Fluid fixtures with temperature sensation manipulation

Abstract

A fluid fixture that manipulates human temperature perception to provide a desired temperature sensation while conserving energy. The fixture includes inlets for receiving fluid at different temperatures and a flow control mechanism to regulate the relative proportions of the fluid streams, producing an output stream. The outlet is configured to deliver the output stream in a manner that creates a perceived temperature different from the actual temperature by leveraging temperature sensation manipulation techniques, such as the thermal grill illusion and paradoxical heat sensation. These techniques exploit the properties of human thermoreceptors to induce a thermal illusion, enabling the fixture to provide a comfortable temperature sensation using less energy to heat the fluid. By optimizing the spatial and temporal delivery of the fluid streams, the fixture offers an energy-efficient and adaptable solution for enhancing user comfort and satisfaction in various fluid fixture applications, including showers, faucets, and bidets.

Description

FLUID FIXTURES WITH TEMPERATURE SENSATION MANIPULATIONCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] The present disclosure includes matter related to thermal grill illusion and battery bidets as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 63 / 706,214, fded October 11, 2024, 63 / 716,792, filed November 6, 2024, and 63 / 717,311, filed November 7, 2024, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference. This application claims the priority benefits of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 706,214, filed October 11, 2024 and U.S. Provisional Application No, 63 / 717,311 , filed November 7, 2024.FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0002] Embodiments of the present disclosure relate generally to water fixtures and, more particularly, to water fixtures that employ temperature sensation manipulation techniques to provide a desired perceived temperature while conserving energy.BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0003] Water fixtures, such as showerheads, faucets, and bidets, are commonly used in households and commercial settings to deliver water for various purposes, including bathing, washing, and cleaning. Conventionally, these fixtures mix hot and cold water streams to provide a comfortable water temperature for the user. However, this approach often results in significant energy consumption, as the hot water must be continuously heated and maintained at a high temperature.

[0004] To reduce energy consumption, some water fixtures employ flow restrictors or low-flow designs that limit the overall water flow rate. While these techniques can save water and energy, they often compromise the user's comfort and satisfaction by providing a less powerful or less enjoyable water stream.

[0005] Another approach to conserving energy in water fixtures may be to use a single water stream at a lower temperature. However, this often results in an1PH4352WO01uncomfortably cold water temperature for the user, especially in colder climates or seasons.

[0006] Existing water fixtures often fail to strike a balance between providing a comfortable and satisfying user experience while effectively conserving energy and water resources. Many fixtures lack the ability to control and customize water delivery to meet the varied needs and preferences of the user.

[0007] Therefore, there is a need for a water fixture that can deliver a comfortable and personalized water experience while optimizing energy and water usage. Accordingly, various embodiments detailed herein provide fixtures for delivering comfort and promoting sustainability and efficiency.BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0008] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for a water fixture that addresses the challenges associated with delivering a comfortable and personalized water experience while optimizing energy and water usage. Conventional water fixtures often struggle to strike a balance between user comfort and resource efficiency, leading to unnecessary water and energy consumption. Recent advancements in the understanding of human temperature perception have led to the development of thermal illusion techniques which exploit the properties of human thermoreceptors to create a perceived temperature that is different from the actual temperature of a stimulus. The water fixtures disclosed herein incorporates these thermal illusion techniques through a flow control mechanism and outlet configuration that enables control over the delivery of water streams at different temperatures, enabling a consistent and customizable water experience for users.

[0009] The fluid fixture disclosed herein includes a first inlet for receiving a first stream of fluid at a first temperature and a second inlet for receiving a second stream of fluid at a second temperature, wherein the second temperature is different from the first temperature. A flow control mechanism is operably connected to the first and second inlets, and is configured to control the relative proportions of the first stream of fluid and2PH4352WO01the second stream of fluid to produce an output stream. An outlet, operably connected to the flow control mechanism, is configured to deliver the output stream to a user in a manner that maximizes comfort and satisfaction while minimizing resource waste. The flow control mechanism in the fluid fixture may comprise various components, such as valves, temperature sensors, and controllers, which work together to enable precise temperature regulation of the fluid streams. The outlet may include a plurality of openings arranged in a specific pattern to optimize the fluid delivery for user comfort and enjoyment. The fluid fixture may also incorporate a user interface that enables for easy customization of the fluid temperature, flow rate, and spray pattern, giving users full control over their fluid experience.

[0010] In an example embodiment a fluid fixture is provided. The fluid fixture comprises a first inlet for receiving a first stream of fluid at a first temperature, and a second inlet for receiving a second stream of fluid at a second temperature, wherein the second temperature is different from the first temperature. The fluid fixture also comprises a flow control mechanism operably connected to the first and second inlets, the flow control mechanism configured to control relative proportions of the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid to produce an output stream. The fluid fixture also comprises an outlet operably connected to the flow control mechanism, the outlet configured to deliver the output stream to a user. The flow control mechanism and the outlet are configured to deliver the output stream in a manner that creates a perceived uniform temperature for the user that is different from the actual temperature of the output stream.

[0011] In some embodiments, the flow control mechanism is configured to alternate between the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid.

[0012] In some embodiments, the outlet comprises a plurality of openings arranged to deliver the output stream to the user's skin in a pattern that creates the perceived uniform temperature.

[0013] In some embodiments, the plurality of openings comprises a first set of openings configured to deliver the first stream of fluid and a second set of openings3PH4352WO01configured to deliver the second stream of fluid, wherein the first set of openings and the second set of openings are arranged in an alternating pattern.

[0014] In some embodiments, the first temperature corresponds to an unheated fluid temperature and the second temperature corresponds to a heated fluid temperature, such that the perceived uniform temperature is a warm temperature.

[0015] In some embodiments, the fluid fixture comprises a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the output stream and a controller operably connected to the temperature sensor and the flow control mechanism. The controller is configured to adjust the relative proportions of the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid based on the measured temperature to maintain the perceived uniform temperature. Furthermore, in some embodiments, wherein the controller is configured to maintain a predetermined temperature difference between the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid to optimize the thermal illusion effect.

[0016] In some embodiments, the flow control mechanism comprises a valve configured to control the relative proportions of the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid.

[0017] In some embodiments, the outlet comprises at least one of a showerhead, a faucet, detachable hand held device, or a bidet.

[0018] In some embodiments, the fluid fixture comprises a user interface operably connected to the flow control mechanism. The user interface is configured to enable a user to select a desired perceived uniform temperature.

[0019] In some embodiments, the fluid comprises at least one of water, air, cleaning agents, other liquids, or gases.

[0020] In some embodiments, the flow control mechanism is configured to pulse the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid to create the perceived uniform temperature.

[0021] In some embodiments, the outlet comprises a removable and replaceable nozzle assembly.4PH4352WO01

[0022] In some embodiments, the fluid fixture comprises a proximity sensor configured to detect the presence of a user's body part near the outlet, and wherein the flow control mechanism is configured to initiate the output stream when the user's body part is detected.

[0023] In some embodiments, the fluid fixture comprises a fluid pressure regulator operably connected to the first inlet and the second inlet. The fluid pressure regulator is configured to maintain a constant fluid pressure for the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid.

[0024] In some embodiments, the flow control mechanism is configured to gradually transition between the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid to create the perceived uniform temperature.

