Device and method for multiplexed MHC-i and MHC-ii immunopeptide profiling from small amount of samples
The microfluidic chip with mirrored flow channels and mechanical valves addresses the inefficiencies of current methods by enabling efficient multiplexed immunopeptide profiling from small samples, achieving high peptide identification and reproducibility for tumor-specific antigen analysis.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- THE HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIV
- Filing Date
- 2025-11-14
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-28
AI Technical Summary
Current immunopeptide profiling methods require large amounts of tumor samples and normal tissue samples, leading to inefficiencies, sample loss, and low reproducibility, limiting their clinical application in immunotherapy, especially for small or scarce samples like those from primary invasive cutaneous melanoma, needle biopsies, and brain cancers.
A microfluidic chip with mirrored flow channels coated with specific antibodies for MHC-I and MHC-II enrichment, using a bi-layer structure and mechanical valves for control, along with a programmable multi-channel flow mechanism, allows for multiplexed immunopeptide profiling from small samples, minimizing sample loss and enhancing reproducibility.
The device enables the identification of up to 5,000 MHC-I and 7,000 MHC-II peptides from as few as 5 million cells or 5 mg of tissue, with high binder percentages and improved reproducibility, suitable for spatial immunopeptidomics and tumor neoantigen discovery.
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Figure CN2025134986_28052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
DEVICE AND METHOD FOR MULTIPLEXED MHC-I AND MHC-II IMMUNOPEPTIDE PROFILING FROM SMALL AMOUNT OF SAMPLESCROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority from a U.S. provisional patent application under serial number 63 / 722,876 filed November 20th, 2024, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present invention relates to a device and a method for immunopeptide profiling from small amounts of samples.BACKGROUND
[0003] The following references cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties: - Purcell, A.W., S.H. Ramarathinam, and N. Ternette, Mass spectrometry–based identification of MHC-bound peptides for immunopeptidomics. Nature Protocols, 2019. 14 (6) : p. 1687-1707. - Caron, E., et al., Analysis of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Immunopeptidomes Using Mass Spectrometry*. Molecular &Cellular Proteomics, 2015. (12) : p. 3105-3117. - Kovalchik, K.A., et al., Immunopeptidomics for Dummies: Detailed Experimental Protocols and Rapid, User-Friendly Visualization of MHC I and II Ligand Datasets with MhcVizPipe. bioRxiv, 2020: p. 2020.11.02.360958. - Ma, Q., et al., Prognostic significance of tumor size for primary invasive cutaneous melanoma: A population-based study, 2004-2016. Cancer Medicine, 2020. · (13) : p. 4561-4571. - Bassani-Sternberg, M., Mass Spectrometry Based Immunopeptidomics for the Discovery of Cancer Neoantigens, in Peptidomics: Methods and Strategies, M. Schrader and L. Fricker, Editors. 2018, Springer New York: New York, NY. p. 209-221. - Kage, H., et al., Small lung tumor biopsy samples are feasible for high quality targeted next generation sequencing. Cancer Sci, 2019. (8) : p. 2652-2657. - Roh, T.H. and S.H. Kim, Supramaximal Resection for Glioblastoma: Redefining the Extent of Resection Criteria and Its Impact on Survival. Brain Tumor Res Treat, 2023. 11 (3) : p. 166-172 - Pandey, K., S.H. Ramarathinam, and A.W. Purcell, Isolation of HLA Bound Peptides by Immunoaffinity Capture and Identification by Mass Spectrometry. Current Protocols, 2021. (3) : p. e92. - Chong, C., et al., High-throughput and Sensitive Immunopeptidomics Platform Reveals Profound Interferonγ-Mediated Remodeling of the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Ligandome*. Molecular &Cellular Proteomics, 2018. (3) : p. 533-548. - Wahle, M., et al., IMBAS-MS Discovers Organ-Specific HLA Peptide Patterns in Plasma. Mol Cell Proteomics, 2024. (1) : p. 100689. - Feola, S., et al., PeptiCHIP: A Microfluidic Platform for Tumor Antigen Landscape Identification. ACS Nano, 2021. (10) : p. 15992-16010. - Li, X., et al., A microfluidics-enabled automated workflow of sample preparation for MS-based immunopeptidomics. Cell Reports Methods, 2023. (6) : p. 100479
[0004] Immunotherapy is believed to be a promising therapeutic regime for cancer since immunogenic peptides such as major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and class II (MHC-II) stimulate the immune system to fight against infections and malignant cells, identification of which offers a potential to develop into a precise and long-term control of cancer development. MHC is also named as human leukocyte antigen (HLA) in human species. MS-based immunopeptide profiling is still the state of art technology to comprehensively identify tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) from cancer cells, solid tumor, or liquid biopsies. This methodology starts with the immunoaffinity capture of naturally processed MHC-peptide complexes also known as immunoaffinity purification (IP) . The immunopeptides are then purified from MHC proteins and salts. Next, mass spectrometer (MS) is used to sequence immunopeptides. However, current methods to profile tumor specific immunopeptides normally require large amounts of tumor samples as well as normal tissue samples as control, lowering identification efficiency and reproducibility, thereby limiting their clinical application in immunotherapy.
