Seawater battery

Abstract

A seawater battery is disclosed. The disclosed seawater battery includes an anode electrode chamber, a flow electrode chamber, and a cathode electrode chamber.

Description

Seawater battery

[0001] A seawater battery is disclosed. More specifically, a seawater battery configured to enable seawater energy storage and resource production is disclosed.

[0002] Seawater batteries, which use seawater as an electrolyte, have a relatively lower energy density compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries because the conductivity and electrolyte properties of seawater are not optimized. Additionally, energy loss occurs during the charging and discharging process, which can lead to reduced efficiency.

[0003] In addition, seawater batteries have a relatively slow charging and discharging speed, which is because the process of moving sodium ions in seawater is relatively slow compared to other battery systems.

[0004] In addition, seawater batteries may experience degradation of electrode materials or performance deterioration of the electrolyte during long-term, repetitive charge-discharge cycles, which can shorten the battery's lifespan.

[0005] In addition, to operate seawater batteries efficiently, the circulation and cleanliness of the seawater must be maintained, and contamination or impurities in the seawater can negatively affect battery performance.

[0006] These problems make the commercial utilization of seawater batteries difficult, and technical improvements are needed to resolve them.

[0007] One embodiment of the present invention provides a seawater battery configured to enable seawater energy storage and resource production.

[0008] One aspect of the present invention is,

[0009] Anode electrode chamber;

[0010] flow electrode chamber; and

[0011] A seawater battery including a cathode electrode chamber is provided.

[0012] The above seawater battery can be configured to allow charging and discharging to occur simultaneously.

[0013] The above seawater battery may further include a first organic-inorganic composite membrane disposed between the anode electrode chamber and the flow electrode chamber, and a second organic-inorganic composite membrane disposed between the flow electrode chamber and the cathode electrode chamber.

[0014] The above seawater battery may further include seawater filled in the anode electrode chamber, an electrolyte filled in the flow electrode chamber, and an aqueous solution filled in the cathode electrode chamber.

[0015] The above electrolyte may include an aqueous electrolyte, an organic electrolyte, or a combination thereof.

[0016] The above aqueous solution may include deionized water, an aqueous NaOH solution, or a combination thereof.

[0017] The above seawater battery may be configured such that the anode electrode of the anode electrode chamber and the flow electrode of the flow electrode chamber are electrically connected to each other, and the flow electrode of the flow electrode chamber and the cathode electrode of the cathode electrode chamber are electrically connected to each other.

[0018] The above seawater battery may be configured such that, during the charging process, chlorine gas and electrons are generated in the anode electrode chamber according to the following reaction equation 1, the generated chlorine gas is discharged to the outside of the anode electrode chamber, and the generated electrons move to the flow electrode chamber and are stored in the flow electrode of the flow electrode chamber:

[0019] [Reaction Equation 1]

[0020] 2Cl - → Cl2(g) + 2e - .

[0021] The above seawater battery may be configured such that, during the charging process, sodium ions in the seawater of the anode electrode chamber are selectively moved to the flow electrode chamber through the first organic-inorganic composite membrane and stored in the flow electrode of the flow electrode chamber.

[0022] The above seawater battery may be configured such that, during the discharge process, sodium ions and electrons are desorbed from the flow electrode of the flow electrode chamber, the desorbed sodium ions move to the cathode electrode of the cathode electrode chamber through the second organic-inorganic composite membrane, and the desorbed electrons move to the cathode electrode of the cathode electrode chamber.

[0023] The above seawater battery may be configured such that, during the discharge process, hydrogen gas is generated in the cathode electrode chamber according to the following reaction equation 2 and sodium hydroxide is generated according to the following reaction equation 3, and the generated hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide are recovered from the cathode electrode chamber:

[0024] [Reaction Equation 2]

[0025] 2H2O + 2e - → H2(g) + 2OH - ,

[0026] [Reaction Equation 3]

[0027] Na + + OH - → NaOH.

[0028] The above flow electrode chamber can be configured in a closed-loop manner.

[0029] A seawater battery according to one embodiment of the present invention has the following advantages:

[0030] (1) It is possible to simultaneously implement an ESS (energy storage system) function capable of storing large-capacity renewable energy and a resource recovery function using seawater or seawater desalination concentrate.