[0025] In some embodiments, the outlet is configured to deliver the output stream in a pulsating pattern. The pulsating pattern alternates between the first stream and the second stream.

[0026] In some embodiments, the controller is configured to maintain a predetermined temperature difference between the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid to optimize the thermal illusion effect.

[0027] In some embodiments, the outlet comprises a plurality of openings arranged in a spatial pattern that delivers the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid simultaneously, wherein the spatial pattern is configured to stimulate the hot and cold thermoreceptors in a manner that enhances the thermal illusion effect. Additionally, in some embodiments, the outlet comprises a plurality of nozzles arranged in a pattern that delivers simultaneously the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid. The pattern is configured to stimulate the hot and cold thermoreceptors in a manner that enhances the thermal illusion effect. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the outlet is configured to deliver the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid in a temporally alternating sequence. The temporal sequence is configured to stimulate the hot and cold thermoreceptors in a manner that enhances the thermal illusion effect.5PH4352WO01

[0028] In some embodiments, the flow control mechanism is configured to adjust the relative proportions of the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid based on a predetermined pattern that enhances the thermal illusion effect.

[0029] In some embodiments, the fluid fixture comprises thermal illusion enhancement device operably connected to the outlet. The thermal illusion enhancement device is configured to apply a physical stimulus to the user's skin to enhance the perceived uniform temperature

[0030] In some embodiments, the outlet comprises a plurality of independently controllable opening groups, each opening group configured to deliver a different proportion of the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid to create a temperature gradient across the output stream.

[0031] In some embodiments, the fluid fixture comprises a motion sensor configured to detect the presence of a user near the fluid fixture, and wherein the flow control mechanism is configured to initiate the output stream when the user's presence is detected.

[0032] In some embodiments, the flow control mechanism is configured to automatically adjust the relative proportions of the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid based on a preset fluid usage profile.

[0033] In some embodiments, the outlet comprises an adjustable nozzle assembly configured to enable a user to customize the direction and pattern of the output stream.

[0034] In some embodiments, the fluid fixture comprises a temperature display operably connected to the temperature sensor. The temperature display is configured to visually indicate the perceived uniform temperature to the user.

[0035] In some embodiments, the fluid fixture comprises a fluid usage tracker operably connected to the flow control mechanism. The fluid usage tracker is configured to monitor and display fluid consumption data.6PH4352WO01

[0036] In some embodiments, the flow control mechanism is configured to automatically adjust the relative proportions of the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid based on a user's preferred temperature settings.

[0037] In some embodiments, the fluid fixture comprises a plurality of outlets, each outlet configured to deliver the output stream to a different location.

[0038] In some embodiments, the fluid fixture comprises a detachable hand-held spray device.

[0039] In some embodiments, the flow control mechanism is configured to automatically adjust the relative proportions of the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid based on a preset timer.

[0040] In some embodiments, the fluid fixture comprises a fluid flow sensor operably connected to the flow control mechanism. The fluid flow sensor is configured to detect a flow rate of the output stream and communicate the flow rate to the controller.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0041] Having thus described embodiments of the present disclosure in general terms, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, and wherein:

[0042] FIG. 1A illustrates a perspective view of a toilet incorporating a bidet, in accordance with some embodiments disclosed herein;

[0043] FIG. IB is a detailed perspective view of the bidet of FIG. 1A illustrating a spray nozzle and arrangement of fluid streams configured to create a specific temperature sensation for a user, in accordance with some embodiments discussed herein;

[0044] FIG. 1C illustrates top view of the spray nozzle for the bidet of FIG. IB, in accordance with some embodiments discussed herein;

[0045] FIG. ID illustrates a front view of the spray nozzle of FIG. 1C, in accordance with some embodiments discussed herein;7PH4352WO01

[0046] FIG. IE illustrates a detailed perspective view of the bidet of FIG. 1 A illustrating a spray nozzle and an alternative arrangement of water streams configured to create a specific temperature sensation for a user, in accordance with some embodiments discussed herein;

[0047] FIG. IF illustrates top view of the spray nozzle for the bidet of FIG. IE, in accordance with some embodiments discussed herein;

[0048] FIG. 1G illustrates front view of the spray nozzle of FIG. IF, in accordance with some embodiments discussed herein;

[0049] FIG. 2A illustrates a perspective view of a shower enclosure incorporating a showerhead that may employ various water stream arrangements to create specific temperature sensations for a user, in accordance with some embodiments discussed herein;

[0050] FIG. 2B illustrates a perspective view of a showerhead with an arrangement of water streams configured to produce a desired temperature perception, in accordance with some embodiments discussed herein; and

[0051] FIG. 2C illustrates a perspective view of a showerhead with an alternative arrangement of water streams configured produce a desired temperature perception, in accordance with some embodiments discussed herein.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0052] Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not all embodiments of the present disclosure are shown. Indeed, the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the exemplary embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legal requirements. Like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout.8PH4352WO01

[0053] The present disclosure relates to water fixtures, particularly those used in bathroom and hygiene applications. These water fixtures are configured to provide a comfortable and efficient water delivery experience for users while addressing various challenges associated with conventional systems.

[0054] In the present disclosure, the term "water" is used as the primary example of a fluid medium for the purpose of describing the temperature perception manipulation techniques. However, it should be noted that the present disclosure is not limited to using water as the fluid medium. The term "water" may be substituted with any suitable fluid, including, but not limited to, air, gases, liquids, and cleaning agents, depending on the specific application and the desired outcome. For example, in heating, ventilation, and airconditioner (HVAC) systems, the temperature perception manipulation techniques can be used to manipulate the perceived temperature of the air being delivered to a space, enabling for energy savings while maintaining user comfort. In liquid heating and refrigeration applications, such as showerheads, faucets, and bidet sprays, the techniques can be used with water or other liquids to create a desired temperature perception using less energy. In cleaning and sanitation devices, the techniques can be applied to manipulate the perceived temperature of cleaning agents, such as disinfectants or sterilizers, to improve user experience and reduce energy consumption. Additionally, the temperature perception manipulation techniques can be utilized in industrial processes, energy generation, or other fields where thermal perception manipulation techniques can be beneficial, using various fluids as the medium for heat transfer and temperature perception. The use of water as the primary example throughout this disclosure is for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed as a limitation on the scope of the present disclosure.

[0055] It should be noted that the use cases described above are merely illustrative examples of how the temperature perception manipulation techniques may be utilized, and the practical applications are not limited to these specific scenarios. The ability to manipulate the perceived temperature of a fluid using thermal illusion techniques makes the system suitable for a wide variety of applications where energy efficiency, user comfort, or specialized temperature perception requirements provide advantages over conventional temperature control systems.9PH4352WO01

[0056] FIG. 1A illustrates a toilet 100 incorporating a bidet 111. Toilet 100 comprises a bowl 101 for receiving waste and a tank 103 for storing water. Bowl 101 is typically made of ceramic or other durable, water-resistant material and is configured to contain water and waste. Tank 103 may be located above and / or behind bowl 101 and is configured to hold a predetermined volume of water for flushing. The tank 103 is typically made of ceramic, plastic, or other suitable material and may include various components, such as a flush valve, fill valve, and overflow tube (not shown), to control the filling and flushing of bowl 101.