[0005] Conventional immunopeptide profiling from small amounts of samples mainly focuses on enriching MHC binding peptides, in particular, targeting MHC complexes such as pan-MHC-I or pan-MHC-II molecules and its binding peptides by an affinity column packed with antibody coated microbeads, to attempt to minimize immunopeptide loss during sample preparation (Purcell et al., 2019; Caron et al., 2015) . Eluted peptides can be released from MHC molecules upon acid denaturation and cleaned by C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) method to reduce complexity and eliminate contaminants before MS analysis. Although the affinity chromatography-based immunopeptide enrichment method (column-IP) is highly specific, the entire IP procedure suffers from sample loss from unspecific binding of peptide onto surface of lab apparatus such as microtubes and pipette tips. Classical column-IP methods require large amounts of biospecimen, e.g., 108 cells (Caron et al., 2015; Kovalchik et al., 2020) or 1 cm3 tumor tissue sample (Bassami-Sternberg, M., 2018) . Such amounts of clinical samples are not always available, for example, patients with primary invasive cutaneous melanoma which have tumor size smaller than 36 mm3 (Ma et al., 2020) ; needle biopsy from advanced lung cancer is normally limited in sample size or resection to make pathological diagnosis is preferred in those patients (Kage et al., 2019) . To identify TSAs, immunopeptide profiling for normal tissue is necessary as control to avoid autoimmunity, but the large amount of normal tissue is not available for brain cancer such as low grade glioblastoma (LGG) due to the risk of cognitive damage and ethical issues (Roh and Kim, 2023) . Classical column-IP methods also suffer from time-consuming and extensive manual interventions (Pandey et al., 2021) . Generation of MS / MS spectra using data-dependent acquisition MS approaches in the majority of studies in immunopeptidomics leads to low sensitivity and low reproducibility between samples (Caron et al., 2015) . Although Chong et al. (2018) reported a high-throughput IP workflow in 96-well plate format that yielded identification number of 1, 700 MHC-I and 2, 200 MHC-II peptides from 10 million B-cells, it could not obviate sample loss during frequent manual interventions in the IP process. Another 96-well plate format immunopeptide profiling workflow, IMBAS-MS, by Wahle et al. (2024) using biotinylated antibodies and streptavidin for immunopeptide enrichment could identify more than 5,000 MHC-I immunopeptides from 200 μl of plasma, but this workflow is costly during implementation.
[0006] Feola et al. (2021) reported a microfluidic-based immunopeptide profiling chips, PeptiCHIP, which features lower antibody and sample consumption for MHC-I immunopeptide profiling, but their identified immunopeptides showed aberrant length distribution and low HLA binder percentage, indicating unspecific peptide contamination. Li et al. (2023) also developed a microfluidics-enabled platform for MHC-I immunopeptide profiling and successfully identified over 4,000 immunopeptides from 0.2 million RA957 cells and 5,000 immunopeptides from 5mg melanoma tissue, but it can only enrich one type of immunopeptide per sample injection and has no multiplexing ability to process multiple samples simultaneously.
[0007] A need therefore exists for an improved platform and method of multiplexed immunopeptide profiling from small amounts of sample or from a limited size / volume of tissues / biopsies that eliminates or at least diminishes the disadvantages and problems described above.SUMMARY OF INVENTION
[0008] Accordingly, in a first aspect, the present disclosure provides a device for multiplexed immunopeptide profiling from small amounts of samples, including: a microfluidic chip comprising at least two layers; a holder holding the microfluidic chip, where the at least two layers of the microfluidic chip includes a top layer and a bottom layer, the top layer includes at least two mirrored flow channels each having a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet, and a communication channel communicates between the at least two mirrored flow channels; on an inner surface of the at least two mirrored flow channels corresponding antibodies are immobilized for conjugating with tumor specific immunopeptides; a plurality of microstructures which is disposed on an inner surface of the at least two mirrored flow channels, where each of the plurality of the microstructures is immobilized with the corresponding antibodies, the microfluidic chip which further includes at least three valves respectively disposed at each of the at least two mirrored flow channels and the communication channel; and three flow control means which are disposed correspondingly to the at least three valves for controlling opening and closing of the corresponding flow channel and the communication channel.