[0031] (2) Large-scale and mass production of seawater energy storage and resource utilization, which was impossible with conventional seawater batteries, is possible, and it can be utilized in various industries without limitations on the scale of the seawater battery.

[0032] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a seawater battery according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0033] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram showing a seawater battery according to a reference example.

[0034] Figure 3 shows sodium ions (Na₂S) of the organic-inorganic composite membrane in the seawater battery of Figure 1. + This is a graph showing the selective transmission performance for ).

[0035] Figure 4 is a graph comparing the performance of the seawater batteries presented in Figures 1 and 2.

[0036] Figure 5 is a graph showing the charge and discharge characteristics of the seawater battery of Figure 1.

[0037] Hereinafter, a seawater battery according to one embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.

[0038] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a seawater battery (100) according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0039] Referring to FIG. 1, a seawater battery (100) according to one embodiment of the present invention includes an anode electrode chamber (110), a flow electrode chamber (120), and a cathode electrode chamber (130).

[0040] The anode electrode chamber (110) may include an anode electrode (AE) and seawater.

[0041] The anode electrode (AE) may include an anode current collector and a catalyst layer.

[0042] The above anode current collector may include carbon felt, carbon paper, carbon fiber, a metal thin film, or a combination thereof.

[0043] The catalyst layer can be placed on the anode current collector.

[0044] The catalyst layer may comprise iridium, ruthenium, niobium, oxides of these metals, or combinations thereof. However, the present invention is not limited thereto.

[0045] The flow electrode chamber (120) may include a flow electrode (FE) and an electrolyte.

[0046] The flow electrode (FE) may include conductive particles capable of adsorbing or releasing sodium ions through an electrochemical reaction. For example, the flow electrode (FE) may include carbon-based conductive particles having a particle size in the range of 0.1 to 100 µm.

[0047] Additionally, the flow electrode chamber (120) may be configured in a closed-loop manner. Specifically, the flow electrode chamber (120) may have a hollow ring shape with one side and the other side open. Furthermore, inside the flow electrode chamber (120), sodium ions (Na₂S) in the electrolyte + Due to the difference in concentration at different locations, the flow electrode (FE) and electrolyte can circulate clockwise or counterclockwise.

[0048] As described above, since the flow electrode chamber (120) is configured in a closed-loop manner and the electrolyte containing the flow electrode (FE) circulates, charging and discharging can occur simultaneously. Specifically, because the flow electrode (FE) continues to circulate within the flow electrode chamber (120), charging may occur at the flow electrode (FE) located in a certain area at a specific point in time, and discharging may occur at the flow electrode (FE) located in a different area at that specific point in time.

[0049] In addition, as described above, since the flow electrode chamber (120) is configured in a closed-loop manner, the electrolyte containing the flow electrode (FE) can be circulated without limit on the number of times, so the sodium ion storage capacity and energy storage capacity of the seawater battery (100) can be greatly improved.

[0050] The above electrolyte may include an aqueous electrolyte, an organic electrolyte, or a combination thereof.

[0051] The above aqueous electrolyte may include an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (NaCl). Specifically, since the flow electrode (FE) is made of a material that is stable with respect to water, the above aqueous electrolyte may be used, and even if water flows into the flow electrode chamber (120) during the operation of the seawater battery (100), the seawater battery (100) can be operated stably without adversely affecting its performance.

[0052] The above organic electrolyte may include sodium biphenyl, dimethoxyethane, or a combination thereof.

[0053] The cathode electrode chamber (130) may include a cathode electrode (CE) and an aqueous solution.

[0054] The cathode electrode (CE) may include a cathode current collector and an active material layer.

[0055] The above cathode current collector may include carbon felt, carbon paper, carbon fiber, a metal thin film, or a combination thereof.

[0056] The above active material layer can be placed on the above cathode current collector.

[0057] The above active material layer may include iridium, ruthenium, niobium, platinum, oxides of these metals, or combinations thereof. However, the present invention is not limited thereto.

[0058] The above aqueous solution may include deionized water, an aqueous NaOH solution, or a combination thereof.

[0059] Additionally, the seawater battery (100) can be configured to allow charging and discharging to occur simultaneously.