[0057] Attached to bowl 101 is a bidet 111, which is a water fixture to provide water for personal hygiene after toilet use. Bidet 111 is positioned on the rear portion of bowl 101, enabling users to access its features while seated on toilet 100. Bidet 111 is connected to a water supply system (not shown) that provides water for its operation. However, it should be noted that the water supply system may be substituted with any fluid supply system to create a fluid stream, depending on the specific application and desired outcome. The fluid can be any one of, but not limited to, water, air, gases, liquids, cleaning agents, disinfectants, sterilizers, or a combination thereof. For example, in a bidet application, the fluid may be water, while in a cleaning device, the fluid may be a disinfectant solution.

[0058] Bidet 111 also includes a seat 110, which is hinged to bowl 101 and configured to support the user while seated on the toilet system 100. The seat 110 may be made of various materials, such as plastic, wood, or cushioned vinyl, and is designed to provide comfort and stability for the user during use. The seat 110 may also include features such as heating, adjustable positioning, or a slow-close mechanism to enhance user comfort and convenience

[0059] Bidet 111 is configured to provide a controlled and comfortable water delivery experience for a user. Bidet 111 may include various components, such as inlets, a flow control mechanism, and an outlet, which work together to deliver water to the user in a desired manner. As mentioned, bidet I l l is connected to a water supply system and receives water from one or more sources. The water may be supplied at different temperatures, such as an unheated ambient temperature or a heated temperature, depending on the user's preferences and the available water sources.10PH4352WO01

[0060] Bidet 111 aims to address several challenges faced by conventional bidet systems. One challenge is providing a comfortable and effective cleansing experience for users with varying preferences and sensitivities. Conventional bidets often have limited control over water temperature, pressure, and flow patterns, which can lead to user discomfort or dissatisfaction.

[0061] Another challenge is conserving water and energy while maintaining a high level of hygiene and cleanliness. Traditional bidets may use excessive amounts of water or require significant energy to heat the water, leading to increased utility costs and environmental impact.

[0062] Bidet 111 seeks to overcome these challenges by providing a more advanced and customizable water delivery system. By incorporating features such as temperature control, adjustable flow patterns, and efficient water management, bidet 111 aims to enhance user comfort, convenience, and hygiene while promoting sustainability.

[0063] In the following figures and descriptions, the specific components and technologies employed within the bidet water fixture will be explored. This enables bidet 111 to provide a water delivery experience that addresses the limitations of conventional systems and meets the evolving needs of users.

[0064] FIG. IB provides a detailed view of bidet 111, which incorporates a spray nozzle 125 for water delivery configured to provide a comfortable and efficient cleansing experience. Spray nozzle 125 utilizes an arrangement of water streams at different temperatures to create a sensory illusion known as the thermal grill illusion. This illusion is a perceptual phenomenon that occurs when the skin is simultaneously exposed to alternating warm and cold stimuli, resulting in a sensation that differs from the actual temperature of the stimuli.

[0065] Spray nozzle 125 features a series of openings 102 through which water is discharged. These openings can take various forms, such as slots, jets, or slits, and are strategically positioned to direct water to specific areas for effective cleansing. The size, shape, and spacing of openings 102 may be optimized to achieve the desired water flow characteristics, pressure, and coverage while minimizing splashing and discomfort.11PH4352WO01

[0066] The water emitted from openings 102 originates from two separate sources: a warm water supply and a cold / ambient water supply. The cold water is typically sourced directly from the main water supply line and is at ambient temperature. The temperature of the cold water may vary depending on factors such as the geographical location, season, and time of day, but may generally range from 33°F to 68°F ( 6°C to 20°C). In some embodiments, particularly in warmer locations where water supply systems may be exposed to higher temperatures, the cold water temperature range may extend from as low as 33°F (0.6°C) to as high as 100°F (37.8°C).

[0067] The warm water, on the other hand, is generated by heating the cold water or ambient water to a predetermined temperature range. This is typically accomplished using an electric heating element or a heat exchanger that transfers heat from a separate hot water supply. The target temperature for the warm water can be adjusted based on user preferences and the desired level of comfort, but may typically fall within the range of 86°F to 106°F (30°C to 41 °C) . A temperature control system, such as a thermostat or a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, may be employed to maintain the warm water at the desired temperature and ensure consistency.

[0068] Spray nozzle 125 utilizes the thermal grill illusion based on the arrangement of the warm and cold water streams. Instead of mixing the warm and cold water to achieve a uniform temperature, spray nozzle 125 positions openings 102 to emit alternating streams of warm water 113 and cold water 114 simultaneously. This arrangement creates a pattern of warm-cold-warm-cold-warm streams that stimulates the thermal receptors in the skin in a specific manner, leading to the perception of a distinct sensation that differs from the actual temperature of the water.

[0069] The thermal grill illusion is a well-documented sensory phenomenon that has been studied extensively in the field of neuroscience and psychophysics. When the skin is simultaneously exposed to adjacent areas of warm and cold stimuli, the brain's processing of these signals leads to a unique perceptual experience involving the complex interplay between the warm and cold receptors in the skin, as well as higher-order cognitive processes in the brain.12PH4352WO01

[0070] In the context of bidet 111, the thermal grill illusion is harnessed to provide a more comfortable and effective cleansing experience. By creating a specific pattern of warm water 113 and cold water 114 streams, bidet 111 can induce a sensation that is perceived as more pleasant and refreshing than a uniform temperature. This can enhance the overall user experience and lead to greater satisfaction with the cleansing process.

[0071] The arrangement of openings 102 and the resulting warm and cold water streams may be optimized to maximize the effectiveness of the thermal grill illusion. One configuration may involve positioning the openings in a linear array, with alternating warm and cold streams emitted simultaneously. For example, a first opening may emit a warm stream 113, a second opening a cold stream 114, a third opening a warm stream 113, and so on. This linear arrangement creates a repeating pattern of warm-cold-warm- cold-warm streams that can be directed to specific areas of the body for targeted cleansing.

[0072] In some embodiments, openings 102 may be arranged in a more complex pattern, such as a grid or a circular array. In a grid arrangement, openings 102 may be positioned in rows and columns, with alternating warm water 113 and cold water 114 streams in both the horizontal and vertical directions. This creates a two-dimensional pattern of warm and cold stimuli that can provide comprehensive coverage and stimulation. In some embodiments, a circular array of openings 102 are arranged in a radial pattern, with warm water 113 and cold water 114 streams emitting from the center in alternating sectors. This configuration may be particularly effective for cleansing in a circular motion or for targeting specific areas around the perimeter.

[0073] The spacing between openings 102 and the resulting warm water 113 and cold water 114 streams can also play a role in the effectiveness of the thermal grill illusion. If warm water 113 and cold water 114 streams are too far apart, the illusion may be diminished or lost entirely, as the brain may process the warm and cold stimuli separately rather than integrating them into a unified perception. Conversely, if warm water 113 and cold water 114 streams are too close together, the contrast between the warm and cold stimuli may be reduced, leading to a less pronounced illusion.13PH4352WO01

[0074] In addition to the spatial arrangement of the warm and cold streams, the temporal characteristics of the water delivery may also influence the strength and quality of the thermal grill illusion. The duration of each warm water 113 and cold water 114 pulse, as well as the transition time between pulses, can be adjusted to optimize the perceptual effect. For example, rapid alternation between warm and cold streams may create a more intense and stimulating sensation, while slower transitions may produce a more gradual and soothing effect. The specific timing parameters can be fine-tuned based on user preferences and the desired outcome of the cleansing experience.

