Polymer and preparation method therefor, perovskite cell, photovoltaic module, electric device, and power generation device

Abstract

A polymer and a preparation method therefor, a perovskite cell, a photovoltaic module, an electric device, and a power generation device. The perovskite cell comprises a hole transport layer and a perovskite layer sequentially arranged in a thickness direction of the perovskite cell. The hole transport layer comprises a polymer. The polymer comprises a repeating unit as represented by formula (I): -M-R- formula (I), wherein in formula (I), M comprises at least one of anilino, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenoxazinyl, and phenothiazinyl; R comprises at least one of H, C1-C10 alkyl, a substituted or unsubstituted benzene ring, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, and a substituted or unsubstituted benzo heterocyclic ring; M is linked to a heteroatom. The technical solution of the present application can improve the stability of the perovskite cell.

Description

Polymer and preparation method thereof, perovskite cell, photovoltaic module, electric device, power generation device Cross-reference to related applications

[0001] This application claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 202411389004.3, filed on September 30, 2024, entitled “Polymer and preparation method thereof, perovskite cell, photovoltaic module, electric device, power generation device”, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present application relates to the technical field of solar cells, more specifically, to a polymer and preparation method thereof, perovskite cell, photovoltaic module, electric device, and power generation device. BACKGROUND

[0003] Perovskite cells are solar cells that use perovskite materials as light-absorbing layers, have excellent photoelectric performance, and have a simple preparation method, bringing new space and hope to photovoltaic power generation.

[0004] The structural composition of perovskite cells is crucial to the performance of perovskite cells. Therefore, how to provide a perovskite cell to further improve the stability of the perovskite cell is a problem to be solved. SUMMARY

[0005] The present application is made in view of the above-mentioned problems, and aims to provide a polymer and preparation method thereof, perovskite cell, photovoltaic module, electric device, and power generation device to improve the stability of the perovskite cell.

[0006] In a first aspect, a perovskite cell is provided, comprising: a hole transport layer and a perovskite layer arranged in sequence along the thickness direction of the perovskite cell, the hole transport layer comprising a polymer, the polymer comprising at least a repeating unit represented by formula (I): -M-R- formula (I), wherein formula (I), M comprises at least one of an aniline group, a carbazole group, an acridine group, a phenoxazine group, and a phenothiazine group; R comprises at least one of H, a C1-C10 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzene ring, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, and a substituted or unsubstituted benzo-heterocycle; and wherein the M is connected to a heteroatom.

[0007] In the embodiments of the present application, the hole transport layer includes a polymer. The polymer is relatively stable and is not prone to migration and diffusion, which is conducive to improving the stability of the hole transport layer and the perovskite layer. The hole transport layer including the polymer is also conducive to reducing the risk of water and oxygen entering the perovskite layer and improving the stability of the perovskite layer. In addition, the M is connected with a heteroatom, and the energy levels between the hole transport layer and the perovskite layer are more matched, which is conducive to reducing the accumulation of carriers between the interfaces of the hole transport layer and the perovskite layer, reducing the influence on the interface, and the perovskite battery has higher stability. Therefore, the technical scheme of the embodiments of the present application can improve the stability of the perovskite battery.

[0008] In some embodiments, the polymer satisfies that the repeating unit shown in formula (I) is connected by a heteroatom, and / or M includes at least one of a heteroatom-substituted aniline group, a carbazole group, an acridine group, a phenoxazine group, and a phenothiazine group.

[0009] In the above embodiments, the polymer includes a repeating unit satisfying formula (I), and the energy levels between the hole transport layer and the perovskite layer are more matched, which is conducive to reducing the accumulation of carriers between the interfaces of the hole transport layer and the perovskite layer, reducing the influence on the interface, and the perovskite battery has higher stability. Therefore, the technical scheme of the embodiments of the present application can improve the stability of the perovskite battery.

[0010] In some embodiments, M includes at least one of a heteroatom-substituted triphenylamine group, a carbazole group, and a phenothiazine group. The above groups have relatively high stability, which is conducive to improving the stability of the polymer, and thus the perovskite battery has relatively high stability.

[0011] In some embodiments, the heteroatom includes at least one of O, S, and N. The introduction of the above heteroatom in M can regulate the energy level of the polymer, so that the hole transport layer and the perovskite layer have more suitable energy level matching, and the perovskite battery has relatively high stability. In addition, the introduction of the above heteroatom is also conducive to improving the wettability of the polymer to the perovskite, and the polymer has suitable wettability to the perovskite, which is conducive to obtaining a uniform perovskite layer and reducing the risk of the perovskite layer being eroded by water and oxygen, and the perovskite battery has relatively high stability.

[0012] In some embodiments, the heteroatom includes O or S. In this way, the perovskite battery has higher stability.

[0013] In some embodiments, R includes a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl group. In this way, the R group can play a role in reducing steric hindrance, and the polymer can have relatively high stability, which is conducive to improving the stability of the perovskite battery.

[0014] In some embodiments, the repeating unit shown in formula (I) further comprises Y connected with R, and Y comprises at least one of the following groups:

[0015] In the technical solution, Y can be used as an anchoring group to anchor the surface in contact with the hole transport layer, so that the polymer can exist more stably, and the perovskite battery has higher stability.

[0016] In some embodiments, Y comprises at least one of the following groups:

[0017] In the technical solution, the combination between the polymer comprising the above-mentioned group and other hole transport materials in the hole transport layer is more stable, so that the stability of the perovskite battery is higher.

[0018] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least one of the following repeating units:

[0019] The energy level between the above-mentioned polymer and the perovskite layer is matched, and the polymer has suitable wettability with the perovskite layer, so that the stability of the perovskite battery is obviously improved.

[0020] In some embodiments, the polymer has a degree of polymerization of 2-50. In this way, the polymer has a suitable molecular weight, the polymer is stable and not easy to migrate, which is beneficial to improve the stability of the perovskite battery.

[0021] In some embodiments, the polymer has a degree of polymerization of 2-8. In this way, the energy level between the polymer and the perovskite layer is matched, and the polymer is stable, so that the perovskite battery has higher photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability.

[0022] In some embodiments, the polymer has a weight average molecular weight of 1000 Da-25000 Da.

[0023] In some embodiments, the polymer has a weight average molecular weight of 1000 Da-10000 Da.

[0024] In the technical solution, the weight average molecular weight of the polymer meets the above-mentioned range, the polymer is stable and not easy to migrate, which is beneficial to improve the stability of the perovskite battery.

[0025] In some embodiments, the perovskite battery further comprises a first electrode layer, and the hole transport layer is located between the first electrode layer and the perovskite layer along the thickness direction of the perovskite battery. In this way, the carrier transmission is facilitated.

[0026] ​In some embodiments, the hole transport layer comprises a passivation layer, the passivation layer comprises the polymer, and the passivation layer is located between the first electrode layer and the perovskite layer along a thickness direction of the perovskite cell.

[0027] In the technical solution, the passivation layer is beneficial to reducing the recombination of carriers and promoting the rapid transmission of carriers, thereby being beneficial to improving the stability of the perovskite cell.

[0028] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer comprises a hole transport base layer and the passivation layer, and the passivation layer is located between the hole transport base layer and the perovskite layer along a thickness direction of the perovskite cell. In this way, the hole transport base layer is used for transmitting holes, the passivation layer is used for transmitting holes and reducing the risk of substances in the hole transport base layer or substances in the external environment entering the perovskite layer, and the perovskite cell has higher stability.

[0029] In some embodiments, a difference between a HOMO energy level of the passivation layer and a HOMO energy level of the perovskite layer is -1.0 eV to 1.0 eV.

[0030] In some embodiments, a difference between a HOMO energy level of the passivation layer and a HOMO energy level of the perovskite layer is -0.5 eV to 0.5 eV.

[0031] In the technical solution, the HOMO energy level of the passivation layer is matched with the HOMO energy level of the perovskite layer, which is beneficial to the transmission of carriers, can reduce the accumulation of carriers at the interface between the perovskite layer and the passivation layer, thereby reducing the adverse effects on the interface, and is beneficial to improving the long-term stability of the perovskite cell; in addition, it is also beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite cell.

[0032] In some embodiments, the HOMO energy level of the passivation layer is greater than or equal to the HOMO energy level of the perovskite layer. In this way, the transmission of holes is facilitated, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite cell is improved.

[0033] In some embodiments, the HOMO energy level of the polymer is -5.5 eV to -5.0 eV. In this way, the transmission of holes is facilitated, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite cell is improved.

[0034] In some embodiments, the thickness d of the passivation layer is 1 nm to 20 nm. In this way, the passivation layer has a relatively appropriate thickness, and the perovskite cell has higher stability.

[0035] In some embodiments, the perovskite cell comprises the first electrode layer, the hole transport layer, the perovskite layer, the electron transport layer and the second electrode layer arranged in sequence along the thickness direction of the perovskite cell. After being irradiated, the perovskite layer can convert photons into holes and electrons, the electron transport layer can effectively transport electrons, the hole transport layer can effectively transport holes, and the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer can collect electrons and form current and voltage, so that electric energy can be generated by the perovskite cell.

[0036] In some embodiments, the first electrode layer comprises at least one of an organic conductive material, an inorganic conductive material, and an organic-inorganic hybrid conductive material, and the second electrode layer comprises at least one of an organic conductive material, an inorganic conductive material, and an organic-inorganic hybrid conductive material, wherein the inorganic conductive material comprises one or more of a carbon material, a metal material and an alloy thereof, and a transparent conductive metal oxide; the organic conductive material comprises one or more of polyacrylic acid, polyimide, polyaniline, polythiophene and its derivatives, and polypyrrole; and at least one of the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer is a light-transmitting electrode layer.

