A power module and corresponding method
The power module design with laterally separated metal base plates and isolation layers enhances thermal performance and maintains electrical conductivity, addressing heat management issues and preventing short-circuits.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- NEXPERIA BV
- Filing Date
- 2024-10-31
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-07
AI Technical Summary
Power modules face challenges in balancing thermal and electrical performance due to excessive heat generation, which can lead to thermal runaway, reduced efficiency, and premature failure, especially under high load conditions, and the use of insulating materials compromises electrical performance.
A power module design featuring laterally separated metal base plates with semiconductor dies electrically isolated by an isolation layer, allowing thermal contact with a cooling fluid through a cooling chamber, and using protrusions to enhance heat dissipation.
The design achieves increased thermal performance without compromising electrical conductivity, preventing short-circuits and ensuring reliable operation under high power levels.
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Figure CN2024128845_07052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
A power module and corresponding methodTechnical field
[0001] The present disclosure relates to power modules, and in specific an increased thermal performance of power modules.Background
[0002] Power modules, which typically comprise semiconductor dies such as MOSFETs, metal oxide, semiconductor field effect transistors, play a role in the conversion and control of electrical energy in electronic systems. These modules integrate multiple power semiconductor dyes into a single pass package, enabling efficient switching and amplification of electrical signals. As power modules are increasingly utilized in applications like electric vehicles, renewable energy systems and industrial.
[0003] One of the challenges faced by power modules is managing thermal performance. The operation of power semiconductor dies generates significant heat, especially under high load conditions where high voltages and / or current are prevalent. Excessive heat can lead to a rise in junction temperatures which may exceed the specified limits, resulting in thermal runaway, reduced efficiency and premature failure of the semiconductor devices. Furthermore, thermal management is complicated by the need for compact packaging, which limits heat dissipation and complicates the design of cooling systems. In effective thermal management can also affect the electrical performance of the module, causing increased switching losses and reduced operational efficiency.
[0004] Into these thermal issues, power modules also encounter challenges related to electrical performance and insulation. Effective thermal management necessitates the use of insulating materials to separate the power module package from cooling mechanisms. This is done to prevent electrical short circuits and to ensure safety of the power module operation. The presence of these insulative materials may compromise the electrical performance of the system. However, these are necessary because otherwise we will get said short circuiting. Therefore, balancing the heat conductivity with the electrical conductivity and performance is therefore difficult.Summary
[0005] It would be advantageous to achieve a power module which is able to balance the heat conductivity and electrical conductivity, thereby providing thermal performance and electrical performance. It would further be advantageous to achieve a corresponding method.
[0006] In a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a power module, comprising:
[0007] - a plurality of laterally physically separated metal base plates;
[0008] - semiconductor dies provided on a top side of the plurality of metal base plates such that the semiconductor dies are electrically isolated from one another;
[0009] - an isolation layer provided on a bottom side of the plurality of metal base plates;
[0010] - a cooling chamber having an inlet and an outlet for allowing a cooling fluid to flow, wherein the isolation layer is in contact with the cooling fluid.
[0011] The inventors have found that it may be beneficial to provide a power module, comprising a plurality of laterally physically separated metal base plates, with semiconductor dies positioned thereon. The metal base plates have an isolation layer attached at their bottom sides.
[0012] The above allows the metal base plates to be in close thermal contact with a cooling fluid flowing through a cooling chamber. This isolation layer insulates the metal base plates from the cooling fluid electrically. This prevents any short-circuiting between the fluid and the electrical circuit. It does provide a cooling of the power package, and specifically the semiconductor dies. Therefore, the presence of the isolation layer results in an increased thermal performance of the circuit.
[0013] The isolation layer does not compromise the electrical performance of the circuit. It also allows the power module to have a plurality of semiconductors, as the individual metal base plates are physically separated and through the isolation layer, they are further isolated.
[0014] The metal base plates are physically separated in a lateral direction. This means that there is electrical isolation between the metal base plates. Typically, the metal base plates are only separated in a lateral direction, such that there is no, or almost no, vertical offset.
