Method for producing a product from a main body

Abstract

The following embodiments relate to a method for producing a product from a main body, comprising the following method steps: providing (100) a main body; heating (200) the main body to a predetermined temperature; shaping (300) the main body in a first shaping device (30); shaping (400) the main body in a last shaping device (40); cooling (500) the main body; wherein the respective shaping devices (30, 40) have at least one tool which can be brought into contact with the main body, wherein the tools of the respective shaping devices (30, 40) are heated to a predetermined temperature, wherein the main body is shaped (300, 400) by directly successive shaping devices (30, 40).

Description

[0001] AD 43566 - 1 - October 2025

[0002] Method for producing a product from a base body

[0003] Technical field

[0004] The following descriptions concern a method for manufacturing a product from a base body, which enables the rapid and cost-effective production of lightweight and high-strength components through an efficient combination of forming techniques and optimized temperature control. Furthermore, the following descriptions concern a product manufactured using the aforementioned method.

[0005] Technical background

[0006] WO 2015 / 136 299 A2 discloses a process for manufacturing products in which the starting material is heated to the solution annealing temperature before forming. The starting material is then treated with hardening cooling to the desired forming temperature and formed in a cold die. During forming, the starting material is cooled by the die. The relatively long cycle times and the limited formability of the starting material have a particularly negative impact on its material properties.

[0007] There is a constant need to improve the manufacturing processes for thin-walled and high-strength products.

[0008] Based on this situation, the task at hand is to propose a method that enables a fast and cost-effective transformation of a basic body.

[0009] Description - Technical Solution

[0010] The present problem is solved by the features of the independent claim. Advantageous embodiments are specified in the dependent claims, the description, and the drawings. Where technically feasible, the teachings of the dependent claims may be combined arbitrarily with those of the main and dependent claims. AD 43566 - 2 - October 2025

[0011] In particular, the problem is solved by a method for manufacturing a product from a base body, comprising the following process steps:

[0012] - Providing a base body, in particular equipped with friction-reducing means;

[0013] - Heating the base body to a predetermined temperature;

[0014] - Forming the base body in a first forming device;

[0015] - Forming the base body in a final forming device;

[0016] - Cooling of the base body; wherein the respective forming devices have at least one tool that can be contacted with the base body, wherein the at least one tool of the respective forming device is heated to a predetermined temperature, wherein the forming of the base body is carried out by immediately successive forming devices.

[0017] By heating the base body to a predetermined temperature, particularly the solution annealing or austenitizing temperature, and subsequently forming it using a preheated tool, the base body remains plastically deformable throughout the entire process, enabling forming without intermediate heat treatment. This process thus allows for the rapid and cost-effective production of lightweight and high-strength components through an efficient combination of forming techniques and optimized temperature control.

[0018] The following sections explain advantageous aspects and subsequently describe preferred modified embodiments. Explanations, particularly regarding advantages and definitions of features, are essentially descriptive and preferred, but not limiting, examples. If an explanation is limiting, this will be explicitly stated.

[0019] It is preferred that the sequence of process steps can be varied, unless a specific sequence is technically required. However, the aforementioned sequence of process steps is particularly preferred.

[0020] Insofar as ordinal numbers, for example "first", "second", etc., are used, for example to designate a component, an element, a process step or a process action, these ordinal numbers are purely for differentiation in AD 43566 - 3 - October 2025

[0021] The designations are provided without implying any dependencies or sequences. This means, in particular, that a device does not need to have a "first component" to have a "second component." A device can also have a "first component" and a "third component" without necessarily having a "second component." Multiple units with the same ordinal number are also possible, for example, multiple "first components."

[0022] The individual forming processes can involve the same or essentially combinations of different forming technologies, which are either impossible to produce at ambient temperature or only with low degrees of deformation without intermediate heat treatment. The combined forming steps are carried out in at least two continuously heated tools arranged in series. The temperature of the base body as well as the forming tools is, for example, in the solution annealing range for aluminum alloys and in the range above the lowest austenitizing temperature for iron alloys. After initial heating to the specified temperature, the base body can be maintained at the specified temperature level throughout the forming steps and is only cooled after the last forming step. After the forming part has cooled, further forming, heat treatment, and machining steps can be carried out.