[0060] Additionally, the seawater battery (100) may further include a first organic-inorganic composite membrane (CM1) and a second organic-inorganic composite membrane (CM2).

[0061] The first organic-inorganic composite membrane (CM1) can be placed between the anode electrode chamber (110) and the flow electrode chamber (120).

[0062] A second organic-inorganic composite membrane (CM2) can be placed between the flow electrode chamber (120) and the cathode electrode chamber (130).

[0063] The first organic-inorganic composite membrane (CM1) and the second organic-inorganic composite membrane (CM2) may include an organic material and an inorganic filler filled therein.

[0064] The above organic material may include a self-healing hydrogel.

[0065] The self-healing hydrogel may include polyethylene glycol (PEG), natural polymers (e.g., gelatin, chitosan), or a combination thereof.

[0066] In addition, the self-healing hydrogel may include dynamic covalent bonds and non-covalent interactions.

[0067] The dynamic covalent bond may include an imine bond, a boronate ester bond, a disulfide bond, a hydrogen bond, a coordinate bond, a Diels-Alder reaction, or a combination thereof.

[0068] The above non-covalent bonding interactions may include electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, host-guest interactions, or combinations thereof.

[0069] The above inorganic filler may include iron (Fe)-based sodium conductive nanomaterials.

[0070] Additionally, the seawater battery (100) can be configured such that the anode electrode (AE) of the anode electrode chamber (110) and the flow electrode (FE) of the flow electrode chamber (120) are electrically connected to each other, and the flow electrode (FE) of the flow electrode chamber (120) and the cathode electrode (CE) of the cathode electrode chamber (130) are electrically connected to each other.

[0071] Additionally, during the charging process of the seawater battery (100), in the anode electrode chamber (110), chlorine gas (Cl2) and electrons (e) are produced according to the following reaction equation 1. - ) is generated, the generated chlorine gas (Cl2) is discharged to the outside of the anode electrode chamber (110), and the generated electrons (e - ) can be configured to move to the flow electrode chamber (120) and be stored in the flow electrode (FE) of the flow electrode chamber (120):

[0072] [Reaction Equation 1]

[0073] 2Cl - → Cl2(g) + 2e-.

[0074] Additionally, during the charging process of the seawater battery (100), fresh water is generated in the anode electrode chamber (110), and the generated fresh water can be recovered from the anode electrode chamber (110).

[0075] Additionally, during the charging process, the seawater battery (100) [describes] sodium ions (Na₂S₅) in the seawater of the anode electrode chamber (110). + ) can be configured to selectively move to the flow electrode chamber (120) through the first organic-inorganic composite membrane (CM1) and be stored in the flow electrode (FE) of the flow electrode chamber (120).

[0076] Additionally, during the discharge process, the seawater battery (100) releases sodium ions (Na) from the flow electrode (FE) of the flow electrode chamber (120). + ) and electronic(e - ) is detached, and the detached sodium ions (Na +) moves to the cathode electrode (CE) of the cathode electrode chamber (130) through the second organic-inorganic composite membrane (CM2), and the detached electron (e - ) can be configured to move to the cathode electrode (CE) of the cathode electrode chamber (130).

[0077] Additionally, the seawater battery (100) may be configured such that during the discharge process, hydrogen gas (H2) is generated in the cathode electrode chamber (130) according to the following reaction equation 2, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is generated according to the following reaction equation 3, and the generated hydrogen gas (H2) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are recovered from the cathode electrode chamber (130):

[0078] [Reaction Equation 2]

[0079] 2H2O + 2e - → H2(g) + 2OH - ,

[0080] [Reaction Equation 3]

[0081] Na + + OH - → NaOH.

[0082] Hereinafter, the operation process of a seawater battery (100) according to one embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to FIG. 1.

[0083] First, seawater is filled into the anode electrode chamber (100) of the seawater battery (100). This seawater contains sodium ions (Na) and chloride ions (Cl).

[0084] Subsequently, during the charging process of the seawater battery (100), an electrochemical reaction such as the above reaction equation 1 occurs at the anode electrode (AE), and in this process, chlorine gas (Cl2) and electrons (e - ) is generated, and fresh water is also generated. The generated electrons (e - ) can be moved to the flow electrode chamber (120) and stored in the flow electrode (FE).