[0075] To further enhance the user experience and provide greater control over the cleansing process, bidet 111 may incorporate various adjustability and customization features. These may include controls for regulating the temperature of warm water 113, the pressure and flow rate of the water streams, and the duration of the cleansing cycle. These controls can be implemented through mechanical means, such as knobs or levers, or through electronic interfaces, such as buttons, touchscreens, or remote control devices.

[0076] In addition to manual controls, bidet 111 may incorporate advanced sensing and automation technologies to optimize the cleansing experience. For example, bidet 111 may include sensors that detect the presence and position of the user, enabling bidet 111 to automatically adjust the water delivery to ensure optimal coverage and effectiveness. Bidet 111 may also include temperature sensors that monitor the actual temperature of the water streams and provide feedback to the control system to maintain the desired temperature range and prevent any discomfort or scalding.

[0077] Bidet 111 may also offer a range of pre-programmed cleansing modes or cycles that are tailored to specific user preferences or needs. These modes may vary in terms of water temperature, pressure, flow rate, and duration, as well as the specific pattern and arrangement of the warm and cold streams. For example, there may be a "gentle" mode that uses lower water pressure and a more gradual alternation of warm and cold streams for users with sensitive skin, or a "power" mode that employs higher pressure and more rapid temperature transitions for a more invigorating cleanse.14PH4352WO01

[0078] In addition to its primary cleansing function, bidet 111 may also incorporate additional features and technologies to enhance user comfort and hygiene. These may include a heated seat, a warm air dryer, a deodorizer, and a self-cleaning function that automatically rinses and sanitizes the nozzles and water lines before and after each use. These features can further elevate the overall user experience and provide a more comprehensive and satisfying cleansing solution.

[0079] The potential benefits of bidet 111 extend beyond individual user satisfaction and comfort. The use of the thermal grill illusion may also lead to water and energy savings compared to traditional cleansing methods. By providing a more effective and efficient cleanse with less water and lower temperatures, the bidet may help to reduce overall water consumption and the energy required for heating. This can have environmental and economic implications, particularly in regions where water scarcity and energy costs are major concerns.

[0080] Furthermore, bidet 111 may be configured to be easily retrofitted onto existing toilet systems, making it an attractive option for users who want to upgrade their personal hygiene experience without the need for extensive renovations. The compact and self- contained bidet 111 allows for simple installation and maintenance, ensuring that users can enjoy the benefits of the invention with minimal hassle. In some embodiments, bidet 111 may include a battery power source, eliminating the need for an electrical outlet to power the device. This battery-powered option enables ease of installation of bidet 111, as it can be fitted into any toilet system regardless of the availability of a nearby power outlet. The battery may also be rechargeable or replaceable.

[0081] In addition, bidet 111 can promote better hygiene and health outcomes by reducing the reliance on toilet paper and other manual cleansing methods. The precise targeting and temperature control of the water streams can provide a more thorough and gentle clean, minimizing the risk of irritation, infection, and other associated health issues.

[0082] By leveraging the principles of sensory perception and thermal stimulation, bidet 111 offers an approach to cleansing that goes beyond the limitations of traditional15PH4352WO01bathroom fixtures. The strategic arrangement of warm and cold water streams, combined with advanced control and customization features, enables users to experience a more comfortable, refreshing, and personalized cleansing experience.

[0083] FIGs. 1C and ID provide a detailed view of spray nozzle 125. Spray nozzle 125 is responsible for delivering the warm and cold water streams to the user in a specific arrangement that creates the desired perceptual experience.

[0084] FIG. 1C presents a top view of spray nozzle 125, revealing its internal structure and the arrangement of the water inlets and outlets. Spray nozzle 125 may comprise two water inlets: a warm water inlet 104 and a cold water inlet 106. These inlets may be connected to separate water supply lines, so that the warm and cold water streams remain distinct and do not mix prior to being emitted from spray nozzle 125.

[0085] Warm water inlet 104 is connected to a dedicated water line that supplies heated water to spray nozzle 125. The temperature of the warm water is regulated to fall within a specific range, this may be between 86°F to 106°F (30°C and 41°C). This temperature range is selected to provide a comfortable and soothing sensation for the user while preventing any potential for scalding or discomfort. The warm water supply may be heated using various methods, such as an electric heating element, a gas-powered water heater, or a centralized hot water system, depending on the specific installation and available resources.

[0086] Cold water inlet 106, on the other hand, may be connected to a separate water line that supplies unheated water to spray nozzle 125. In most cases, the cold water is sourced directly from the main water supply and is at ambient temperature. The ambient temperature of the cold water can vary depending on factors such as the geographical location, climate, and season, but typically ranges from 33°F to 68°F (,6°C to 20°C). In some embodiments, particularly in warmer locations where water supply systems may be exposed to higher temperatures, the cold water temperature range may extend from as low as 33°F (0.6°C) to as high as 100°F (37.8°C). The use of ambient cold water eliminates the need for additional cooling mechanisms and helps to reduce energy consumption and complexity in the bidet system.16PH4352WO01

[0087] In some embodiments, the fluid fixture may include additional inlets for receiving fluid streams at different temperatures beyond the first and second inlets. These additional inlets can be used to introduce fluid streams at various temperatures, enabling for more complex and precise control over the perceived temperature of the output stream. By utilizing multiple fluid streams at different temperatures, the fluid fixture can create a wider range of thermal sensations and enhance the overall temperature perception manipulation effect. The flow control mechanism can be configured to adjust the relative proportions of each fluid stream to achieve the desired perceived temperature. This multi-stream approach offers greater versatility and customization options for the fluid fixture, enabling it to cater to a wider range of user preferences and application requirements.

[0088] From warm water inlet 104, the heated water flows into a warm water conduit 108. This conduit serves as a passage for the warm water, guiding it towards an outlet opening. Warm water conduit 108 is configured to maintain the temperature and pressure of the water as it travels through spray nozzle 125, minimizing heat loss and ensuring a consistent flow rate. The material and dimensions of the warm water conduit 108 may be selected to optimize the water flow characteristics and prevent any leaks or blockages.

[0089] Similarly, the cold water from cold water inlet 106 flows into a separate cold water conduit 112. This conduit carries the ambient temperature water towards an outlet opening, which are dedicated to emitting the cold water streams. Like warm water conduit 108, cold water conduit 112 is made to maintain the integrity and consistency of the water flow, such that the cold water streams are delivered to the user at the desired temperature and pressure.

[0090] Spray nozzle 125 features multiple rows of outlet openings for both warm and cold water. Warm water conduit 108 may contain a first row of outlet openings designated as 102ai through 102an, where "n" represents the total number of openings in the row. For example, if the first row contains six openings, they would be labeled as 102ai, 102a2, 102as, and so on, up to 102as. The value of "n" can be any positive integer, enabling for flexibility in the design and adaptation of spray nozzle 125 to accommodate different numbers of openings.17PH4352WO01

[0091] Similarly, cold water conduit 112 may feature a second row of outlet openings designated as 102bi through 102bn, following the same naming convention as the first row. The number of outlet openings in cold water conduit 112 may be the same as or different from the number of openings in warm water conduit 108, depending on the specific design requirements and desired water flow characteristics.