[0023] Continuous heating of the base material throughout the entire forming process offers crucial advantages, particularly in preventing grain coarsening. Maintaining a uniform temperature for a very short forming time, especially less than one minute, ensures that the base material remains at a consistently high temperature throughout the entire forming process. This prevents the uncontrolled grain growth that could occur with uneven heating or cooling. A fine-grained and uniform grain structure is particularly advantageous, as it significantly improves the mechanical properties of the base material. One of the most important advantages of the process is the increased strength of the base material. Smaller grains create more grain boundaries, which act as barriers to dislocation movement. This results in greater resistance to plastic deformation.At the same time, the toughness of the base material is increased, as fine-grained structures distribute stresses more effectively and reduce the risk of cracking. The hardness of the base material is also improved by preventing coarse compositing (AD 43566 - 4 - October 2025), making the material more resistant to wear. The risk of hydrogen embrittlement / crystalline corrosion is also significantly reduced. A further advantage lies in the improved formability of the base material. Because the base material remains plastic and malleable due to uniform heating, even complex geometries can be formed without the risk of material cracks or fractures. The desired wall thickness profile is also much easier to achieve. By preventing coarse compositing, brittle zones that could hinder deformation are avoided. This ensures consistently good formability throughout the entire forming process.In addition, continuous heating contributes to process stability. The uniform or profiled (solution annealing) temperature distribution ensures constant material properties, resulting in a stable and predictable forming process. Unwanted fluctuations in material properties, which could arise from coarse compositing, are avoided, thus guaranteeing the final product quality. Finally, continuous heating also leads to improved surface quality. Coarse compositing can cause surface defects (orange peel effect) such as roughness or cracks, which are prevented by uniform heating. The result is a smooth, defect-free surface on the finished product. Overall, continuous heating of the base material helps to maintain a fine-grained microstructure, which improves the mechanical properties of the base material, increases formability, and ensures high process stability.

[0024] The heating of the base body can be carried out using various heating methods and devices. In particular, heating can be performed, for example, using a continuous furnace, chamber furnace, inductively, by means of heating plates, and / or conductively. In one embodiment of the manufacturing process, the base body, which is particularly designed as a blank, can, after heating, be upset in the first tool of the first forming device, for example, to the desired partial thicknesses of 7 millimeters and 5 millimeters using slides, for the production of a carrier with an initial wall thickness of 4 millimeters. After transferring the base body to another forming device, it can be formed to the required thicknesses in other areas, particularly by means of a forging process.After forging, the base body can be transferred to a further forming device and formed into a predetermined shape using an AD 43566 - 5 - October 2025.

[0025] The blank is deep-drawn using a punch or gas pressure and, if necessary, formed with the assistance of an actively controlled slide. After deep drawing, the blank can be transferred to a final forming fixture, and the flange areas of the blank can be forged to a wall thickness of 2 millimeters and then planed. After the flanges are completed in the final forming step, the blank can be cooled. The cooling step can take place in or outside the final forming fixture and / or in a downstream cooling unit. After cooling, the blank can optionally be heat-treated to, for example, achieve a specified degree of hardness and / or strength. Following machining, the blank can be cleaned using a cleaning device.

[0026] In particular, it is provided that the surface of the base body, especially an iron-based base body, is protected from oxidation by means of a coating device before heating. Specifically, it is provided that the base body is coated with friction-reducing agents before heating. The application of lubricants, particularly with oxidation inhibitors that do not melt up to 950°C, takes place during the forming of iron alloys.

[0027] Alternatively or additionally, the base body can be made of a metal or metal alloy with a melting point greater than or equal to 350 °C. This allows the base body to be heated to a comparatively high predetermined temperature and plastically deformed within the forming devices. The metal alloys suitable for this purpose are chosen for their high strength and heat resistance, making them ideal for high-temperature forming processes. The flexibility of the process allows for the processing of various high-strength alloys, which are preferred in the automotive and aerospace industries to reduce component weight.

[0028] Alternatively or additionally, the base body may be made of an aluminum alloy, an iron alloy, a copper alloy, a titanium alloy and / or a magnesium alloy.

[0029] Alternatively or additionally, the base body may be designed as a hollow or flat body. In particular, it is provided that the base body is made of a material specified in AD 43566 - 6 - October 2025.

