Systems and methods for reducing energy consumption in HVAC, refrigeration, and freezer systems

Abstract

Disclosed are systems, methods, and computer-readable storage media for reducing total energy consumption on compressor-based HVAC, refrigeration, and freezer systems. In some implementations, energy savings may be achieved by reducing the temperature deadband that exists in heating or cooling systems while maintaining a target setpoint temperature. High-speed and high-accuracy temperature sensors may monitor supply and / or return air temperatures over multiple cycles, and data collected by the sensors may be used to modify ON and OFF temperature setpoints to cause a temperature control element to increase responsiveness to temperature variations. The systems, methods, and computer-readable storage media herein can monitor activation times to prevent short cycling, automatically detect and configure various sensor types, and tighten the deadband further in response to external or environmental conditions.

Description

Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR REDUCING ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN HVAC, REFRIGERATION, AND FREEZER SYSTEMSCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS10001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 701,827, filed October 1, 2024, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in its entirety and for all purposes.BACKGROUND

[0002] This disclosure relates to energy management, and in particular, to reducing energy consumption in heating, ventilation, and air condition (HVAC), refrigeration, and freezer systems.

[0003] Some appliances and devices used in a climate-controlled space lack intelligent control mechanisms to adjust operations based on accurate and responsive temperature measurements, which can cause operational inefficiencies and increased power consumption during heating or cooling operations. For example, some heating and cooling systems may operate within a large temperature dead band, which can cause frequent overheating and undercooling of the space. Overheating and undercooling can result from improper location or placement of temperature sensing equipment used to turn heating or cooling units on or off, as well as using sensing technology having slow response times to temperature changes. These technical challenges can cause heating and cooling systems to remain activated or deactivated for extended durations, which can cause inefficiencies that lead to a loss of energy and therefore increase energy consumption of the heating and cooling units to maintain a desired temperature within the climate-controlled space. High-efficiency units can be purchased, but may be costly and involve the replacement of existing units and subsystems. Further, some systems that operate with existing heating or cooling units without a full unit replacement may reduce energy consumption but compromise heating or cooling performance. Thus, systems and methods that improve the operation of existing heating or cooling devices by reducing energy consumption without decreasing performance may be desired.- 1 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000SUMMARY

[0004] Some examples relate to systems and methods to reduce total energy consumption in compressor-based HVAC, refrigeration, and freezer systems. In some examples, the systems and methods herein reduce energy consumption by 25-60% (e.g., compared with legacy Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)-style add-on controllers). This reduction in energy consumption is achieved at least in part by reducing a temperature deadband that may exist in heating or cooling systems without altering a set temperature (e.g., setpoint, target temperature) within a climate-controlled space or environment (e.g., room, home, facility, service space, etc ). The systems and methods described herein improve energy efficiency for heating or cooling systems by maintaining the set temperature at a constant or near-constant value while improving the responsiveness of the compressor to temperature variations within the space. By effectively tightening the temperature deadband, the disclosed systems and methods improve overall heating and cooling performance and reduce unnecessary energy usage. The disclosed systems and methods provide further advantages for heating or cooling systems, such as a low failure rate (e.g., less than 0.2% observed field failures), a fast return on investment (e.g., often within a one year period), and low-friction installations (e.g., quick retrofit installs with reduced maintenance requirements).[0005| Some examples relate to a control system configured to reduce total energy consumption in an HVAC, refrigeration, and freezer unit by tightening or reducing a temperature deadband of the unit for more responsive compressor control while preventing short-cycling of the unit. For example, the control system can include at least two sensors, one placed in the return air, the in the supply air. In some examples, the sensors can include high-speed sensors. In some examples, the control system can be configured to integrate with existing HVAC, refrigeration, and freezer units and / or to send signals to control the operation of existing heating / cooling elements (e.g., compressors, fans, etc.). In some examples, the control system can automatically detect and configure additional sensors present in the unit (e.g., PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) sensors, NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) sensors, etc.) by measuring changes in resistance against known changes in supply air temperature. In some examples, total heating or cooling capacity of the unit can be determined by using a high-speed sensor to detect changes in - 2 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 return air temperature and supply air temperature over one or more heating or cooling cycles. In some examples, the control system can dynamically adjust a temperature setpoint of the unit based on the heating or cooling capacity of the unit.|0006] In some examples, the control system can reduce the deadband in response to increased external temperatures (e.g., in response to sensing a warmer external climate during a cooling phase associated with an indoor space). In some examples, the control system can be compatible with existing heating or cooling units (e.g., units using solenoid control, contactor control, resistance / sensor control, etc ). In some examples, the control system can facilitate compliance compliant with standards set by regulatory or governing bodies. For example, the control system can comply with recommendations of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) by providing at least three minutes of ON time and three minutes of OFF time to avoid short cycling. In some examples, the control system can implement high-speed and high-accuracy sensors (e.g., accurate from 0.1 to 0.05C with a response time of 250-100ms per 0.1C).

[0007] Some implementations relate to a method for improving energy efficiency of a heating or cooling system. The method can include detecting, by one or more processing circuits, using one or more sensors, changes in air temperatures of the heating or cooling system over one or more cycles, determining, by the one or more processing circuits, an adjusted high temperature setpoint and an adjusted low temperature setpoint based on (i) the changes in the air temperatures, (ii) a baseline high temperature setpoint, and (iii) a baseline low temperature setpoint, identifying, by the one or more processing circuits, a temperature of a space heated or cooled by the heating or cooling system corresponds with at least one of the adjusted high temperature setpoint or the adjusted low temperature setpoint, determining, by the one or more processing circuits, a heating or cooling element of the heating or cooling system is activated or deactivated for a predefined period, and in response to identifying the temperature of the space and determining the heating or cooling element is activated or deactivated for the predefined period, transmitting, by the one or more processing circuits, a control signal corresponding to an adjusted temperature configured to activate or deactivate a temperature control element of the heating or cooling system, wherein the - 3 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 adjusted temperature corresponds to at least one of the baseline high temperature setpoint or the baseline low temperature setpoint.

[0008] In some implementations, the heating or cooling system includes a fan configured to provide airflow across a supply airflow path and a return airflow path for detection of the air temperatures, and the method further includes determining, by the one or more processing circuits, the fan of the heating or cooling system is an a non-continuously-activated state, and in response to determining that the fan is in the non-continuously-activated state, transmitting, by the one or more processing circuits, a control signal to the heating or cooling system to activate the fan to a continuously-activated state.|0009] In some implementations, the method further includes identifying, by the one or more processing circuits, a heating or cooling capacity of the heating or cooling system based on the changes in the air temperatures, and determining, by the one or more processing circuits, the adjusted high temperature setpoint and the adjusted low temperature setpoint based on the heating or cooling capacity.

[0010] In some implementations, the method further includes identifying, by the one or more processing circuits, supply air temperatures using a first sensor of the one or more sensors placed in a supply airflow path of the heating or cooling system, identifying, by the one or more processing circuits, return air temperatures using a second sensor of the one or more sensors placed in a supply airflow path of the heating or cooling system, and automatically configuring, by the one or more processing circuits, the first sensor and the second sensor by comparing changes in sensor output resistance detected in response to the changes in the air temperatures.

[0011] In some implementations, the method further includes generating, by the one or more processing circuits, the control signal corresponding to the adjusted temperature by configuring the control signal to include a resistance value corresponding to the baseline high temperature setpoint or the baseline low temperature setpoint.- 4 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000

[0012] In some implementations, the method further includes identifying, by the one or more processing circuits, one or more standards to prevent short cycling of the temperature control element, and selecting, by the one or more processing circuits, the predefined period based on the one or more standards.

[0013] In some implementations, an adjusted deadband including a difference between the adjusted high temperature setpoint and the adjusted low temperature setpoint is reduced relative to a baseline temperature deadband including a difference between the baseline high temperature setpoint and the baseline low temperature setpoint.

[0014] In some implementations, the method further includes performing, by the one or more processing circuits, automatic verification of energy savings by comparing first operational data collected during operation of the heating or cooling system using the baseline high temperature setpoint and the baseline low temperature setpoint to second operational data collected during operation of the heating or cooling system using the adjusted high temperature setpoint and the adjusted low temperature setpoint.

[0015] In some implementations, the method further includes generating, by the one or more processing circuits, a report of energy savings based on operational data collected during operation of the heating or cooling system, and providing, by the one or more processing circuits, the report for display via an application executed on a computing device.

[0016] In some implementations, the method further includes detecting, by the one or more processing circuits, a fault condition associated with operation of the heating or cooling system or the temperature control element, and transmitting, by the one or more processing circuits, an alert based on the fault condition to at least one of a remote panel or application.

[0017] In some implementations, the adjusted high temperature setpoint and the adjusted low temperature setpoint maintain a target temperature setpoint of the space.- 5 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000

[0018] Some implementations relate to a system for improving energy efficiency of a heating or cooling system. The system can include one or more processing circuits configured to detect, using one or more sensors, changes in air temperatures of the heating or cooling system over one or more cycles, determine an adjusted high temperature setpoint and an adjusted low temperature setpoint based on (i) the changes in the air temperatures, (ii) a baseline high temperature setpoint, and (iii) a baseline low temperature setpoint, identify a temperature of a space heated or cooled by the heating or cooling system corresponds with at least one of the adjusted high temperature setpoint or the adjusted low temperature setpoint, determine a heating or cooling element of the heating or cooling system is activated or deactivated for a predefined period, and in response to identifying the temperature of the space and determining the heating or cooling element is activated or deactivated for the predefined period, transmit a control signal corresponding to an adjusted temperature configured to activate or deactivate a temperature control element of the heating or cooling system, wherein the adjusted temperature corresponds to at least one of the baseline high temperature setpoint or the baseline low temperature setpoint.

[0019] In some implementations, the heating or cooling system includes a fan configured to provide airflow across a supply airflow path and a return airflow path for detection of the air temperatures, and the one or more processing circuits are further configured to determine the fan of the heating or cooling system is an a non-continuously-activated state, and in response to determining that the fan is in the non-continuously-activated state, transmit a control signal to the heating or cooling system to activate the fan to a continuously-activated state.

[0020] In some implementations, the one or more processing circuits are further configured to identify a heating or cooling capacity of the heating or cooling system based on the changes in the air temperatures, and determine the adjusted high temperature setpoint and the adjusted low temperature setpoint based on the heating or cooling capacity.

[0021] In some implementations, the one or more processing circuits are further configured to identify supply air temperatures using a first sensor of the one or more sensors placed in a supply airflow path of the heating or cooling system, identify return air temperatures using a second sensor- 6 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 of the one or more sensors placed in a supply airflow path of the heating or cooling system, and automatically configure the first sensor and the second sensor by comparing changes in sensor output resistance detected in response to the changes in the air temperatures.|0022] In some implementations, the one or more processing circuits are further configured to generate the control signal corresponding to the adjusted temperature by configuring the control signal to include a resistance value corresponding to the baseline high temperature setpoint or the baseline low temperature setpoint.

[0023] In some implementations, the one or more processing circuits are further configured to identify one or more standards to prevent short cycling of the temperature control element, and select the predefined period based on the one or more standards.

[0024] In some implementations, an adjusted deadband includes a difference between the adjusted high temperature setpoint and the adjusted low temperature setpoint is reduced relative to a baseline temperature deadband includes a difference between the baseline high temperature setpoint and the baseline low temperature setpoint.

[0025] In implementations, the one or more processing circuits are further configured to perform automatic verification of energy savings by comparing first operational data collected during operation of the heating or cooling system using the baseline high temperature setpoint and the baseline low temperature setpoint to second operational data collected during operation of the heating or cooling system using the adjusted high temperature setpoint and the adjusted low temperature setpoint.

[0026] Some implementations relate to a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium (CRM) having one or more instructions stored thereon, the one or more instructions executable by one or more processing circuits to detect, using one or more sensors, changes in air temperatures of a heating or cooling system over one or more cycles, determine an adjusted high temperature setpoint and an adjusted low temperature setpoint based on (i) the changes in the air temperatures, (ii) a baseline high temperature setpoint, and (iii) a baseline low temperature setpoint, identify a- 7 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 temperature of a space heated or cooled by the heating or cooling system corresponds with at least one of the adjusted high temperature setpoint or the adjusted low temperature setpoint, determine a heating or cooling element of the heating or cooling system is activated or deactivated for a predefined period, and in response to identifying the temperature of the space and determining the heating or cooling element is activated or deactivated for the predefined period, transmit a control signal corresponding to an adjusted temperature configured to activate or deactivate a temperature control element of the heating or cooling system, wherein the adjusted temperature corresponds to at least one of the baseline high temperature setpoint or the baseline low temperature setpoint.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS|0027] FIG. l is a block diagram depicting an implementation of a system for improving energy efficiency of a heating or cooling system, according to some implementations; and

[0028] FIG. 2 is a flowchart for a computer-implemented method for improving energy efficiency of a heating or cooling system, according to some implementations.