[0092] The outlet openings 102ai to 102anand 102bi to 102bnare arranged in a pattern on a front surface of spray nozzle 125. As shown in FIG. 1C, warm water outlet openings (102ai to 102an) are positioned in an alternating pattern with the cold water outlet openings (102b i to 102bn). This configuration results in a series of alternating warm and cold water streams being emitted simultaneously from spray nozzle 125.

[0093] The number and spacing of the outlet openings can vary depending on the specific design and requirements of the bidet system. Generally, a larger number of outlet openings will provide a more comprehensive and immersive coverage of the target area, while a smaller number of openings may result in a more focused and intense stimulation. The spacing between the outlet openings is also an important consideration, as it affects the perceived contrast and integration of the warm and cold stimuli. If the openings are too far apart, the thermal grill illusion may be weakened or lost, as the brain of the user may process the warm and cold sensations separately. Conversely, if the openings are too close together, the contrast between the temperatures may be diminished, leading to a less pronounced illusion.

[0094] FIG. ID offers a front view of the spray nozzle 125, illustrating the path of the water streams as they are emitted from the outlet openings. Warm water stream 113, originating from the warm water conduit 108, flows vertically upward through an opening path 115 and is ejected from the associated warm water outlet openings 102ai to 102an. Similarly, cold water stream 114, originating from cold water conduit 112, flows vertically upward through opening path 117 and is ejected from the associated cold water outlet openings 102bi to 102bn.

[0095] It is worth noting that warm water stream 113 and cold water stream 114 are emitted simultaneously and continuously from their respective outlet openings. This18PH4352WO01simultaneous emission is necessary for creating the thermal grill illusion, as it ensures that the warm and cold stimuli are applied to the skin at the same time, enabling for the perception that underlies the illusion. The constant and uninterrupted flow of both warm and cold water also helps to maintain the stability and intensity of the illusion throughout the cleansing experience.

[0096] While FIGs. 1C and ID depict a specific arrangement of the outlet openings and a vertical path for the water streams, it is important to recognize that various other embodiments are possible. In some embodiments, arrangement of the outlet openings can be customized to optimize the thermal grill illusion for different body regions, user preferences, and cleansing requirements. For example, the outlet openings 102 may be arranged in a linear, circular, or grid pattern, depending on the desired coverage area and stimulation profile. Additionally, the angle and direction of the water streams can be adjusted to provide a more targeted or diffused cleansing action, accommodating different user needs and anatomical variations.

[0097] Spray nozzle 125 may also incorporate additional features and technologies to enhance the user experience and the effectiveness of the thermal grill illusion. For instance, the nozzle may include adjustable or interchangeable front surface plates that enable for the customization of the outlet opening arrangement and water stream characteristics. This modularity enables users to tailor the cleansing experience to their specific preferences and requirements, while also facilitating easier maintenance and replacement of components.

[0098] In some embodiments, spray nozzle 125 of bidet 111 may incorporate dynamic control mechanisms that enable for real-time adjustment of the water temperature, flow rate, and pressure. These mechanisms may include thermostatic mixing valves, flow regulators, and pressure-balancing valves that work in conjunction with sensors and control systems to maintain the desired water characteristics throughout the cleansing process. By enabling dynamic control over the water parameters, the bidet system can provide an even more personalized and adaptive cleansing experience, responding to changes in user preferences or environmental conditions.19PH4352WO01

[0099] Spray nozzle 125 may be constructed from high-quality, corrosion-resistant materials that can withstand the constant exposure to water and the potential buildup of mineral deposits. Stainless steel, brass, and engineered plastics are common choices for spray nozzle construction, offering a combination of strength, durability, and resistance to degradation. The surface finish of spray nozzle may be as a smooth and polished surface can help to minimize the adherence of dirt, bacteria, and other contaminants, promoting better hygiene and easier cleaning.

[0100] As mentioned, bidet 111 may incorporate a user interface and control options for spray nozzle 125. Bidet 111 may be equipped with manual controls, such as knobs or levers that enable users to adjust the water temperature, flow rate, and pressure directly on the unit. In some embodiments, bidet 111 may be integrated with a remote control or a wall-mounted panel that provides a more intuitive and accessible interface for controlling the various functions and settings. In some embodiments, bidet 111 may be connected to a smart home network or a mobile app, enabling users to control the bidet remotely and access additional features and customization options.

[0101] Spray nozzle 125 and its implementation of the thermal grill illusion offer benefits and advantages over traditional bidet designs. By delivering simultaneous warm and cold water streams in a specific arrangement, spray nozzle 125 creates an effective cleansing experience that promotes better hygiene, comfort, and satisfaction for users. The thermal grill illusion enhances the perceived temperature and stimulation of the water streams, providing a more pleasant and invigorating sensation that can help to reduce discomfort, irritation, and fatigue during the cleansing process.

[0102] Spray nozzle 125 arrangement of warm and cold water outlet openings, combined with the control and customization options, enables for the delivery of an effective and personalized cleansing experience. By implementing the thermal grill illusion, spray nozzle 125 represents an advancement by offering a more comfortable, hygienic, and sustainable solution for users across a wide range of contexts and applications.20PH4352WO01

[0103] FIG. IE illustrates a bidet 111' that incorporates a spray nozzle 125' utilizing paradoxical heat sensation to provide a different cleansing experience. Bidet 111’ and spray nozzle 125' are similar to bidet 111 and spray nozzle 125 described in FIGs. 1 A- 1D, but employs water streams 113' and 114' in a different manner to create the desired perceptual effect.

[0104] The paradoxical heat sensation is a thermal illusion that occurs when the skin is exposed to alternating pulses of warm and cold stimuli. Unlike the thermal grill illusion, which relies on the simultaneous emission of warm and cold water streams, the paradoxical heat sensation is achieved by rapidly switching between warm and cold water streams. This pulsing action creates a sensation of heat that is perceived by the user, even though the actual temperature of the water may be lower than the perceived temperature.

[0105] Spray nozzle 125' is configured to deliver warm water stream 113' and cold water stream 114' through series of openings 102' in an alternating pattern. Openings 102' are arranged on the front surface of spray nozzle 125' in a manner that enables for the effective delivery of the pulsing water streams. The specific arrangement of openings 102' may vary depending on the desired coverage area, intensity, and pattern of stimulation.

[0106] Spray nozzle 125' may feature a single row or multiple rows of openings 102' that are evenly spaced along the length of the nozzle. Openings 102' may be connected to a switching mechanism (not shown) that rapidly alternates between the warm water stream 113' and the cold water stream 114'. The switching mechanism may be a valve, a solenoid, or any other suitable device that can control the flow of water through openings 102' in a precise and rapid manner.

[0107] The timing and duration of the warm and cold water pulses may impact the perception of paradoxical heat sensation. The specific frequency inducing the paradoxical heat sensation may vary depending on the individual user's sensitivity and preferences, as well as the design and performance characteristics of spray nozzle 125'.