[0030] A wide variety of hollow or flat bodies are available. By selecting different basic body shapes, the applicability of the process is expanded to a multitude of components. This enables the production of complex components for diverse applications, such as load-bearing structures in the automotive or aerospace industries, where both hollow and flat bodies are required.

[0031] In particular, the base body can consist of several layers or elements that are combined or doubled. The base body can also consist of several separate components that are joined together before or during the forming process. For example, instead of a single-piece base body, an assembly of several components, such as multiple hollow or flat bodies, can be processed to create complex, multi-layered products. Doubling involves joining two or more identical or similar components, for example, by layering or encasing them. Doubling can reinforce individual components.For example, a flat body designed as a circuit board can be placed on top of another circuit board, or a hollow body designed as a tube can be encased by a second tube to achieve additional strength or damping properties.

[0032] Alternatively or additionally, the preset temperature set during the heating of the base body can correspond to the solution annealing temperature or austenitizing temperature of the base body. Heating the base body to the solution annealing temperature (for aluminum or magnesium alloys) or the austenitizing temperature (for iron alloys) facilitates, accelerates, and improves the forming process. The high temperatures alter the microstructure of the material and enable significantly better formability. Firstly, heating increases the plasticity of the base body. In aluminum and magnesium alloys, reaching the solution annealing temperature reduces dislocations in the crystal structure, resulting in a soft, easily formable structure. Furthermore, significantly improved strength properties can be achieved after subsequent heat treatment.In iron alloys, austenitization transforms the crystal structure into a face-centered cubic form, which is more malleable than at lower temperatures. Another advantage is AD 43566-7-October 2025.

[0033] Reduction of required forming forces. At high temperatures, the material's yield strength drops significantly, so approximately one order of magnitude less force is required for forming. This not only reduces the load on the machines but also enables faster forming processes, thereby reducing cycle times, particularly by up to 5 seconds per base body, and increasing the overall process efficiency. Furthermore, the process can be carried out in a single operation without cooling and reheating, saving additional time, energy, and CO2 emissions, and reducing the number of process steps. Heating also improves the material properties and product quality. Reaching solution annealing or austenitizing temperatures homogenizes the microstructure, promoting a uniform distribution of alloying elements and precipitates.This prevents the formation of brittle phases that could impair the forming process. Furthermore, forming in a warm state results in a better surface quality, as fewer surface or stress cracks develop. Additionally, the process allows for an increase in forming limits and forming speeds, since the material becomes more resistant to cracking or fracture at high degrees of deformation due to heating, and its superplastic flow behavior is improved. This enables the creation of more complex geometries that would be difficult or impossible to achieve at lower temperatures. After the final forming step, targeted cooling or heat treatment can refine the microstructure and further improve the mechanical properties of the final product, such as increased strength or toughness.Consequently, heating the base body to solution annealing or austenitizing temperatures can significantly facilitate and accelerate the forming process.

[0034] Alternatively or additionally, the procedure may include the following procedural steps:

[0035] - Forming of the base body in at least one further forming device. In particular, the forming of the base body using the at least one further forming device takes place between the forming of the base body using the first forming device and the forming of the base body using the last forming device. Between the first and last forming steps, further, in particular different, forming steps are possible in order to produce complex geometries. This allows the flexibility of the process to be increased by stepwise AD 43566 - 8 - October 2025

[0036] This allows for shape changes, which is particularly advantageous for complex components. In particular, the process offers the integration of adjacent components into the formed product, similar to gigacasting. This is due, among other things, to the low forming forces.

[0037] Alternatively or additionally, it can be provided that the predetermined temperature of the tools of the respective forming devices essentially corresponds to the predetermined temperature of the base body. In particular, it is provided that the predetermined temperature of the tools of the respective forming devices corresponds to at least 50%, in particular at least 70%, preferably at least 90% of the predetermined temperature of the base body. It is also specifically provided that the predetermined temperature of the tools of the respective forming devices corresponds to a maximum of 110% of the predetermined temperature of the base body. The increased temperature allows for reheating of the base body in case of excessive heat losses during transport. The continuous heating of the tools prevents the base body from cooling down during the forming steps and compensates for heat losses during transport. A new temperature profile can also be established in the base body using this method.This reduces stresses and defects in the material during shaping and ensures a uniform material distribution and strength.