[0029] It will be recognized that some or all of the figures are schematic representations for purposes of illustration. The figures are provided for the purpose of illustrating one or more implementations with the explicit understanding that they will not be used to limit the scope or the meaning of the claims.DETAILED DESCRIPTION|0030] Referring generally to the Figures, the systems, apparatuses, and methods described herein relate to improving energy efficiency of a heating or cooling system (e.g., HVAC system, refrigeration system, freezer system, etc.). To address the technical problems associated with excessive temperature dead-band (e g., heating or cooling system response lag causing wasted energy), disclosed herein are systems and methods for passive control of existing HVAC, refrigeration, freezer, and other climate control systems. The disclosed systems and methods use fast-acting and accurate temperature sensors placed in positions within a climate controlled space- 8 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 for monitoring the return and supply temperatures of a heating or cooling unit. The temperature sensors can connect to a smart device connected to the heating or cooling system, and data collected by the temperature sensors can be used to modify or adjust operation of the heating or cooling system. The disclosed systems and methods improve efficiency and performance for existing heating or cooling units by using accurate temperature data collected directly from return and supply air ducts to control heating and cooling operations and maintain a desired temperature of a climate-controlled space. By accurately measuring unit temperatures and using the temperature measurements to control heating or cooling operations within the climate-controlled space, the disclosed systems and methods reduce the temperature dead band of the space while increasing temperature consistency and occupant comfort, thereby reducing inefficiencies and providing energy savings for energy-consuming appliances (e.g., HVAC units, freezer units, refrigeration units, etc.) in residential and commercial spaces.10031] In some examples, the systems and methods herein relate to analyzing existing (e.g., currently implemented) heating or cooling systems and identifying weaknesses (e.g., errors) associated with the existing systems. For example, weaknesses or errors can be determined by installing high-speed, high-accuracy temperature measuring devices on the returning air and the supply air going to and from a heating or cooling unit. Using information derived from the temperature sensors, the systems and methods herein can determine an actual temperature deadband (e.g., the temperature differential between a temperature at which the unit is activated (e.g., turns ON) or is deactivated (e.g., turns OFF)). In some examples, the systems and methods herein can further analyze existing temperature measuring devices used by an existing unit to determine an error value and incorporate the determined error value into the temperature deadband calculation (e.g., formula) to determine updated temperature values that controlled when the existing unit is activated or deactivated (e.g., approximate ON / OFF times). In some examples, the systems and methods herein can turn the existing unit ON / OFF by supplying or removing a control signal (e.g., voltage) to heating and cooling relays of the unit, by supplying or removing the control signal to control solenoid(s) of the unit, or by adding or removing resistance to a unit control panel. For example, by controlling the voltage provided to the unit, the systems and methods herein can- 9 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 reduce (e.g., shrink, tighten, etc.) the temperature deadband and activate the heating or cooling unit more responsively to temperature variations relative to the original temperature deadband of the existing unit. In some examples, the deadband can be reduced while maintaining average temperatures of the climate controlled space within a predetermine range, such as less than or equal to than one degree (e.g., Celsius, Fahrenheit, etc.) from a current setpoint (e g., target temperature, user-inputted temperature, etc.). In some examples, the systems and methods herein can implement an algorithm (e.g., executed via a companion software application) to prevent compressor shortcycling and improve system longevity, while automatically changing the ON / OFF setpoints (e.g., cycle to cycle) to improve efficiency and tighten compressor activation ranges without disrupting a thermostat setpoint temperature (e.g., while maintaining a comfortable or consistent room temperature). In some examples, the systems and methods herein can also execute operations to continuously run a blower or fan of an existing heating or cooling system to provide accurate air temperatures for measurement.

[0032] In some examples, the systems and methods herein can improve (e.g., increase, optimize, etc.) energy efficiency in compressor-based HVAC, refrigeration, and freezer systems and achieve energy savings (e g., of 60%) by reducing the temperature deadband. For example, by providing precise compressor control and improved heating or cooling unit responsiveness to temperature changes, the systems and methods herein provide energy savings while maintaining a comfortable and consistent temperature within a climate-controlled environment. In some examples, the systems and methods herein can implement or use one or more temperature sensors (e.g., digital sensors that measure temperature and / or humidity, thermistors, other resistance-based temperature sensing devices, etc.) to monitor resistance changes corresponding to variations in supply air temperature. For example, the temperature sensors can be implanted as configured as Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) or Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) sensors. In some examples, by capturing initial and final supply air temperatures of a heating or cooling unit over multiple cycles (e.g., during extended heating and cooling operations), the systems and methods herein accurately determine a total temperature change for the unit or space (e.g., average temperature drop or rise over one or more cycles), which can be used to dynamically adjust the- 10 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 high and low temperature setpoints. For example, the systems and methods herein can recalibrate the temperature setpoints such that a heating or cooling element (e.g., compressor) activates at a higher frequency in response to temperature changes but for shorter durations (e.g., relative to previous activation patterns associated with the existing unit).

[0033] For example, as the temperature differential between the setpoint and the external environment increases, the systems and methods herein can further tighten the deadband, which results in smaller temperature changes and more frequent compressor activations that improve the performance of the systems and methods in maintaining a desired internal climate despite varying external conditions. In some examples, the systems and methods herein can integrate with existing HVAC, refrigeration, and freezer setups, including those utilizing solenoid control, contactor control, resistance / sensor control, or various additional or alternative mechanisms of controlling heating or cooling systems. For example, the systems and methods herein can intercept or otherwise receive signals initially sent to a thermostat or other temperature control system of an existing heating or cooling system, process data from the signals, and update or modify the received signals to control operation of the existing unit. For example, the systems and methods herein can transmit adjusted signals to simulate a sufficient voltage to cause the activation of a heating or cooling element in response to a return air temperature matching high or low setpoint values. The systems and methods herein may be compatible with existing Rooftop HVAC units, mini-split and ceiling cassette units, refrigeration and freezer systems that use solenoid-based refrigerant controls, EEV (Electronic Expansion Valve) technologies used in refrigeration and freezer applications, and various additional and / or alternative heating or cooling technologies. For example, this compatibility with various HVAC, refrigeration, and freezer systems allows retrofitting to improve the efficiency of existing systems without full replacement of the existing systems.

[0034] In some examples, the systems and methods herein can implement intelligent control and sensing features for heating or cooling systems. For example, a high-resolution digital temperature sensor array can be used to provide high-resolution measurements of supply air and return air. The digital temperature sensor array can replace analog temperature probes having slower response- 11 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 times, thereby providing faster and more precise temperature detection and tighter control for heating and cooling elements. In some examples, the systems and methods herein can provide adaptive artificial intelligence (Al)-assisted optimization. For example, firmware executing on one or more processing circuits can facilitate adaptive control by analyzing connected equipment and adjusting or tuning control parameters in response to variations in external temperature, internal load conditions, and seasonal changes (e.g., using machine learning). In some examples, the systems and methods herein can provide multi-zone intelligence. For example, multiple temperature zones (e.g., three zones) can be monitored simultaneously to reduce temperature deadband in each (e.g., at least one) zone and maintain target temperatures within comfortable ranges while reducing total unit runtime. In some examples, the systems and methods herein can provide whole-system monitoring. For example, runtime, duty cycle patterns, supply and return temperature measurements, and coil conditions can be tracked using control logic configured to prevent short-cycling events and operational inefficiencies prior to occurrence.

[0035] In some examples, the systems and methods herein can provide verification, metering, and proof features for heating or cooling systems. For example, built-in A / B validation can be performed using an onboard energy metering circuit to quantify energy savings. In some examples, the A / B validation can include native ON / OFF testing with matched operational periods (e.g., three-hour intervals) selected based on similar external weather conditions to provide clear and defensible measurement and verification (M&V) results. In some examples, the systems and methods herein can provide weather-normalized reporting. For example, heating degree day (HDD), cooling degree day (CDD), and time-of-week / time-of-day (TOWT) baselines can be used to normalize performance data across seasonal variations and remove variability caused by changes in outdoor temperature (e.g., “hot day” excuses). In some examples, the systems and methods herein can provide carbon-ready analytics. For example, measured energy savings in kilowatt-hours can be converted to metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCChe) using location-based or market-based conversion factors for integration with environmental, social, and governance (ESG) reporting systems and sustainability dashboards.- 12 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000

[0036] In some examples, the systems and methods herein can provide integration and data ownership features. For example, an application programming interface (API)-first architecture can be implemented to facilitate integration with building management systems (BMS), energy management systems (EMS), computerized maintenance management systems (CMMS), ticketing platforms, and enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. In some examples, the systems and methods herein can facilitate real-time data streaming. For example, operational telemetry and alert notifications can be transmitted via webhooks to operations teams, and data can be exported in various formats (e.g., comma-separated values (CSV), Open XML Spreadsheets (XLSX)) using various interfaces or protocols (e.g., API endpoints, secure file transfer protocol (SFTP), etc.). In some examples, the systems and methods herein can provide portfolio-scale dashboards. For example, operational data can be aggregated from individual equipment units to site-level, campus-level, regional, and global views, with drill-down capabilities to identify granular data (e.g., specific equipment records by serial number).

[0037] In some examples, the systems and methods herein can provide reliability, security, and lifecycle management features for heating or cooling systems. For example, staged over-the-air (OTA) firmware updates can be supported with rollback capability to allow controlled deployment of new firmware versions while maintaining the ability to revert to a prior version in response to detected anomalies (e.g., using enterprise-grade release processes to reduce operational risk). In some examples, the systems and methods herein can provide cradle-to-grave traceability. For example, devices or components can be tracked by a serial number with associated records including inventory status, warranty information, return merchandise authorization (RMA) history, and audit logs maintained for the operational lifecycle of each device or component. In some examples, the systems and methods herein can be hardened for diverse operating conditions. For example, the systems and methods herein can be configured and certified for operation under global electrical grid conditions and across multiple heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) topologies (e.g., rooftop units (RTUs), split systems, heat pumps, refrigeration units, freezer systems, and other climate control configurations).- 13 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000

[0038] In some examples, the systems and methods herein can provide operational control and comfort features for heating or cooling systems. For example, duty-cycle control logic can be implemented to reduce total runtime of compressors and fans while maintaining target temperature conditions within a climate-controlled space. In some examples, the duty-cycle control logic can be configured to prevent coil icing, overcooling or overheating, and excessive cycling of heating or cooling elements (e.g., compressors, fans), thereby reducing mechanical wear and increasing the operating life of such elements. In some examples, the systems and methods herein can provide proactive fault detection. For example, operational parameters can be monitored to identify short-cycling patterns, coil freeze risk, sensor drift, and data latency before such conditions result in performance degradation or increased energy consumption. For example, the systems and methods herein can provide alerts (e.g., audible signals) in response to operational failures or errors (e.g., cooling failures). In some examples, the systems and methods herein can provide set-and-maintain functionality. For example, once operational parameters are established, the systems and methods herein can continue to adjust control settings automatically without repeated manual intervention by a technician.

[0039] In some examples, the systems and methods herein can provide deployment economics features for heating or cooling systems. For example, hardware design and installation workflows can be configured to reduce capital expenditure and labor time during deployment (e.g., streamlined component layout, simplified wiring, standardized mounting hardware). In some examples, the systems and methods herein can be compatible with utility energy-efficiency rebate programs and automated demand response (ADR) protocols to facilitate participation in incentive programs. In some examples, the systems and methods herein can provide scalable deployment capability. For example, standardized configuration templates can be used to implement the systems and methods herein across multiple sites, enabling consistent operational results when deployed at scales ranging from individual locations to large multi-site portfolios.

[0040] In some examples, the systems and methods herein can provide operational outcomes that improve customer or user experience. For example, temperature cycling frequency can be controlled to maintain more stable temperature conditions within a climate-controlled space, which- 14 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 can reduce acoustic output from compressors and fans during operation (e.g., provide quieter operation). In some examples, the systems and methods herein can reduce the frequency of maintenance visits by generating early alerts in response to detection of operational anomalies and by maintaining high operational reliability over extended periods. In some examples, the systems and methods can provide consolidated performance reporting. For example, operational dashboards can present aggregated energy savings data, calculated payback periods, and carbon impact metrics within a unified view or interface for review by facility managers or other decision-makers.

[0041] Referring now to FIG. 1, a system 100 for improving energy efficiency of a heating or cooling system (e.g., HVAC system, ventilation system, freezer system, etc.) is shown, according to some implementations. The system 100 may include a climate-controlled space 102 (e.g., air- conditioned home or apartment space, cabin of an automobile or other vehicle, refrigerator or freezer compartments, etc.). As shown, the climate-controlled space 102 may include a sensing and adjustment system 110 including one or more processing circuit(s) 120 configured to interact with a heating / cooling system 130. The one or more processing circuits 120 of the sensing and adjustment system 110 may include one or more processor(s) 122 and one or more memory(s) 124, which may include an analysis circuit 126.

[0042] The sensing and adjustment system 110 may further include an input / output (I / O) unit 129 in communication with a network 170 and configured to send control signals 160 to the heating / cooling system 130 (e.g., via the network 170). The sensing and adjustment system 110 may include a return sensor 128a and a supply sensor 128b to sense and / or measure the temperature of air flowing from the heating / cooling system 130 through an air flow path 150 within the climate- controlled space 102. The heating or cooling system 130 may include a temperature control element 132, a return air flow 140a, and a supply air flow 140b. The return sensor 128a and supply sensor 128b of the sensing and adjustment system 110 may be positioned in or near the return air flow 140a and the supply air flow 140b of the heating / cooling system 130, as shown in FIG. 1. The temperature control element 132 (e.g., fan, compressor, etc.) of the heating / cooling system 130 (e.g., heating or cooling system of a residence, business, vehicle, machine, etc.) may interact- 15 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 with air flow on the air flow path 150 to increase or decrease the temperature of flowing air in response to receiving a signal (e.g., voltage signal) transmitted from the sensing and adjustment system 110 (e.g., by activating the temperature control element 132 to an “ON” state or deactivating the temperature control element to an “OFF” state).

[0043] The climate-controlled space 102 can include any climate- or temperature-regulated three- dimensional space or volume. For example, the climate-controlled space 102 can include an air- conditioned home or apartment space, a cabin of an automobile, airplane, or other vehicle, an office space of a business, a freezer or refrigerator compartment, or any other space (e.g., airports / transport hubs, cold stores, data centers, hotels, hospitals or health centers, supermarkets or retail spaces, manufacturing spaces, offices or commercial buildings, universities or educational spaces, venues or museums, etc.). The heating / cooling system 130 can include any HVAC or other heating / cooling system configured to adjust and / or regulate the temperature of a climate-controlled area (e.g., climate-controlled space 102) by providing air at a higher or lower temperature relative to a sensed temperature of the climate-controlled space 102 and / or relative to a target temperature (e.g., a set temperature inputted on a thermostat or other user input device, via a mobile application communicated to the heating / cooling system (e.g., via an input / output unit communicating with network 170), etc.). The heating / cooling system 130 may use various temperature control elements 132 (e.g., compressors, fans, heat pumps, etc.) to heat or cool air flowing along the air flow path 150. The memory(s) 124 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media (CRM), which may include data storages (e.g., database, repository, libraries, etc.).