[0085] Additionally, during the charging process of the seawater battery (100), Na ions in the anode electrode chamber (110) can move to the flow electrode chamber (120) through the first organic-inorganic composite membrane (CM1) and be stored in the flow electrode (FE) of the flow electrode chamber (120).

[0086] Meanwhile, during the discharge process of the seawater battery (100) that proceeds simultaneously with the charging process of the seawater battery (100) described above, sodium ions (Na) from the flow electrode (FE) of the flow electrode chamber (120) + ) and electronic(e - ) is detached, and the detached sodium ions (Na + ) moves to the cathode electrode (CE) of the cathode electrode chamber (130) through the second organic-inorganic composite membrane (CM2), and the detached electron (e - ) can be moved to the cathode electrode (CE) of the cathode electrode chamber (130).

[0087] In addition, during the discharge process of the seawater battery (100), an electrochemical reaction such as the above reaction equations 2 and 3 occurs at the cathode electrode (CE), and in this process, hydrogen gas (H2) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are generated in the cathode electrode chamber (130).

[0088] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing a seawater battery (10) according to a reference example.

[0089] Referring to FIG. 2, a seawater battery (10) according to the reference example includes a first electrode chamber (11), a second electrode chamber (12), and a third electrode chamber (13).

[0090] The first electrode chamber (11) may include the first electrode (EL1) and seawater.

[0091] The second electrode chamber (12) may include a second electrode (EL2) and an electrolyte.

[0092] The second electrode (EL2) may be a sodium metal electrode.

[0093] The above electrolyte may include an organic electrolyte. Specifically, the sodium metal electrode used as the second electrode (EL2) is very susceptible to water and poses a risk of explosion. Therefore, an organic electrolyte in which water is not present must be used as the electrolyte in the second electrode chamber (12), and if water enters during the operation of the seawater battery (10), the performance of the seawater battery (10) will decrease exponentially and also affect its stability.

[0094] The third electrode chamber (13) may include a third electrode (EL3) and an aqueous solution.

[0095] The above aqueous solution may include deionized water, an aqueous NaOH solution, or a combination thereof.

[0096] Additionally, the seawater battery (10) may further include a first ceramic separator (CN1) and a second ceramic separator (CN2).

[0097] The first ceramic separator (CN1) can be placed between the first electrode chamber (11) and the second electrode chamber (12).

[0098] The second ceramic separator (CN2) can be placed between the second electrode chamber (12) and the third electrode chamber (13).

[0099] Additionally, the seawater battery (100) can be configured such that the anode electrode (AE) of the anode electrode chamber (110) and the flow electrode (FE) of the flow electrode chamber (120) are electrically connected to each other, and the flow electrode (FE) of the flow electrode chamber (120) and the cathode electrode (CE) of the cathode electrode chamber (130) are electrically connected to each other.

[0100] Additionally, during the charging process of the seawater battery (10), in the first electrode chamber (11), chlorine gas (Cl2) and electrons (e) are produced according to the above reaction equation 1. - ) is generated, the generated chlorine gas (Cl2) is discharged to the outside of the first electrode chamber (11), and the generated electrons (e -) can be configured to move to the second electrode chamber (12) and be stored in the second electrode (EL2) of the second electrode chamber (12).

[0101] Additionally, during the charging process of the seawater battery (10), fresh water is generated in the first electrode chamber (11), and the generated fresh water can be recovered from the first electrode chamber (11).

[0102] In addition, during the charging process, the seawater battery (10) [describes] sodium ions (Na₂) in the seawater of the first electrode chamber (11). + ) can be configured to selectively move to the second electrode chamber (12) through the first ceramic separator (CN1) and be stored in the second electrode (EL2) of the second electrode chamber (12).

[0103] Additionally, during the discharge process, the seawater battery (10) releases sodium ions (Na₂) from the second electrode (EL2) of the second electrode chamber (12). + ) and electronic(e - ) is detached, and the detached sodium ions (Na + ) moves to the third electrode (EL3) of the third electrode chamber (13) through the second ceramic separator (CN1), and the detached electron (e - ) can be configured to move to the third electrode (EL3) of the third electrode chamber (13).