[0108] In some embodiment, spray nozzle 125' may be programmed to deliver warm water stream 113' for a duration of 240 milliseconds, followed by cold or unheated water21PH4352WO01stream 114' for a duration of 60 milliseconds. This cycle is then repeated continuously for the duration of the cleansing session. The rapid switching between the warm and cold water streams creates a pulsing sensation that is perceived by the user as a continuous flow of warm water, even though the actual temperature of the water may be lower than the perceived temperature.

[0109] In other embodiments, the timing and duration of the pulses may be adjusted to optimize the paradoxical heat sensation effect. For example, in some embodiments, warm water stream 113' duration may range from 100 to 300 milliseconds, while cold water stream 114' duration may range from 25 to 100 milliseconds. In some embodiments, warm water stream 113' duration may be as long as 500 milliseconds, while cold water stream 114' duration may be as short as 10 milliseconds. The ratio of warm water to cold water duration may also vary, from 1 : 1 to 10: 1 or even higher, depending on the desired intensity and characteristics of the paradoxical heat sensation.

[0110] Furthermore, the transition time between the warm and cold water pulses can also influence the perception of the paradoxical heat sensation. In some embodiments, the transition may be instantaneous, while in others, there may be a gradual ramp-up or ramp-down period between the warm and cold phases. This transition time may range from 0 to 50 milliseconds or more. The specific timing and duration settings may be preset or adjustable via the user interface to accommodate individual preferences and sensitivities. The control system of the bidet 111 may also incorporate adaptive algorithms that automatically fine-tune the timing and duration of the pulses based on user feedback or sensor data to optimize the paradoxical heat sensation effect over time.[0U1] The temperature of warm water stream 113' and cold water stream 114' can be adjusted to optimize the paradoxical heat sensation effect. In general, warm water stream 113' may be at a temperature that is comfortable and soothing for the user, this may be typically in the range of 86°F to 106°F (30°C to 41°C). Cold water stream 114', on the other hand, may be at a temperature that is noticeably cooler than the warm water stream 113', but not so cold as to cause discomfort or shock and may vary depending on factors such as the geographical location, climate, and season. A temperature range cold water stream 114’ may in the range of 33°F to 68°F (,6°C to 20°C). In some embodiments,22PH4352WO01particularly in warmer locations where water supply systems may be exposed to higher temperatures, the cold water temperature range could extend from as low as 33°F (0.6°C) to as high as 100°F (37.8°C).

[0112] The flow rate and pressure of water streams 113' and 114' may also affect the intensity and effectiveness of the paradoxical heat sensation. Higher flow rates and pressures may create a more intense and stimulating sensation, while lower flow rates and pressures may produce a more gentle and soothing effect. Bidet 111’ may be equipped with adjustable flow controls that enable the user to customize the water flow and pressure to their liking

[0113] The spray pattern and angle of water streams 113' and 114' may also be optimized to enhance the paradoxical heat sensation effect. Openings 102' may be configured to produce a focused, jet-like spray that concentrates the water streams onto a specific area, or a wider, fan-like spray that provides more diffuse coverage. The angle of the water streams may also be adjusted to target specific body regions or to accommodate different user positions and preferences.

[0114] In addition to the pulsing of the warm and cold water streams, bidet 111' may incorporate other features to enhance the cleansing experience. For example, bidet 111’ may include a pulsating or oscillating function that varies the intensity and pattern of the water streams over time. This can create a massaging effect that stimulates blood flow and promotes relaxation, while also improving the overall cleansing efficiency.

[0115] Spray nozzle 125' may also be equipped with a self-cleaning function that automatically rinses and sanitizes the openings 102' and the water lines before and after each use. This helps to prevent the buildup of bacteria, mineral deposits, and other contaminants that can affect the performance and hygiene of the bidet system. The selfcleaning function may use a combination of high-pressure waterjets, ultraviolet light, or antimicrobial agents to ensure thorough and effective cleaning.

[0116] The user interface and control options for bidet 111 ’ are configured to be intuitive and user-friendly. Bidet 111’ may be equipped with manual controls, such as buttons or dials that enable the user to adjust the water temperature, flow rate, and23PH4352WO01pulsing frequency directly on the unit. Alternatively, bidet 111’ may be integrated with a remote control or a smartphone app that provides a more advanced and customizable interface for controlling the various functions and settings.

[0117] In some embodiments, spray nozzle 125' may incorporate smart sensors and automation technologies that adapt the water delivery and pulsing patterns to the user's body and preferences. For example, spray nozzle 125' may include proximity sensors that detect the user's position and adjust the spray angle and intensity accordingly. Spray nozzle 125’ may also include temperature sensors that monitor the water temperature and adjust the heating and cooling elements to maintain the desired level of warmth and contrast.

[0118] The paradoxical heat sensation technology used in bidet 111’ offers several advantages over traditional bidet systems. By creating a perception of warmth and comfort without the need for continuous high-temperature water, the system can reduce energy consumption and water usage. This can translate into cost savings and environmental benefits over time, especially in high-traffic environments such as public restrooms or commercial facilities.

[0119] The modular design and compatibility of the bidet 111’ also make it sustainable choice for both new installations and retrofits. Bidet 111’ can be integrated into existing plumbing systems and fixtures, without the need for extensive modifications or specialized tools. The use of high-quality, durable materials enables long-lasting performance and reliability, while the self-cleaning and maintenance features help to reduce downtime and extend the lifespan of the system.

[0120] The development and implementation of the paradoxical heat sensation technology in the spray nozzle 125' represent an advancement in the field of bidet systems and personal hygiene. By leveraging the principles of thermal perception and human physiology, the technology offers an effective approach to cleansing that enhances user comfort, convenience, and well-being.

[0121] FIGs. IF and 1G illustrate spray nozzle 125’ that shares many similarities with spray nozzle described in FIGs. 1C and ID but incorporates a different arrangement24PH4352WO01of outlet openings and a switching mechanism for delivering alternating warm and cold water streams to create the desired paradoxical heat sensation effect.

[0122] Spray nozzle 125’ features a warm water inlet 104', a cold water inlet 106', a warm water conduit 108', and a cold water conduit 112', which function the same as that shown in FIGs. 1C and ID, as previously described.

[0123] Warm water conduit 108' may feature multiple rows of outlet openings, designated as 102ai' through 102an', where "n" represents the total number of outlet openings in the row. For example, if warm water conduit 108' contains five outlet openings, they would be labeled as 102ai', 102a2', 102a3', and so on, up to 102as'. The value of "n" can be any positive integer, enabling for flexibility in the design and adaptation of the warm water conduit 108' to accommodate different numbers of outlet openings.

[0124] Similarly, cold water conduit 112' may feature multiple rows of outlet openings, designated as 102b i' through 102bn', following the same naming convention as the warm water conduit 108'.

[0125] The arrangement of the outlet openings 102ai' through 102an'and 102bi' through 102bn' on the front surface of spray nozzle 125’ may vary depending on the desired spray pattern, coverage area, and intensity of the paradoxical heat sensation effect. As shown in FIG. IF, warm water outlet openings are positioned in parallel pattern with cold water outlet openings. However, other configurations are possible, such as grouping the warm and cold water outlet openings in separate clusters or arranging them in a circular or spiral pattern.