[0037] In some embodiments, the first electrode layer comprises a transparent conductive metal oxide, and the second electrode layer comprises a metal. In this way, the perovskite cell can be a perovskite cell with an inverted structure.

[0038] In some embodiments, the first electrode layer comprises at least one of ITO, FTO, BZO, AZO, IZO, GZO or IWO, and the second electrode layer comprises at least one of Au, Ag, Cu, Al, Ni, Cr, Bi, Pt or Mg. The first electrode layer has the characteristics of being transparent or semi-transparent, which is conducive to the transmission of sunlight through the first electrode layer; the second electrode layer has good conductivity, and through the above-mentioned combination, the perovskite cell has a high photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0039] In a second aspect, a photovoltaic module is provided, comprising the perovskite cell of the first aspect and any possible embodiment thereof.

[0040] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module further comprises a substrate layer and an encapsulation layer, wherein the perovskite cell is arranged on at least one side surface of the substrate layer, and the encapsulation layer is used to encapsulate the perovskite cell.

[0041] In a third aspect, an electric device is provided, comprising the photovoltaic module of the second aspect and any possible embodiment thereof.

[0042] In a fourth aspect, a power generation device is provided, comprising the photovoltaic module of the second aspect and any possible embodiment thereof.

[0043] Fifthly, a polymer is provided, the polymer comprising at least one repeating unit of formula (I): -MR- formula (I), wherein in formula (I), M comprises at least one selected from aniline, carbazole, acridine, phenoxazinyl, and phenothiazinyl; R comprises at least one selected from H, a C1-C10 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzene ring, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, and a substituted or unsubstituted benzo[a]heterocycle; wherein M is attached with a heteroatom.

[0044] In a sixth aspect, a method for preparing a polymer is provided, comprising: providing a repeating unit of formula (I): -MR- formula (I),

[0045] In formula (I),

[0046] M includes at least one of aniline, carbazole, acridine, phenoxazinyl, and phenothiazinyl;

[0047] R includes H, C1-C 10 At least one of the following: alkyl group, substituted or unsubstituted benzene ring, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, and substituted or unsubstituted benzo[a]heterocycle;

[0048] Wherein, M is connected to heteroatoms. Attached Figure Description

[0049] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application, the drawings used in the embodiments of this application will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on the drawings without creative effort.

[0050] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of this application;

[0051] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a perovskite solar cell according to an embodiment of this application;

[0052] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a photovoltaic module according to an embodiment of this application;

[0053] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a method for preparing a polymer according to an embodiment of this application;

[0054] Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of an electrical device according to an embodiment of this application;

[0055] The accompanying drawings may not be drawn to scale.

[0056] Figure label:

[0057] 1: perovskite cell; 11: first electrode layer; 12: hole transport layer; 13: perovskite layer; 14: electron transport layer; 15: second electrode layer; 121: hole transport base layer; 122: passivation layer; 2: photovoltaic module; 21: base layer; 22: encapsulation layer; 100: vehicle; 30: controller; 40: motor. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0058] Embodiments of the polymer of the present application and a method for producing the same, the perovskite cell, the photovoltaic module, the power generation device, and the power consumption device are explained in detail with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings, but there are cases where unnecessary detailed explanations are omitted. For example, there are cases where detailed explanations of matters that are well known, repeated explanations of practically identical structures are omitted. This is to avoid the following description from becoming unnecessarily lengthy and to facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the accompanying drawings and the following explanations are provided so that those skilled in the art can fully understand the present application, and are not intended to limit the subject matter recited in the claims.

[0059] The ranges disclosed herein are defined by the lower and upper limits of the range, given that the range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, the selected lower limit and upper limit define the boundaries of the particular range. Ranges defined in this manner can be inclusive or exclusive of the end values, and can be arbitrarily combined, i.e., any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60-120 and 80-110 are listed for a particular parameter, it is understood that ranges of 60-110 and 80-120 are also contemplated. Furthermore, if a minimum range value of 1 and 2 is listed, and if a maximum range value of 3, 4, and 5 is listed, then the following ranges are all contemplated: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5. In the present application, unless otherwise stated, a numerical range "a-b" indicates a shorthand way of describing each and every intervening real number between the upper and lower bound of that range, wherein a and b are both real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0-5" indicates that all real numbers between "0-5" have been listed herein, "0-5" is merely a shorthand way of describing these numerical combinations. Additionally, when it is stated that a parameter is an integer ≥ 2, it is equivalent to disclose that the parameter is, for example, the integer 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.

[0060] If not specifically stated, all embodiments of the present application and optional embodiments can be combined with each other to form new technical solutions.

[0061] If not specifically stated, all technical features of the present application and optional technical features can be combined with each other to form new technical solutions.

[0062] If not otherwise specifically defined, all processes described herein can be performed sequentially, or randomly, preferably sequentially. For example, the process comprising steps (a) and (b) means that the process can comprise steps (a) and (b) sequentially, or steps (b) and (a) sequentially. For example, the process comprising step (c) means that step (c) can be added to the process in any order, for example, the process can comprise steps (a), (b) and (c), or steps (a), (c) and (b), or steps (c), (a) and (b), etc.

[0063] The term "anilino" can include diphenylamino, triphenylamino. In addition, the anilino group can be optionally substituted, and the substituent group can be a halogen atom, a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom, a phosphorus atom, an alkyl group, or a heterocyclic group, etc.

[0064] The term "alkyl" encompasses straight and branched chain alkyl groups. For example, the alkyl group can be a C1-C20 alkyl group, a C1-C12 alkyl group, a C1-C10 alkyl group, a C1-C6 alkyl group, a C1-C4 alkyl group. In some embodiments, the alkyl group includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, cyclobutyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, t-pentyl, cyclopentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, cycloheptyl, octyl, cyclooctyl, nonyl, and decyl, etc. In addition, the alkyl group can be optionally substituted, for example, the alkyl group is substituted with a halogen to form a haloalkyl group. The term "haloalkyl" means that in the alkyl group, some or all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen atoms, and the term "halogen atom" means a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom, etc.

[0065] Throughout this specification, substituents of compounds are disclosed in groups or in ranges. It is specifically intended that where a group or range of substituents is disclosed, individual members of the group or range are also disclosed. For example, it is intended that "C1-C10 alkyl" individually discloses C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C1-C10, C1-C9, C1-C8, C1-C7, C1-C6, C1-C5, C1-C4, C1-C3, C1-C2, C2-C10, C2-C9, C2-C8, C2-C7, C2-C6, C2-C5, C2-C4, C2-C3, C3-C10, C3-C9, C3-C8, C3-C7, C3-C6, C3-C5, C3-C4, C4-C10, C4-C9, C4-C8, C4-C7, C4-C6, C4-C5, C5-C10, C5-C9, C5-C8, C5-C7, C5-C6, C6-C10, C6-C9, C6-C8, C6-C7, C7-C10, C7-C9, C7-C8, C8-C10, and C8-C9 alkyl.

[0066] The term "halogen atom" refers to a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and the like.

[0067] The term "hydrogen" refers to 1H (protium, H), 2H (deuterium, D), or 3H (tritium, T). In various embodiments, "hydrogen" can be 1H (protium, H).

[0068] In the present application, the terms "a plurality of" and "a plurality of" refer to two or more.

[0069] The perovskite battery includes a perovskite layer, a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer, and an electrode. The working process of the perovskite battery mainly includes: generation and separation of excitons, transport of free carriers, collection of carriers and generation of current. The specific process is as follows: in the perovskite battery, sunlight is absorbed by the perovskite layer, and the perovskite layer absorbs photons to generate excitons. Because the perovskite layer has a low coulomb force binding, the excitons are then separated into free electrons and holes. The separated free carriers are transported in the perovskite layer and transported out through the transport layer. The electron transport layer plays a role in transporting electrons and blocking holes, and the hole transport layer plays a role in transporting holes and blocking electrons. The electrons and holes transported out through the transport layer are collected by the electrode to form a current and a voltage.

[0070] The perovskite battery mainly includes a normal structure and an inverted structure. The functional layers through which the light of the normal structure device is incident in the order of an electron transport layer, a perovskite layer, and a hole transport layer. The functional layers through which the light of the inverted structure device is incident in the order of a hole transport layer, a perovskite layer, and an electron transport layer. Next, the inverted structure device is taken as an example for illustration.

[0071] The perovskite layer includes a perovskite. The ideal structure of the perovskite is ABX3 type or A2CDX6 type. Taking the ABX3 type as an example for illustration, the B ion is located at the center of the cubic cell and is surrounded by 6 X ions to form a coordination cubic octahedron, and the coordination number is 6; the A ion is located at the corner of the cubic cell and is surrounded by 12 X ions to form a coordination octahedron, and the coordination number is 12. Among them, A is a large radius cation, B is a small radius cation, and X is an anion. Since the A, B and X sites are very wide in the range of the number and type of elements that can be accommodated, there are many types of compounds with perovskite structure.

[0072] The stability of the perovskite is poor. When the functional layer adjacent to the perovskite layer includes some oxidized materials (for example, the hole transport layer adjacent to the perovskite layer includes nickel oxide), the perovskite of the perovskite layer is easy to degrade, which is not conducive to the improvement of the stability of the perovskite battery.