[0038] Alternatively or additionally, the base body may be upsetting in at least one of the forming devices, in particular by means of a slide. It is also specifically provided that the base body is forged in at least one of the forming devices. Furthermore, it is specifically provided that at least part of the wall thickness of the base body is modified in at least one of the forming devices. Finally, it is specifically provided that the base body is deep-drawn in at least one of the forming devices, in particular by means of a punch and / or fluid pressure. By combining different forming techniques, complex components can be manufactured in a single or several successive process steps. The ability to combine different forming techniques increases the efficiency of the process and enables the production of components with varying wall thicknesses or shapes.

[0039] Alternatively or additionally, it may be provided that the forming of the base body is carried out by at least one forming device using mechanical and / or pneumatic forming. In particular, it is provided that the mechanical forming is carried out in accordance with AD 43566-9-October 2025.

[0040] A die and a slide are used. Specifically, pneumatic forming is carried out using a die and fluid pressure. Mechanical and pneumatic forming techniques offer flexibility for various forming requirements. The use of different techniques allows for precise adaptation of the forming process to the specific requirements of the product, resulting in improved component quality.

[0041] Alternatively or additionally, the cooling of the base body can be carried out in a cooling device, particularly one with a hardness gradient. Cooling can be performed in various ways to meet specific material requirements, such as achieving high strength. Controlled cooling enables the optimization of material properties such as strength and toughness, which is particularly important in the automotive and aerospace industries.

[0042] Alternatively or additionally, the procedure may include the following procedural steps:

[0043] - Performing a heat treatment on the base body.

[0044] In particular, it is intended that the heat treatment of the base body takes place after it has cooled. The heat treatment can be carried out directly after forming or after complete cooling to further improve the material properties. This offers an additional possibility for improving the mechanical properties of the product, e.g., through hardening or aging of the alloy.

[0045] Alternatively or additionally, the cycle time between individual forming steps can be a maximum of 20 seconds, in particular a maximum of 15 seconds, preferably a maximum of 10 seconds, and most preferably a maximum of 5 seconds. These short cycle times enable efficient series production. By minimizing the process duration, productivity can be increased and manufacturing costs reduced.

[0046] Alternatively or additionally, it may be provided that at least one tool of at least one forming device has a temperature gradient. In particular, it is provided that the tools of the individual forming devices have different temperature gradients. Temperature gradients in the tools enable precise control over the material properties of the component. This makes it possible to manufacture components with variable wall thicknesses and strength properties, which is particularly advantageous in the automotive industry.

[0047] Alternatively or additionally, the base body may be provided with a temperature gradient, in particular a temperature profile. Specifically, it is provided that the temperature gradient, in particular the temperature profile, of the base body is changed, in particular adjusted, between the individual forming steps. Different temperatures within the base body allow for the targeted processing of specific areas and the adjustment of material properties. This increases the precision and flexibility of the forming process by enabling the targeted control of specific properties in different areas of the component.

[0048] The task is further accomplished by a product manufactured using a process that can be developed and refined as described above. The product is, in particular, a component from the aerospace or automotive industries.

[0049] Brief description of the drawings

[0050] A preferred technical solution is explained in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and preferred embodiments. The term "figure" is abbreviated as "Fig." in the drawings.

[0051] The drawings show

[0052] Fig. 1 shows a process diagram of a preferred process;

[0053] Fig. 2 shows a graphical representation of a first flowchart;

[0054] Fig. 3 shows a graphical representation of a second flowchart; and

[0055] Fig. 4 shows a schematic view of a manufacturing process.

[0056] Detailed description of the drawings

[0057] The described embodiments are merely examples that can be modified and / or supplemented in various ways within the scope of the claims. AD 43566 - 11 - October 2025

[0058] A feature described for a specific embodiment can be used independently or in combination with other features in any other embodiment. Each feature described for an embodiment of a particular claim category can also be used analogously in an embodiment of a different claim category.

[0059] Figure 1 shows a process diagram of a preferred method 10. In a first step 100, a base body is provided for the production of a product. In a second step 200, the base body is heated to a predetermined temperature. In a third step 300, the base body is formed in a first forming device 30. In a fourth step 400, the base body is formed in a final forming device 40, wherein the respective forming devices 30, 40 have at least one tool that can contact the base body, the tools of the respective forming devices 30, 40 being heated to a predetermined temperature, the forming 300, 400 of the base body being carried out by immediately successive forming devices 30, 40. In a fifth step 500, the base body is cooled after forming, in particular at the advantageous critical cooling rate.