[0009] In certain embodiments, the microfluidic chip is a bi-layer structure including the top layer and the bottom layer.
[0010] In certain embodiments, the top layer and bottom layer are made of polydimethylsiloxane.
[0011] In certain embodiments, the inner surface of the at least two mirrored flow channels and the plurality of microstructures are surface treated with oxygen plasma followed by silanization and reaction with glutaraldehyde to provide aldehyde groups for conjugation with streptavidin proteins to immobilize the corresponding biotinylated antibodies.
[0012] In certain embodiments, the corresponding antibodies include biotinylated W6 / 32 and IVA12 antibodies.
[0013] In certain embodiments, the tumor specific immunopeptides include human major histocompatibility complex binding peptides including human leukocyte antigen binding peptides. In certain embodiments, the human leukocyte antigen binding peptides are selected from human leukocyte antigen binding peptides presented in tumor samples.
[0014] In certain embodiments, the human major histocompatibility complex includes major histocompatibility complex class I and major histocompatibility complex class II.
[0015] In certain embodiments, the at least two mirrored flow channels are configured to be meandering such as snake-shaped or serpentine-like flow channels.
[0016] In certain embodiments, each of the plurality of microstructures is in a configuration of micropillar in micron size and the micropillars are evenly distributed on the inner surface of the at least two mirrored flow channels.
[0017] In certain embodiments, each of the flow channels includes more than a million of micropillars.
[0018] In certain embodiments, the three flow control means are three separate screws, and a first screw thereof is disposed on the holder corresponding to where a first valve is disposed at the microfluidic chip, wherein the first valve is disposed at the communication channel, while a second screw and a third screw of the three separate screws are respectively disposed on the holder corresponding to where a second valve and a third valve are disposed at the microfluidic chip, wherein the second valve and the third valve are respectively disposed near the corresponding fluid outlets of a first flow channel and a second flow channel of the at least two mirrored flow channels.
[0019] In certain embodiments, the three separate valves are made of polydimethylsiloxane while the three screws are made of a relatively more rigid material than that making the three separate valves and / or the at least two layers of the microfluidic chip.
[0020] In certain embodiments, the top layer and bottom layer of the at least two layers of the microfluidic chip are sealed before assembling within the holder.
[0021] In a second aspect, the present disclosure provides a fully automated multiplexed immunopeptide profiling analytical system including a plurality of the devices as in the first aspect or described herein, a programmable multi-channel flow control mechanism, a chip rack, and a central processing unit, where the programmable multi-channel flow control mechanism includes a multi-channel pump and a flow control microvalve, and the microfluidic chips of the devices are connected in series through the multi-channel pump.
[0022] In certain embodiments, the flow control microvalve are each configured to allow air to flow through the bi-layer structure of the microfluidic chips for controlling a fluid flowing through the corresponding flow channels thereof.
[0023] In certain embodiments, the flow control microvalves are selected from the Quake microvalves.
[0024] In a third aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of preparing the device in the first aspect or described herein. The method includes: - providing a patterned top layer fabricated from a mold and a bottom layer, the patterned top layer comprising at least two mirrored flow channels, three valves and four tube connectors; - sealing the patterned top layer and the bottom layer to form the microfluidic chip; - providing a holder with three screw holes thereon at three positions corresponding to where the three vales are disposed on the patterned top layer such that three screws are able to go through the three screw holes, the holder being used for holding the microfluidic chip; - surface treating an inner surface of the at least two mirrored flow channels; and - coating the inner surface of the at least two mirrored flow channels with corresponding antibodies specific to human major histocompatibility complexes.
[0025] In certain embodiments, the patterned top layer and the bottom layer are made of polydimethylsiloxane.
[0026] In certain embodiments, said surface treating the inner surface of the at least two mirrored flow channels includes activation by oxygen plasma, silanization of the inner surface of the at least two mirrored flow channels to form a monolayer having exposed free amine groups, reacting with glutaraldehyde to provide free aldehyde groups on said inner surface, and immobilizing streptavidin on said inner surface.