[0073] In some processing modes, a passivation layer is arranged between the hole transport layer and the perovskite layer to isolate the hole transport layer and the perovskite layer, the passivation layer includes self-assembled small molecules, the self-assembled small molecules include anchor groups that can be combined with a substrate (for example, an FTO electrode layer or a nickel oxide layer) and top functional groups for regulating surface properties, the self-assembled small molecules can act as an intermediate to achieve the combination between the hole transport layer and the perovskite layer, and at the same time can also isolate the contact between the perovskite and the hole transport layer, thereby improving the stability of the perovskite battery. However, the stability of the self-assembled small molecules itself is poor, and the combination between the passivation layer including the self-assembled small molecules and the interfaces of the perovskite layer and the hole transport layer is weak. After being irradiated by high-energy photons, the bonds inside the self-assembled small molecules are broken, the interface combination between the passivation layer and the perovskite layer and the hole transport layer is destroyed, and the self-assembled small molecules are easy to move at the interface and even migrate into the perovskite layer. Therefore, the passivation layer including the self-assembled small molecules has a weak effect on improving the stability of the perovskite battery.

[0074] Therefore, in the embodiments of the present application, a perovskite battery is provided, which includes a hole transport layer and a perovskite layer arranged in sequence along the thickness direction of the perovskite battery, the hole transport layer includes a polymer, and the polymer includes at least a repeating unit represented by formula (I): -M-R- formula (I). In formula (I), M includes at least one of an aniline group, a carbazole group, an acridine group, a phenoxazine group, and a phenothiazine group; R includes at least one of H, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzene ring, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, and a benzo-heterocyclic ring; and the M is connected with a heteroatom. Compared with the self-assembled small molecules, the polymer is more stable and is not easy to migrate and diffuse, which is conducive to improving the stability of the hole transport layer and the perovskite layer, and the hole transport layer including the polymer is also conducive to reducing the risk of water and oxygen invading the perovskite layer, so that the perovskite battery has higher stability. In addition, the M is connected with the heteroatom, so that the energy levels between the hole transport layer and the perovskite layer are more matched, which is conducive to reducing the aggregation of carriers between the interfaces of the hole transport layer and the perovskite layer, reducing the influence on the interfaces, and the perovskite battery has higher stability.

[0075] [Perovskite battery]

[0076] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a perovskite battery according to an embodiment of the present application. In some embodiments of the present application, for example, referring to FIG. 1, the perovskite battery 1 includes a hole transport layer 12 and a perovskite layer 13 arranged in sequence along the thickness direction of the perovskite battery 1, and the hole transport layer 12 includes a polymer, and the polymer includes at least a repeating unit represented by formula (I): -M-R- formula (I).

[0077] In formula (I), M includes at least one of an anilino group, a carbazolyl group, an acridyl group, a phenoxazinyl group, and a phenothiazinyl group; R includes at least one of H, a C1-C10 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzene ring, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, and a substituted or unsubstituted benzo-heterocycle, and M is connected with a heteroatom.

[0078] The polymer is formed by polymerization of a plurality of repeating units, where the plurality refers to two or more.

[0079] The heteroatom can refer to an atom other than C, H. For example, the heteroatom can include S, O, N, etc.

[0080] The anilino group can be a group after an aniline substance loses a hydrogen atom, and as an example, the anilino group is a group after triphenylamine loses one hydrogen atom. The carbazolyl group can be a group after carbazole loses a hydrogen atom, the phenoxazinyl group can be a group after phenoxazine loses a hydrogen atom, and the phenothiazinyl group can be a group after phenothiazine loses a hydrogen atom.

[0081] The M group has a certain hole transport capability, so that when the polymer is applied to the hole transport layer 12 of the perovskite battery 1, it can play a role of transporting holes and blocking electrons.

[0082] The M group is connected with a heteroatom, which can include various cases.

[0083] In one example, an atom at a certain position on M is replaced by a heteroatom. For example, M is an anilino group replaced by a heteroatom.

[0084] In another example, the repeating units are connected by a bond on M, and the M of one of the two repeating units connected is connected to the M of the other repeating unit by a heteroatom.

[0085] After the M group is connected with a heteroatom, it is beneficial to adjust the energy level of the polymer, so that the energy level between the polymer and the perovskite is more matched, thereby facilitating the improvement of the stability of the perovskite battery. In addition, the polymer also has a relatively suitable wettability with the perovskite, on the one hand, during the preparation of the perovskite layer 13, due to the relatively suitable wettability between the polymer and the perovskite, the perovskite layer 13 is facilitated to grow on the surface of the polymer, so that a relatively uniform perovskite layer 13 can be obtained; on the other hand, the suitable wettability between the polymer and the perovskite layer can also reduce the risk of the perovskite layer being eroded by water and oxygen, which is beneficial to improve the stability of the perovskite battery.

[0086] Compared with the self-assembled small molecules, the polymer has a larger molecular weight and is more stable. After being affected by the external environment (for example, after being irradiated by high-energy photons), the polymer is not easily destroyed, so that the hole transport layer 12 and the perovskite layer 13 can still maintain good combination, and water and oxygen are not easily entered between the hole transport layer 12 and the perovskite layer 13, so that the perovskite layer 13 is less affected by water and oxygen from the outside, and the perovskite battery 1 has higher stability, which is beneficial to improve the service life of the perovskite battery 1. In addition, compared with the self-assembled small molecules, the polymer is not easy to migrate, and the risk of the polymer moving to the perovskite layer 13 is low, and the influence on the perovskite layer 13 and the hole transport layer 12 is small, and the perovskite battery 1 has higher stability, which is beneficial to improve the service life of the perovskite battery 1.

[0087] In the embodiments of the present application, the hole transport layer 12 includes a polymer, which is relatively stable and not easy to migrate and diffuse, which is beneficial to improve the stability of the hole transport layer 12 and the perovskite layer 13. The hole transport layer 12 including the polymer is also beneficial to reduce the risk of water and oxygen entering between the hole transport layer 12 and the perovskite layer 13, thereby reducing the risk of water and oxygen entering the perovskite layer 13, which is beneficial to improve the stability of the perovskite layer 13. In addition, M is connected with a heteroatom, and the energy levels between the hole transport layer 12 and the perovskite layer 13 are more matched, which is beneficial to the transport of carriers, reduces the influence on the interface, and the perovskite battery 1 has higher stability. Therefore, the technical scheme of the embodiments of the present application can improve the stability of the perovskite battery 1.

[0088] In some embodiments, the polymer satisfies: the repeating unit shown in formula (I) is connected by a heteroatom, and / or M includes at least one of a heteroatom-substituted aniline group, a carbazole group, an acridine group, a phenoxazine group, and a phenothiazine group.

[0089] The repeating unit is connected by a heteroatom, which can mean that the repeating unit is connected with a heteroatom between the repeating units. For example, the repeating units are connected by S. The connection between the repeating units by the heteroatom is beneficial to adjust the energy level of the polymer, so that the energy level between the polymer and the perovskite is more matched, thereby being beneficial to reduce the accumulation of carriers between the hole transport layer 12 and the perovskite layer 13, promote the rapid transport of carriers, reduce the influence of carrier accumulation on the interface between the perovskite layer 13 and the hole transport layer 12, and improve the long-term stability of the perovskite battery.

[0090] M includes at least one of a heteroatom-substituted anilino group, a carbazolyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenoxazinyl group, and a phenothiazinyl group. It can be indicated that any position on the benzene ring in M can be substituted by a heteroatom. The atom at one position on the benzene ring in M can be substituted by one heteroatom, and the atoms at multiple positions on the benzene ring in M can also be substituted by multiple heteroatoms. As an example, two S atoms substitute the atoms at two positions on the benzene ring in M.

[0091] M can be a heteroatom-substituted anilino group, a heteroatom-substituted carbazolyl group, a heteroatom-substituted acridinyl group, a heteroatom-substituted phenoxazinyl group, or a heteroatom-substituted phenothiazinyl group.

[0092] As an example, the repeating unit in the polymer is connected by a heteroatom, and the atom on the benzene ring in M is not substituted by a heteroatom.

[0093] As an example, the repeating unit in the polymer is connected by a heteroatom, and the atom on the benzene ring in M is not substituted by a heteroatom.

[0094] As an example, the repeating unit in the polymer is connected by a C atom, and the atom on the benzene ring in M is not substituted by a heteroatom.

[0095] In the above embodiments, the hole transport layer 12 includes a polymer, the energy levels between the hole transport layer 12 and the perovskite layer 13 are more matched, the carrier transport is facilitated, the influence on the interface is reduced, and the perovskite battery 1 has higher stability.

[0096] In some embodiments, M includes at least one of a heteroatom-substituted triphenylamine group, a carbazolyl group, and a phenothiazinyl group.

[0097] The triphenylamine group and the like have high stability, and the polymer including the triphenylamine group has high stability when applied to the perovskite battery.

[0098] The above-mentioned groups have high stability, which is conducive to improving the stability of the polymer, so that the perovskite battery 1 has high stability.

[0099] In some embodiments, the heteroatom includes at least one of O, S, and N.

[0100] The introduction of the above-mentioned heteroatom in M can regulate the energy level of the polymer, so that the hole transport layer 12 and the perovskite layer 13 have more suitable energy level matching, and the perovskite battery 1 has higher stability; in addition, the introduction of the above-mentioned heteroatom is also conducive to improving the wettability of the polymer to the perovskite, and the polymer has suitable wettability to the perovskite, which is conducive to obtaining a uniform perovskite layer 13, and also conducive to reducing the risk of the perovskite layer 13 being eroded by water and oxygen, so that the perovskite battery 1 has higher stability.

[0101] In some embodiments, the heteroatom comprises O or S. In this way, the perovskite cell 1 has higher stability.

[0102] In some embodiments, R comprises a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl group. In this way, the R group can play a role in reducing steric hindrance, and the polymer can have higher stability, thereby facilitating the improvement of the stability of the perovskite cell 1.