[0044] In some implementations, the heating / cooling system 130 may include a fan configured to be in a permanently-activated state (e.g., “always on,” continuously operating, etc.) such that the return temperature sensor 128a and supply temperature sensors 128b of the sensing and adjustment system 110 can continuously sense output and input air temperatures of the heating / cooling system 130. In other implementations, the heating / cooling system 130 may not include a fan or may include a fan in a non-permanently-activated state (e.g., operating intermittently, not always on, etc.). In some examples, in response to detecting that the heating / cooling system 130 includes a fan in a non-permanently activated state, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may be configured- 16 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 to transmit a voltage / motor control signal via the I / O unit 129 to the heating / cooling system 130 (e.g., to an onboard I / O unit, to one or more processing circuits of the heating / cooling system, to at least one temperature control element 132, etc.) to cause the fan to be in a permanently activated state.

[0045] For example, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may include one or more processing circuits (e.g., processing circuit(s) 120). In some examples, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may be included in an external housing / enclosure (e.g., NEMA 4x-rated enclosure). The sensing and adjustment system 110 may connect to an existing heating or cooling system (e.g., heating / cooling system 130) using a temperature sensor connection, using a 24V A / C run signal, or suitable connection. The sensing and adjustment system 110 may further include a breaker system (e.g., including terminal blocks and / or a circuit breaker, I / O unit 129, etc.) configured to receive input power and provide input power to the sensing and adjustment system 110 and / or externally to the heating / cooling system 130 via a control signal (e.g., control signal 160). In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 is connected to and powered by an 85- 305V A / C input power signal, and in other implementations, the sensing and adjustment system may be connected to a 24V A / C input power supply (e.g., from the heating or cooling system). Further, the sensing and adjustment system 110 can generate a 5V D / C output power signal (e.g., for powering digital circuits included in the sensing and adjustment system 110). In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 can further generate a 24V A / C output power signal (e.g., control signal 160) for controlling one or more elements of the heating / cooling system 130 (e.g., fans, compressors, etc.). In an example, 85V A / C power may be transmitted through a power supply to the sensing and adjustment system 110 to power the sensing and adjustment system 110 and to provide a 5V D / C output power signal. In some examples, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may further receive a 24V A / C input power signal from the heating / cooling system 130, which may be transmitted as a 24V A / C output power signal by the sensing and adjustment system 110 to the heating / cooling system 130 (e.g., as control signal 160).

[0046] In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may include the return temperature sensor 128a inside the return air flow 140a (e.g., return duct) of the heating / cooling- 17 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 system 130. Further, the supply temperature sensor 128b may be located within the supply air flow 140b (e.g., supply duct) of the heating / cooling system 130. In some implementations, a fan of the heating or cooling system may be activated to be continuously in an “ON” state such that the return temperature sensor 128a and supply temperature sensor 128b can continuously receive accurate output air flow and input air flow temperatures. In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may further include a plurality of sensors. For example, the sensing and adjustment system can include the return temperature sensor 128a, the supply temperature sensor 128b, and / or one or more additional sensors. For example, data collected from additional temperature sensors included in the climate-controlled space 102 may be collected and / or received as described regarding the temperature data collected / received via the return temperature sensor 128a and / or the supply temperature sensor 128b. Temperature data or any other data used by the various components of FIG. 1 (e.g., sensing and adjustment system 110, etc.) may be processed and / or filtered (e.g., by a digital-analog converter (DAC)).

[0047] The plurality of sensors included in the sensing and adjustment system 110 may include both wired and wireless sensors. For example, the return temperature sensor 128a and / or the supply temperature sensor 128b may be wired to the I / O unit 129 of the sensing and adjustment system 110. Further, the heating / cooling system 130 and / or sensing and adjustment system 110 may include a plurality of wireless remote temperature sensors placed in the controlled space for additional data points to verify accuracy and allow for automatic fine tuning or adjustments (e.g., by one or more processing circuits of the sensing and adjustment system 110 utilizing temperature data from the additional wireless sensors in determining whether to activate or deactivate the heating / cooling system 130). The temperature sensors may be thermocouples, thermography devices, infrared sensors, or any device, system, or apparatus configured to measure and / or sense a temperature or a change in temperature of air (or other fluids), such as digital sensor arrays that measure temperature and / or humidity, thermistors, etc. Temperature data may include voltage data or other data related to sensed temperatures within the climate-controlled space 102 (e.g., output air temperatures, input air temperatures, target temperatures, etc ).- 18 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000

[0048] In some implementations, signals (e.g., temperature data, target temperature data, etc.) received from the sensing and adjustment system 110 (e.g., via I / O unit 129) for analysis using one or more processing circuits. For example, the analysis circuit 126 of the sensing and adjustment system 110 may perform logging, reporting, and / or decision-making operations based on the received data. In some implementations, the analysis circuit 126 can compare temperature data received from the return sensor 128a and / or supply sensor 128b to a target temperature associated with the heating / cooling system 130 (e.g., user-assigned temperature or system- assigned temperature). For example, one or more processing circuits of the sensing and adjustment system 110 may compare the output temperature of output air from the supply air flow 140b to a target temperature of the heating / cooling system 130 and, based on this comparison, adjust (e.g., send a control signal to adjust) a configuration and / or element of the heating / cooling system 130 (e.g., turning a temperature-control or temperature-affecting element to an “ON” or “OFF” state via a connection between an output circuit of the sensing and adjustment system 110 and a temperature sensor circuit or run signal circuit of the heating / cooling system, etc.).

[0049] In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may transmit the control signal 160 to cause the heating / cooling system 130 to transition to an activated (e.g., “ON”) or deactivated (e.g., “OFF”) state in a reduced amount of time (e.g., relative to the time typically associated with the heating / cooling system sensing temperature variations and / or activating / deactivating elements based on sensed temperature data), thereby improving HVAC efficiency. For example, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may use temperature sensors (e.g., return sensors 128a, supply sensors 128b, etc.) having greater sensing speed relative to existing sensors used by the heating / cooling system 130 and can position the sensors directly in respective air flow paths (e.g., return air flow 140a and supply air flow 140b) to provide greater temperature sensing accuracy, which reduces delay between an actual temperature change and activation or deactivation of the temperature control element 132, thereby tightening the temperature deadband and reducing overshoot and undershoot relative to a setpoint or target temperature.

[0050] The network 170 may facilitate communication between the various computing devices of FIG. 1 (e.g., sensing and adjustment system 110, heating / cooling system 130, etc.). For example,- 19 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 network 170 may include computer networks such as the Internet, local, wide, metro, or other area networks, intranets, satellite networks, other computer networks such as voice or data mobile phone communication networks, combinations thereof, or any other type of electronic communications network. The network 170 can facilitate secure communication between the various systems, components, or devices of FIG. 1 through various processes and / or protocols. For example, the network 170 may implement transport layer security (TLS), secure sockets layer (SSL), hypertext transfer protocol secure (HTTPS), and / or any other secure communication protocol. The network 170 can include a hardwired connection (e.g., copper wire or fiber optics) or a wireless connection (e.g., wide area network (WAN), controller area network (CAN), local area network (LAN), or personal area network (PAN)). For example, the network 170 can support Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, BLE, or other communication protocols for transferring data.

[0051] For example, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may can be configured to communicate over the network 170. For example, the sensing and adjustment system 110 can connect to the Internet and / or to computing devices such as smart phones or tablets for sending and receiving data (e.g., via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, radio, etc ). In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may be installed and controlled via a web browser or smart phone application (e.g., with signals transmitted via network 170). The web browser and mobile applications can provide various operational or security functions. For example, the web browser and mobile application can allow remote modification of wireless network credentials to comply with network security protocols (e.g., periodic password changes) and to update the wireless network connection parameters of the sensing and adjustment system 110 prior to a network change. For example, updating the connection parameters prior to the network change can allow the sensing and adjustment system 110 to reconnect automatically after the network credentials are changed, thereby avoiding loss of connectivity and bypassing manual credential updates on individual devices. The network 170 may further be used to transmit and / or report operational data (e.g., efficiency data, temperature data, power data, etc.) associated with the climate-controlled space 102, the sensing and adjustment system 110, and / or the heating / cooling system 130. For- 20 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 example, data provided over the network 170 can be organized and viewed through a web browser or smart phone application (e.g., for graphical data trending analysis).

[0052] In some implementations, assembling the system 100 (e.g., sensing and adjustment system 110) may include adding one or more processing circuits (or other computing device or logic device) into an enclosure (e.g., plastic, metallic, etc.). For example, a NEMA 4x enclosure may house a four-layer grounded printed circuit board with a smart device (e.g., one or more processing circuits, sensing and adjustment system 110, etc.) powered by an 85-305VAC input power signal (e.g., via an onboard power supply or otherwise). The smart device (e.g., sensing and adjustment system 110, processing circuit(s) 120, etc.) may include an enclosure with grips on one or more wire penetrations to secure internal wiring connections for safe and reliable operation. Additionally, the enclosure may include an external power switch configured to activate or deactivate the smart device and / or associated components. For example, the power switch can be lighted (e.g., via an indicator light) such that users can see the enclosure and switch, power the device on or off, and / or determine the power status of the device in poorly-lit areas. The smart device or housing may further include a mounted terminal block for installation and connection to the heating or cooling system 130. For example, the terminal block may be externally mounted to the housing and includes connections to couple the smart device (e.g., sensing and adjustment system 110) to sensors or a 24VAC run signal circuit of the heating / cooling system 130. In some examples, the smart device can include connections to two fast-response temperature sensors extending 8 feet in length, with the sensors located in the return and supply air streams of the heating / cooling system 130 for accurate data capture and analysis (e.g., for operational control). The smart device may further include a remote status indicator panel that can be mounted at a distance (e.g., 8 feet) from the enclosure (e.g., allowing a user within a line-of-sight to quickly and easily determine a status of the device). The smart device may further include an antenna or other signal receiver (e.g., located at a distance (e.g., 8 feet) external to the enclosure or otherwise in a position providing a local wireless network signal for remote control and data analysis).

[0053] In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may include one or more processing circuits (e.g., processing circuits 120, etc.) for locally processing temperature data and - 21 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 for adjusting the operation of a component of the connected heating / cooling system. In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may include or be coupled with an external computing device connected to the sensing and adjustment system 110 via the network 170. For example, data collected from sensors of the sensing and adjustment system 110 may be transmitted via the network 170 to the external computing device (e.g., one or more processing circuits and memory, mobile phone, personal desktop computer, cloud processing infrastructure, etc.) for processing. In some implementations, the external computing device may include a wireless network chipset for wireless communications and an external antenna to facilitate local wireless network signal reception. The external computing device may have input connection (e.g., USB connections) to allow local program recovery, other local wired communications, and provide power to other smart devices. In some implementations, the external computer can monitor return and supply air temperature conditions of the heating / cooling system 130 (e.g., via data collected by sensing and adjustment system 110, by the heating / cooling system 130 via network 170, etc.). In some examples, the external computer may include output circuitry (e.g., I / O unit129, which may include circuitry consisting of a relay, programable resistor, 24VAC signal, and circuit resistance sensor) to control the heating / cooling system 130) to control or modulate cycle times of the heating / cooling system 130 to reduce dead band and thereby reduce energy consumption of the heating / cooling system 130.

[0054] In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 can include a DIN rail including internally-mounted terminal blocks and one or more breakers, and the sensing and adjustment system 110 may further include an external terminal block. For example, the DIN rail may accommodate or secure four internal terminal blocks with one set of two blocks jumped together effectively forming three separate terminal blocks (e.g., for the incoming power, neutral, and ground wire connections to facilitate secure and organized connections between various internal components and external wiring). In another example, the one or more breakers can include a single breaker integrated into the DIN rail circuitry that provides overcurrent protection to safeguard the sensing and adjustment system 110 and the connected heating / cooling system130. In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 can include an external- 22 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 terminal block mounted on the sensing and adjustment system 110 (e.g., on a surface of the enclosure) to provide access for connection points (e.g., to allow electrical connections between the sensing and adjustment system 110 and the heating / cooling system 130). In some examples, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may include ajunction box (e.g., polymer NEMA 4x rated, weather sealed, 11.4” x 7.5” x 5.5” (LWH) enclosure used for housing electrical connections and components), one or more mounting brackets (e.g., offset, metal, and / or slotted hardware for mounting to existing structures), one or more terminal blocks (e.g., 600V / 25A blocks to provide connection to a climate control system), a lighted push-button switch (e.g., switch having a buttonstyle actuator with a lighting element configured to remain lit when the device is activated or deactivated and further configured to provide external power control and / or operational indications), one or more cord grips (e.g., to seal wire penetrations and securely hold wires of various lengths), various DIN rail accessories (e.g., terminal blocks such as white terminal blocks, red terminal blocks, green terminal blocks, terminal block jumpers, etc.; fuse blocks such as a 2- Amp, 1-Pole, Trip Curve C blocks or other components to provide overcurrent protection; DIN rail claim ends to hold items firmly on the DIN rail; etc.), a smart device (e.g., small-footprint computing device, logic device, or processing circuits having connections with at least two temperature sensors and various output circuits or elements used to control outputs or associated functions); and / or various temperature sensors (e.g., high-accuracy, quick response sensors placed in in / out flows of the heating / cooling system 130; additional sensors included in the heating / cooling system 130, etc.).

[0055] The sensing and adjustment system 110 may include multiple modes of operation. For example, a first (e.g., normal) mode of operation may include zoning of heating and cooling units and remote (e.g., network-based, via a mobile computing device, etc.) setting of a desired (e.g., target) temperature of the climate-controlled space 102. An second (e.g., alternate) mode of operation may include local setting of the target temperature (e.g., inputted through a physical thermostat rather than remotely via an mobile app, etc.) The sensing and adjustment system 110 may include multiple variations to facilitate installation and provide operational control in various heating / cooling systems 130 (e.g., forHVAC systems, for refrigeration-based systems, forfreezer-- 23 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 based systems, etc.). In some implementations, a temperature sensor circuit installation can be used to facilitate communications with sensors of the heating / cooling system 130. For example, the installation can include establishing a first connection from an output circuit of the sensing and adjustment system 110 (e.g., via input / output (I / O) unit 129) to a temperature sensor of the heating / cooling system 130, and a second connection from the output circuit to a control board of the heating / cooling system 130 (e.g., to one or more processing circuits of the heating / cooling system 130, to an onboard VO unit, etc.). Using the established connections, the sensing and adjustment system 110 can determine characteristics of the connected temperature sensor (e.g., sensor size, sensor type such as positive temperature coefficient (PTC) or negative temperature coefficient (NTC), etc.), read or intercept temperature measurements from the sensor in real time (e.g., within a time period without substantial delay after measurement, such as within 1 second, within 2 seconds, or within 5 seconds), and provide control signals to the heating / cooling system 130 to adjust activation conditions (e.g., high and low activation temperatures) of the temperature control element 132. .