[0060] Figure 2 shows a graphical representation of a first flow chart 12 of a method for manufacturing a product from a base body made of an iron alloy, wherein at point 1 the base body is heated until it reaches a predetermined temperature at point 2, in particular the austenitizing temperature of the iron alloy. During point 3, the base body is transferred to a first forming device and formed until point 4 is reached. The forming step may in particular include upsetting the base body. Subsequently, the base body is formed in a further forming device until point 5. The forming step may in particular include forging the base body. Subsequently, the base body is formed in a further forming device until point 6. The forming step may in particular include deep drawing the base body. Finally, the base body is formed in a last forming device until point 7.The forming step can include, in particular, thinning the wall thickness of the base body, at least in certain areas. The base body is then cooled down to point 8. Between the individual forming steps and during the transfer of the base body from one forming device (AD 43566 - 12 - October 2025) to a downstream forming device, the base body cools down slightly. Short cycle times, successive forming steps, and the tools heated to the predetermined temperature within the respective forming devices allow the base body to be essentially reheated to the predetermined temperature, thus enabling the rapid and cost-effective production of lightweight, large-area, and high-strength products.

[0061] Figure 3 shows a graphical representation of a second flowchart 14 of a method for manufacturing a product from a base body made of an aluminum alloy, wherein at point 1 the base body is heated until it reaches a predetermined temperature at point 2, in particular the solution annealing temperature of the aluminum alloy. During point 3, the base body is transferred to a first forming device and formed until point 4 is reached. The forming step may, in particular, include upsetting the base body. Subsequently, the base body is formed in a further forming device until point 5. The forming step may, in particular, include forging the base body. Subsequently, the base body is formed in a further forming device until point 6. The forming step may, in particular, include deep drawing the base body. Finally, the base body is formed in a last forming device until point 7.The forming step can include, in particular, thinning the wall thickness of the base body, at least in certain areas. The base body is then cooled down to point 8 and reheated for subsequent heat treatment at point 9, especially a hardening process. Between the individual forming steps and during the transfer of the base body from one forming device to a subsequent forming device, the base body cools down slightly. Short cycle times, successive forming steps, and the tools heated to the predetermined temperature within the respective forming devices allow the base body to be essentially reheated to the specified temperature, thus enabling the rapid and cost-effective production of lightweight, large-area products, particularly those similar to gigacasting, and high-strength products.

[0062] Figure 4 shows a schematic view of a manufacturing process 16 of a product from a base body, wherein the provision 100 of the base body, the cutting of the base body by means of a cutting device 20 and the lubrication of the surface of the AD 43566 - 13 - October 2025

[0063] The base body is formed by means of a coating device 22. The heating 200 of the base body to a predetermined temperature takes place in a heating device 24. The forming 300, 320, 340, 400 of the base body is carried out in immediately successive forming devices 30, 32, 34, 40, wherein the forming steps have short cycle times and the tools of the respective forming devices 30, 32, 34, 40 that contact the base body are heated to a predetermined temperature to prevent the base body from cooling down. After forming 300, 320, 340, 400, the cooling 500 of the base body takes place in a cooling device 50. Optionally, and particularly depending on the metal alloy used for the base body, a heat treatment 600 and subsequent cleaning 700 of the base body by means of a cleaning device 70 can be provided.Short cycle times, successive forming steps and tools heated to the predetermined temperature enable the fast and cost-effective production of lightweight and high-strength products.