[0103] In some embodiments, the repeating unit shown in formula (I) further comprises Y, Y is connected to R, and Y comprises at least one of the following groups:

[0104] Y can be used as an anchoring group to anchor the surface of the hole transport layer 12. For example, in the case where the hole transport layer 12 comprises nickel oxide, the R group has good binding ability with trivalent nickel, the hole transport layer 12 is more stable, and the perovskite cell 1 has better stability.

[0105] In the above technical solution, Y can be used as an anchoring group to anchor the surface in contact with the hole transport layer 12, so that the polymer can exist more stably, and the perovskite cell 1 has higher stability.

[0106] In some embodiments, Y comprises at least one of:

[0107] In the above technical solution, the polymer comprising the above group has more stable binding with other hole transport materials in the hole transport layer 12, so that the perovskite cell 1 has higher stability.

[0108] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least one of the following repeating units:

[0109] The above polymer has a relatively matched energy level with the perovskite layer 13 and has suitable wettability with the perovskite layer 13, and the improvement of the stability of the perovskite cell 1 is more obvious.

[0110] In some embodiments, the polymer has a polymerization degree of 2-50.

[0111] The polymerization degree can be the number of repeating units in the polymer. The polymerization degree can be 2, 5, 8, 10, 15, 25, 35, 40, 45, 50, or any value within the above range.

[0112] In this way, the polymer has a relatively suitable molecular weight, the polymer is more stable and is not easy to migrate, which is conducive to improving the stability of the perovskite cell 1.

[0113] ​In some embodiments, the polymer has a degree of polymerization of 2-8. In this way, the energy level between the polymer and the perovskite layer 13 is matched, and the polymer is relatively stable, and the perovskite battery 1 has high photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability.

[0114] In some embodiments, the polymer has a weight average molecular weight of 1000 Da-25000 Da.

[0115] The weight average molecular weight of the polymer can be 1000 Da, 2000 Da, 3000 Da, 5000 Da, 8000 Da, 10000 Da, 15000 Da, 20000 Da, 25000 Da, or any value within the above range.

[0116] In some embodiments, the weight average molecular weight of the polymer is 1000 Da-10000 Da.

[0117] In the above embodiments, the weight average molecular weight of the polymer meets the above range, the polymer is relatively stable, and is not prone to decomposition and migration, which is conducive to improving the stability of the perovskite battery 1.

[0118] In some embodiments, the perovskite battery 1 further comprises a first electrode layer 11, and the hole transport layer 12 is located between the first electrode layer 11 and the perovskite layer 13 in the thickness direction of the perovskite battery 1.

[0119] As an example, in the thickness direction of the perovskite battery 1, along the incident direction of sunlight, the sunlight sequentially passes through the first electrode layer 11, the hole transport layer 12, and the perovskite layer 13.

[0120] As an example, in the thickness direction of the perovskite battery 1, along the incident direction of sunlight, the sunlight sequentially passes through the perovskite layer 13, the hole transport layer 12, and the first electrode layer 11. It should be noted that the sunlight can also pass through the electron transport layer before passing through the perovskite layer 13.

[0121] In the above embodiments, after being irradiated by sunlight, the hole transport layer 12 generates holes, and the holes can be transported via the first electrode layer 11 or the perovskite layer 13, which facilitates the transport of holes in the carriers.

[0122] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer 12 comprises a passivation layer 122, the passivation layer 122 comprises a polymer, and the passivation layer 122 is located between the first electrode layer 11 and the perovskite layer 13 in the thickness direction of the perovskite battery 1.

[0123] As an example, the hole transport layer 12 only comprises a passivation layer 122, the passivation layer 122 comprises a polymer, and the passivation layer 122 is located between the first electrode layer 11 and the perovskite layer 13.

[0124] In the technical solution, the passivation layer 122 is located between the first electrode layer 11 and the perovskite layer 13, and the passivation layer 122 is beneficial to reducing the recombination of carriers, promoting the rapid transport of carriers, and thus improving the stability of the perovskite battery 1.

[0125] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a perovskite battery according to an embodiment of the present application. In some embodiments, referring to FIG. 2, the hole transport layer 12 includes a hole transport base layer 121 and a passivation layer 122. In the thickness direction of the perovskite battery 1, the passivation layer 122 is located between the hole transport base layer 121 and the perovskite layer 13.

[0126] The hole transport base layer 121 includes a hole transport material, and the material of the hole transport base layer 121 is different from the material of the passivation layer 122. As an example, the hole transport base layer 121 includes nickel oxide, and the passivation layer 122 includes a copolymer of aniline and thiophene.

[0127] In the above embodiment, the hole transport base layer 121 is used for transporting holes, the passivation layer 122 is used for transporting holes and reducing the risk of substances in the hole transport base layer 121 or substances in the external environment entering the perovskite layer 13, and the perovskite battery 1 has high stability.

[0128] In some embodiments, the difference between the HOMO energy level of the passivation layer 122 and the HOMO energy level of the perovskite layer 13 is -1.0 eV to 1.0 eV.

[0129] The difference between the HOMO energy level of the passivation layer 122 and the HOMO energy level of the perovskite layer 13 is the value of the HOMO energy level of the passivation layer 122 minus the HOMO energy level of the perovskite layer 13.

[0130] The difference between the HOMO energy level of the passivation layer 122 and the HOMO energy level of the perovskite layer 13 can be -1.0 eV, -0.8 eV, -0.6 eV, -0.5 eV, -0.3 eV, -0.1 eV, 0 eV, 0.1 eV, 0.3 eV, 0.5 eV, 0.8 eV, 1.0 eV, or any value within the above range.

[0131] In the above embodiment, the difference between the HOMO energy level of the passivation layer 122 and the HOMO energy level of the perovskite layer 13 is small, the HOMO energy level of the passivation layer 122 and the HOMO energy level of the perovskite layer 13 are matched, the transport of carriers is facilitated, the accumulation of carriers at the interface between the perovskite layer 13 and the passivation layer 122 is reduced, and thus the adverse effects on the interface are reduced, which is beneficial to improving the long-term stability of the perovskite battery 1; in addition, it is also beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite battery 1.

[0132] In some embodiments, the difference between the HOMO energy level of the passivation layer 122 and the HOMO energy level of the perovskite layer 13 is -0.5 eV to 0.5 eV. In this way, the energy levels between the perovskite layer 13 and the passivation layer 122 are more matched, which facilitates further improvement of the stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell 1.

[0133] In some embodiments, the HOMO energy level of the passivation layer 122 is greater than or equal to the HOMO energy level of the perovskite layer 13. In this way, the transmission of holes is more facilitated, which is beneficial to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell 1.

[0134] In some embodiments, the HOMO energy level of the passivation layer 122 is -5.5 eV to -5.0 eV. In this way, the HOMO energy level of the passivation layer 122 is within a suitable range, the energy levels between the passivation layer 122 and the perovskite layer 13 are more matched, and the perovskite solar cell 1 has higher photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability.

[0135] In some embodiments, the thickness d of the passivation layer 122 is 1 nm to 20 nm.

[0136] The thickness d of the passivation layer 122 can be 1 nm, 3 nm, 5 nm, 8 nm, 10 nm, 12 nm, 15 nm, 18 nm, 20 nm, or any value within the above range.

[0137] In the above embodiments, the passivation layer 122 has a suitable thickness, and the perovskite solar cell 1 has higher stability.

[0138] In some embodiments, the perovskite solar cell 1 comprises, in sequence along the thickness direction of the perovskite solar cell 1, a first electrode layer 11, a hole transport layer 12, a perovskite layer 13, an electron transport layer 14, and a second electrode layer 15.

[0139] After being irradiated, the perovskite layer 13 can convert photons into holes and electrons after absorbing light, the electron transport layer 14 can effectively transport electrons, the hole transport layer 12 can effectively transport holes, and the first electrode layer 11 and the second electrode layer 15 can collect electrons and form current and voltage, so that electrical energy can be generated through the perovskite solar cell 1.

[0140] In some embodiments, the first electrode layer 11 comprises at least one of an organic conductive material, an inorganic conductive material, and an organic-inorganic hybrid conductive material, the second electrode layer 15 comprises at least one of an organic conductive material, an inorganic conductive material, and an organic-inorganic hybrid conductive material, the inorganic conductive material comprises one or more of a carbon material, a metal material and an alloy thereof, and a transparent conductive metal oxide; the organic conductive material comprises one or more of polyacrylic acid, polyimide, polyaniline, polythiophene and its derivatives, and polypyrrole; and at least one of the first electrode layer 11 and the second electrode layer 15 is a light-transmitting electrode layer.

[0141] The transparent conductive metal oxide can include at least one of indium tin oxide (ITO), lanthanide metal doped indium oxide, fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), antimony doped tin oxide, boron doped zinc oxide (BZO), aluminum zinc oxide (AZO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), gallium zinc oxide (GZO), indium tungsten oxide (IWO), and the metal can include at least one of Au, Ag, Cu, Al, Ni, Cr, Bi, Pt, Mg, Mo, W. The organic conductive material includes at least one of graphite, graphene, carbon nanotube.

[0142] The first electrode layer 11 and the second electrode layer 15 can be the same material or different materials.

[0143] As an example, the first electrode layer 11 includes a transparent conductive metal oxide, the second electrode layer 15 includes a metal, and the perovskite battery 1 has an inverted structure.

[0144] As an example, the first electrode layer 11 includes a transparent conductive metal oxide, the second electrode layer 15 includes a transparent conductive metal oxide, and the perovskite battery 1 has a normal structure.