[0056] For example, one or more processing circuits (e.g., included within sensing and adjustment system 110, included in an external computer system configured to process the temperature data, etc.) may utilize temperature information (e.g., input / output temperatures, return / supply temperatures, target temperatures, etc.) to determine settings for programming a programmable resistor of the sensing and adjustment system 110 (e.g., included within an output circuit such as I / O unit 129). For example, the programmable resistor in the output circuit may be connected to a control board of the heating or cooling system 130 through existing temperature sensor circuit wiring. By adjusting the resistance value of the programmable resistor, the sensing and adjustment system 110 can adjust or modulate the electrical resistance presented to the control board of the heating / cooling system 130, thereby simulating a different temperature measurement in the temperature sensor circuit. This modulation of resistance can be used to control activation or deactivation of a temperature control element 132 (e.g., compressor) of the heating / cooling system 130 via the sensing and adjustment system 110 to tighten the deadband.- 24 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000

[0057] In some implementations, the output circuit installation (e.g., connecting the I / O unit 129 of the sensing and adjustment system 110 to the heating / cooling system 130 and / or to a temperature sensor 140) may include connecting a wire providing a 24V AC run signal from a thermostat of the heating / cooling system 130 to the output circuit (e.g., I / O unit 129) and connecting another wire from the output circuit to a W 1 or Y1 contact on the heating or cooling system, respectively. For example, this configuration may allow the sensing and adjustment system 110 to pass a thermostat-generated 24VAC signal when in a bypass mode (e.g., not supplying power to a component of the heating / cooling system 130, such as not powering a fan) and send a 24VAC signal generated by the sensing and adjustment system 110 to run the heating / cooling system 130 when desired (e.g., in response to determining that a fan of the heating / cooling system 130 is not configured to operate in a permanently-activated or “always on” state).

[0058] In some implementations, refrigerant solenoid valve signal circuit installation can be used for installation of the sensing and adjustment system 110 for use with refrigeration and freezer systems. In this installation, a control signal for a refrigerant solenoid valve can be wired to an output circuit of the sensing and adjustment system 110. This configuration can allow the sensing and adjustment system 110 to interrupt the control signal (e g., open the circuit to stop refrigerant flow and turn the heating / cooling system 130 off) or to pass the control signal through when operating in a bypass mode. In bypass mode, the sensing and adjustment system 110 can remain passive and allow normal operation of the heating / cooling system 130 (e.g., during unit failure, loss of power, specific data-gathering operations, etc.).

[0059] In some examples, an installation procedure provided via or built into a mobile application associated with the sensing and adjustment system 110 can be used instruct a user regarding installation of the sensing and adjustment system 110 and associated components (e.g., temperature sensors 128a-128b) with an existing heating or cooling unit (e.g., heating / cooling system 130). The installation procedure may include automatically performing (e.g., via the mobile application or in accordance with instructions provided by the mobile application) one or more tasks or operations to configure the sensing and adjustment system 110 to operate in conjunction with the heating / cooling system 130. For example, after the sensing and adjustment system 110 is - 25 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 connected to the temperature sensor circuit of an existing heating / cooling system 130, the sensing and adjustment system 110 can measure sensor values at known temperatures, compare the measured values to stored values associated with known sensor sizes or types, and determine sensor sizes and types implemented within the existing heating / cooling system 130 based on the comparison. Using the identified sensor characteristics and initial supply / return temperature readings, the sensing and adjustment system 110 can calculate high and low setpoint values for temperature deadband control. In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 can perform automatic baseline verification by recording operational data during a baseline period prior to control changes and comparing the baseline operational data to updated operational data collected after installation under corresponding environmental conditions. The baseline verification can be performed periodically or aperiodically to confirm measured energy savings and generate documented evidence of carbon emissions reduction (e.g., for use in certifying carbon credits).

[0060] The sensing and adjustment system 110 may be integrated into a variety of climate- controlled spaces 102 and used in various applications, which are included but not limited to residential settings (homes, condos, hotels, motels), commercial environments (small businesses, restaurants, beauty salons), industrial locations (factories, large scale processing operations), health and well-being locations (hospitals, doctor offices, therapy establishments), education and childcare settings (nurseries, pre-schools, schools, and universities), public health settings (bathrooms), spaces involving public or private transportation (aircraft, buses, trains, taxis), in agriculture setting or farms, etc. In some examples, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may control operations of the existing heating / cooling system 130 in accordance with various standards (e.g., ASHRAE Standards, Conformite Europeenne (CE) Standard, C-Tick Certification issued by the Australian Communications and Media Authority, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Certification, Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Certification, Product Safety Electrical Appliance and Material (PSE) Circle Certification, etc.).

[0061] In some implementations, the system / adjustment system 110 may include or refer to control system or smart device configured to maintain a setpoint temperature within a facility,- 26 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 service space, or other climate-controlled area or volume without altering the setpoint temperature. For example, the control system or smart device may provide energy savings by reducing the temperature deadband (e.g., a temperature range between high and low setpoints where the temperature control element 132 is not activated until a measured temperature matches the high or low setpoint), which may exist in compressor-based heating or cooling systems and results in overheating or undercooling. The control system or smart device may utilize sensors or other temperature sensors, which may be configured according to a sensor type (e.g., a PTC sensor, an NTC sensor, etc.) to measure resistance changes in response to supply air temperature variations. These measurements can be used to detect total temperature changes in heating or cooling cycles by capturing initial and final supply air temperatures over multiple cycles. In some implementations, the control system or smart device adjusts high and low temperature setpoints used to activate a temperature control element 132 (e.g., compressor) based on the detected temperature changes and transmits control signals to the temperature control element. The setpoint adjustment causes the temperature control element to activate more responsively to temperature variations, thus tightening the temperature deadband and reducing overall energy consumption below baseline consumption without compromising the set temperature (e.g., maintaining a target environmental temperature for the space).|0062] In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may be configured to reduce energy consumption in compressor-based HVAC, refrigeration, and freezer systems (e.g., heating / cooling system 130) based on temperature data collected by sensors. For example, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may sense and / or configure a sensor as a Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) or Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) sensor. For example, a first sensor (e.g., temperature sensor 128a) can be placed in a supply air flow path and measure resistance changes in response to variations in supply air temperature. For example, a second sensor (e.g., temperature sensor 128b) may be associated with (e.g., included in) the existing heating / cooling system 130 and can be placed in a return air path to measure resistance changes in response to variations in return air temperature. In some implementations, configuring the sensors may include installing the sensing and adjustment system 110 to intercept and identify resistance values- 27 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 measured or observed by one or more of the sensors based on sensor type (e.g., identifying a higher resistance for a temperature increase in PTC sensors, a lower resistance for a temperature increase in NTC sensors, etc.). For example, an existing heating / cooling system 130 may use a two-wire sensor circuit in which the sensor changes resistance in response to variations in return air temperature. In some examples, installation of the sensing and adjustment system 110 can include severing the sensor circuit (e.g., cutting the two-wire cable between the sensor and the control board of the heating / cooling system 130), stripping insulation from the cut ends to expose four conductors (e.g., two leading to the sensor and two leading to the control board), connecting the sensor side conductors to sensor input ports of the sensing and adjustment system 110, and connecting the control board side conductors to output ports of the sensing and adjustment system 110. This configuration can allow the sensing and adjustment system 110 to measure the resistance directly and to transmit either the measured resistance or a modified resistance signal to the control board of the heating / cooling system 130 to control activation or deactivation of temperature control element 132.

[0063] In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may use connections between input ports or wires of the heating / cooling system 130 to measure resistance values of a sensor in response to temperature changes and to determine a corresponding temperature reading. For example, in one operational mode, (e.g., “mirroring mode” or “mirror mode”), the sensing and adjustment system 110 may measure the resistance of an existing sensor and mirror (e.g., output) the measured resistance value to a control board of the heating / cooling system 130 (e.g., using an onboard programmable resistance chip to mirror measured resistance values back to the control board or controller). After a predetermined period of monitoring (e.g., after a calibration period, in a time-bounded period such as three minutes, after a period corresponding to a number of temperature or resistance values used for calibration, etc.), the sensing and adjustment system 110 can determine multiple resistance values (e.g., 20 values) and store these resistance value in a datastore (e.g., a database via memory 124) or create a database of resistance values based on actual return air temperature detected by a high-speed temperature sensor. For example, a temperature sensor providing a signal (e.g., to the sensing and adjustment system 110)- 28 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 corresponding to a temperature change within one second may be considered a “high-speed,” “quick,” “fast,” or “fast-acting” temperature sensor. In another example, an “accurate” or “highly- accurate” temperature sensor may include a sensor accurate to a tenth or hundredth of a degree Celsius (e.g., accurate within 0.05 degrees C). In some implementations, determining the resistance values (e.g., for providing / mirroring or for storing) may include the sensing and adjustment system 110 analyzing data included on a datasheet (e.g., calibration data, testing data, etc.) corresponding to the sensor and / or cross-referencing such data against measured values detected from the sensor.|0064] In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may include a feature for auto sensor detection and setup. For example, after a resistance value of the sensor is determined (e.g., 10 kOhm), the sensing and adjustment system 110 may calculate resistance values that cause the heating / cooling system 130 to activate or deactivate the temperature control element 132. In some examples, auto sensor detection and setup may be one portion of an algorithm executed by the sensing and adjustment system 110 to improve the operation of the heating / cooling system 130. For example, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may first determine the value of the existing sensor (e.g., total resistance, such as 10 kOhm) and determine a corresponding return air temperature by referencing a data sheet corresponding to the sensor (e.g., calibration logs, etc.). In some implementations, when the temperature / resistance of the existing return air sensor reaches the determined ON / OFF setpoint value, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may send a corresponding resistance value to the control board of the heating / cooling system 130. In some implementations, the resistance value sent to the control board may correspond to a temperature that is either higher or lower than the actual resistance value detected by the sensor (e.g., by a predetermined amount sufficient to trigger a response, such as three degrees C higher or lower than the resistance detected by the sensor of the existing unit). In another example, the resistance value sent to the control board may correspond to a non-adjusted (e.g., measured) temperature. In some implementations, receiving the adjusted resistance value may trigger controls and / or the execution of software by the heating / cooling system 130, causing the heating / cooling system 130 to turn ON or OFF (e.g., activating or deactivating a temperature control element 132 such as a- 29 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 compressor) at precise or predetermined times determined by the sensing and adjustment system 110. In another example, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may adjust the transmitted or simulated signal based on data collected during an optimization or test cycle (e.g., savings test, calibration, and / or optimization cycle) and may further effectively control the activation of ON / OFF cycles, preventing the temperature control element 132 from running for extended periods or having delays in activation. For example, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may monitor data during a period of operation (e.g., continuous operation period, period to facilitate performance of a full cycle, etc.) and send a signal corresponding to activating the heating / cooling system 130 or temperature control element 132 of the heating / cooling system 130 in response to determining that the heating / cooling system 130 has been operating for a predetermined period before activation or deactivation (e.g., turning ON / OFF).