[0027] In certain embodiments, said coating the inner surface of the at least two mirrored flow channels with the corresponding antibodies specific to human major histocompatibility complexes includes biotinylating the corresponding antibodies, and conjugating one of the corresponding biotinylated antibodies with the immobilized streptavidin on said inner surface of one of the two mirrored flow channels and the other biotinylated antibody with the immobilized streptavidin on said inner surface of the other flow channel.
[0028] In certain embodiments, the one of the corresponding antibodies is biotinylated W6 / 32 antibody while the other antibody is biotinylated IVA12 antibody.
[0029] In a fourth aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of multiplexed immunopeptide profiling from small amounts of samples. The method includes: preparing the samples containing a cell lysate from biological cells, tissues or biopsies; opening the first valve and closing the second and third valves of the microfluidic chip of the device as in the first aspect or described herein; loading the sample into the at least two mirrored fluid channels of the device through the corresponding fluid inlet; flowing the sample through the two mirrored fluid channels and removing the same from the corresponding fluid outlet; washing the two mirrored fluid channels with a washing buffer; closing the first valve and opening the second and third valves; loading an elution buffer into the two mirrored fluid channels through the corresponding fluid inlet; flowing the elution buffer through the two mirrored fluid channels and collecting an eluate from the corresponding fluid outlet; increasing hydrophobicity of the collected eluate from the corresponding fluid outlet; identifying tumor specific immunopeptides in the corresponding eluates; and validating quality and quantity of the identified major histocompatibility complex binding immunopeptides with reference to a set of reference genes, alleles or peptides.
[0030] In certain embodiments, the cell lysate is prepared from no more than 5 million biological cells.
[0031] In certain embodiments, the cell lysate is prepared from a biological tissue with a weight of no more than 5 mg.
[0032] In certain embodiments, the immunopeptides include human major histocompatibility complex binding peptides.
[0033] In certain embodiments, the human major histocompatibility complexes include human leukocyte antigen binding peptides.
[0034] In certain embodiments, the human leukocyte antigen binding peptides are selected from human leukocyte antigen binding peptides presented in tumor samples.
[0035] In certain embodiments, the identified immunopeptides are up to 5,000 peptides identified from the cell lysate from no more than 5 million biological cells.
[0036] In certain embodiments, the identified immunopeptides are up to 7,000 peptides identified from the cell lysate from no more than 5 mg of the biological tissue.
[0037] In certain embodiments, said increasing the collected eluate from the corresponding fluid outlet includes desalting the collected eluate from the corresponding fluid outlet.
[0038] In certain embodiments, the desalting includes using restricted access materials in an elution tip.
[0039] In certain embodiments, the human major histocompatibility complex includes major histocompatibility complex class I and major histocompatibility complex class II.
[0040] In certain embodiments, the major histocompatibility complex class I has a predicted binder percentage of over 90%while the major histocompatibility complex class II has a predicted binder percentage of over 80%from a single sample injection.
[0041] In certain embodiments, the biological cells, tissues or biopsies are selected from one or more of scarce nasopharyngeal carcinoma, low-grade glioma, hepatocellular carcinoma tumor, and any other solid tumors.
[0042] In certain embodiments, the immunopeptides further include tumor neoantigens.
[0043] Also provided herein are method of using or use of the device in the first aspect or described herein in spatial immunopeptidomics or discovery of tumor neoantigens. In particular, provided herein is a method of performing spatial immunopeptidomics from scarce human tissue samples. The method includes: sectioning tissue samples into a plurality of tissues sections; selecting any three consecutive tissue sections from the plurality of the tissue sections, histologically staining a second tissue section of the three consecutive tissue sections to delineate one or more target regions of two adjacent tissue sections for spatial immunopeptidomics and transcriptomics analyses, respectively; dissecting at least one of the target regions of a first tissue section of the three consecutive tissue sections into a tissue array; obtaining spatial immunopeptidomic information from the tissue array prior to performing immunopeptidomic analysis on each of the target regions, wherein the immunopeptidomic analysis comprises using the device as in the preceding aspects or described herein to obtain immunopeptides from the tissue samples; histologically staining a third tissue section of the three consecutive tissue sections for performing a complementary spatial transcriptomic analysis; aligning spatial transcriptomic information obtained from the spatial transcriptomic analysis with the spatial immunopeptidomic information to reconstruct a spatial immunopeptidome-transcriptome-histology map for identification of genetic, immunopeptidomic and cellular compositions of each tissue sample.
[0044] In certain embodiments, said histologically staining the second tissue section to delineate one or more target regions of the two adjacent tissue sections for spatial immunopeptidomics and transcriptomics analyses, respectively, comprises Hematoxylin and Eosin staining and DAPI staining.