[0126] The number of outlet openings in each row can also vary depending on the specific design requirements and desired water flow characteristics. In some embodiments, the warm water conduit 108' and the cold water conduit 112' may have an equal number of outlet openings, while in other embodiments, they may have different numbers of outlet openings to achieve a specific balance or ratio of warm and cold water flow.25PH4352WO01

[0127] FIG. 1G offers a front view of spray nozzle 125’, illustrating the path of the water streams as they are emitted from the outlet openings. Warm water stream 113' flows vertically upward through an opening path 115’ and is ejected from the associated warm water outlet openings 102ai’ to 102an’. Similarly, cold water stream 114’, originating from cold water conduit 112’, flows vertically upward through opening path 117’ and is ejected from the associated cold water outlet openings 102bi ’ to 102bn’.

[0128] Spray nozzle 125’ also employs a switching mechanism to alternate between the warm and cold water streams, creating the paradoxical heat sensation effect. A solenoid valve may be used to control the flow of water through the warm and cold water conduits. In some embodiments other switching mechanisms may be used, such as motorized valves, or electrostatic valves. The specific choice of switching mechanism may depend on factors such as response time, reliability, power consumption, and compatibility with the overall bidet system.

[0129] In the case of a solenoid valve, as described in the previous example, the valve is actuated to close cold water conduit 112' and open warm water conduit 108', enabling the warm water stream 113' to be emitted from the outlet openings 102ai' to 102a«' for a predetermined duration. The solenoid valve then switches positions, closing warm water conduit 108' and opening the cold water conduit 112', enabling cold water stream 114' to be emitted from the outlet openings 102b to 102bn' for a shorter predetermined duration. This process repeats continuously alternating back and forth create the desired paradoxical heat sensation effect.

[0130] In some embodiments, the predetermined duration of warm water may be 240 millisecond and the predetermined duration of cold water may be 60 milliseconds. The specific timing and duration of the warm and cold water pulses can be adjusted to optimize the paradoxical heat sensation effect and to accommodate different user preferences and sensitivity levels. The timing may be fixed and predetermined, while in others, it may be user-adjustable through manual controls, remote controls, or smart home integration.26PH4352WO01

[0131] Spray nozzle 125’ may also incorporate additional features and technologies, such as adjustable flow controls, pulsating or oscillating functions, and self-cleaning mechanisms, as described in the context of FIGs. 1C and ID. These features enhance the user experience, improve the effectiveness of the paradoxical heat sensation effect, and ensure the overall hygiene and durability of the bidet system.

[0132] The user interface and control options for spray nozzle 125’ are similar to those discussed in the previous sections. Users can control the water temperature, flow rate, and pulsing frequency through various means, such as manual controls, remote controls, or smart home integration. Advanced features, such as proximity sensors and temperature monitors, can be incorporated to provide a more personalized and adaptive cleansing experience.

[0133] In some embodiments, the spray nozzle may include additional sensors or feedback mechanisms to monitor the water temperature, flow rate, and pressure in realtime. This information can be used by the control system to make dynamic adjustments to the switching mechanism, ensuring optimal performance and consistency of the paradoxical heat sensation effect.

[0134] By creating a perception of warmth and comfort without the need for continuous high-temperature water, the bidet system can reduce energy consumption and water usage. The rapid alternation of warm and cold water streams in spray nozzle 125’ can also provide a more stimulating and invigorating cleansing experience, and promoting better hygiene.

[0135] FIG. 2A illustrates a shower enclosure 200, which serves as an example of how the thermal grill illusion and paradoxical heat sensation technologies can be applied to water fixtures beyond bidets. The shower enclosure 200 includes a shower head 225, a shower handle 206, a drain 208, and a floor 210.

[0136] Shower head 225 is a water fixture to deliver water in shower enclosure 200. It may be connected to a water supply system that provides both hot and cold water. The water supply system may include a water heater to raise the temperature of the water to the desired level for the warm water stream. Shower head 225 may also incorporate a27PH4352WO01shut-off valve or a diverter valve to control the flow of water and to switch between different spray modes or outlets.

[0137] Shower handle 206 is a user interface device that enables the user to control the flow and temperature of the water delivered by shower head 225. Shower handle 206 may be a single lever design that adjusts both the flow rate and the temperature by mixing hot and cold water, or it may be a two-handle design with separate controls for hot and cold water. The specific design and functionality of shower handle 206 may vary depending on the plumbing system and user preferences.

[0138] Drain 208 is a plumbing fixture that is located on floor 210 of shower enclosure 200. Drain 208 removes water that flows from shower head 225 and direct it to a waste outlet. Drain 208 may be connected to a trap and a drain pipe that carries the wastewater to a main drainage system. Floor 210 of the shower enclosure 200 is typically sloped towards the drain 208 to facilitate the flow of water and prevent pooling.

[0139] FIG. 2B provides a more detailed view of shower head 225, focusing on the arrangement of the openings 202 and water streams 213 and 214 to incorporate the thermal grill illusion perception to deliver a comfortable and efficient showering experience.

[0140] Openings 202 on a face of shower head 225 may be divided into two groups: openings 202a dedicated to delivering warm water stream 213, and openings 202b dedicated to delivering the cold water stream 214. Openings 202a and 202b may be arranged in an alternating pattern, such as warm-cold-warm-cold throughout the face of shower head 225, to create the thermal grill illusion effect. The specific number and arrangement of the openings may vary depending on the desired spray pattern, coverage area, and intensity of the illusion.

[0141] When the shower is in operation, warm water stream 213 and the cold water stream 214 are emitted simultaneously from their respective openings. The temperature of warm water stream 213 may typically be in the range of 86°F to 106°F (30°C to 41 °C), while the temperature of cold water stream 214 may typically be in the range of 33°F to 68°F (,6°C to 20°C). In some embodiments, particularly in warmer locations where water28PH4352WO01supply systems may be exposed to higher temperatures, the cold water temperature range could extend from as low as 33°F (0.6°C) to as high as 100°F (37.8°C).The simultaneous emission of the warm and cold water streams creates the thermal grill illusion, leading to a perception of a comfortable and uniform water temperature, even though the actual water temperature may be lower than the perceived temperature.

[0142] When the user adjusts shower handle 206 to change the water temperature, the mixing ratio of the hot and cold water supplied to shower head 225 may be altered. In the case of the thermal grill illusion, the temperature of the warm water stream 213 may be increased or decreased by adjusting the hot water supply, while the temperature of cold water stream 214 remains relatively constant. This enables the user to fine-tune the perceived water temperature without the need for a high-temperature water supply, resulting in energy savings and reduced scalding risk.

[0143] The openings 202a and 202b on the shower head 225 may be arranged in various patterns to optimize the thermal grill illusion effect and to accommodate different user preferences. For example, the openings may be arranged in a circular or spiral pattern. Alternatively, the openings may be arranged in clusters or zones, with each zone delivering a different combination of warm and cold water streams to target specific body areas.

[0144] FIG. 2C depicts another embodiment of shower head 225', which incorporates the paradoxical heat sensation. In this embodiment, openings 202’ are used to deliver both warm water stream 213' and cold water stream 214' in an alternating sequence.