[0104] Additionally, the seawater battery (10) may be configured such that during the discharge process, hydrogen gas (H2) is generated in the third electrode chamber (13) according to the above reaction equation 2, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is generated according to the above reaction equation 3, and the generated hydrogen gas (H2) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are recovered from the third electrode chamber (13).

[0105] Additionally, the seawater battery (10) can be configured so that charging and discharging do not occur simultaneously but occur alternately. Specifically, electrons (e) from the first electrode (EL1) to the second electrode (EL2) - ) moves and electrons (e) to the second electrode (EL2). -A charging process in which ) is stored, and electrons (e) from the second electrode (EL2) to the third electrode (EL3). - The discharge process in which electrons (e) move may not occur simultaneously but may occur with a time lag. This is because at a specific time, electrons (e) to the second electrode (EL2) - The process in which ) is stored and electrons (e) from the second electrode (EL2) at that specific time - This is because if the process of attaching and detaching occurs simultaneously, neither charging nor discharging takes place.

[0106] The present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples.

[0107] Example 1: Fabrication of a seawater battery

[0108] A seawater battery (100) having the configuration of Fig. 1 was fabricated on a laboratory scale. Here, the anode electrode (AE) comprises an anode current collector made of a titanium thin film and a catalyst layer made of iridium oxide, the flow electrode (FE) is a carbon-based conductive particle having a particle size in the range of 0.1 to 100 μm, the aqueous electrolyte is an aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl) solution, the organic electrolyte is sodium biphenyl, the cathode electrode (CE) comprises a cathode current collector made of a titanium thin film and an active material layer made of platinum, the aqueous solution is an aqueous NaOH solution, and the first organic-inorganic composite membrane (CM1) and the second organic-inorganic composite membrane (CM2) are separators manufactured by the Korea Energy Research Institute.

[0109] Reference Example 1: Fabrication of a Seawater Battery

[0110] A seawater battery (10) having the configuration of Fig. 2 was fabricated on a laboratory scale. Here, the first electrode (EL1) comprises a current collector made of carbon felt and a titanium mesh, the organic electrolyte is sodium biphenyl, the second electrode (EL2) is a sodium metal electrode, the third electrode (EL3) is a stainless steel mesh, and the first ceramic separator (CN1) and the second ceramic separator (CN2) are ceramic NASICONs manufactured by 4 TO ONE.

[0111] Evaluation Example 1: Sodium ions (Na) in an organic-inorganic composite membrane + Selective transmission performance evaluation for )

[0112] In the seawater battery (100) produced in Example 1 above, the sodium ions (Na) of the organic-inorganic composite membranes (CM1, CM2) + The selective transmission performance for ) was tested, and the results are shown as a graph in Figure 3.

[0113] Referring to Fig. 3, the major cations (K) contained in seawater + , Na + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ ) Na + It was confirmed that ions other than ions did not pass through. In particular, Na + K, a monovalent ion like the ion + It was found that high-purity product (NaOH) can be secured by blocking the passage of ions.

[0114] Evaluation Example 2: Performance evaluation of a seawater battery

[0115] In the seawater battery (100) produced in Example 1 above, a voltage of 3V was applied to the part marked "Charge" to operate the seawater battery (100), and the specific capacity was calculated according to the following mathematical formula 1 by the constant current charging and discharging method, and the result was shown as a graph in FIG. 4.

[0116] [Mathematical Formula 1]

[0117] Specific capacity (mA·hr / g) = I × △t / m

[0118] In the above mathematical formula 1, I is the current intensity (mA), m is the mass (g) of the flow electrode (FE), and β is the charging time (hr).

[0119] Referring to Fig. 4, in the case of a seawater battery (Reference Example) using a conventional ceramic separator, it was confirmed that energy is stored while an unstable voltage is maintained. On the other hand, in the case of a seawater battery (Example 1) using an organic-inorganic composite membrane, it was confirmed that energy is stored while maintaining the voltage 'stably' due to stable ion movement and selectivity, and rectifying phenomena.