[0145] As an example, the first electrode layer 11 includes fluorine doped tin oxide FTO, and the second electrode layer 15 includes Cu.

[0146] At least one of the first electrode layer 11 and the second electrode layer 15 is a light-transmitting electrode layer. In this way, it is convenient for sunlight to pass through the perovskite battery 1, and in turn, it is convenient to generate electric energy.

[0147] In some embodiments, the first electrode layer 11 includes a transparent conductive metal oxide, and the second electrode layer 15 includes a metal.

[0148] In the above embodiments, in the direction of the incident of sunlight, the first electrode layer 11, the hole transport layer 12, the perovskite layer 13, the electron transport layer 14, and the second electrode layer 15 are sequentially arranged, the first electrode layer 11 includes a transparent conductive metal oxide, the second electrode layer 15 includes a metal, and the perovskite battery 1 can be a perovskite battery with an inverted structure.

[0149] In some embodiments, the first electrode layer 11 includes at least one of ITO, FTO, BZO, AZO, IZO, GZO, or IWO, and the second electrode layer 15 includes at least one of Au, Ag, Cu, Al, Ni, Cr, Bi, Pt, or Mg. The above first electrode layer 11 has the characteristics of being transparent or semi-transparent, which is conducive to the transmission of sunlight through the first electrode layer 11; the second electrode layer 15 has good conductivity, and through the above collocation, the perovskite battery 1 has a higher photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0150] In some embodiments, the perovskite layer 13 includes a perovskite material, which can include a perovskite-type metal halide, the chemical formula of which includes ABX3or A2CDX6. A represents a monovalent inorganic cation, an organic cation, or an organic-inorganic hybrid cation, B represents a divalent inorganic cation, an organic cation, or an organic-inorganic hybrid cation, C represents a monovalent inorganic cation, an organic cation, or an organic-inorganic hybrid cation, D represents a trivalent inorganic cation, an organic cation, or an organic-inorganic hybrid cation, and X represents a monovalent inorganic anion, an organic anion, or an organic-inorganic hybrid anion. A represents a monovalent inorganic cation, which optionally includes one or more of Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , and Cs + ; A represents an organic cation, which optionally includes at least one of methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, butylamine, pentylamine, hexylamine, formamidinium, and imidazolium, and more optionally, one or more of an organic amine ion and Cs+. B includes a divalent cation, which optionally includes a divalent cation of one or more of lead, tin, zinc, titanium, antimony, bismuth, nickel, iron, cobalt, silver, copper, gallium, germanium, magnesium, calcium, indium, aluminum, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, and europium, etc. C represents a monovalent inorganic cation, which optionally includes one or more of Cs + , Ag + , K + , and Ru + . D represents a trivalent metal cation, which optionally includes one or more of Bi 3+ , Ni 3+ , Fe 3+ , Sb 3+ , In 3+ , and Cu 3+ , and more optionally, one or more of In 3+ , Bi 3+ , Sb 3+ . X represents a halogen ion, which optionally includes one or more of F - , Cl - , Br - , and I - , and more optionally, one or more of Cl - , Br - , and I - .

[0151] In some embodiments, the hole transport base layer 121 comprises a hole transport material, which can include, but is not limited to, one or more of 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoromethylformamide, poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonic acid, poly 3-hexylthiophene, triptycene-core triphenylamine, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirobifluorene, polythiophene, phosphonic monomer, carbazyl monomer, sulfonic monomer, triphenylamine monomer, aromatic monomer, metal oxide, cuprous iodide, and cuprous thiocyanate, wherein the metal element in the metal oxide can include one or more of Ni, Mo, and Cu.

[0152] In some embodiments, the electron transport layer 14 comprises an electron transport material, which can include, but is not limited to, one or more of the following materials and their derivatives: imide compounds, quinone compounds, fullerene and its derivatives, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoromethylformamide (OMeTPA-FA), calcium titanate (CaTiO3), lithium fluoride (LiF), calcium fluoride (CaF2), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT:PSS), poly 3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), triptycene-core triphenylamine (H101), 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine (EDOT-OMeTPA), N-(4-aniline)carbazole-spirobifluorene (CzPAF-SBF), polythiophene, metal oxide, silicon oxide (SiO2), strontium titanate (SrTiO3), calcium titanate, lithium fluoride, calcium fluoride, cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN), etc.; wherein the metal element in the metal oxide can include one or more of Mg, Ni, Cd, Zn, In, Pb, Mo, W, Sb, Bi, Cu, Hg, Ti, Ag, Mn, Fe, V, Sn, Zr, Sr, Ga, and Cr.

[0153] [Photovoltaic module]

[0154] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a photovoltaic module according to an embodiment of the present application. The present embodiment provides a photovoltaic module 2, for example, referring to FIG. 3, the perovskite cell 1 in any possible embodiment described above is provided on the photovoltaic module 2.

[0155] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module 2 further comprises a substrate layer 21 and an encapsulation layer 22, the perovskite cell 1 is disposed on at least one side surface of the substrate layer 21, and the encapsulation layer 22 is used to encapsulate the perovskite cell 1.

[0156] The perovskite cell 1 can be arranged on one side surface of the base layer 21 in the thickness direction, or arranged on both side surfaces of the base layer 21 in the thickness direction. As an example, as shown in FIG. 3, the perovskite cell 1 is arranged on one side surface of the base layer 21.

[0157] By arranging the encapsulation layer 22, the perovskite cell 1 can be isolated from the external environment, reducing the adverse effects of water and oxygen in the external environment on the perovskite cell 1, and improving the stability and service life of the perovskite cell 1.

[0158] The base layer 21 can be a rigid base layer or a flexible base layer. The rigid base layer can be transparent glass, and the material of the flexible base layer includes an organic polymer material. Further, the material of the flexible base layer can be mixed in different proportions by one or more of the following materials: polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyester (PET), polyimide (PI), poly naphthalene dimethyl glycol ester (PEN), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), etc.

[0159] The material of the encapsulation layer 22 includes encapsulation glue, which includes one or more of epoxy encapsulation glue, silicone encapsulation glue, polyurethane encapsulation glue, ultraviolet light curing encapsulation glue, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl butyral, ethylene octene copolymer, polyisobutylene, and polyolefin encapsulation glue.

[0160] As an example, the photovoltaic module can be prepared by the following method.

[0161] The first electrode layer 11 is arranged on the base layer 21, and the hole transport base layer 121, the passivation layer 122, the perovskite layer 13, the electron transport layer 14, and the second electrode layer 15 are sequentially arranged on the first electrode layer 11 to obtain the perovskite cell 1. The encapsulation glue is coated on the periphery of the perovskite cell 1 to cover the back plate layer and is press-fit to obtain the photovoltaic module 2. The encapsulation glue can cover the entire perovskite cell 1.

[0162] [Polymer]

[0163] The embodiment of the present application provides a polymer, which at least includes a repeating unit shown in formula (I): -M-R- formula (I), wherein M includes at least one of an aniline group, a carbazole group, an acridine group, a phenoxazine group, and a phenothiazine group; R includes at least one of H, an alkyl group with a length of 1-10, a substituted or unsubstituted benzene ring, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, and a substituted or unsubstituted benzo-heterocyclic ring; and the M is connected with a heteroatom.

[0164] In some embodiments, the polymer satisfies that the repeating unit shown in formula (I) is connected through a heteroatom, and / or M includes at least one of a heteroatom-substituted aniline group, a carbazole group, an acridine group, a phenoxazine group, and a phenothiazine group.

[0165] In some embodiments, the polymer comprises at least one of the following repeating units:

[0166] [Method for preparing polymer]

[0167] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a method for preparing a polymer according to an embodiment of the present application. Some embodiments of the present application provide a method for preparing a polymer, for example, referring to FIG. 4, the method 300 comprises the following steps.

[0168] Step 310, providing a repeating unit shown in formula (I): -M-R- formula (I).

[0169] In formula (I), M comprises at least one of an aniline group, a carbazole group, an acridine group, a phenoxazine group, and a phenothiazine group; R comprises at least one of H, an alkyl group with 1-10 carbon atoms, a substituted or unsubstituted benzene ring, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, and a substituted or unsubstituted benzo-heterocyclic ring; wherein M is connected with a heteroatom.

[0170] In some embodiments, the polymer satisfies: the repeating unit shown in formula (I) is connected through a heteroatom, and / or M comprises at least one of a heteroatom-substituted aniline group, a heteroatom-substituted carbazole group, a heteroatom-substituted acridine group, a heteroatom-substituted phenoxazine group, and a heteroatom-substituted phenothiazine group.

[0171] The repeating unit shown in formula (I) can be obtained by processing the following substances, for example, by processing one or more of the following substances: a C-N coupling reaction, a C-C coupling reaction, a hydrolysis reaction of a phosphate ester, a hydrolysis reaction of a carboxylic acid ester, a synthesis reaction of a phosphate ester, a bromine substitution reaction, and a synthesis reaction of a siloxane.

[0172] The following lists several possible substances:

[0173] [Electricity-using device]

[0174] An electricity-using device is provided according to an embodiment of the present application, comprising the photovoltaic module 2 according to any one of the above embodiments.

[0175] The electric device can be a vehicle, a mobile phone, a portable device, a notebook computer, a ship, a spacecraft, an electric toy, and an electric tool, etc. The vehicle can be a fuel automobile, a gas automobile, or a new energy automobile, and the new energy automobile can be a pure electric automobile, a hybrid electric automobile, or a range extended automobile, etc. The spacecraft includes an airplane, a rocket, a space shuttle, a spacecraft, etc. The electric toy includes a fixed or mobile electric toy, such as a game machine, an electric automobile toy, an electric ship toy, and an electric airplane toy, etc. The electric tool includes a metal cutting electric tool, a grinding electric tool, an assembling electric tool, and a railway electric tool, such as an electric drill, an electric grinder, an electric wrench, an electric screwdriver, an electric hammer, an impact electric drill, a concrete vibrator, and an electric planer, etc. The electric device is not specially limited in the embodiments of the present application.