[0015] In an example of the disclosure, the metal base plates comprise protrusions extending in the cooling chamber, wherein the isolation layer is provided around said protrusions.
[0016] This interaction area of the isolation with the metal base plates and the cooling fluid pertains to the interaction area of a cooling structure and the cooling fluid. The cooling structure comprises the isolation layer, which is in contact with the metal base plates. The protrusions are arranged to increase an interaction area of the isolation layer with the metal base plates and the cooling fluid.
[0017] The inventors have found that by providing the metal base plates with protrusions, the thermal contact between the cooling fluid and the isolation layer, and via the isolation layer with the metal base plates, will be increased. This enhances the overall energy transfer between the plates and the cooling fluid. This further increases the thermal performance of the module.
[0018] In an example of the disclosure, the protrusions comprise high aspect ratio structures such as any of
[0019] - pin fins;
[0020] - wires;
[0021] - ribbons; or
[0022] - elongated strips
[0023] These shapes comprise a high aspect ratio. Structures comprising a high aspect ratio comprise features that are very tall but not very wide, such as the above mentioned protrusions. The aspect is defined as the ratio of the height to the width of a structure. In the context of high aspect ratio structures, such as small pins or pillars on a surface, the aspect ratio comprises an aspect ratio of >5: 1, preferably >10: 1, even more preferably 50: 1.
[0024] Any of these shapes may provide an increase in the contact area between the coolant and the isolation layer, Thermal conductivity between the two layers. Our cylindrical rod like structures used for enhancing heat dissipation by increasing the surface area in heat sinks. There's a thing which typically used in electrical and in this case thermal systems for conducting heat. Ribbons are flat and thin strips of material designed for efficient heat transfer due to their large surface area. Elongated strips are long, narrow, flat pieces used to enhance thermal management by spreading heat across surfaces. Therefore, because all of these shapes are arranged to increase the thermal contact of the package and the coolant any of these shapes are usable. It should be noted that one could think about other shapes that may be further used in such a power module. These shapes may also fall under this disclosure.
[0025] In an example of the disclosure, the power module comprises bonding means for electrically connecting said semiconductor dies.
[0026] The inventors have found that the metal base plates may be arranged such that the power module comprises a plurality of semiconductor dies. These semiconductor dies may be connected through bonding means. Bonding means maybe a wire bonding, but it may also be a bond clip. Other types of bonding means also fall under this disclosure. Bonding means are arranged to provide electrical conduction between the semiconductor dies and external circuitry. This may be done through a terminal. The terminal is arranged to provide electrical connection between external circuitry and the power module.
[0027] In an example of the disclosure, the cooling chamber comprises said cooling fluid, said cooling fluid comprises any of
[0028] - cooling water;
[0029] - cooling oil.
[0030] Water may be used as a cooling fluid, through the following reasons. It is it is abundantly available. It has a high specific heat capacity. This means that water can absorb and store large amounts of heat before its temperature rises. It has a good activity that uses water effectively conducts heat, allowing it to transfer energy from hot surfaces such as the power module to cooler areas efficiently.
[0031] Oil may be used because it has a higher boiling point than water, which makes it suitable for systems that operate at higher temperatures. It also has a lower freezing point, making it suitable for cold environments where water might freeze.
[0032] In an example of the disclosure, the isolation layer comprises a dielectric material comprising any of:
[0033] - polyimide;
[0034] - metal oxide;
[0035] - resin;
[0036] - glass;
[0037] - ceramic.
[0038] The inventors have found that dielectrics prevent the flow of electric current, acting as a barrier between conductive parts, ensuring safety and preventing short circuits. Any of these materials may be suitable as they are easy to use in a manufacturing step and they maintain insulating properties across a wide range of temperatures, which is important as they are arranged for the cooling process.
[0039] In an example of the disclosure, the power module further comprises a plurality of connection pins arranged for connecting the power module to external circuitry, wherein the plurality of connection pins is electrically connected to the semiconductor dies.
[0040] Connection pins are used in power packages because they ensure an electrical connectivity between the internal components of the package, such as semiconductors or integrated circuits, and external systems or devices. These pins allow signals and external connection to the semiconductor dies. This allows a control of the power package, which may be of importance.