[0064] AD 43566 - 14 - October 2025

[0065] Reference symbol list

[0066] 10 procedures

[0067] 12 First schedule

[0068] 14 second schedule

[0069] 16 Manufacturing process

[0070] 20 Cutting device

[0071] 22 Coating device

[0072] 24 Heating device

[0073] 30 Forming device

[0074] 32 Forming device

[0075] 34 Forming device

[0076] 36 Forming device

[0077] 40 Forming device

[0078] 50 Cooling device

[0079] 70 Cleaning device

[0080] 100th process step - Providing a base body

[0081] 200 Process step - Heating the base body

[0082] 300 Process step - Shaping the base body

[0083] 320 Process step - Shaping the base body

[0084] 340 Process step - Shaping the base body

[0085] 360 process step - Shaping the base body

[0086] 400 Process step - Shaping the base body

[0087] 500 Process step - Cooling the base body

[0088] 600 Process step - Performing a heat treatment

[0089] 700 Process step - Cleaning the base body

Claims

AD 43566 - 15 - October 2025 Claims 1. A method for manufacturing a product from a base body, comprising the following process steps: - Providing (100) a basic body; - Heating (200) the base body to a predetermined temperature; - Forming (300) the base body in a first forming device (30); - Forming (400) the base body in a final forming device (40); - Cooling (500) of the base body; wherein the respective forming devices (30, 40) have at least one tool that can be contacted with the base body, wherein the at least one tool of the respective forming device (30, 40) is heated to a predetermined temperature, wherein the forming (300, 400) of the base body is carried out by immediately successive forming devices (30, 40).

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the base body consists of a metal or metal alloy having a melting point greater than or equal to 350 °C.

3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the base body consists of an aluminium alloy, an iron alloy, a copper alloy, a titanium alloy and / or a magnesium alloy.

4. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the base body is designed as a hollow body or flat body, wherein in particular the base body consists of a plurality of hollow bodies or flat bodies.

5. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the predetermined temperature set during the heating (200) of the base body corresponds to the solution annealing temperature or austenitizing temperature of the base body.

6. A method according to any of the preceding claims, comprising the following method steps: AD 43566 - 16 - October 2025 - Forming (320, 340, 360) of the base body in at least one further forming device (32, 34, 36); wherein in particular the forming (320, 340, 360) of the base body by means of the at least one further forming device (32, 34, 36) takes place between the forming (300) of the base body by means of the first forming device (30) and the forming (400) of the base body by means of the last forming device (40).

7. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the predetermined temperature of the tools of the respective forming devices (30, 32, 34, 36, 40) corresponds substantially to the predetermined temperature of the base body, wherein in particular the predetermined temperature of the tools of the respective forming devices (30, 32, 34, 36, 40) corresponds to at least 50%, in particular at least 70%, preferably at least 90% of the predetermined temperature of the base body, wherein in particular the predetermined temperature of the tools of the respective forming devices corresponds to a maximum of 110% of the predetermined temperature of the base body.

8. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the base body is upsetting in at least one of the forming devices (30, 32, 34, 36, 40), in particular by means of a slide, wherein in particular the base body is forged in at least one of the forming devices (30, 32, 34, 36, 40), wherein in particular at least a part of the wall thickness of the base body is changed in at least one of the forming devices (30, 32, 34, 36, 40), wherein in particular the base body is deep-drawn in at least one of the forming devices (30, 32, 34, 36, 40), in particular by means of a punch and / or fluid pressure.

9. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the forming (300, 320, 340, 360, 400) of the base body is carried out by at least one forming device (30, 32, 34, 36, 40) by means of mechanical and / or pneumatic forming, wherein in particular the mechanical forming is carried out using a die and a slide, and wherein in particular the pneumatic forming is carried out using a die and a fluid pressure. AD 43566 - 17 - October 2025 10. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the cooling (500) of the base body takes place in a cooling device (50), in particular with a hardness gradient.

11. A method according to any of the preceding claims, comprising the following method steps: - Performing (600) a heat treatment of the base body; wherein in particular the heat treatment of the base body is carried out after cooling (500) the base body.

12. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the cycle time between the individual forming steps (300, 320, 340, 360, 400) is a maximum of 20 seconds, in particular a maximum of 15 seconds, preferably a maximum of 10 seconds and in particular preferably a maximum of 5 seconds.

13. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one tool of at least one forming device (30, 32, 34, 36, 40) has a temperature gradient, in particular a temperature profile, wherein in particular the tools of the individual forming devices (30, 32, 34, 36, 40) have different temperature gradients, in particular temperature profiles.

14. Method according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the base body has a temperature gradient, in particular a temperature profile, wherein in particular the temperature gradient, in particular the temperature profile, of the base body is changed between the individual forming steps (300, 320, 340, 360, 400).

15. Product produced by a method (10) according to any of the preceding claims.

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