[0176] The electric device can also be used for storing electric energy. For example, it is applied to the scene of an energy storage power station, etc.

[0177] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an electric device according to an embodiment of the present application. For example, referring to FIG. 5, the electric device is a vehicle. The vehicle 100 can be a fuel automobile, a gas automobile, or a new energy automobile, and the new energy automobile can be a pure electric automobile, a hybrid electric automobile, or a range extended automobile, etc. The vehicle 100 can be provided with a motor 40, a controller 30, and a photovoltaic module 2 inside, and the controller 30 is used to control the photovoltaic module 2 to supply power to the motor 40. For example, the photovoltaic module 2 can be arranged at the bottom, the front, or the rear of the vehicle 100. The photovoltaic module 2 can be used for power supply of the vehicle 100, for example, the photovoltaic module 2 can be used as an operating power source of the vehicle 100, and is used for the circuit system of the vehicle 100, for example, for the working power demand of the vehicle 100 during starting, navigation, and running. In another embodiment of the present application, the photovoltaic module 2 can not only be used as an operating power source of the vehicle 100, but also be used as a driving power source of the vehicle 100, to replace or partially replace fuel or natural gas to provide driving power for the vehicle 100.

[0178] [Power generation device]

[0179] The embodiments of the present application provide a power generation device, which includes the photovoltaic module 2 of any of the above embodiments.

[0180] The power generation device can be used in the field of solar cells, etc. For example, the photovoltaic module 2 is arranged outdoors, and after the photovoltaic module 2 absorbs sunlight, electric energy can be generated, and then the power generation device including the photovoltaic module 2 can be used for power generation.

[0181] Hereinafter, the examples of the present application will be described. The examples described below are illustrative and are intended to be purely exemplary of the application and are not intended to limit the application. Unless otherwise indicated, technical or conditions not specified in the examples are performed according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in the field or according to the product manual. The reagents or instruments used are not specified by the manufacturer, and are all conventional products that can be obtained commercially.

[0182] [Examples]

[0183] Example 1

[0184] In Example 1, the photovoltaic module 2 comprises a substrate layer 21, a perovskite cell 1, an encapsulation layer 22 which are sequentially stacked; the perovskite cell 1 comprises a first electrode layer 11, a hole transport layer 12, a perovskite layer 13, an electron transport layer 14, a second electrode layer 15, the hole transport layer 12 comprises a polymer, and the HOMO energy level of the perovskite layer is -5.4 eV.

[0185] In Example 1, the structural formula of the polymer is:

[0186] The preparation process of the polymer in Example 1 is as follows.

[0187] (1) Step 1

[0188] The first intermediate product is obtained by reacting dimethylthio diphenylamine with ethyl p-bromophenylacetate through C-N coupling.

[0189] Specifically, a clean and dry reaction bottle is taken, a magnetic stirrer is added, then dimethylthio diphenylamine (1 eq), ethyl p-bromophenylacetate (1 eq), catalyst tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (0.02 eq), ligand tri-tert-butylphosphine (0.08 eq), cesium carbonate (2 eq) are mixed, an appropriate amount of toluene is added, and the bottle is degassed three times to make the bottle an inert atmosphere. The reaction bottle is heated to 110°C, and the reaction is carried out overnight (about 12 h). The obtained product is extracted with saturated brine and water, and the oil phase is dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, then filtered and concentrated. The final product is separated by column chromatography, and different materials can be separated by different polarity.

[0190] (2) Step 2

[0191] The first intermediate product is subjected to bromine substitution reaction.

[0192] Specifically, a clean and dry round-bottom flask is taken, the first intermediate product (1 eq) is dissolved in chloroform, NBS (2 eq) is added, the reaction mixture is heated to 50°C and reacted for 3 h, after the reaction is completed as shown by spot plate, deionized water is added, and extraction is carried out, and the crude product is obtained by concentration, purification by column chromatography, and concentration and drying to obtain the second intermediate product.

[0193] (3) Step 3

[0194] C-C coupling reaction is performed on the second intermediate product.

[0195] Specifically, the monomer second intermediate product (1 eq) is dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) to obtain a monomer solution; another flask is prepared, and Ni(COD)2 (1.1 eq), 2,2'-bipyridine (1.1 eq), and cyclooctadiene (1.1 eq) are added to DMF, which is then stirred at 80°C for 30 minutes, and then added dropwise to the monomer solution through a syringe. The reaction mixture is stirred at 80°C for 24 hours, and then cooled to room temperature. 1M HCl is added to adjust the pH to 1-2, and a precipitate is obtained. The precipitate is separated by filtration to obtain the third intermediate product. The precipitate can be dissolved in dichloromethane and precipitated with diethyl ether, and then sequentially washed with hot 0.01M EDTA solution (pH 3-4), hot 0.01M EDTA solution (pH 8-9), and water. Then dried under vacuum to obtain the third intermediate product.

[0196] (4) Step 4

[0197] Hydrolysis is performed on the third intermediate product.

[0198] Specifically, a clean and dry round-bottom flask is taken, and the third intermediate product (1 eq) is dispersed in an appropriate amount of ethanol, and an aqueous NaOH solution (2 eq) is added. The reaction is carried out at 70°C for a period of time, and the reaction is stopped when the solution pH reaches 2-3. The product is extracted with dichloromethane, dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then filtered and concentrated. The final product is separated by column chromatography to obtain the polymer. Different materials are separated by different polarities.

[0199] In Example 1, the above-mentioned polymer is used to prepare a photovoltaic module including a perovskite battery, and the specific process is as follows.

[0200] Preparation of the photovoltaic module:

[0201] (1) Take a group of FTO conductive glass with a size of 1.5 cm x 1.5 cm, and protect 2 / 3 of the FTO conductive glass with M3 waterproof tape. Etch away 1 / 3 of the FTO with Zn powder and 1 mol / L hydrochloric acid. Clean the etched FTO conductive glass with acetone and isopropanol several times, and finally immerse it in deionized water for 10 minutes of ultrasonic treatment.

[0202] (2) After the FTO conductive glass sheet is dried in a blast drying oven, the sheet is spin-coated with a precursor solution (10 mg / mL, solvent: water) of NiOx nanoparticles at a speed of 4000 rpm-6500 rpm in a glove box (N2 atmosphere), and heated at 100°C for 15 min on a hot plate to obtain a nickel oxide hole transport layer;

[0203] (3) After the NiOx is spin-coated, the sheet is spin-coated with a polymer ethanol solution (1 mg / mL) at a speed of 3000 rpm-4500 rpm, and heated at 100°C for 10 min on a hot plate to obtain a passivation layer;

[0204] (4) After the passivation layer is spin-coated, the sheet is spin-coated with a perovskite layer, and a perovskite solution of 1.2M FAPbI3 added with 5% MACl solution is spin-coated at a speed of 4000 rpm for 30 s, and then heated at 110°C for 30 min on a hot plate in a glove box, and annealed to room temperature, wherein the active substance in the perovskite layer is FAPbI3;

[0205] (5) After the perovskite layer is spin-coated, the sheet is placed in a vacuum thermal evaporation device on a fixing jig to sequentially evaporate C60 (30 nm thick), bathocuproin BCP (7 nm thick) to obtain an electron transport layer; then Cu (60 nm thick) is evaporated at an evaporation rate of to obtain a perovskite solar cell;

[0206] (6) A layer of encapsulating glue is coated around and on the perovskite solar cell, the encapsulating glue is colorless and transparent epoxy resin glue, a glass back plate layer is overlaid on the encapsulating glue and press-fit, and the encapsulating glue is cured after being stationary for 2 h to obtain a photovoltaic module.

[0207] Example 2

[0208] The difference between Example 2 and Example 1 is that the polymers are different.

[0209] The preparation process of the polymer in Example 2 is as follows.

[0210] (1) Step 1

[0211] A clean and dry round-bottom flask is taken, a magnetic stirrer is added, 3,6-dimethylthio-9H-carbazole (1 eq) is dissolved in 1,4-dibromobutane (20 eq), then tetrabutylammonium bromide (0.5 eq) and 50% KOH aqueous solution (20 eq) are added, and the reaction is stirred at 60°C. After overnight, the reaction is completed and cooled to room temperature. The product obtained after the reaction is extracted, dried with anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated, and the crude product is purified by column chromatography (acetone-hexane 1: 124 v / v) to obtain white crystalline solid, which is then placed in a vacuum oven at 70°C overnight to dry to obtain the first intermediate product.

[0212] (2) Step 2

[0213] A clean and dry round bottom flask was taken and a magnetic bar was added. The phosphonate (1 eq) was added followed by an appropriate amount of anhydrous 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) and trimethylsilyl bromide (10 eq). The flask was purged and placed under argon atmosphere and the reaction was stirred at 25 °C for 22 hours. After this, an appropriate amount of methanol was added and stirring was continued for 3 hours. Finally, an appropriate amount of distilled water was added dropwise until the solution became opaque and stirring was continued overnight. If no solid precipitated, the solution was distilled under reduced pressure until the liquid became turbid and distilled water was added until the solid precipitated. The precipitated solid was filtered and the filtered solid was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and washed with n-hexane. The filtered solid was dried by suction filtration to obtain the second intermediate product.