[0041] In an example of the disclosure, the power module forms a topology comprising any of:
[0042] - single-switch;
[0043] - half-bridge;
[0044] - full-bridge;
[0045] - buck converter;
[0046] - boost converter;
[0047] - flyback converter;
[0048] - buck-boost converter.
[0049] A single-switch relates to a basic power conversion circuit with one switch controlling current flow, used for simple applications. A half-bridge consists of two switches to alternate current flow and is often used in inverters. A full bridge in contrast uses four switches to control current direction and is commonly in motor drives and inverters. Buck converters are DC-DC converters that step down voltage from input to output using a switch and a diode and is often used in voltage regulation circuits. Boost converters step up the voltage in a circuit from a lower input to a higher output using a switch and an inductor and is commonly used in battery-powered devices or renewable energy systems. Flyback converter is a transformer-based converter that steps voltage up or down depending on its configuration and provides electrical isolation between input and output. It is often used in power supplies. Lastly, buck-boost converters are DC-DC converters that may step up or step down the voltage.
[0050] In an example of the disclosure, the isolation layer extends over sidewalls of the cooling chamber, thereby electrically isolating the sidewalls of the cooling chamber.
[0051] The inventors have found that it may be important to provide an insulation of the power module and the cooling chamber. The cooling chamber may be made of an electrically conductive material, therefore the sidewalls, which may be connected to circuitry, should be isolated from this circuitry. Otherwise, the power module may still short circuit via the walls of the cooling chamber to the cooling fluid.
[0052] The sidewalls may further comprise an insulative material such as the dielectrics as mentioned before. This may also prevent a short circuiting of the power module.
[0053] In an example of the disclosure, at least the metal base plates, semiconductor dies and the isolation layer are at least partially encapsulated, wherein the encapsulation is connected to the cooling chamber, thereby providing a seal of the cooling fluid.
[0054] The inventors have found that it may be important to encapsulate the power module. A power module may be used in specific applications, wherein the power module may be exposed to “harsh” environments. Therefore, the power module may be protected through an encapsulant to provide electrical and mechanical insulation to external influences. Terminals and connection pins are partially encapsulated. This means that they are able to connect from external circuitry to the power module.
[0055] The inventors have further found that it may be not provide encapsulant at the isolation layer. This is because the isolation layer is arranged to provide the enhanced thermal conductivity between the coolant and the metal base plates. This would be compromised when an encapsulant would be provided. In an example of this embodiment, the cooling chamber may also be encapsulated.
[0056] In a second aspect of the disclosure, there is provided a method of manufacturing a power module in accordance with the disclosure, wherein the method comprises the steps of:
[0057] - providing a plurality of laterally physically separated metal base plates;
[0058] - providing semiconductor dies on a top side of the plurality of metal base plates such that the semiconductor dies are electrically isolated from one another;
[0059] - providing an isolation layer on a bottom side of each of the plurality of metal base plates;
[0060] - providing a cooling chamber having an inlet and an outlet for allowing a cooling fluid to flow, wherein the isolation layer is in contact with the cooling fluid.
[0061] It should be noted that advantages described in the first aspects of the disclosure are also applicable to the second aspect of the disclosure, in particular, the advantages with respect to the enhanced thermal performance of the power package.
[0062] In an example of the disclosure, the method comprises the step of
[0063] - encapsulating the metal base plates, semiconductor dies and the isolation layer, thereby providing a seal of the cooling fluid.
[0064] The step of encapsulating the metal base plates may be performed prior to or after the providing of the isolation layer, thereby loosening constraints on the manufacturing process.
[0065] In an example of the disclosure, the step of providing the isolation layer comprises providing the isolation layer, wherein the isolation layer extends over sidewalls of cooling chamber.
[0066] In an example of the disclosure, the steps of providing the plurality of laterally physically separated metal base plates and providing the isolation layer on the bottom side of each of the plurality of metal base plates comprises providing protrusions extending in the cooling chamber.