[0065] In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may include an auto setpoint tuning feature configured to optimize the efficiency of the heating / cooling system 130 by tightening the temperature deadband, thereby reducing or preventing overrun or delayed activation. For example, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may store test data in increments (e.g., 10-second increments), collecting the highest and lowest return air temperatures over multiple ON / OFF cycles (e.g., four cycles to ensure data is captured over at least one complete cycle). In an example, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may calculate an average high temperature from multiple highest return air temperatures and an average low temperature from the multiple lowest return air temperatures. In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may determine a difference between these average temperatures to determine real average temperature deadband, which can be displayed via an associated application after completing the cycles. The sensing and adjustment system 110 may further monitor the return air temperature using temperature sensor 128b after the heating / cooling system 130 initiates an ON cycle and track when the air temperature begins to change based on the mode of the heating / cooling system 130 (e.g., a drop for a cooling mode or a rise for a heating mode). In some implementations, the drop or rise may be recorded over a predetermined period (e.g., three-minute period, which is the ASHRAE recommended period to prevent short cycling, or another duration (e.g., 10 minutes- 30 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 for older or compromised systems)). The sensing and adjustment system 110 may record or capture both the starting and finishing temperatures for each cycle and may average the starting and finishing temperatures separately across the cycles to determine an average temperature drop (e.g., over a period of three minutes). In some implementations, the average temperature drop can be halved (e.g., divided by two) and used to adjust the ON / OFF setpoints. For example, the halved average temperature drop may be added to a target setpoint corresponding to a desired room temperature to establish a new ON setpoint, and may be subtracted from the setpoint to determine a new OFF setpoint. This adjustment may allow a heating / cooling system 130 to operate at adjusted ON and OFF setpoints that maintain the temperature of the climate-controlled space 102 at or near an existing target temperature (e g., thermostat setpoint) while improving efficiency. The newly calculated ON / OFF setpoints may be utilized in subsequent operations to continuously optimize the performance of the heating / cooling system 130, as further described herein.10066] In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may be configured to execute or perform automatic cycle-to-cycle dynamic setpoint fine-tuning to control a setpoint temperature as operating conditions or environmental conditions change over time (e.g., as the outside temperature changes throughout the day and night). For example, dynamic fine-tuning can be performed using information obtained from any combination of temperature sensors located in the supply airflow path, the return airflow path, or within the conditioned space, as well as sensors or data sources providing outdoor temperature, humidity levels, occupancy information, time of day, day of week, seasonal patterns, historical performance data, energy consumption data, or other operational or environmental data. Dynamic set point tuning can include adjusting control parameters, such as changing the adjusted high temperature setpoint, changing the adjusted low temperature setpoint, narrowing or widening the temperature deadband, shifting activation or deactivation thresholds, applying offsets to account for predicted changes in load, or modifying control timing to match the current or expected conditions. Fine-tuning can be performed continuously during operation, at fixed time intervals, at the start or end of each heating or cooling cycle, in response to events such as a sudden change in outdoor temperature or humidity, or according to patterns learned from prior operations. For example, tuning adjustments can be- 31 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 determined using rule-based logic that applies predefined conditions, PID (e.g., proportional-integral-derivative) control that reacts to measured deviations from the target temperature, statistical models that estimate the setpoints based on recent data, or machine learning algorithms that predict setpoints based on relationships between multiple inputs. In some examples, the fine-tuning can be adaptive, recalculating setpoints after each cycle based on the most recent operational data, or predictive, adjusting setpoints in advance based on forecasted conditions such as weather predictions or expected occupancy changes. Setpoint tuning can incorporate measurements of heating or cooling capacity calculated from differences between supply air temperature and return air temperature or inferred from the rate of change in space temperature during an initial portion of a cycle. The fine-tuning can also consider health indicators, such as compressor performance, fan airflow rates, or sensor calibration status, and can adjust setpoints to compensate for reduced capacity or to extend equipment life. In some examples, the adjustments can include incremental changes intended to gradually improve performance, or larger changes applied when conditions vary significantly from a baseline. Dynamic fine-tuning can operate to maintain the target temperature setpoint of the space, reduce overshoot and undershoot, improve comfort, and / or reduce runtime while adapting to various environmental or operational conditions, equipment sensor configurations, and / or control strategies.|0067] In some examples, at the beginning of an ON cycle, after a test mode is completed, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may detect the maximum return air temperature over the test period. The sensing and adjustment system 110 may monitor the supply air temperature to confirm the supply air temperature is changing as expected based on the cycle mode (e.g., decreasing in cooling mode or increasing in heating mode), indicating the start of the cycle. By determining the type of cycle (heating or cooling) and observing the corresponding changes in supply air temperature, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may begin monitoring the return air temperature for variations. Upon detecting the first indication of the return air temperature changing in the expected direction, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may initiate a 3-minute internal timer and calculate the “3-minute temperature” change for that cycle. This temperature change may be halved and either added to or subtracted from the desired room thermostat setpoint- 32 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 to determine new ON and OFF setpoints. In some implementations, the ON / OFF setpoints may be adjusted from cycle to cycle in response to varying heat loads in the climate-controlled space 102. For example, as the heat load increases due to additional occupants or rising outside air temperature, the “3 -minute temperature drop” may decrease. This results in a lower new ON setpoint and a higher OFF setpoint for the temperature control element 132. Conversely, during a heating cycle, the ON setpoint may increase, and the OFF setpoint may decrease under similar conditions. The sensing and adjustment system 110 can cause, during the next cycle, the temperature control element 132 to turn ON at the newly calculated setpoint and remains ON until the return air temperature reaches the new OFF setpoint, thereby providing a minimum 3-minute run-time to prevent short cycling of the compressor (e.g., damage caused by activating or deactivating a heating or cooling system too quickly to complete performance of a full cycle). The average temperature change during each cycle may be used calculate the new desired ON and OFF setpoints for the subsequent cycle, allowing the setpoints to adapt continuously with each cycle and maintaining performance of the heading / cooling system 130 as external and internal conditions change.

[0068] As an illustrative example, a room setpoint (e.g., target temperature) may be set at 72 degrees Fahrenheit. Initially, the high temperature setpoint may be set at 75 degrees Fahrenheit, and the low temperature setpoint may be set at 69 degrees Fahrenheit, resulting in a six-degree temperature deadband. The sensing and adjustment system 110, utilizing temperature sensors 128a and 128b in the supply and return air paths, respectively, may collect temperature data in 10-second increments over multiple ON / OFF cycles (e.g., four cycles). During this period, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may determine the highest and lowest return air temperatures over the cycles and calculate an average high temperature (e.g., 75 degrees Fahrenheit) and an average low temperature (e.g., 69 degrees Fahrenheit) over the cycles. The sensing and adjustment system 110 may then monitor the return air temperature after the heating / cooling system 130 initiates an ON cycle. When the temperature begins to drop, the drop can be recorded over a three-minute period, which is the ASHRAE recommended period to prevent short cycling, although other durations can be used (e.g., 10 minutes for specific conditions). The sensing and adjustment system 110 may- 33 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 capture or record both the starting and finishing temperatures for each cycle and average the starting and finishing temperatures separately across the cycles to determine the average three- minute temperature drop. For example, if the average starting temperature is 75 degrees Fahrenheit and the average finishing temperature is 74 degrees Fahrenheit, the three-minute temperature drop would be 1 degree. This value can be halved (e.g., 0.5 degrees) and used to adjust the thermostat setpoints. Thus, the new high temperature setpoint may be adjusted to 74.5 degrees Fahrenheit (75 - 0.5) and the low temperature setpoint to 69.5 degrees Fahrenheit (69 + 0.5), resulting in a tighter temperature deadband of 5 degrees. The newly calculated ON / OFF setpoints can be utilized in subsequent operations to continuously optimize the performance of the heating / cooling system 130 and maintain the temperature of the climate-controlled space 102 at or near at the existing thermostat setpoint.

[0069] Conversely, in a heating cycle, if the room setpoint is set at 68 degrees Fahrenheit, the initial high temperature setpoint may be set at 71 degrees Fahrenheit, and the low temperature setpoint at 65 degrees Fahrenheit, resulting in a six-degree temperature deadband. The sensing and adjustment system 110, using temperature sensors 128a and 128b, may collect temperature data in 10-second increments over multiple ON / OFF cycles (e.g., four cycles). The sensing and adjustment system 110 may determine the highest and lowest return air temperatures over the cycles and calculate an average high temperature (e.g., 71 degrees Fahrenheit) and an average low temperature (e.g., 65 degrees Fahrenheit) over the cycles. The sensing and adjustment system 110 may then monitor the return air temperature after the heating unit (e.g., heating / cooling system 130) initiates an ON cycle. When the temperature begins to rise, this rise may be recorded over a three-minute period. The system 110 captures both the starting and finishing temperatures for each cycle and averages the starting and finishing temperatures separately across the cycles to determine the average three-minute temperature rise. For example, if the average starting temperature is 65 degrees Fahrenheit and the average finishing temperature is 67 degrees Fahrenheit, the three- minute temperature rise would be 2 degree2. This value is halved (e.g., 1 degree) and used to adjust the thermostat setpoints. Thus, the new high temperature setpoint may be adjusted to 70 degrees- 34 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000Fahrenheit (71 - 1) and the low temperature setpoint to 66 degrees Fahrenheit (65 + 1), resulting in a tighter temperature deadband of 4 degrees.

[0070] In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 or other systems, devices, or components herein can include or implement one or more additional features, such as a Wi-Fi connected remote temperature sensor (e.g., for remote monitoring and control), 24V call signal (e.g., for activating HVAC components), remote Wi-Fi antenna (e.g., to improve connectivity), conformal coated components (e.g., for protection against environmental conditions), 24VAC power input (e.g., to integrate with standard HVAC power supplies), analog to digital converter with noise elimination (e.g., to improve signal accuracy), temperature measurement to hundredths of a degree in Celsius and Fahrenheit (e.g., for precise control), multistage start (e.g., to optimize energy usage during system startup), a savings test mode (e.g., to evaluate energy savings), an auto savings test mode (e.g., for automated efficiency assessment and for user satisfaction or comparison), auto setpoint baseline identification (e.g., to establish improved operating conditions), temperature control with a corresponding or companion application (e.g., for facilitating user adjustments via a user-friendly interface), building management system / API integration, APIs for building intelligence systems (e.g., for data analytics), installation / setup guides (e.g., to facilitate deployment), HVACR type specifications (e.g., to facilitate compatibility with different systems), remote changes of Wi-Fi settings (e.g., for network flexibility), and remote fault notifications (e.g., for proactive maintenance).

[0071] In some examples, a WiFi-connected smart thermostat may be configured to communicate data with the sensing and adjustment system 110 to provide user control over target temperature without setpoint recalibration, which may take 2-10 hours and fail to provide energy savings during the recalibration process. In some examples, a Wi-Fi-connected remote temperature sensor may be placed in the climate-controlled space 102 to provide temperature data feedback to improve operational accuracy (e.g., temperature detection) while maintaining comfort levels in the space. In some examples, features for sensor auto-detection and configuration can reduce training requirements for personnel to install and set up the sensing and adjustment system 110 and can improve the speed of an installation and setup process (e.g., using fewer tools and reducing manual - 35 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 measurements to determine sensor size, type, and resistance values). The sensing and adjustment system 110 may include or be coupled with a LoRa WAN hub with CAT 6 Ethernet and Wi-Fi transmission, facilitating connections through LoRa WAN when Wi-Fi cannot connect due to obstructions and / or long distances. In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may perform operational adjustment to account for variations based on the compressor tonnage of HVACR units. For example, control parameters such as deadband tightening rate, ON / OFF timing, and setpoint adjustment increments can be modified based on the cooling or heating capacity of the connected unit. Additionally, the sensing and adjustment system 110 and / or other components, systems, or devices described with regard to FIG. 1 may meet military specifications, allowing installation at operational military facilities and conforming with durability and reliability requirements such as NEMA packaging, conformal coating, impact protection, vibration controls, and temperature resistance. Various sensor types (PTC and NTC) may be used to allow the sensing and adjustment system 110 to be used with a broad range of heating and cooling equipment (e.g., traditional HVAC units, modem mini-split systems, etc.) without extensive modifications.

[0072] In some examples, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may include a PCB board with Type C USB / Thunderbolt 4 connections, allowing firmware recovery, providing a mechanism to supply to power to one or more additions devices, and facilitating wired communications (e.g., providing wired connection options if wireless communications are unavailable or as a troubleshooting step during Bluetooth chipset failures). The PCB can facilitate power management from an alternate source or to another device, simplify installation by reducing the electronic components used for various installations, support both high-voltage and low- voltage applications on the heating side, include earth grounding to provide a true-zero potential reference for included circuitry, and provide increased control over heating / cooling system operation and energy savings. In some examples, the sensing and adjustment system 110 can use both PTC and NTC sensors and be compatible with heating and cooling forced air HVAC units with up to 4 stages, as well as up to 8 mini-split HVAC unit heads or cassettes for heating and cooling. The sensing and adjustment system 110 can provide a 24V call signal for a contactor system on call, which allows for control- 36 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 to turn heating and cooling on for contactor installs and generates a fan call signal to run a fan continuously (e.g., 24 / 7) when the thermostat does not include such a function.

[0073] For serviceability, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may include replaceable fuses and relays (e.g., allowing for inexpensive repair), and / or indication lights (e.g., in green or red) to facilitate visual local troubleshooting (e.g., without connecting to an app) and provide indications of statuses associated with system operation (e.g., heating compressor on signal, cooling compressor off, bypass or disable states, etc.). The sensing and adjustment system 110 can include additional indicators (e.g., blue and yellow lights) to provide additional fault indications (e.g., differentiation for “Compressor OFF” signals for heating and cooling modes). In some examples, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may include or be coupled with an indication light remote panel in which indicator lights are located remote from a housing of the sensing and adjustment system 110 (e.g., allowing placement in a visible location for improved local troubleshooting). For example, the remote panel can be mounted in an easily accessible area to quickly assess status of the sensing and adjustment system 110 without direct access with the housing, which may be located at a concealed or harder to reach location. Additionally, a relay failure LED, which lights up to indicate a failed relay, may be provided to simplify the diagnosis and pinpointing of issues to increase maintenance and repair efficiency. In some examples, high-intensity diffused lightemitting diodes (LEDs) can be used to provide clear and bright indication lights that are visible in bright environments (e.g., outdoor industrial environments where visibility may be reduced), systemin some examples, the sensing and adjustment system 110 includes a conformal coated PCB, which provides protection in outdoor or harsh environments and prevents corrosion from condensation and other environmental factors, thereby improving durability and reliability over time.

[0074] In some examples, the sensing and adjustment system 110 can implement various power management features such as a 24V A / C power input feature (e.g., for supplying power to a heating or cooling component of the heating / cooling system 130) and / or an 85-305V A / C power input feature (e.g., for supplying power to one or more components of the sensing and adjustment system 110), which allows installations in various global systems accommodating various power supply - 37 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 voltages. In some examples, the sensing and adjustment system 110 can include a reset button is included to reset back to factory conditions, providing a fail-safe to facilitate continued operations (e.g., in case of firmware corruption, when a new owner takes over, etc.). In some examples, the sensing and adjustment system 110 can include an analog to digital converter with noise elimination functionalities to provide accurate and reliable temperature readings in various conditions or environment (e.g., in environments with high electromagnetic interference) and provides improved control over the heating / cooling system 130 by operating in accordance with accurate temperature data. Additionally, the sensing and adjustment system 110 can include program logic features to improve system performance and user control. For example, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may support diagnostic checks to verify hardware functionality. For example, diagnostic checks may be automatically performed at predetermined times or states (e.g., at startup) and can cause additional operations to address detected faults (e.g., automatically initiate a bypass mode if a problem is detected, notifying a user or operator, etc.). The sensing and adjustment system 110 can provide or utilize temperature measurements in various units (e.g., both Celsius and Fahrenheit) at varying precisions (e.g., tenths or hundredths of a degree) to provide flexibility in monitoring and control according to user-preferred units. In some examples, the sensing and adjustment system 110 can allow users to perform a savings test. For example, users can set the sensing and adjustment system 110 to cycle between an activated and deactivated state to demonstrate actual energy consumption savings provided when the sensing and adjustment system 110 is activated. The technical features provided by the sensing and adjustment system 110 improve the performance, functionality, and / or ease of installation, maintenance, or user interaction in managing heating or cooling systems.