[0045] In certain embodiments, said at least one of the target regions includes one or more regions of hypoxic tumor core, tumor-immune borders, tumor and peritumor stroma, lymphoid aggregates, normal adjacent tissues and draining lymph nodes.
[0046] In certain embodiments, said spatial immunopeptidomics analysis for the target regions of one of the two adjacent tissue sections relative to said histologically stained second tissue section includes dissecting at least one of the target regions of the one of the two adjacent tissue sections (i.e., the first tissue section of the three consecutive tissue sections) into the tissue array, and said spatial immunopeptidomics analysis further includes label-free or tandem mass tag labeling quantification proteomics for each square in the tissue array.
[0047] In certain embodiments, said label-free quantification proteomics includes quantification of native immunopeptide samples by mass spectrometry.
[0048] In certain embodiments, said tandem mass tag labeling quantification proteomics includes quantification of tandem mass tag labeled immunopeptide samples by mass spectrometry.
[0049] In certain embodiments, the spatial immunopeptidomic information includes spatial coordinates of tissue squares in any one or all of the target regions and immunopeptide profiles of corresponding tissue squares.
[0050] In certain embodiments, the spatial transcriptomic information includes gene expression profiles, cell types, spatial domains, cellular niches of any one or all of the target regions.
[0051] In certain embodiments, the scarce human tissue sample is obtained from hepatocellular carcinoma tumor or any other solid tumors.
[0052] In certain embodiments, the immunopeptides are tumor specific immunopeptides including human major histocompatibility complex binding peptides including human leukocyte antigen binding peptides.
[0053] In certain embodiments, the human leukocyte antigen binding peptides are selected from human leukocyte antigen binding peptides presented in tumor samples.
[0054] In certain embodiments, said histologically staining the third tissue section for performing the complementary spatial transcriptomic analysis comprises Hematoxylin and Eosin staining and cell marker labeling.
[0055] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. Other aspects of the present invention are disclosed as illustrated by the embodiments hereinafter.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0056] The appended drawings, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements, contain figures of certain embodiments to further illustrate and clarify the above and other aspects, advantages and features of the present invention. It will be appreciated that these drawings depict embodiments of the invention and are not intended to limit its scope. The invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:
[0057] FIGs. 1A-1D show the design and preparation method of the PDMS-based microfluidic chip in the present device and proposed fully automated microfluidic control system according to certain embodiments: FIG. 1A schematically depicts chip design and an assembled PDMS chip within a holder; FIG. 1B Antibody coating strategy on PDMS surface; FIG. 1C shows a schematics and a photograph depicting the setup for 8-channel chip-Ip; FIG. 1D schematically depicts a scheme of automatic fluid control system: Left: Principle of air pressure driven Quake PDMS bilayer micro-valve; Middle: A schematic of the overall MAP chip layout, the control layer is shown in light grey color, while the flow layer is shown in deep grey color; Right: The entire fluid control system set-up for MAP operation powered by MUX Quake Valve from Elveflow.
[0058] FIGs. 2A-2E show qualitative and quantitative measurements of microstructures and validation results of surface modification for antibody immobilization on the PDMS-based microfluidic chip flow channels in the present device according to certain embodiments: FIG. 2A shows an SEM scan of PDMS-based microfluidic chip’s inner surface microstructures; FIG. 2B shows a diameter distribution of microstructures as in FIG. 2A; FIG. 2C shows an SEM scan depicting a cross-section of the microstructures and water contact angle measurement of APTES treated PDMS surface; data are shown as mean values ± SD of three replicates. (**P < 0.01; two-tailed t-test) ; FIG. 2D shows an attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) scan of APTES treated PDMS surface as in FIG. 2C, in which: red spectrum (dashed line arrow) indicates APTES treated PDMS surface; blue spectrum (solid line arrow) indicates native PDMS surface; FIG. 2E shows fluorescence images (top row) and phase contrast images (bottom row) of W6 / 32 antibody coated PDMS-based microfluidic chip flow channels.