[0067] In the appended figures, similar components and / or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If only the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label.
[0068] The above and other aspects of the disclosure will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to the examples described hereinafter.
[0069] Brief description of the figures
[0070] Fig. 1 discloses an example of the power module in accordance with the disclosure;
[0071] Fig. 2 discloses a top view of the power module in accordance with the disclosure;
[0072] Fig. 3 discloses a further example of the power module in accordance with the disclosure;
[0073] Fig. 4 discloses yet another example of the power module in accordance with the disclosure;
[0074] Fig. 5 discloses an alternative example of the power module in accordance with the disclosure;
[0075] Fig. 6 discloses yet another alternative example of the power module in accordance with the disclosure.Detailed description
[0076] It is noted that in the description of the figures, same reference numerals refer to the same of similar components performing a same of essentially similar function.
[0077] A more detailed description is made with reference to particular examples, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings, such that the features of the present disclosure may be understood in more detail. It is noted that the drawings only illustrate typical examples and are therefore not to be considered to limit the scope of the subject matter of the claims. The drawings are incorporated for facilitating an understanding of the disclosure and are thus not necessarily drawn to scale. Advantages of the subject matter as claimed will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
[0078] The ensuing description above provides preferred exemplary embodiment (s) only, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the disclosure. Rather, the ensuing description of the preferred exemplary embodiment (s) will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing a preferred exemplary embodiment of the disclosure, it being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements, including combinations of features from different embodiments, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.
[0079] Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words "comprise, " "comprising, " and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of "including, but not limited to. " As used herein, the terms "connected, " "coupled, " or any variant thereof means any connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements; the coupling or connection between the elements can be physical, logical, electromagnetic, or a combination thereof. Additionally, the words "herein, " "above, " "below, " and words of similar import, when used in this application, refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. Where the context permits, words in the Detailed Description using the singular or plural number may also include the plural or singular number respectively. The word "or" in reference to a list of two or more items, covers all the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list.
[0080] These and other changes can be made to the technology considering the following detailed description. While the description describes certain examples of the technology, and describes the best mode contemplated, no matter how detailed the description appears, the technology can be practiced in many ways. Details of the system may vary considerably in its specific implementation, while still being encompassed by the technology disclosed herein.
[0081] It should be noted that in the following figures, a thin outline of each different feature does not mean that it has a sort of coating layer or any other layer, it is merely to depict the bounds of the element. In the figures, the isolation layer on the other hand, may be depicted as a thick layer, which also applies to the bonding means.
[0082] In figure 1, an example of the power module in accordance with the disclosure is depicted. Herein the power module 100 comprises a plurality of metal base plates 101. Positioned on these metal base plates 101 are semiconductor dies 102. This connection may be arranged through a connection layer 109, which may be a solder applied through diffusion soldering, eutectic soldering or the like. Metal base plates 101 may be connected through bonding means 106 and auxiliary metal plates 110. These bonding means 106 may be a bond clip or a wire bond or anything alike.
[0083] The bonding means 106 are arranged to conduct current and to provide an electrical connection between the semiconductor dies and the overall circuitry. The auxiliary metal plates 110 may be arranged to function as the terminal of the power module, allowing a connection to external circuitry and a power source, both of which are not shown here.
[0084] Furthermore, connection pins 108 may be provided and attached to the auxiliary metal plates 110 and 101. This may allow control over the power module 100.
[0085] The electrical components of the power module 100 are encapsulated 107, in order to provide electrical insulation from and to the external environment and to provide a shielding to outside influences such as dust and damaging factors.
[0086] The encapsulated module 107 has the bottom sides of the metal base plates 101 whereon semiconductor dies are provided free of encapsulant to allow thermal conduction. Here, a cooling tank or cooling chamber 105, containing a cooling fluid 104. The metal base plates 101 are insulated from the cooling fluid, which may be water or an oil or any other suitable cooling fluid. Water has a high heat capacity, high thermal conductivity and a low cost making it a suitable choice. Oil has a higher boiling point, allowing it to operate at higher temperatures. In order to insulate the metal base plates 101 from the cooling fluid, an insulation layer 103 is provided against the metal base plates 101. In between the insulation layer 103 and the metal base plates, there may be a further insulative layer, which may be a dielectric material.