[0075] In some implementations, one or more systems, components, or devices of the system 100 (e.g., sensing and adjustment system 110) may include conformal coated components. For example, conformal coating can be applied to protect electronic components from environmental factors, such as moisture, dust, chemicals, and temperature extremes. The coating can increase durability and reliability (e.g., particularly in harsh or outdoor environments) and extend the lifespan of included systems, components, or devices while maintaining expected performance. In- 38 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 can implement a multi-stage start feature to reduce energy usage during the startup phase of the heating / cooling system 130 by gradually increasing the power supplied to the heating / cooling system 130 (e.g., rather than starting at full capacity). The multi-stage start feature reduces the initial power surge and wear on the heating / cooling system 130, contributing to energy savings and extending the lifespan of included components (e.g., temperature control element 132). In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may be configured to perform a savings test to facilitate user understanding and real-time or near real-time evaluation of energy savings. For example, the savings test may include performing a calibration involving four initial cycles to determine an average temperature deadband associated with an existing heating / cooling system 130 and using the sensing and adjustment system 110 to cycle between activated and deactivated states, thereby demonstrating the actual energy consumption savings to the user when the sensing and adjustment system 110 is activated (e.g., providing a tangible measure of system efficiency and effectiveness in reducing energy usage).

[0076] In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may be configured to execute or perform an automatic savings test. For example, the automatic savings test may automate the process of evaluating energy savings by providing users with periodic reports on the performance (e.g., a new deadband vs. initial deadband, total energy consumption difference, system efficiency metrics, etc.). The auto savings test may improve user satisfaction by offering regular feedback on the energy efficiency of the existing heating / cooling system 130, which can provide justifications for an initial investment or purchase. In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may include an auto setpoint baseline feature, which can establish operating conditions for the heating / cooling system 130 by automatically determining improved (e.g., optimal) setpoints for heating and cooling and continuously monitoring and adjusting the setpoints based on environmental conditions and system performance.

[0077] In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may be configured to integrate with and facilitate temperature control via an application (e.g., mobile application executing on a user computing device, such as a cell phone, laptop, desktop, etc.). For example, - 39 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 the application may include a user interface (e.g., graphical user interface (GUI)) including a number of content items (e.g., for providing information or content) and / or actionable elements (e.g., user input features for receiving user input). In some implementations, the application may provide a user-friendly interface for adjusting temperature settings, scheduling operations, monitoring system performance, and / or monitoring or adjusting various other aspects of the heating / cooling system 130 or the sensing and adjustment system 110. The application can improve usability by providing users or operations with a streamlined or unified interface for managing system settings and viewing operational data remotely (e.g., from a remote location using communications transmitted across a network).

[0078] In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may be configured to integrate with building management systems (BMS) through an API. For example, integration with APIs may facilitate communications between the HVAC unit and other building systems to facilitate centralized control and coordination. In some implementations, the API facilitates data exchange between the sensing and adjustment system 110 and / or heating / cooling system 130 system and the BMS to improve overall building performance and energy efficiency. In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may be configured to use an API for integration with building intelligence systems. For example, the API may facilitate the performance of advanced data analytics and machine learning applications that allow adaptations to changing conditions and performance improvements (e.g., by leveraging building intelligence systems and communicating with such systems via the API). Further, the API may provide access to detailed operational data (e.g., collected, stored, or modeled by building intelligence), may improve maintenance processes (e.g., utilizing predictive maintenance), and may improve energy management strategies (e.g., via analytics performed on collected data). In some implementations, the sensing and adjustment system 110 may include a feature for remotely changing Wi-Fi settings (e.g., for creating, monitoring, adjusting, or disabling an internet connection between a smart device included in the system 100). Facilitating remote changes of system Wi-Fi settings can improve network flexibility, allowing users to update Wi-Fi connections with the sensing and adjustment system 110 and / or the heating / cooling system 130 without physical access to each unit.- 40 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000In some implementations, remote Wi-Fi configuration may further simplify the management of the heating and cooling systems, particularly in large buildings or distributed locations (e.g., locations with multiple units located some distance apart from other units).|0079] Referring now to FIG. 2, a flow diagram for a method 200 of improving energy efficiency of a heating or cooling system (e.g., heating / cooling system 130 of FIG. 1) is shown, according to some implementations. One or more of the systems, components, or devices of the described with respect to FIG. 1 can be used to perform the steps of the method 200. For example, the sensing and adjustment system 110 (e.g., via analysis circuit 126) can perform one or more of the steps of the method 200.|0080] In a broad overview of method 200, at block 210, the one or more processing circuits (e.g., sensing and adjustment system 110) can detect, using one or more sensors, changes in air temperatures of the heating or cooling system over one or more cycles. At block 220, the one or more processing circuits can determine an adjusted high temperature setpoint and an adjusted low temperature setpoint based on (i) the changes in the air temperatures, (ii) a baseline high temperature setpoint, and (iii) a baseline low temperature setpoint. At block 230, the one or more processing circuits can identify a temperature of a space heated or cooled by the heating or cooling system corresponds with at least one of the adjusted high temperature setpoint or the adjusted low temperature setpoint. At block 240, the one or more processing circuits can determine a heating or cooling element of the heating or cooling system is activated or deactivated for a predefined period. At block 250, the one or more processing circuits can transmit a control signal corresponding to an adjusted temperature configured to activate or deactivate a temperature control element of the heating or cooling system.

[0081] At block 210, the one or more processing circuits can detect, using one or more sensors, changes in air temperatures of the heating or cooling system over one or more cycles. For example, the one or more processing circuits may receive, from a plurality of sensors including a supply temperature sensor and a return temperature sensor, output air temperature from a supply air flow path of the heating or cooling system and / or input air temperature from a return air flow path of- 41 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 the heating or cooling system at block 210. In some implementations, the one or more processing circuits may receive temperature data from the plurality of sensors including one or more of output air temperature data from the supply temperature sensor and input air temperature data from the return temperature sensor. For example, sensors 128a and 128b of FIG. 1 may communicate with processing circuit(s) 120 of the sensing and adjustment system 110 via the network 170 and provide temperature data including input temperature data and / or output temperature data (e.g., by being positioned within return and supply air ducts to sense temperature associated with the return and supply ducts) at block 210.|0082] At block 220, the one or more processing circuits can determine an adjusted high temperature setpoint and an adjusted low temperature setpoint based on (i) the changes in air temperatures, (ii) a baseline high temperature setpoint, and (iii) a baseline low temperature setpoint. For example, if a target setpoint (e g., target temperature) for a climate-controlled space is set at 72 degrees F, a baseline high temperature setpoint may be 75 degrees and a baseline low temperature setpoint may be 69 degrees, resulting a six degree baseline temperature deadband (e.g., range of temperatures that do not cause activation of the heating or cooling system or an included temperature control element). For example, the one or more processing circuits can increase the baseline low temperature setpoint to an adjusted low temperature setpoint (e.g., 71 degrees F) and decrease the baseline high temperature setpoint to an adjusted high temperature setpoint (e.g., 73 degrees F) based on temperature changes in supply and / or return airflows during one or more cycles, resulting in a two degree adjusted temperature deadband that will cause more frequent activation of the temperature control element in response to temperature variations relative to activation patterns associated with the baseline temperature deadband.10083] As an illustrative example, a target setpoint (e.g., target temperature of a climate controlled space) may be set at 22 degrees Celsius. Initially, the baseline high temperature setpoint may be set at 24 degrees Celsius, and the baseline low temperature setpoint may be set at 20 degrees Celsius, resulting in a four-degree baseline temperature deadband. The one or more processing circuits may receive and process data from temperature sensors in the supply and / or return air paths to identify temperature data in increments (e.g., 10-second increments) over multiple - 42 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000ON / OFF cycles (e.g., four cycles). During this period, the one or more processing circuits may detect increases or decreases in temperature, determine the highest and lowest return air temperatures over the cycles, and calculate an average high temperature (e.g., 24 degrees Celsius) and an average low temperature (e.g., 20 degrees Celsius). The one or more processing circuits may then monitor changes the return air temperature after the heating or cooling system initiates an ON cycle. When the temperature begins to drop, this drop (e.g., temperature change) can be recorded over a specific period (e.g., three minutes, as recommended by ASHRAE to prevent short cycling). In some implementations, the one or more processing circuits can capture both the starting and finishing temperatures for each cycle and average the starting and finishing temperatures separately across the cycles to determine the average temperature drop (e g., change) over the specified period. For example, if the average starting temperature is 24 degrees Celsius and the average finishing temperature is 23 degrees Celsius, the temperature drop over three minutes would be 1 degree. The temperature change can be adjusted (e g., halved to result in a value of 0.5 degrees) and / or used to adjust the thermostat setpoints. For example, the adjusted high temperature setpoint may be adjusted to 23.5 degrees Celsius (24 - 0.5) and the low temperature setpoint to 20.5 degrees Celsius (20 + 0.5), resulting in a tighter temperature deadband of 3 degrees.

[0084] Conversely, in a heating cycle, if the target setpoint is set at 20 degrees Celsius, the initial high temperature setpoint may be set at 22 degrees Celsius, and the low temperature setpoint may be set at 18 degrees Celsius, resulting in a four-degree temperature deadband. As described above, the one or more processing circuits may collect temperature data in increments (e.g., in one minute periods, etc.) over multiple ON / OFF cycles (e.g., three or more cycles). For example, the one or more processing circuits may determine the highest and lowest return air temperatures and calculate an average high temperature (e.g., 22 degrees Celsius) and an average low temperature (e.g., 18 degrees Celsius). The one or more processing circuits may further monitor the return air temperature after the heating or cooling system initiates an ON cycle. When the temperature begins to rise, the rise can be recorded over a specific period (e.g., three minutes, as recommended by ASHRAE to prevent short cycling). In some implementations, the one or more processing circuits capture both the starting and finishing temperatures for each cycle and average the starting and- 43 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 finishing temperatures separately across the cycles to determine the average temperature rise over the specified period. For example, if the average starting temperature is 18 degrees Celsius and the average finishing temperature is 19 degrees Celsius, the temperature rise over three minutes would be 1 degree. This value can be halved (e.g., 0.5 degrees) and used to determining adjusted setpoints. Thus, the adjusted high temperature setpoint may be set to 21.5 degrees Celsius (22 - 0.5) and the adjusted low temperature setpoint may be set to 18.5 degrees Celsius (18 + 0.5), resulting in a tighter adjusted temperature deadband of 3 degrees. In the subsequent cycles, the one or more processing circuits may further monitor for temperature changes, compare the changes against the adjusted setpoints, and make further adjustments to setpoints to improve performance of heating or cooling operations (e.g., based on updated temperature changes, increased or decreased heating or cooling capacity, etc.).

[0085] In some implementations, the one or more processing circuits can determine values or parameters to control operation of the heating and cooling system (e.g., determining adjusted high and low temperature setpoints, determining activation times or durations, etc.) by executing various software modules, functions, or algorithms (e.g., by the one or more processing circuits). For example, various pattern recognition algorithms, historical data analysis algorithms, Al algorithms, and other software modules may be used to determine temperature setpoints by analyzing and interpreting environmental data (e.g., temperature data from additional temperature sensors, such as interior or exterior sensors). For example, pattern recognition algorithms may be implemented (e.g., using machine learning techniques such as Support Vector Machines (SVM) or Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)) to identify and anticipate temperature patterns (e.g., predicting temperature deviations and adjusting settings preemptively). In some examples, historical data analysis algorithms may be used to examine current data in light of previous temperature trends collected from operational datasets to refine predictions and improve system response (e.g., using techniques such as time series forecasting or Bayesian inference to understand past patterns and predict future requirements, etc.). That is, artificial intelligence (Al) and / or machine learning (ML) algorithms may be used to reduce energy usage and increase system responsiveness. For example, artificial intelligence models can process user feedback and system- 44 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 performance data to fine-tune temperature settings automatically. Additionally, reinforcement learning algorithms can be used to adjust heating and cooling strategies (e.g., temperature setpoints, activation times, etc.) through trial and error, thereby continuously improving operational efficiency.

[0086] At block 230, the one or more processing circuits can identify a temperature of a space heated or cooled by the heating or cooling system corresponds with at least one of the adjusted high temperature setpoint or the adjusted low temperature setpoint. For example, the one or more processing circuits can receive temperature data from a temperature sensor (e g., a return air temperature sensor positioned in the return airflow path of the heating or cooling system, an external sensor located within the space, etc.) and compare the measured air temperature to the adjusted high temperature setpoint and / or the adjusted low temperature setpoint. For example, in a cooling mode, if the adjusted high temperature setpoint is 23 degrees C and the measured return air temperature increases to 23 degrees C, the one or more processing circuits can identify that the temperature of the space corresponds to the adjusted high temperature setpoint, indicating that cooling is to be activated. For example, in a heating mode, if the adjusted low temperature setpoint is 19 degrees C and the measured return air temperature decreases to 19 degrees C, the one or more processing circuits can identify that the temperature of the space corresponds to the adjusted low temperature setpoint, indicating that heating is to be activated.

[0087] At block 240, the one or more processing circuits can determine a heating or cooling element of the heating or cooling system is activated or deactivated for a predefined period. For example, the predefined period may be selected to prevent short cycling of the temperature control element (e.g., a three-minute period according to ASHRAE standards, five minutes, etc.). In another example, the predefined period may be dynamically adjusted in response to collected or inputted data (e.g., increasing the predefined period in response to aging or normal wear and tear on the system, decreasing the period in response to the installation of a new heating or cooling element, etc ). For example, the one or more processing circuits can monitor operational state data from the heating or cooling system, such as compressor run signals, fan motor status, or control board outputs, to track the duration that a temperature control element (e.g., a heating or cooling - 45 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 element such as a compressor) has remained in an activated or deactivated state. For example, the one or more processing circuits can record a first timestamp at which the temperature control element transitions to the ON / OFF state and compare the first timestamp to a second timestamp (e.g., current time) at which the temperature control element transitions to the other of the ON / OFF state to determine whether the predefined period has elapsed.[0088j At block 250, the one or more processing circuits can transmit a control signal corresponding to an adjusted temperature configured to activate or deactivate a temperature control element of the heating or cooling system. For example, in response to determining the temperature control element is activated or deactivated for the predefined period and identifying the temperature of the space, the one or more processing circuits may activate or deactivate the temperature control element by transmitting a control signal corresponding to an adjusted temperature. The adjusted temperature can correspond to at least one of the baseline high temperature setpoint or the baseline low temperature setpoint. For example, the one or more processing circuits can determine an adjusted temperature by determining a minimum temperature to activate or deactivate the temperature control element. For example, the heating or cooling system may be configured to activate or deactivate the temperature control element in response to detection of a signal (e.g., voltage, resistance, etc.) corresponding to temperature that matches a baseline temperature setpoint, and the one or more processing circuits can generate and transmit a simulated control signal configured to imitate the voltage or resistance corresponding to the baseline temperature setpoint, while the actual temperature of the space may be higher or lower than the baseline temperature setpoint.