[0059] FIGs. 3A-3H show validation results of tandem MHC-I and MHC-II enrichment strategy implemented on the present device and multiplexing immunopeptide profiling (IP) platform implemented on the proposed automated flow control system according to certain embodiments: FIG. 3A show schematics of fluid control in different IP stages, in which: Left: state A stands for a state of opening the first valve (V1) while the second and third valves (V2, V3) are closed; state B stands for a state of closing V1 while V2 and V3 are opened; Right: working principle of each of the three-screw valves in controlling fluid flow through a corresponding flow channel according to certain embodiments; FIG. 3B shows western blot results of corresponding eluates collected from the first and the second mirrored flow channels with respect to MHC-I and MHC-II peptides; FIG. 3C shows total number and predicted binder percentage of identified MHC-I and MHC-II peptides from the microfluidic chip of the present device (n=3) ; FIG. 3D shows peptide length distribution of identified MHC-I and MHC-II peptides; FIG. 3E shows total number and predicted MHC-I binder percentage of identified MHC-I peptides from eight parallel microfluidic chip (chip-IP) flow channels run simultaneously; FIG. 3F shows peptide length distribution of identified MHC-I peptides from the eight parallel chip-IP flow channels; FIG. 3G shows upset plot of identified MHC-I peptides from the eight parallel chip-IP flow channels; FIG. 3H Shows MHC-I peptides MS intensity correlation analysis across different chip-IP flow channels.
[0060] FIGs 4A-4H show a comparison in terms of immunopeptide enrichment performance between the present invention (chip-IP) and the classical column-IP method: FIG. 4A shows a comparison in the total number of identified MHC-I and MHC-II peptides from different cell number inputs (0.1M, 0.5M, 1M, 5M) of Raji cells between two methods (n=2, M stands for Million) ; FIG. 4B shows predicted binder percentage of identified MHC-I and MHC-II peptides from different cell number inputs (0.1M, 0.5M, 1M, 5M) between two methods (n=2) ; BF score is the fraction of all peptides within the appropriate length range, which are predicted by NetMHCpan or NetMHCIIpan, respectively; FIG. 4C shows peptide length distribution of identified MHC-I and MHC-II peptides from different cell number inputs (0.1M, 0.5M, 1M, 5M) between two methods; FIG. 4D shows allele distribution pattern of the identified MHC-I and MHC-II peptides in each cell number input group between two methods by deconvolution and Gibbs clustering of the identified peptides with respect to corresponding MHC-I and MHC-II alleles of Raji cells; FIG. 4E shows Venn plot of total MHC-I and MHC-II peptides identified from chip-IP and column-IP; FIG. 4F shows ion charge distribution of identified peptides obtained from two methods; FIG. 4G shows total identification number of peptides at different retention times on mass spectrometer; FIG. 4H shows iRT comparison of identified MHC-I and MHC-II peptides between two methods.
[0061] FIGs 5A-5I show the performance of the present device on immunopeptide profiling from scarce human tissue samples: FIG. 5A shows total number of identified MHC-I and MHC-II peptides from different LGG tumor tissue input (n=2) ; FIG. 5B shows predicted binder percentage of MHC-I and MHC-II peptides identified from different LGG tumor tissue input (n=2) ; BF score is the fraction of all peptides within the appropriate length range, which are predicted by NetMHCpan or NetMHCIIpan, respectively; FIG. 5C shows peptide length distribution of MHC-I and MHC-II peptides identified from different LGG tumor tissue input; FIG. 5D shows the MHC-I and MHC-II peptide identification number of one paired LGG samples (PCT: paracancerous tissue) ; FIG. 5E shows relative abundance of an identified neoantigen in tumor and PCT samples; FIG. 5F shows the neoantigen mass spectrum matching result of real spectrum with predicted spectrum; FIG. 5G shows the MHC-I and MHC-II peptide identification number of three paired LGG samples; FIG. 5H shows predicted binder percentage of MHC-I and MHC-II peptides identified from three paired NPC samples; FIG. 5I shows peptide length distribution of MHC-I and MHC-II peptides identified from three paired NPC samples.
[0062] FIG. 6 schematically depicts an application of the present chip-based IP platform in spatial immunopeptidomics from scarce tissue samples according to certain embodiments.
[0063] Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been depicted to scale.DEFINTION
[0064] Throughout the application, where device and system are described as having, including, or comprising specific components, or where processes are described as having, including, or comprising specific process steps, it is contemplated that device or system of the present teachings can also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited components, and that the processes of the present teachings can also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited process steps.
[0065] Throughout the present disclosure, unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprise" or variations such as "comprises" or "comprising" , will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers. It is also noted that in this disclosure and particularly in the claims and / or paragraphs, terms such as “comprises” , “comprised” , “comprising” and the like can have the meaning attributed to it in the relevant law including U.S. Patent law; e.g., they can mean “includes” , “included” , “including” , and the like; and that terms such as “consisting essentially of” and “consists essentially of” have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S. Patent law, e.g., they allow for elements not explicitly recited, but exclude elements that are found in the prior art or that affect a basic or novel characteristic of the present invention.