[0214] (3) Step 3

[0215] The second intermediate product was subjected to bromine substitution to obtain the third intermediate product. The procedure was as described in Step 2 of Example 1 and is not repeated here.

[0216] (4) Step 4

[0217] The third intermediate product was subjected to C-C coupling reaction to obtain the fourth intermediate product. The procedure was as described in Step 3 of Example 1 and is not repeated here.

[0218] (5) Step 5

[0219] The fourth intermediate product was subjected to treatment to obtain the polymer.

[0220] Specifically, a clean and dry round bottom flask was taken and the fourth intermediate product (1 eq) was dissolved in triethyl phosphite (30 eq). The reaction mixture was heated to reflux overnight. After the reaction was complete as indicated by spot test, the excess triethyl phosphite was distilled off under reduced pressure to obtain the crude product. The crude product was purified by column chromatography and concentrated to dryness to obtain the polymer.

[0221] Example 3

[0222] Example 3 differs from Example 1 in that the polymer is different.

[0223] The polymer of Example 3 was prepared as follows.

[0224] (1) Step 1

[0225] The first intermediate product was obtained by reacting 3,7-dimethoxy-10H- phenothiazine and 3-bromoprop-1-ene. The reaction and the method of preparation are as follows.

[0226] In a 250 mL round flask, 3,7-dimethoxy-10H-phenothiazine (1 eq, CAS: 1730-43-4) and KOH (2 eq) were dissolved in DMF and stirred under N2 atmosphere; after 30 minutes, 3-bromoprop-1-ene (1.2 eq, CAS: 106-95-6) was slowly added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours to obtain a crude product; the crude product was extracted with dichloromethane and a brine solution. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, and the solvent was released under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether and dichloromethane in a volume ratio of 1:1), concentrated, and dried at 60°C under vacuum for 12 hours to obtain a first intermediate product.

[0227] (2) Step 2

[0228] The first intermediate product was treated to obtain a second intermediate product. The specific reaction and preparation method are as follows.

[0229] In a dry flask, the first intermediate product (1 eq), triethoxysilane (2 eq), and Karstedt's catalyst (0.02 eq, CAS: 81032-58-8) were added, and then the mixture was placed at 80°C for 20 hours; after cooling, the insoluble matter was removed by suction filtration, and the remaining raw material was removed by extraction, concentration, and recrystallization to obtain the second intermediate product.

[0230] (3) Step 3

[0231] The second intermediate product was treated to obtain a polymer.

[0232] Specifically, the second intermediate product (1 eq) was dissolved in dichloromethane, and iron trichloride (6 eq) was dissolved in nitromethane to form a 30 mg / mL solution. Then, the above-mentioned substances were added to a reaction vessel, and the reaction vessel was placed in an Ar gas environment. The reaction was carried out for 3 hours, and then methanol was added to stop the reaction, and the precipitated solid was washed and dried to obtain the polymer.

[0233] Example 4

[0234] The difference between Example 4 and Example 1 is that the polymers are different.

[0235] The preparation process of the polymer in Example 4 is as follows.

[0236] The first intermediate product was obtained in the same manner as Step 1 in Example 1; and then the polymer was obtained by treating the first intermediate product. Specifically, the first intermediate product (1 eq), CuI (0.1 eq), and acetylacetone (0.5 eq), potassium phosphate (3 eq) were added to a solution of water: ethanol = 1 / 1, the bottle was replaced with an inert atmosphere, and the bottle was kept in an inert atmosphere at 130°C for 30 hours. After cooling to room temperature, chloroform was added for extraction, the organic layer was collected, dried with Na2SO4, and the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation. The solid was precipitated by adding methanol, and the polymer was obtained by filtration and drying.

[0237] Example 5

[0238] Example 5 is different from Example 1 in that the polymer is different.

[0239] The polymer in Example 5 was prepared as follows.

[0240] (1) Step 1

[0241] The first intermediate product was obtained by reacting 3,7-dibromo-10H-phenothiazine and 3-bromoprop-1-ene. The specific reaction and preparation method are as follows.

[0242] In a 250 mL round-bottom flask, 3,7-dibromo-10H-phenothiazine (1 eq, CAS: 21667-32-3) and KOH (2 eq) were dissolved in DMF and stirred under N2 atmosphere. After 30 minutes, 3-bromoprop-1-ene (1.2 eq, CAS: 106-95-6) was slowly added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours to obtain a crude product. The crude product was extracted with dichloromethane and a brine solution. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, and the solvent was released under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (petroleum ether and dichloromethane in a volume ratio of 1:1), concentrated, and dried at 60°C under vacuum for 12 hours to obtain the first intermediate product.

[0243] (2) Step 2

[0244] The first intermediate product was treated to obtain the second intermediate product. The specific reaction and preparation method are as follows.

[0245] In a dry flask, the first intermediate product (1 eq), triethoxysilane (2 eq), and Karstedt's catalyst (0.02 eq, CAS: 81032-58-8) were added, and then the mixture was placed at 80°C for 20 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the insoluble material was removed by filtration, extracted, concentrated, and recrystallized to remove the remaining raw material to obtain the second intermediate product.

[0246] (3) Step 3

[0247] The second intermediate product is treated to obtain the polymer.

[0248] Specifically, KOH (1 eq), thiourea (1 eq), the second intermediate product (1 eq), 10 mol% nano CuFe2O4 catalyst (CAS: 37220-43-2) are added to a dry flask, dissolved in DMF; the resulting mixture is heated in an oil bath at 120°C for 12 hours, then the reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature, and the catalyst is magnetically separated; extracted with chloroform, and the organic layer is dried with CaCl2, then the solvent is removed under reduced pressure to obtain the polymer.

[0249] Example 6

[0250] Example 6 differs from Example 1 in that the polymer is different.

[0251] In a dry Schlenk flask, dimethylthiobisphenylamine (1 eq, CAS: 1310458-10-6), p-bromophenylpropyl bromide (1 eq, CAS: 90562-10-0) sodium tert-butoxide (3 eq), tris(dibenzylidene-BASE acetone) palladium (0.02 eq, CAS: 60748-47-2), tri-tert-butylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate (0.04 eq), toluene, replace the air in the bottle, make it in N2 environment, extract, add anhydrous magnesium sulfate to the organic phase, concentrate, purify the product by column chromatography, the mobile phase is ethyl acetate: n-hexane = 1:32, remove the solvent, dry to obtain the first intermediate product.

[0252] The first intermediate product (1 eq) is dissolved in triethyl phosphite (20 eq), and the reaction mixture is heated to reflux overnight for 12 h. Excess triethyl phosphite is distilled off using reduced pressure distillation. The crude product is purified by column chromatography (acetone / n-hexane = 1:4, v / v) to obtain the second intermediate product.

[0253] The second intermediate product (1 eq) is dissolved in dichloromethane, and iron trichloride (6 eq) is dissolved in nitromethane to form a 30 mg / mL solution. The iron trichloride is added to the reaction vessel, and the reaction vessel is placed in an Ar gas environment; the reaction is carried out for 3 h, methanol is added to stop the reaction, at which time a solid is precipitated, the excess solvent is removed by suction filtration, and the solid is washed with methanol and then dried under vacuum for 24 h to obtain the third intermediate product.

[0254] Under argon atmosphere, the third intermediate product (1 eq) was dissolved in anhydrous 1,4-dioxane and trimethylsilyl bromide (10 eq) was added dropwise. The reaction was stirred at 25°C under argon atmosphere for 22 hours. After that, methanol was added and stirring was continued for 3 hours, finally distilled water was added dropwise until the solution became opaque and stirring was continued overnight. If no solid precipitated, the liquid was distilled under reduced pressure until the liquid became turbid and distilled water was added until the solid precipitated. The product was filtered, dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and precipitated in n-hexane, the product was washed with n-hexane, suction filtered and dried to obtain the polymer.

[0255] Example 7

[0256] Example 7 differs from Example 1 in that the perovskite layer comprises different materials.

[0257] Specifically, in the process of preparing the perovskite layer, the perovskite solution is 1.2M of Cs 0.05 (FA 0.83 MA 0.17 ) 0.95 Pb(I 0.83 Br 0.17 )3 system, and the solvent in the perovskite solution is DMF and DMSO, and the volume ratio of DMF and DMSO is 4:1.

[0258] It should be noted that in Examples 1-7, the "first intermediate product" and the "second intermediate product" in different examples can be the same substance or different substances. Whether the "first intermediate product" and the "second intermediate product" in different examples are the same substance needs to be referred to the specific preparation method in the examples. In Examples 1-6, the polymers respectively comprise the repeating units of formula (I-1), formula (I-2), formula (I-3), formula (I-4), formula (I-5), formula (I-6).

[0259] Comparative Example 1

[0260] Comparative Example 1 differs from Example 1 in that the passivation layer is not prepared by using a polymer, but is prepared by using a self-assembled small molecule carbazole phosphate, and the number of carbazole phosphate is CAS: 2882156-61-6.

[0261] Comparative Example 2

[0262] Comparative Example 2 differs from Example 1 in that no passivation layer is provided.

[0263] The test results of the photovoltaic modules of the examples and comparative examples are shown in Table 1, and the photoelectric conversion efficiencies of the examples and comparative examples are shown in Table 2. Table 2 Photoelectric conversion efficiencies of examples and comparative examples

[0264] As shown in Examples 1-7 and Comparative Example 2, by arranging a passivation layer between the hole transport layer and the perovskite layer, the stability of the perovskite battery can be improved, and the service life of the perovskite battery can be improved. As shown in Examples 1-7 and Comparative Example 1, by selecting the polymer in the examples of the present application as the material of the passivation layer, the stability of the perovskite battery can be further improved, and the service life of the perovskite battery can be further improved.