[0087] The cooling chamber 105 comprises an inlet 1041 and an outlet 1042 for providing a flow of cooling fluid to and from the power module. This ensures the transport of heat away from the power module, allowing it to operate with high efficiency and with minimal or at least reduced thermal overheating issues. Note that these in and outlets may be interchanged.
[0088] In figure 2, a top view of the power module is provided. Herein, the power module 200 is arranged without showing the encapsulant. It follows the same structure and advantages associated with figure 1. Herein however is also shown that the base metal plates 101 are provided with a plurality of semiconductor dies 102. Herein the semiconductor dies also comprise a contact pad 201 for allowing a connection between the metal base plate 101 attached to the connection pin 108. Note that the connection pins are here indicated as being horizontal. This is done in order to indicate their presence, not to imply that they are horizontally provided.
[0089] In Figure 3, an alternative configuration for the power module in accordance with the disclosure is depicted. Herein, the metal base plates comprise protrusions 301. Protrusions 301 are provided in such a way to increase the contact area of the metal base plates 101 and the insulative layer 1033 and the contact area of the insulative layer 1033 and the cooling fluid 104 respectively. This increases the potential thermal conductivity. Between the cooling liquid 104 and the metal base plates 101. This increases the heat flow from the semiconductor device 102 to the cooling fluid 104. This allows for an increased thermal performance of the power module 300.
[0090] The heat generated by the semiconductor die 102 will consequently be directed from the semiconductor die 102 through the connection layer 109 to the metal base plates 110. Then to the insulative layer 1033, then to the cooling liquid 104 , which is provided through an inlet 1041 and redirected out from the cooling chamber 105 through an outlet 1042. The thermal performance of a power module 400 is of importance because excessive heat can reduce efficiency and degrade materials of, for example, the semiconductor die 102, thereby shortening the module’s 300 lifespan.
[0091] Effective thermal management which the power module 300 provides ensures a reliable operation offset power module, preventing overheating and enhancing performance. This allows the module to handle higher power levels while maintaining durability and operational effectiveness. Note that this also applies to the figures described before and described hereafter, the goal and invention of directing heat is similar.
[0092] In figure 4, an example of the power module in accordance with the disclosure here in the insulative layer 103 is provided on the cooling chamber 105. This may be important to shield the cooling chamber 105 from any electrical connection to the circuitry of the power module 400 and to external circuitry not shown in the figure. Furthermore, the cooling chamber 105 may itself be of conductive material, so it may be important to shield any electrical components of the power module 400 from this conductive material, as via the wall it may else contact the cooling fluid 104.
[0093] In figure 5, an alternative configuration 500 of the power module in accordance with the disclosure is depicted. Herein, the isolation layer 503 and the cooling fluid 504 are a combined cooling isolation layer / fluid. This is achieved by providing a dielectric cooling fluid, which is an electrical insulator. Herein the interface between the cooling fluid and the metal base plate may be regarded as the isolation layer 503, while the overall cooling fluid serves as the coolant 504. This has the advantage of combining the steps of providing an isolation layer and providing a cooling fluid, as they are the same entity. It may be provided that in another example of this configuration, the protrusions shown in the figure are not present.
[0094] Herein the cooling chamber105 may comprise an isolation material, such as a dielectric material. This allows the cooling chamber to be insulated from electrical currents of the power module.
[0095] Note that the metal base plates are not depicted with a thin black outline, this is to clarify that there is no additional isolation layer or coating layer in this example.