[0066] Furthermore, throughout the present disclosure and claims, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “include” or variations such as “includes” or “including” , will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers, but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.
[0067] In the application, where an element or component is said to be included in and / or selected from a list of recited elements or components, it should be understood that the element or component can be any one of the recited elements or components, or the element or component can be selected from a group consisting of two or more of the recited elements or components. Further, it should be understood that elements and / or features of a device, system or method described herein can be combined in a variety of ways without departing from the spirit and scope of the present teachings, whether explicit or implicit herein.
[0068] It should be understood that the order of steps or order for performing certain actions is immaterial so long as the present teachings remain operable. Moreover, two or more steps or actions may be conducted simultaneously.
[0069] The use of the singular herein includes the plural (and vice versa) unless specifically stated otherwise. In addition, where the use of the term "about" is before a quantitative value, the present teachings also include the specific quantitative value itself, unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the term "about" may refer to a ±10%, ±7%, ±5%, ±3%, ±1%, or ±0%variation from the nominal value unless otherwise indicated or inferred.
[0070] The term “major histocompatibility complex” or “MHC” used herein refers to a kind of surface protein complexes that bind peptide fragments derived from cytosolic proteins or pathogens and display them on the cell surface for recognition by the appropriate T cells.
[0071] The term “human leukocyte antigen” or “HLA” used herein refers to proteins on the surface of most cells that help the immune system identify the body's own cells versus foreign invaders. The HLA system is also known as the human version of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) found in many animals.
[0072] The term “iRT” used herein refers to an empirically derived dimensionless peptide-specific value that allows for highly accurate RT prediction of identified immunopeptides.
[0073] The term “restricted access material” or “RAM” used herein refers to a kind of porous microparticles with bifunction of size exclusion and reversed phase chromatography. The outer surfaces of RAM particles are coated with a hydrophilic polymer, so that only the interior of pores is chemically modified by octadecyl radicals (ODS) .
[0074] The term “low grade glioblastoma” or “LGG” used herein refers to a slow-growing brain tumor that arises from glial cells. It is classified as Grade 1 or 2 by the World Health Organization (WHO) .
[0075] The term “Polydimethylsiloxane” or “PDMS” used herein refers to dimethylpolysiloxane or dimethicone, a silicone polymer with a wide variety of uses, from cosmetics to industrial lubrication and passive daytime radiative cooling.
[0076] The term “Poly (methyl methacrylate) ” or “PMMA” used herein refers to a transparent, rigid plastic commonly known as acrylic or acrylic glass.
[0077] The term “4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole ” or “DAPI” used herein refers to a fluorescent stain that binds to the DNA in a cell's nucleus, making it glow with a blue light.
[0078] The term “nasopharyngeal cancer” or “NPC” used herein refers to a type of cancer that begins in the nasopharynx, the upper part of the throat behind the nose.
[0079] The term “hepatocellular carcinoma” or “HCC” used herein refers to a primary malignancy of the liver that occurs predominantly in patients with underlying chronic liver disease and cirrhosis.
[0080] The term “tumor-specific antigens” or “TSAs” used herein refers to a protein or other molecule that is found only on cancer cells and not on normal cells.
[0081] The term “BF score” used herein refers to fraction of all peptides within the appropriate length range, which are predicted by NetMHCpan or NetMHCIIpan, respectively.
[0082] The term “tandem mass tag labeling” or “TMT labeling” used herein refers to a chemical method used in mass spectrometry to quantify proteins across multiple samples simultaneously.
[0083] The term “mass spectrometry” used herein refers to an analytical technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions, which identifies and quantifies different compounds in a sample, making it useful for detecting impurities or determining the composition of mixtures, such as proteins in a cell sample. The technique involves sorting gaseous ions in electric and magnetic fields according to their mass-to-charge ratios, resulting in a mass spectrum that displays the intensity of ions as a function of their mass. Mass spectrometry techniques may be categorized by ways of ions created, such as gas phase, desorption and hyphenated. Conventional mass spectrometry techniques include, but not limited to, time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) , quadrupole mass spectrometry, ion trap mass spectrometry, orbitrap mass spectrometry, Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry, magnetic sector mass spectrometry, and tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS / MS) . In the present disclosure, liquid chromatography –mass spectrometry (LC / MS) is used in certain embodiments.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0084] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications, including additions and / or substitutions, may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Specific details may be omitted so as not to obscure the invention; however, the disclosure is written to enable one skilled in the art to practice the teachings herein without undue experimentation.