[0265] As shown in Examples 1-6, a variety of different polymers can be selected as the material of the passivation layer, which is beneficial to improve the stability of the perovskite battery; as shown in Examples 1 and 6 and Examples 2-5, the smaller the difference between the HOMO energy levels of the passivation layer and the perovskite layer, the more beneficial to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the perovskite battery, and the perovskite battery also has higher stability. As shown in Examples 1 and 7, a variety of different perovskite materials can be selected to prepare the perovskite layer, and the energy levels between the passivation layer and the perovskite layer are matched, which is beneficial to improve the service life of the perovskite battery.

[0266] In addition, it should be noted that although Comparative Example 1 has good photoelectric conversion efficiency, the stability of Comparative Example 1 is poor, and it is difficult to balance the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability.

[0267] It should be noted that the present application is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments. The above-mentioned embodiments are only examples, and embodiments having the same technical idea and playing the same role and effect within the scope of the technical solutions of the present application are all included in the technical scope of the present application. In addition, within the scope of the main idea of the present application, various modifications that can be thought of by those skilled in the art, and other ways constructed by combining part of the components of the embodiments are also included in the scope of the present application.

[0268] The test methods of the physicochemical parameters and performance parameters involved in the examples of the present application are briefly introduced below. It should be understood that the following test methods are only examples, and other test methods known in the art can also be used for testing.

[0269] 1. Test of photoelectric conversion efficiency

[0270] At normal temperature and pressure, a standard light source of AM1.5G is used as a solar light simulation light source, which meets the national standard IEC61215, the intensity of the light is corrected by a crystalline silicon solar cell to reach a solar intensity, a four-channel digital source meter (Keithley 2440) is used to measure the volt-ampere characteristic curve of the solar cell under light source irradiation, and the open-circuit voltage Voc, short-circuit current density Jsc, fill factor FF (Fill Factor), and energy conversion efficiency Eff (Efficiency) of the solar cell are obtained.

[0271] 2. Test of stability

[0272] After the test, the perovskite solar cell is placed in a nitrogen environment with an ambient temperature of about 105°C, and is placed in the environment for a period of time without light protection. The energy conversion efficiency is then tested again (each test is performed until the forward and reverse scans have no hysteresis phenomenon, and the energy conversion efficiency is recorded). The ratio of the solar cell efficiency after the corresponding time of placement to the initial efficiency is calculated as the normalized efficiency of the solar cell after the corresponding time of placement.

[0273] The normalized efficiency = retest efficiency / initial efficiency x 100%, wherein the retest efficiency is the efficiency measured after the corresponding time of placement (for example, 10 days or 30 days), and the initial efficiency is the efficiency measured after 0 days of placement.

[0274] The lifetime shown in Table 1 is the number of days of placement when the normalized efficiency of the perovskite solar cell reaches 80%.

[0275] 3. Test of band distribution of perovskite solar cell

[0276] The band distribution of the electron transport layer, the hole transport layer and the perovskite absorption layer obtained is tested using an ultraviolet photoelectron spectrometer (UPS) and an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS). The test conditions are normal temperature, normal pressure and atmospheric environment, and a He I lamp (21.2 eV) is used as the laser source. Exemplarily, the model of the UPS and XPS equipment is Escalab 250Xi (Thermo Scientific).

[0277] 4. Test of polymer

[0278] The polymer in the passivation layer can be tested using a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer (ToF-SIMS), and the groups included in the polymer can be determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) testing, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy testing and Fourier infrared spectrometer testing.

[0279] The polymerization degree and the molecular weight of the polymer are tested using a gel permeation chromatography (GPC) testing method.

[0280] 5. Test of thickness of passivation layer

[0281] The thickness of the passivation layer is tested using a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer (ToF-SIMS).

Claims

1. A perovskite cell, characterized in that, Comprise: A hole transport layer and a perovskite layer arranged in sequence along the thickness direction of the perovskite cell, the hole transport layer comprising a polymer, the polymer comprising at least a repeating unit represented by formula (I): -M-R- formula (I), In formula (I), M comprises at least one of substituted or unsubstituted anilino, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenoxazinyl, phenothiazinyl; R comprises at least one of H, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted benzene ring, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle, substituted or unsubstituted benzo-heterocycle; Wherein, the M is connected with a heteroatom.

2. The perovskite cell according to claim 1, characterized in that, The polymer satisfies: The repeating unit represented by formula (I) is connected by a heteroatom, And / or, The M comprises at least one of heteroatom-substituted anilino, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenoxazinyl, phenothiazinyl.

3. The perovskite cell according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, The M comprises at least one of heteroatom-substituted triphenylamine, carbazolyl, phenothiazinyl.

4. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that, The heteroatom comprises at least one of O, S, N.

5. The perovskite cell according to claim 4, characterized in that, The heteroatom comprises O or S.

6. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein, The R comprises substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 alkyl.

7. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein, The repeat unit of Formula (I) also includes Y, which is attached to R, Y includes at least one of the following groups:

8. The perovskite cell according to claim 7, characterized in that, The Y includes: at least one of 9. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1-8, characterized in that, The polymer comprises at least one of the following repeat units:

10. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein, The polymer has a degree of polymerization of 2-50.

11. The perovskite cell according to claim 10, characterized in that, The polymer has a degree of polymerization of 2-8.

12. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1-11, wherein, The polymer has a weight average molecular weight of 1000 Da-25000 Da.

13. The perovskite cell of claim 12, wherein, The polymer has a weight average molecular weight of 1000 Da-10000 Da.

14. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1-13, wherein, The perovskite cell further comprises a first electrode layer, along the thickness direction of the perovskite cell, the hole transport layer is located between the first electrode layer and the perovskite layer.

15. The perovskite cell of claim 14, wherein, The hole transport layer comprises a passivation layer, the passivation layer comprises the polymer, along the thickness direction of the perovskite cell, the passivation layer is located between the first electrode layer and the perovskite layer.

16. The perovskite cell of claim 15, wherein, The hole transport layer comprises a hole transport base layer and the passivation layer, along the thickness direction of the perovskite cell, the passivation layer is located between the hole transport base layer and the perovskite layer, and the passivation layer comprises the polymer.

17. The perovskite cell according to claim 15 or 16, characterized in that, The difference between the HOMO energy level of the passivation layer and the HOMO energy level of the perovskite layer is-1.0 eV-1.0 eV.

18. The perovskite cell of claim 17, wherein, The difference between the HOMO energy level of the passivation layer and the HOMO energy level of the perovskite layer is-0.5 eV-0.5 eV.

19. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 15-18, wherein, The HOMO energy level of the passivation layer is greater than or equal to the HOMO energy level of the perovskite layer.

20. The perovskite cell of claim 19, wherein, The HOMO energy level of the passivation layer is-5.5 eV--5.0 eV.

21. The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 15-20, wherein, The thickness d of the passivation layer is 1 nm-20 nm.

22. The perovskite cell of any one of claims 1-21, wherein, The perovskite cell comprises a first electrode layer, the hole transport layer, the perovskite layer, an electron transport layer and a second electrode layer arranged in sequence along the thickness direction of the perovskite cell.

23. The perovskite cell of claim 22, wherein, The first electrode layer comprises at least one of an organic conductive material, an inorganic conductive material, and an organic-inorganic hybrid conductive material, the second electrode layer comprises at least one of an organic conductive material, an inorganic conductive material, and an organic-inorganic hybrid conductive material, the inorganic conductive material comprises one or more of a carbon material, a metal material and an alloy thereof, and a transparent conductive metal oxide; the organic conductive material comprises one or more of polyacrylic acid, polyimide, polyaniline, polythiophene and derivatives thereof, and polypyrrole, and at least one of the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer is a light-transmitting electrode layer.

24. The perovskite cell of claim 23, wherein, The first electrode layer comprises a transparent conductive metal oxide, and the second electrode layer comprises a metal.

25. The perovskite cell of claim 24, wherein, The first electrode layer comprises at least one of ITO, FTO, BZO, AZO, IZO, GZO or IWO, and the second electrode layer comprises at least one of Au, Ag, Cu, Al, Ni, Cr, Bi, Pt or Mg.

26. A photovoltaic module comprising: Comprise: The perovskite cell according to any one of claims 1-25.

27. The photovoltaic module of claim 26, wherein, The photovoltaic module further comprises: A substrate layer and an encapsulation layer, the perovskite cell is arranged on at least one side surface of the substrate layer, and the encapsulation layer is used for encapsulating the perovskite cell.

28. An electrical device, comprising: Comprise: The photovoltaic module according to claim 26 or 27.

29. A power generation device, comprising: Comprise: The photovoltaic module according to claim 26 or 27.

30. A polymer, characterized in that, The polymer at least comprises a repeating unit represented by formula (I): -M-R- formula (I), In formula (I), M comprises at least one of an aniline group, a carbazole group, an acridine group, a phenoxazine group, and a phenothiazine group; R comprises at least one of H, a C1-C10 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzene ring, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, and a substituted or unsubstituted benzo-heterocyclic ring; The M is connected with a heteroatom.

31. A method of making a polymer, characterized by, Comprise: A repeating unit represented by formula (I) is provided: -M-R- formula (I), In formula (I), M comprises at least one of an aniline group, a carbazole group, an acridine group, a phenoxazine group, and a phenothiazine group; R comprises at least one of H, a C1-C10 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted benzene ring, a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic ring, and a substituted or unsubstituted benzo-heterocyclic ring; The M is connected with a heteroatom.

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