[0145] The paradoxical heat sensation effect is achieved by rapidly switching between warm water stream 213' and cold water stream 214' using a switching mechanism, such as a solenoid valve or a motorized valve or other switching valve. The switching mechanism may be controlled by a microprocessor or a control unit that regulates the timing and duration of the warm and cold water pulses.

[0146] In a typical paradoxical heat sensation sequence, warm water stream 213' may be delivered for a duration of 200 to 300 milliseconds, followed by a short pulse of cold water stream 214' for 50 to 100 milliseconds. This cycle is repeated continuously,29PH4352WO01creating a sensation of warmth that is perceived by the user, even though the actual water temperature is lower than the perceived temperature.

[0147] The timing and duration of the warm and cold water pulses can be adjusted to optimize the paradoxical heat sensation effect and to accommodate different user preferences. For example, the duration of the warm water pulse may be increased to create a more intense and prolonged sensation of warmth, while the duration of the cold water pulse may be decreased to minimize the perceived temperature contrast.

[0148] The arrangement of openings 202' on shower head 225' may also be optimized for the paradoxical heat sensation effect. In some embodiments, openings 202' may be arranged in a uniform grid pattern, with each opening delivering the same sequence of warm and cold water pulses.

[0149] In some embodiments, openings 202' may be arranged in a gradient or zone pattern, with different areas of the shower head delivering different pulse sequences or intensities to create a customizable showering experience.

[0150] When the user adjusts shower handle 206 to change the water temperature in the paradoxical heat sensation embodiment, the mixing ratio of the hot and cold water supplied to shower head 225' is altered, similar to the thermal grill illusion embodiment. However, in this case, both warm water stream 213' and cold water stream 214' are affected by the temperature adjustment. The microprocessor or control unit may compensate for the temperature change by modifying the timing and duration of the warm and cold water pulses to maintain the desired paradoxical heat sensation effect.

[0151] The thermal grill illusion and paradoxical heat sensation can be applied to other water fixtures beyond shower heads, such as faucets, bathtubs, and even swimming pool jets. In each case, the specific implementation may vary depending on the water supply system, the intended use, and the user preferences.

[0152] For example, a kitchen faucet incorporating the thermal grill illusion may have a dual-outlet design, with separate openings for the warm and cold water streams. The user can control the flow and temperature of the water using a single lever or a30PH4352WO01touchless sensor, while the faucet delivers a comfortable and efficient water temperature for washing dishes or hands.

[0153] Similarly, a bathtub with paradoxical heat sensation may have a series of jets or openings arranged along the sides and bottom of the tub. The jets can deliver alternating pulses of warm and cold water to create a massaging effect, while also providing a comfortable and energy-efficient bathing experience.

[0154] By incorporating the thermal grill illusion and paradoxical heat sensation into the shower head 225 and 225', users can enjoy a more comfortable, efficient, and customizable showering experience, while also benefiting from the potential energy and water savings. The specific implementation details, such as the arrangement of the openings 202 and 202', the switching mechanisms, and the control systems, may vary depending on the desired performance characteristics and user preferences.Conclusion

[0155] Many modifications and other embodiments of the disclosures set forth herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which these present disclosures pertain having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the embodiments of the present disclosure are not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure. Moreover, although the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings describe example embodiments in the context of certain example combinations of elements and / or functions, it should be appreciated that different combinations of elements and / or functions may be provided by alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In this regard, for example, different combinations of elements and / or functions than those explicitly described above are also contemplated within the scope of the present disclosure. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.31PH4352WO01

Claims

CLAIMS1. A fluid fixture comprising: a first inlet for receiving a first stream of fluid at a first temperature; a second inlet for receiving a second stream of fluid at a second temperature, wherein the second temperature is different from the first temperature; a flow control mechanism operably connected to the first and second inlets, the flow control mechanism configured to control relative proportions of the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid to produce an output stream; and an outlet operably connected to the flow control mechanism, the outlet configured to deliver the output stream to a user, wherein the flow control mechanism and the outlet are configured to deliver the output stream in a manner that creates a perceived uniform temperature for the user that is different from the actual temperature of the output stream.

2. The fixture of claim 1, wherein the flow control mechanism is configured to alternate between the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid.

3. The fixture of claim 1, wherein the outlet comprises a plurality of openings arranged to deliver the output stream to the user's skin in a pattern that creates the perceived uniform temperature.

4. The fixture of claim 3, wherein the plurality of openings comprises a first set of openings configured to deliver the first stream of fluid and a second set of openings configured to deliver the second stream of fluid, wherein the first set of openings and the second set of openings are arranged in an alternating pattern.

5. The fixture of claim 1, wherein the first temperature corresponds to an unheated fluid temperature and the second temperature corresponds to a heated fluid temperature, such that the perceived uniform temperature is a warm temperature.

6. The fixture of claim 1, further comprising a temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the output stream and a controller operably connected to the temperature sensor and the flow control mechanism, wherein the controller is configured to adjust the32PH4352WO01relative proportions of the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid based on the measured temperature to maintain the perceived uniform temperature.

7. The fixture of claim 1, wherein the flow control mechanism comprises a valve configured to control the relative proportions of the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid.

8. The fixture of claim 1, wherein the outlet comprises at least one of a showerhead, a faucet, detachable hand held device, or a bidet.

9. The fixture of claim 1, further comprising a user interface operably connected to the flow control mechanism, wherein the user interface is configured to enable a user to select a desired perceived uniform temperature.

10. The fixture of claim 1, wherein the fluid comprises at least one of water, air, cleaning agents, other liquids, or gases.11 . The fixture of claim 1 , wherein the flow control mechanism is configured to pulse the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid to create the perceived uniform temperature.

12. The fixture of claim 1, wherein the outlet comprises a removable and replaceable nozzle assembly.

13. The fixture of claim 1, further comprising a fluid pressure regulator operably connected to the first inlet and the second inlet, wherein the fluid pressure regulator is configured to maintain a constant fluid pressure for the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid.33PH4352WO0114. The fixture of claim 1, wherein the flow control mechanism is configured to gradually transition between the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid to create the perceived uniform temperature.

15. The fixture of claim 1, wherein the outlet is configured to deliver the output stream in a pulsating pattern, wherein the pulsating pattern is alternating between the first stream and the second stream.

16. The fixture of claim 1, wherein the controller is configured to maintain a predetermined temperature difference between the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid to optimize the thermal illusion effect.

17. The fixture of claim 1, wherein the outlet comprises a plurality of openings arranged in a spatial pattern that delivers the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid simultaneously, wherein the spatial pattern is configured to stimulate the hot and cold thermoreceptors in a manner that enhances the thermal illusion effect.

18. The fixture of claim 17, wherein the outlet comprises the plurality of openings arranged in a pattern that delivers simultaneously the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid, wherein the pattern is configured to stimulate the hot and cold thermoreceptors in a manner that enhances the thermal illusion effect.

19. The fixture of claim 17, wherein the outlet is configured to deliver the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid in a temporally alternating sequence, wherein the temporal sequence is configured to stimulate the hot and cold thermoreceptors in a manner that enhances the thermal illusion effect.

20. The fixture of claim 1 , wherein the outlet comprises a plurality of independently controllable opening groups, each opening group configured to deliver a different proportion of the first stream of fluid and the second stream of fluid to create a temperature gradient across the output stream.34PH4352WO01

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