[0089] In some implementations, the heating or cooling system can include a fan configured to provide airflow across a supply airflow path and a return airflow path for detection of the airflow temperatures. In some implementations, the method 200 can include determining, by the one or more processing circuits, the fan of the heating or cooling system is an a non-continuously- activated state. In response to determining that the fan is in the non-continuously-activated state, the method 200 can include transmitting, by the one or more processing circuits, a control signal to the heating or cooling system to activate the fan to a continuously-activated state. For example, - 46 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 the one or more processing circuits can monitor operational signals from the heating or cooling system, such as a fan run signal from the control board or a measured airflow rate from an airflow sensor, to determine whether the fan is operating in a non-continuously-activated (e.g., non- permanently-activated) state (e.g., cycling ON and OFF when the compressor or heating element is active). If the fan is determined to be in a non-continuously-activated state, the one or more processing circuits can transmit a control signal (e.g., a 24 V AC signal to the fan relay or motor controller) to activate the fan to a continuously-activated (e.g., permanently-activated) state. For example, the fan may be activated continuously during a cooling mode to maintain airflow across the supply and return air temperature sensors, thereby providing accurate real-time temperature readings for deadband tightening. For example, the fan may be activated continuously during a heating mode to promote even heat distribution throughout the space and to prevent stratification. Continuous fan operation can also be used to verify airflow for fault detection, such as identifying a blocked return duct or a failed fan motor when expected temperature changes in the supply air are not observed.

[0090] In some implementations, the method 200 can include identifying, by the one or more processing circuits, a heating or cooling capacity of the heating or cooling system based on the changes in the air temperatures. For example, the one or more processing circuits can calculate a temperature difference between the supply air temperature and the return air temperature measured at the same point in time during operation of the heating or cooling system. In a cooling mode example, if the measured return air temperature is 25 degrees C and the measured supply air temperature is 15 degrees C, the calculated temperature difference is 10 degrees C, indicating a high cooling capacity. In a heating mode example, if the measured supply air temperature is 45 degrees C and the measured return air temperature is 20 degrees C, the calculated temperature difference is 25 degrees C, indicating a high heating capacity. In some implementations, the one or more processing circuits can average the calculated temperature differences over one or more complete ON / OFF cycles to determine an average heating or cooling capacity.

[0091] In some implementations, the method 200 can include determining, by the one or more processing circuits, the adjusted high temperature setpoint and the adjusted low temperature- 47 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 setpoint based on the heating or cooling capacity. For example, if the calculated cooling capacity is high (e.g., temperature difference greater than a predefined threshold such as 8 degrees C), the one or more processing circuits can tighten the temperature deadband more aggressively by lowering the adjusted high temperature setpoint and raising the adjusted low temperature setpoint toward the target temperature. Conversely, if the calculated cooling capacity is low (e.g., temperature difference less than 4 degrees C), the one or more processing circuits can tighten the deadband more conservatively to avoid short cycling and maintain comfort. Similarly, in a heating mode, a high heating capacity can result in a larger adjustment toward the target temperature, while a low heating capacity can result in smaller adjustments to preserve system efficiency and prevent excessive cycling.

[0092] In some implementations, the method 200 can include identifying, by the one or more processing circuits, supply air temperatures using a first sensor of the one or more sensors placed in a supply airflow path of the heating or cooling system. For example, the first sensor can be positioned downstream of an evaporator or heating coil such that the first sensor measures the temperature of the conditioned air being delivered into the space. In some implementations, the method 200 can include identifying, by the one or more processing circuits, return air temperatures using a second sensor of the one or more sensors placed in a return airflow path of the heating or cooling system. For example, the second sensor can be positioned upstream an evaporator or heating coil such that the second sensor measures the temperature of the air returning from the space before conditioning (e.g., heating or cooling).

[0093] In some implementations, the method 200 can include automatically configuring, by the one or more processing circuits, the first sensor and the second sensor by comparing changes in sensor output resistance detected in response to changes in the air temperatures. For example, the one or more processing circuits can monitor the electrical resistance of each sensor while the heating or cooling system operates through a range of temperatures, and compare the measured resistance changes to known resistance-temperature profiles for different sensor types, such as positive temperature coefficient (PTC) sensors or negative temperature coefficient (NTC) sensors. For example, if the measured resistance of the first sensor decreases as the supply air temperature- 48 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 increases, the one or more processing circuits can identify the sensor as an NTC sensor and configure control logic accordingly. For example, if the measured resistance of the second sensor increases as the return air temperature increases, the one or more processing circuits can identify the sensor as a PTC sensor. Automatic configuration can include setting calibration parameters, scaling factors, or lookup tables in memory such that temperature readings from the sensors are accurate without manual measurement or entry of sensor types.

[0094] In some implementations, the method 200 can include generating, by the one or more processing circuits, the control signal corresponding to the adjusted temperature by configuring the control signal to comprise a resistance value corresponding to the baseline high temperature setpoint or the baseline low temperature setpoint. For example, the one or more processing circuits can determine that the actual measured temperature of the space has reached the adjusted high temperature setpoint in a cooling mode, and in response, generate a control signal that simulates the electrical resistance value of the return air temperature sensor at the baseline high temperature setpoint used by the control board of the heating or cooling system. In one example, if the baseline high temperature setpoint is 25 degrees C and the return air temperature sensor is an NTC sensor with a known resistance-temperature profile, the one or more processing circuits can output a resistance value matching the expected resistance of the sensor at 25 degrees C, even though the actual measured temperature is 23 degrees C. This causes the control board to interpret the signal as indicating that the baseline high temperature setpoint has been reached and to activate cooling earlier than it would under native control logic. For example, in a heating mode, if the adjusted low temperature setpoint is reached, the one or more processing circuits can generate a control signal that simulates the resistance value of the return air temperature sensor at the baseline low temperature setpoint. In some implementations, the one or more processing circuits can generate the simulated resistance value using a programmable resistor or digital potentiometer connected in place of, or in series with, existing temperature sensor wiring to facilitate seamless integration with the heating or cooling system without modifying internal programming.

[0095] In some implementations, the method 200 can include identifying, by the one or more processing circuits, one or more standards to prevent short cycling of the temperature control - 49 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 element, and selecting, by the one or more processing circuits, the predefined period based on the one or more standards. For example, the one or more processing circuits can access stored data in memory or receive input data specifying operational guidelines from industry standards such as the ASHRAE, manufacturer specifications for the heating or cooling system, or regulatory requirements. For example, the one or more processing circuits can identify that ASHRAE recommends a minimum three-minute ON time and a minimum three-minute OFF time for compressors to prevent short cycling, and select a predefined period of three minutes accordingly. In another example, the one or more processing circuits can identify that the manufacturer of a specific heat pump model recommends a five-minute minimum OFF time to allow refrigerant pressures to equalize, and select a predefined period of five minutes. In some implementations, the predefined period can be dynamically adjusted based on collected or inputted data. For example, if operational data indicates that the heating or cooling element is older or has experienced wear and tear, the one or more processing circuits can increase the predefined period to reduce mechanical stress. For example, if a new heating or cooling element has been installed and system performance data indicates stable operation, the one or more processing circuits can decrease the predefined period within safe limits to improve responsiveness.

[0096] In some implementations, an adjusted deadband including a difference between the adjusted high temperature setpoint and the adjusted low temperature setpoint is reduced relative to a baseline temperature deadband including a difference between the baseline high temperature setpoint and the baseline low temperature setpoint. For example, the one or more processing circuits can provide adjusted setpoint temperatures that reducing the deadband of the heating or cooling system to cause the heating or cooling system to activate or deactivate more responsively to temperature changes, thereby maintaining the target temperature of the space more consistently while reducing excessive runtime.

[0097] In some implementations, the method 200 can include performing, by the one or more processing circuits, automatic verification of energy savings by comparing first operational data collected during operation of the heating or cooling system using the baseline high temperature setpoint and the baseline low temperature setpoint to second operational data collected during- 50 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 operation of the heating or cooling system using the adjusted high temperature setpoint and the adjusted low temperature setpoint. For example, the one or more processing circuits can record first operational data such as total compressor runtime, total fan runtime, energy consumption in kilowatt-hours, and average space temperature over a defined period (e.g., 24 hours) while the heating or cooling system operates using the baseline high and low temperature setpoints. The one or more processing circuits can then record second operational data over a similar period while the heating or cooling system operates using the adjusted high and low temperature setpoints. In some implementations, the one or more processing circuits can collect the first and second operational data under similar environmental conditions, or can normalize the first and second operational data to account for differences in environmental conditions between the two periods, such as outdoor temperature, humidity, or occupancy levels, using weather-normalized baselines (e.g., heating degree days, cooling degree days, or time-of-week / time-of-day models). The normalized data can then be compared to determine the change in energy consumption attributable to the adjusted setpoints. For example, if the normalized second operational data indicates a 20 percent reduction in compressor runtime and a 15 percent reduction in total energy consumption compared to the normalized first operational data, the one or more processing circuits can verify that the adjusted setpoints have resulted in measurable energy savings. In some implementations, verification results can be stored in memory, displayed via a user interface, or transmitted to an external system for reporting purposes, such as documentation for energy efficiency programs or carbon credit certification.

[0098] In some implementations, the method 200 can include generating, by the one or more processing circuits, a report of energy savings based on operational data collected during operation of the heating or cooling system, and providing, by the one or more processing circuits, the report for display via an application executed on a computing device. For example, the one or more processing circuits can compile operational data such as total compressor runtime, total fan runtime, energy consumption in kilowatt-hours, average space temperature, and calculated heating or cooling capacity over a defined period. The one or more processing circuits can process the operational data to determine energy savings achieved by operation of the heating or cooling- 51 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 system using adjusted high and low temperature setpoints compared to operation using baseline high and low temperature setpoints. In some implementations, the report can include normalized energy savings values that account for differences in environmental conditions between reporting periods, such as outdoor temperature, humidity, or occupancy levels, using weather-normalized baselines (e.g., heating degree days, cooling degree days, or time-of-week / time-of-day models). The report can also include graphical representations such as charts showing energy consumption trends, percentage reduction in runtime, or estimated cost savings over time. The one or more processing circuits can transmit the report to a computing device, such as a smartphone, tablet, or desktop computer, for display via an application executed on the computing device. In some implementations, the application can allow a user to view historical reports, export data for external analysis, or share the report with third parties such as energy auditors, utility providers, or carbon credit certification agencies.10099] In some implementations, the method 200 can include detecting, by the one or more processing circuits, a fault condition associated with operation of the heating or cooling system or the temperature control element, and transmitting, by the one or more processing circuits, an alert based on the fault condition to at least one of a remote panel or application. For example, the one or more processing circuits can monitor operational parameters such as supply air temperature, return air temperature, airflow rate, compressor runtime, fan status, and sensor signal integrity to identify abnormal or anomalous conditions. For example, a fault condition can include short cycling of the compressor, detected when the compressor transitions between ON and OFF states more frequently than allowed by the predefined period. For example, a fault condition can include coil freeze risk, detected when the supply air temperature in cooling mode drops below a predefined threshold (e.g., 5 degrees C) for a sustained period. Additional fault conditions can include sensor drift, identified when measured temperatures deviate from expected values based on calibration data, or airflow blockage, detected when the measured airflow rate falls below a minimum threshold while the fan is active. Upon detecting a fault condition, the one or more processing circuits can generate an alert (e.g., control signal configured to activate an indicator light, a message containing information about the type of fault, the time of occurrence, and any- 52 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 relevant operational data, etc.). The alert can be transmitted to a remote panel, such as a wall-mounted indicator panel remote from the heating or cooling system or the one or more processing circuits, or to an application executed on a computing device such as a smartphone or tablet. In some implementations, the alert can be displayed in real time via the remote panel or application. In some examples, the alert can include additional information and / or corresponding remediation actions (e.g., scheduling maintenance, inspecting ductwork, or replacing a sensor). The alert can also be logged in memory for historical tracking and diagnostic purposes.10100] In some examples, the adjusted high temperature setpoint and the adjusted low temperature setpoint maintain a target temperature setpoint of the space. For example, if the target temperature setpoint is 22 degrees C, the adjusted high temperature setpoint and adjusted low temperature setpoint can be moved closer together around 22 degrees C such that the heating or cooling system cycles more responsively in responses to changes in actual air temperature (e.g., reducing overshoot, undershoot, and excessive runtime) while maintaining the target setpoint value.10101] In some implementations, the one or more processing circuits may execute a method for reducing total energy consumption in an HVAC, refrigeration, or freezer unit by tightening or reducing the temperature deadband for more responsive compressor control while preventing short-cycling of the unit. For example, the one or more processing circuits may configure at least two sensors (e.g., to provide temperature data). In some implementations, configuring may include placing a first sensor of the at least two sensors in a supply air path and placing a second sensor of the at least two sensors in a return air path. In one example, configuring may include the one or more processing circuits automatically detecting and configuring the at least two sensors by measuring changes in sensor output resistance against changes in supply air temperature. The one or processing circuits may further determine a total heating or cooling capacity of the unit by using the first sensor and the second sensor to detect changes in return air temperature and / or supply air temperature over one or more cycles and adjust a high temperature setpoint and a low temperature setpoint based on the total heating or cooling capacity (e.g., decrease an ON setpoint and increase an OFF setpoint to provide a tighter deadband). In some implementations, the one or more processing circuits may detect an activation temperature corresponding to a temperature of the- 53 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 space heated or cooled by the unit matching the high temperature setpoint or the low temperature setpoint.

