Ion-selective electrode (ISE), optical, enzymatic, nanomaterial-based, amperometric, Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), voltametric, chemiluminescent, and microbial.

53. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more of claims 41 to 43 wherein the environment sensor includes a radio frequency sensor for detecting radio frequency (RF) signals surrounding the user.

54. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 53 wherein the radio frequency sensor detects a radio wave and converts the radio wave into an electrical signal.

55. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 54 wherein the radio frequency sensor detects any one or more radio wave parameters of the group including amplitude, phase, frequency, polarisation, doppler shift, and time delay.

56. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 55 wherein the radio wave parameters are used to measure any one or more radio wave characteristics of the group including reflection, reflection, scattering, and absorption.

57. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more claims 53 to 56 wherein the radio frequency sensor includes any one or more radio frequency transducers of the group including an impedance transducer, Doppler radar, accelerometer, gyroscope, and proximity transducer.

58. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein a plurality of sensors are provided for detecting a plurality of information relating to the user.

59. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 58 wherein the plurality of sensors are incorporated into the wearable.

60. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the information relating to the user includes physiological or biological parameters of the user.

61. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 60 wherein the physiological parameters include any one or more of the group including heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure, body temperature, respiratory rate, blood oxygen saturation, electrodermal activity, blood flow, respiration volume, blood flow velocity, blood coagulation parameters, hydration levels, muscle oxygenation, joint range of motion, tissue oxygenation, lactate levels, pulse wave velocity, tissue pH, bone density, electrical activity in the brain, electrical activity in the muscles, electrical activity in the eyes, electrical activity in the stomach, electrical activity in the heart, interstitial fluid glucose, vascular health, blood volume pressure, tissue blood oxygenation, glucose levels, ultraviolet radiation, menstrual cycle information, sleep cycle information, saliva composition, and sweat composition.

62. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the information relating to the user includes biometric information.

63. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 62 wherein the biometric information includes any one or more of the group including fingerprint, iris, retina, facial, voice, palm, hand geometry, vein, DNA, and gait.

64. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the information relating to the user includes hormone concentrations.

65. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 64 wherein the hormone concentrations include any one or more hormones of the group including adrenaline, serotonin, dopamine, cortisol, luteinising hormone (LSH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), human growth hormone, thyroid, glucose, glucagon, melatonin, testosterone, oestrogen, oxytocin, insulin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, progesterone,somatotropin, leptin, ghrelin, vasopressin, prolactin, calcitonin, Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), and aldosterone.

66. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the information relating to the user includes pregnancy information.

67. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 66 wherein the pregnancy information includes gestational age, weight of an unborn baby, height of the unborn baby, and estimated delivery date.

68. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the information relating to the user includes protein concentrations.

69. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 68 wherein the protein concentrations include any one or more proteins of the group including Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), troponin, Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin, Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and interleukins.

70. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the information relating to the user includes enzyme concentrations.

71. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 70 wherein the enzyme concentrations include any one or more enzymes of the group including Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Glucose Oxidase, Cholinesterase, Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH), Creatine Kinase (CK), Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs), Amylase, Proteases, Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Phosphatases, Urease, Catalase, Phospholipases, and Elastase.

72. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the information relating to the user includes ion concentrations.

73. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 72 wherein the ion concentrations include any one or more ions of the group including sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, hydrogen, nitrate, ammonium, lactate, magnesium, zinc, iron, copper, lead, mercury sulphate, and phosphate.

74. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the information relating to the user includes toxin concentrations.

75. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 74 wherein the toxin concentrations include any one or more toxins of the group including allergens, bacteria, pesticides, heavy metals, herbicides, viruses, and fungi.

76. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the information relating to the user includes a chemical concentration in the air surrounding the user.

77. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 76 wherein the chemical concentration in the air surrounding the user is any one or more of the group including Carbon dioxide (CO2), Carbon monoxide (CO), Oxygen (02), Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), Nitrogen dioxide (N02), Sulfur dioxide (S02), Ozone (03), Methane (CH4), Particle Matter (PM), heavy metals, Hydrocarbons, Alcohols, Aldehydes, Ketones, Esters, and Aromatic Compounds.

78. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the information relating to the user includes motion information.

79. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 78 wherein the motion information includes velocity, acceleration, displacement, and impact detection.

80. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the information relating to the user includes positional information.

81. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 80 wherein the positional information includes location, orientation, pitch, yaw, roll, direction, gestures, activity, altitude, posture, and proximity.

82. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the information relating to the user includes activity information.

83. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 82 wherein the activity information includes any one of more of the group including, steps, heart rate, exercises, training sessions, specific sports associated with the user, duration of physical activities, calories burned, distance covered, average pace or speed, workout intensity levels, rest periods, sleep patterns, sedentary time, active time, exercise goals and achievements, training plans, fitness assessments, heart rate variability, recovery metrics, exercise equipment usage, workout classes attended, personal bests, performance metrics, exercise-related injuries, exercise frequency, exercise preferences, and training load.

84. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the information relating to the user includes acoustic information in the vicinity of the user.

85. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 84 wherein the acoustic information includes any one or more sounds of the group including speech, conversation, ambientnoise, environmental, heartbeat, pulse rate, breathing, respiratory, snoring, sleep disturbances, physical activity, movement, coughing, sneezing, machinery noise, stress-induced vocal cues, emergency signals, music, ear-related health indicators, signs of fatigue, communication signals, home automation commands, safety alerts, and localisation.

86. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the information relating to the user includes radio frequency information of radio frequencies surrounding the user.

87. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 86 wherein the radio frequency information includes any one or more of the group including voice, data, video, position, navigation, weather, satellite, environmental, identification, network, broadcasting, command control, and emergency services.

88. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the health data related to the user includes activity information.

89. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 88 wherein the activity information includes a historical record of overall measurement of activity, steps, heart rate, exercises, training sessions, specific sports associated with the user, duration of physical activities, calories burned, distance covered, average pace or speed, workout intensity levels, rest periods, sleep patterns, sedentary time, active time, exercise goals and achievements, training plans, fitness assessments, heart rate variability, recovery metrics, exercise equipment usage, workout classes attended, personal bests, performance metrics, exercise-related injuries, exercise frequency, exercise preferences, and training load.

90. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the health data related to the user includes genetic information.91 . The monitoring system as claimed in claim 90 wherein the genetic information includes any one or more of the group including genetic variants, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), gene expression profiles, chromosomal abnormalities, DNA methylation patterns, epigenetic modifications, copy number variations, mitochondrial DNA data, haplogroups, genetic predispositions, disease-associated genetic markers, carrier status for inherited conditions, pharmacogenomic information, pharmacogenetic information, genotype-phenotype correlations ancestry or ethnic origins, genetic relatedness to other individuals, genetic testing results, genetic counselling records, genotyping or sequencing data, familial genetic history, noncoding RNA analysis, structural variations, gene function annotations, protein-protein interaction networks, pathway analysis results, regulatory elements, disease risk scores, polygenic risk scores, genetic traits or phenotypes, gene ontology annotations, genetic correlations, genome-wide association study (GWAS) results, and populationlevel genetic data.

92. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 91 wherein the pharmacogenetic information includes a comprehensive list of drugs and their effects on the user given the user’s specific genotype.

93. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 92 wherein the comprehensive list includes information relating to the interaction between a particular drug and the user having a particular genotype.

94. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 92 or 93 wherein the comprehensive list of drugs is filtered according to the particular medical information of the user.

95. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 94 wherein the comprehensive list of drugs is filterable according to the current medical information of the user.

96. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the health data related to the user includes biometric information.

97. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 96 wherein the biometric information includes any one or more of the group including fingerprint, iris, retina, facial, voice, palm, hand geometry, vein, DNA, and gait.

98. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the first database is updated constantly as information is detected by the sensor.

99. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the general health data includes references to external information.

100. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 99 wherein the references refer to various health-related publications.

101. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 100 wherein the health-related publications are in the form of physical books or textbooks, or in the form of digital publications which are accessed online.

102. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 101 wherein the digital publications are in the form of medical journals or health-related research, wherein the references are in the form of links accessible by any network connected computing device.

103. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein a communication means is provided for allowing communication between each sensor and the processing unit.

104. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 103 wherein the communication means includes a wired or wireless connection.

105. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 104 wherein the wireless connection includes any one or more of the group including Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity), Bluetooth, Cellular, NFC (Near Field Communication), Zigbee, Z-Wave, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), and Infrared (IR).

106. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the processing unit forms part of any one or more computing devices of the group including an on-board processor, smart watch, smart device, laptop, desktop computer, mobile phone, cloud-based platform, server, dedicated accessory, and tablet.

107. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 106 wherein the processing unit includes a plurality of interconnected processors which are associated with any one or more of the computing devices as claimed in claim 106.

108. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the processing unit is configured to identify the information received by the sensor.

109. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 108 wherein the identification of the information is dependent on the type of sensor from which the information is received.

110. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the processing unit is configured to locate and obtain health data relating to the information received by the sensor.

111. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the processing unit is configured to locate and obtain general health data relating to the information received by the sensor.

112. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the processing unit is configured to carry out an analysis of the received information by comparing the received information with the health data and with the general health data obtained from the databases and in order to determine a risk status of the user.

113. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 1 12 wherein the risk status is dependent on whether the information received is within desired parameters relative to the obtained health data and the general health data.

114. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the processing unit utilises artificial intelligence to carry out the analysis.

115. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the processing unit utilises machine learning to carry out the analysis.

116. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 115 wherein the machine learning includes any one or more of the machine learning types including supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised, and reinforcement.

117. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the processing unit obtains instructions to execute the above tasks from data stored on the computing device.

118. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 1 17 wherein the data originates from a downloadable app-based computer program.

119. The monitoring system as claimed in any one or more the preceding claims wherein the feedback is in the form of any one or more of the group including quantitative, qualitative, predictive, constructive, actionable, and interactive.

120. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 1 19 wherein the qualitative feedback includes any one or more of the group including personalised notifications, risk status, insights, recommendations, coaching, alerts, and reminders.

121. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 1 19 wherein the actionable feedback includes user-specific recommendations for the improvement of any one or more of the factors measured by the sensor.

122. The monitoring system as claimed in claim 1 19 wherein the interactive feedback includes any one or more of the group including visual, haptic, auditory, textual, and gesture.

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