[0120] Evaluation Example 3: Evaluation of charge / discharge characteristics of a seawater battery

[0121] In the seawater battery (100) manufactured in Example 1 above, a voltage of 3V was applied to the part marked "Charge" to operate the seawater battery (100), and then a resistor was connected to the part marked "Discharge" to discharge the seawater battery (100) and monitor the charge / discharge characteristics, and the results were shown as a graph in FIG. 5.

[0122] Referring to FIG. 5, it was confirmed that the seawater battery (100) with the flow electrode (FE) applied, fabricated in Example 1, has the characteristic that during the charging process, sodium ions are stored in the flow electrode (FE), and during the discharging process, the sodium ions stored in the flow electrode (FE) move to the cathode electrode chamber (130) and electrons move to recover energy. As a result, it was confirmed that it is possible to implement a seawater battery system with the flow electrode (FE).

[0123] The present invention has been described with reference to the drawings and embodiments, but this is merely illustrative, and those skilled in the art will understand that various modifications and equivalent alternative embodiments are possible therefrom. Accordingly, the true technical scope of protection of the present invention should be determined by the technical spirit of the appended claims.

[0124] [Explanation of the symbol]

[0125] 10, 100: Seawater battery 11~13: Electrode chamber

[0126] 110: Anode electrode chamber 120: Flow electrode chamber

[0127] 130: Cathode electrode chamber AE: Anode electrode

[0128] FE: Flow electrode CE: Cathode electrode

[0129] EL1~EL3: Electrodes CM1, CM2: Organic-inorganic composite membrane

[0130] CN1, CN2: Ceramic separator

Claims

1. Anode electrode chamber; flow electrode chamber; and Seawater battery including a cathode electrode chamber.

2. In Paragraph 1, A seawater battery configured to allow simultaneous charging and discharging.

3. In Paragraph 2, A seawater battery further comprising a first organic-inorganic composite membrane disposed between the anode electrode chamber and the flow electrode chamber and a second organic-inorganic composite membrane disposed between the flow electrode chamber and the cathode electrode chamber.

4. In Paragraph 3, A seawater battery further comprising seawater filled in the anode electrode chamber, an electrolyte filled in the flow electrode chamber, and an aqueous solution filled in the cathode electrode chamber.

5. In Paragraph 4, The above electrolyte is a seawater battery comprising an aqueous electrolyte, an organic electrolyte, or a combination thereof.

6. In Paragraph 4, The above-mentioned aqueous solution is a seawater battery comprising deionized water, an aqueous NaOH solution, or a combination thereof.

7. In Paragraph 4, A seawater battery configured such that the anode electrode of the anode electrode chamber and the flow electrode of the flow electrode chamber are electrically connected to each other, and the flow electrode of the flow electrode chamber and the cathode electrode of the cathode electrode chamber are electrically connected to each other.

8. In Paragraph 7, A seawater battery configured such that, during the charging process, chlorine gas and electrons are generated in the anode electrode chamber according to the following reaction equation 1, the generated chlorine gas is discharged to the outside of the anode electrode chamber, and the generated electrons move to the flow electrode chamber and are stored in the flow electrode of the flow electrode chamber: [Reaction Equation 1] 2Cl - → Cl2(g) + 2e - .

9. In Paragraph 7, A seawater battery configured such that, during the charging process, sodium ions in the seawater of the anode electrode chamber are selectively moved to the flow electrode chamber through the first organic-inorganic composite membrane and stored in the flow electrode of the flow electrode chamber.

10. In Paragraph 7, A seawater battery configured such that, during the discharge process, sodium ions and electrons are desorbed from the flow electrode of the flow electrode chamber, the desorbed sodium ions move to the cathode electrode of the cathode electrode chamber through the second organic-inorganic composite membrane, and the desorbed electrons move to the cathode electrode of the cathode electrode chamber.

11. In Paragraph 10, A seawater battery configured such that, during the discharge process, hydrogen gas is generated in the cathode electrode chamber according to the following reaction equation 2 and sodium hydroxide is generated according to the following reaction equation 3, and the generated hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide are recovered from the cathode electrode chamber: [Reaction Equation 2] 2H2O + 2e - → H2(g) + 2OH - , [Reaction Equation 3] Has + + OH - → NaOH.

12. In Paragraph 1, The above flow electrode chamber is a seawater battery configured in a closed-loop manner.

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