[0102] In some implementations, the one or more processing circuits may execute or otherwise be utilized in a method for reducing the temperature deadband in a heating or cooling unit. In an example, the method may include placing a first sensor in a supply air path of the heating or cooling unit and a second sensor in a return air path of the heating or cooling unit. In some implementations, the one or more processing circuits may configure the first sensor and the second sensor by detecting changes in sensor output resistance in response to changes in supply air temperature. The one or more processing circuits may further determine a total heating or cooling capacity of the unit by using the first sensor and the second sensor to detect changes in return air temperature and supply air temperature and adjust a high temperature setpoint and a low temperature setpoint based on the total heating or cooling capacity. In some implementations, the one or more processing circuits may detect, via the first sensor or the second sensor, an activation temperature corresponding to the high temperature setpoint or the low temperature setpoint. The one or more processing circuits may further determine a heating or cooling element of the unit is activated or deactivated for a predefined period activate the heating or cooling element.

[0103] Although an example processing system has been described in FIG. 1, implementations of the subject matter and the functional operations described in this specification can be carried out using other types of digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them.

[0104] Implementations of the subject matter and the operations described in this specification can be carried out using digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software embodied on a tangible medium, firmware, or hardware, including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Implementations of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented as one or more computer programs, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions, encoded on one or more computer storage- 54 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus. Alternatively, or in addition, the program instructions can be encoded on an artificially generated propagated signal, e.g., a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal, that is generated to encode information for transmission to suitable receiver apparatus for execution by a data processing apparatus. A computer-readable storage medium can be, or be included in, a computer- readable storage device, a computer-readable storage substrate, a random or serial access memory array or device, or a combination of one or more of them. Moreover, while a computer storage medium is not a propagated signal, a computer storage medium can be a source or destination of computer program instructions encoded in an artificially generated propagated signal. The computer storage medium can also be, or be included in, one or more separate components or media (e.g., multiple CDs, disks, or other storage devices). Accordingly, the computer storage medium is both tangible and non-transitory.10105] The operations described in this specification can be implemented as operations performed by a data processing apparatus on data stored on one or more computer-readable storage devices or received from other sources.

[0106] The term “data processing apparatus” or “computing device” encompasses all kinds of apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example, a programmable processor, a computer, a system on a chip, or multiple ones, or combinations of the foregoing. The apparatus can include special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit). The apparatus can also include, in addition to hardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computer program in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, a cross-platform runtime environment, a virtual machine, or a combination of one or more of them. The apparatus and execution environment can realize various different computing model infrastructures, such as web services, distributed computing and grid computing infrastructures.- 55 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000

[0107] A computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, script, or code) can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, declarative or procedural languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, object, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program may correspond to a fde in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub-programs, or portions of code). A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers that are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.

[0108] The processes and logic flows described in this specification can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform actions by operating on input data and generating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performed by, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit).[0109| Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random-access memory or both. The elements of a computer can include a processor for performing actions in accordance with instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computer may not have such devices. Moreover, a computer can be embedded in another device, e.g., a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile audio or video player, a game console, a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, or a portable storage device (e.g., a universal serial bus (USB) flash drive), to name just a few. Devices suitable for storing computer program instructions and- 56 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 data include all forms of non-volatile memory, media and memory devices, including by way of example, semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry.

[0110] To provide for interaction with a user, implementations of the subject matter described in this specification can be carried out using a computer having a display device, e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor, for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device, e.g., a mouse or a trackball, by which the user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input. In addition, a computer can interact with a user by sending documents to and receiving documents from a device that is used by the user; for example, by sending web pages to a web browser on a user’s client device in response to requests received from the web browser.[01111 Implementations of the subject matter described in this specification can be carried out using a computing system that includes a back-end component, e.g., as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, e.g., an application server, or that includes a front-end component, e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user can interact with an implementation of the subject matter described in this specification, or any combination of one or more such backend, middleware, or frontend components. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network (“LAN”) and a wide area network (“WAN”), an internetwork (e.g., the Internet), and peer-to-peer networks (e.g., ad hoc peer-to-peer networks, distributed ledger networks).- 57 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000

[0112] The computing system can include clients and servers. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other. In some implementations, a server transmits data (e.g., an HTML page) to a client device (e.g., for purposes of displaying data to and receiving user input from a user interacting with the client device). Data generated at the client device (e.g., a result of the user interaction) can be received from the client device at the server.

[0113] While this specification contains many specific implementation details, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of any implementations or of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specific to particular implementations. Some features that are described in this specification in the context of separate implementations can also be carried out in combination or in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation can also be carried out in multiple implementations, separately, or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in some combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can, in some cases, be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination. Additionally, features described with respect to particular headings may be utilized with respect to and / or in combination with illustrative implementations described under other headings; headings, where provided, are included solely for the purpose of readability and should not be construed as limiting any features provided with respect to such headings.

[0114] Similarly, while operations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In some circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Moreover, the separation of various system components in the implementations described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all implementations, and it should be understood that- 58 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged into multiple software products embodied on tangible media.

[0115] Thus, particular implementations of the subject matter have been described. Other implementations are within the scope of the following claims. In some cases, the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results. In addition, the processes depicted in the accompanying figures may not require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results.

[0116] The numerical ranges herein can refer to + / - 10% of the disclosed values, unless specified otherwise. With respect to structural features (e.g., to describe shape, size, orientation, direction, relative position, etc.), such features can include minor variations in structure that may result from, for example, the manufacturing or assembly process and are intended to have a broad meaning in harmony with the common and accepted usage by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the subject matter of this disclosure pertains. Accordingly, these terms should be interpreted as indicating that insubstantial or inconsequential modifications or alterations of the subject matter described and claimed are considered to be within the scope of the disclosure as recited in the appended claims.

[0117] It should be understood that the phrase “in response to,” “responsive to,” “responsive at least in part to,” or the like, as used herein, can refer to various causal and contextual relationships between an initiating event, action, and / or condition and a subsequent action or operation. That is, the phrases “in response to,” “responsive to,” “responsive at least in part to,” or the like can refer to actions or operations performed directly as a result of the initiating event / action or condition, indirectly in relation to the initiating event / action or condition, based on data or parameters derived from or otherwise related to the initiating event / action or condition, and / or as a portion of a sequence or process of which the initiating event serves as one of multiple inputs, factors, and / or considerations causing the subsequent action or operation.- 59 -4906-6119-8958.1

Claims

Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method for improving energy efficiency of a heating or cooling system, the method comprising: detecting, by one or more processing circuits, using one or more sensors, changes in air temperatures of the heating or cooling system over one or more cycles; determining, by the one or more processing circuits, at least one of an adjusted high temperature setpoint and an adjusted low temperature setpoint based on (i) the changes in the air temperatures, (ii) a baseline high temperature setpoint, and (iii) a baseline low temperature setpoint; identifying, by the one or more processing circuits, a temperature of a space heated or cooled by the heating or cooling system corresponding with at least one of the adjusted high temperature setpoint or the adjusted low temperature setpoint; determining, by the one or more processing circuits, a heating or cooling element of the heating or cooling system is activated or deactivated for a predefined period; and in response to identifying the temperature of the space and determining the heating or cooling element is activated or deactivated for the predefined period, transmitting, by the one or more processing circuits, a control signal corresponding to an adjusted temperature configured to activate or deactivate a temperature control element of the heating or cooling system, wherein the adjusted temperature corresponds to at least one of the baseline high temperature setpoint or the baseline low temperature setpoint.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the heating or cooling system comprises a fan configured to provide airflow across a supply airflow path and a return airflow path for detection of the changes in air temperatures, and the method further comprising: determining, by the one or more processing circuits, the fan of the heating or cooling system is an a non-continuously-activated state; and- 60 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 in response to determining that the fan is in the non-continuously-activated state, transmitting, by the one or more processing circuits, a control signal to the heating or cooling system to activate the fan to a continuously-activated state.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying, by the one or more processing circuits, a heating or cooling capacity of the heating or cooling system based on the changes in the air temperatures; and determining, by the one or more processing circuits, at least one of the adjusted high temperature setpoint and the adjusted low temperature setpoint based on the heating or cooling capacity.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying, by the one or more processing circuits, supply air temperatures using a first sensor of the one or more sensors placed in a supply airflow path of the heating or cooling system; identifying, by the one or more processing circuits, return air temperatures using a second sensor of the one or more sensors placed in a supply airflow path of the heating or cooling system; and automatically configuring, by the one or more processing circuits, the first sensor and the second sensor by comparing changes in sensor output resistance detected in response to the changes in the air temperatures.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: generating, by the one or more processing circuits, the control signal corresponding to the adjusted temperature by configuring the control signal to comprise a resistance value corresponding to the baseline high temperature setpoint or the baseline low temperature setpoint.

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying, by the one or more processing circuits, one or more standards to prevent short cycling of the temperature control element; and- 61 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 selecting, by the one or more processing circuits, the predefined period based on the one or more standards.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein an adjusted deadband comprising a difference between the adjusted high temperature setpoint and the adjusted low temperature setpoint is reduced relative to a baseline temperature deadband comprising a difference between the baseline high temperature setpoint and the baseline low temperature setpoint.

8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: performing, by the one or more processing circuits, automatic verification of energy savings by comparing first operational data collected during operation of the heating or cooling system using the baseline high temperature setpoint and the baseline low temperature setpoint to second operational data collected during operation of the heating or cooling system using the adjusted high temperature setpoint and the adjusted low temperature setpoint.

9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: generating, by the one or more processing circuits, a report of energy savings based on operational data collected during operation of the heating or cooling system; and providing, by the one or more processing circuits, the report for display via an application executed on a computing device.

10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: detecting, by the one or more processing circuits, a fault condition associated with operation of the heating or cooling system or the temperature control element; and transmitting, by the one or more processing circuits, an alert based on the fault condition to at least one of a remote panel or application.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the adjusted high temperature setpoint and the adjusted low temperature setpoint maintain a target temperature setpoint of the space.- 62 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-200012. A system for improving energy efficiency of a heating or cooling system, the system comprising: one or more processing circuits configured to: detect, using one or more sensors, changes in air temperatures of the heating or cooling system over one or more cycles; determine at least one of an adjusted high temperature setpoint and an adjusted low temperature setpoint based on (i) the changes in the air temperatures, (ii) a baseline high temperature setpoint, and (iii) a baseline low temperature setpoint; identify a temperature of a space heated or cooled by the heating or cooling system corresponding with at least one of the adjusted high temperature setpoint or the adjusted low temperature setpoint; determine a heating or cooling element of the heating or cooling system is activated or deactivated for a predefined period; and in response to identifying the temperature of the space and determining the heating or cooling element is activated or deactivated for the predefined period, transmit a control signal corresponding to an adjusted temperature configured to activate or deactivate a temperature control element of the heating or cooling system, wherein the adjusted temperature corresponds to at least one of the baseline high temperature setpoint or the baseline low temperature setpoint.

13. The system of claim 12, wherein the heating or cooling system comprises a fan configured to provide airflow across a supply airflow path and a return airflow path for detection of the changes in the air temperatures, and wherein the one or more processing circuits are further configured to: determine the fan of the heating or cooling system is an a non-continuously-activated state; and- 63 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 in response to determining that the fan is in the non-continuously-activated state, transmit a control signal to the heating or cooling system to activate the fan to a continuously-activated state.

14. The system of claim 12, wherein the one or more processing circuits are further configured to: identify a heating or cooling capacity of the heating or cooling system based on the changes in the air temperatures; and determine the adjusted high temperature setpoint and the adjusted low temperature setpoint based on the heating or cooling capacity.

15. The system of claim 12, wherein the one or more processing circuits are further configured to: identify supply air temperatures using a first sensor of the one or more sensors placed in a supply airflow path of the heating or cooling system; identify return air temperatures using a second sensor of the one or more sensors placed in a supply airflow path of the heating or cooling system; and automatically configure the first sensor and the second sensor by comparing changes in sensor output resistance detected in response to the changes in the air temperatures.

16. The system of claim 12, wherein the one or more processing circuits are further configured to: generate the control signal corresponding to the adjusted temperature by configuring the control signal to comprise a resistance value corresponding to the baseline high temperature setpoint or the baseline low temperature setpoint.

17. The system of claim 12, wherein the one or more processing circuits are further configured to:- 64 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 identify one or more standards to prevent short cycling of the temperature control element; and select the predefined period based on the one or more standards.

18. The system of claim 12, wherein an adjusted deadband comprising a difference between the adjusted high temperature setpoint and the adjusted low temperature setpoint is reduced relative to a baseline temperature deadband comprising a difference between the baseline high temperature setpoint and the baseline low temperature setpoint.

19. The system of claim 12, wherein the one or more processing circuits are further configured to: perform automatic verification of energy savings by comparing first operational data collected during operation of the heating or cooling system using the baseline high temperature setpoint and the baseline low temperature setpoint to second operational data collected during operation of the heating or cooling system using the adjusted high temperature setpoint and the adjusted low temperature setpoint.

20. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium (CRM) having one or more instructions stored thereon, the one or more instructions executable by one or more processing circuits to: detect, using one or more sensors, changes in air temperatures of a heating or cooling system over one or more cycles; determine an adjusted high temperature setpoint and an adjusted low temperature setpoint based on (i) the changes in the air temperatures, (ii) a baseline high temperature setpoint, and (iii) a baseline low temperature setpoint; identify a temperature of a space heated or cooled by the heating or cooling system corresponds with at least one of the adjusted high temperature setpoint or the adjusted low temperature setpoint;- 65 -4906-6119-8958.1Atty. Dkt. No.: 140253-2000 determine a heating or cooling element of the heating or cooling system is activated or deactivated for a predefined period; and in response to identifying the temperature of the space and determining the heating or cooling element is activated or deactivated for the predefined period, transmit a control signal corresponding to an adjusted temperature configured to activate or deactivate a temperature control element of the heating or cooling system, wherein the adjusted temperature corresponds to at least one of the baseline high temperature setpoint or the baseline low temperature setpoint.4906-6119-8958.1

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