[0096] In figure 6, an even alternative configuration 600 of the power module in accordance with the disclosure is depicted. . Herein, again, the isolation layer 503 and the cooling fluid 504 are a combined cooling isolation layer / fluid. This is achieved by providing a dielectric cooling fluid, which is an electrical insulator. Herein the interface between the cooling fluid and the metal base plate may be regarded as the isolation layer 503, while the overall cooling fluid serves as the coolant 504. This has the advantage of combining the steps of providing an isolation layer and providing a cooling fluid, as they are the same entity. It may be provided that in an other example of this configuration, the protrusions shown in the figure are not present. This follows the above example. However, herein the cooling chamber 105 may be an electrically conducting material. Therefore, the cooling chamber may require an isolation layer 601 which is applied on its surface and may be at least provided at the top side of the wall, but may further be provided at the interface of the coolant as depicted in the figure. In any case, the isolation layer is arranged to prevent any (substantial) electrical current from reaching the cooling chamber 105 enclosure.
[0097] Note that the metal base plates are not depicted with a thin black outline, this is to clarify that there is no additional isolation layer or coating layer in this example. As noted above, particular terminology used when describing certain features or aspects of the technology should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being redefined herein to be restricted to any specific characteristics, features, or aspects of the technology with which that terminology is associated. In general, the terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the technology to the specific examples disclosed in the specification, unless the Detailed Description section explicitly defines such terms.
[0098] Accordingly, the actual scope of the technology encompasses not only the disclosed examples, but also all equivalent ways of practicing or implementing the technology under the claims.
Claims
1.A power module, comprising:- a plurality of laterally physically separated metal base plates;- semiconductor dies provided on a top side of the plurality of metal base plates such that the semiconductor dies are electrically isolated from one another;- an isolation layer provided on a bottom side of the plurality of metal base plates;- a cooling chamber having an inlet and an outlet for allowing a cooling fluid to flow, wherein the isolation layer is in contact with the cooling fluid.2.A power module in accordance with claim 1, wherein the metal base plates comprise protrusions extending in the cooling chamber, wherein the isolation layer is provided around said protrusions.3.A power module in accordance with claim 2, wherein the protrusions comprise high aspect ratio structures such as any of:- pin fins;- wires;- ribbons; or- elongated strips.4.A power module in accordance with any of the previous claims, wherein the power module comprises bonding means for electrically connecting said semiconductor dies.5.A power module in accordance with any of the previous claims, wherein the cooling chamber comprises said cooling fluid, said cooling fluid comprises any of:- water;- oil.6.A power module in accordance with any of the previous claims, wherein the isolation layer comprises a dielectric material comprising any of:- polyimide;- metal oxide;- resin;- glass;- ceramic.7.A power module in accordance with any of the previous claims, further comprising a plurality of connection pins arranged for connecting the power module to external circuitry, wherein the plurality of connection pins are electrically connected to the semiconductor dies.8.A power module in accordance with any of the previous claims, wherein the power module forms a topology comprising any of:- single-switch;- half-bridge;- full-bridge;- buck converter;- boost converter;- flyback converter;- buck-boost converter.9.A power module in accordance with any of the previous claims, wherein the isolation layer extends over sidewalls of the cooling chamber, thereby electrically isolating the sidewalls of the cooling chamber.10.A power module in accordance with any of the previous claims, wherein at least the metal base plates, semiconductor dies and the isolation layer are at least partially encapsulated, wherein the encapsulation is connected to the cooling chamber, thereby providing a seal of the cooling fluid.11.A method of manufacturing a power module in accordance with any of the previous claims, wherein the method comprises the steps of:- providing a plurality of laterally physically separated metal base plates;- providing semiconductor dies on a top side of the plurality of metal base plates such that the semiconductor dies are electrically isolated from one another;- providing an isolation layer on a bottom side of each of the plurality of metal base plates;- providing a cooling chamber having an inlet and an outlet for allowing a cooling fluid to flow, wherein the isolation layer is in contact with the cooling fluid.12.A method in accordance with claim 11, comprising the step of- encapsulating the metal base plates, semiconductor dies and the isolation layer.13.A method in accordance with any of the claims 11-12, wherein the step of providing the isolation layer comprises providing the isolation layer, wherein the isolation layer extends over sidewalls of cooling chamber.14.A method in accordance with any of the claims 11-13, wherein the steps of providing the plurality of laterally physically separated metal base plates and providing the isolation layer on the bottom side of each of the plurality of metal base plates comprises providing protrusions extending in the cooling chamber.
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