[0085] The present disclosure provides a tandem microfluidic-based platform for enrichment of two major histocompatibility complexes, MHC-I and MHC-II, from a single sample injection, and the related method includes using restricted access material (RAM) rather than conventional C18-SPE during elution for IP enrichment from the corresponding microfluidic channels to extend repertoire of identified immunopeptides, thereby improving immunopeptide profiling efficiency and minimizing peptide loss which are common drawbacks from using conventional column-based immunoaffinity purification for IP enrichment.
[0086] (A) Chip Design
[0087] FIG. 1A schematically depicts an embodiment of the present microfluidic-based platform which is a tandem microfluidic chip (110) made of two PDMS layers. The cover (top) layer (111) is thicker than the under (bottom) layer (112) . In one example, the top layer is 5-mm thick while the bottom layer is 500-μm thick. The top layer is configured to have two mirrored flow channels (141, 142) each being configured to be in snake-shape or serpentine-like so as to increase the flowing distance of the fluid within the flow channels, and each having a fluid inlet (141a, 142a) and a fluid outlet (141b, 142b) . To enrich MHC-I and MHC-II in two mirrored flow channels respectively, one of the flow channels (first flow channel) (141) is coated on its inner surface with W6 / 32 antibodies for targeting MHC-I peptide in the sample loaded, while the other of the flow channels (second flow channel) (142) is coated on its inner surface with IVA12 antibodies for targeting MHC-II peptide in the sample loaded, where both flow channels are loaded with the same sample. To increase the total surface area of the inner surface of the two flow channels, a plurality of microstructures is provided on the inner surface of the two flow channels which are also coated with the corresponding antibodies. In one example, an 84-cm-long flow channel features with about 1.2 million microstructures each being configured in a shape of microcolumn to form micropillar arrays, and each microcolumn having an average height of 40 μm and diameter of about 34 μm (FIGs. 2A and 2B) . Such a configuration increases surface-to-volume ratio and enhances protein enrichment efficiency of the MHC-I and MHC-II peptides by improving antibody coating amount and reaction rate. The topography of flow channels is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (FIG. 2A) . The average diameter of microcolumns is 33.8±0.6 μm (FIG. 2B) , which provides total 1757 mm2 channel inner surface for antibody immobilization.
[0088] The top layer is also configured to have three valves, namely V1, V2 and V3 in one example (FIGs. 1A and 3A) , to control the flow direction and rate of the fluid in two flow channels and a communication channel between the two flow channels. The top and bottom layers are treated with O2 plasma to create a tight seal before assembled with a self-designed PMMA holder. Correspondingly, the holder is configured to have three screw holes disposed at where to allow three separate screws to pass through in order to enable opening and closing of the corresponding valve by applying pressure or not. In one example, the valves are also made of PDMS. As both the valves and the flow channels are made of PDMS, the flow channel can undergo deformation and the risk of layer detachment under fluid pressure. The PMMA holder can provide protection for PDMS chips from permanent chip damage and sample loss. A working example of using a mechanical flow control mechanism (ascrew) to pass through a hole on the PMMA holder (120) against the top layer (111) of the PDMS-based microfluidic chip to block the flow channel (141, 142) is depicted in a schematic as shown in the right panel of FIG. 3A.
[0089] (B) Surface Modification Scheme
[0090] To effectively enrich MHC-I and MHC-II protein complex from cell lysate, the surface functionalization with W6 / 32 and IVA12 antibodies is necessary. In one example, glutaraldehyde (GA) bioconjugation strategy and streptavidin-biotin interaction to immobilize antibody onto the inner surface of flow channels of microfluidic chip (FIG. 1B) are employed. The inner surface is treated with O2 plasma to provide silanol (SiOH) groups for silanization. Next, APTES is applied to oxidized inner surface to form a silanization layer with free amine groups (step 1) . GA solution is injected into flow channels to react with free amine groups and provide free aldehyde group on the inner surface (step 2) . Streptavidin is immobilized to the inner surface by forming covalent bond to aldehyde group (step 3) . Biotinylated antibodies can be effectively loaded onto the inner surface due to high affinity of biotin to streptavidin (step 4) . This strategy gets rid of cross-linking steps of protein A and antibody used in classic immunopeptide precipitation method.
[0091] To validate the effectiveness of the proposed surface modification scheme for antibody immobilization, the water contact angle is measured. FIG. 2C shows that the surface hydrophobicity of PDMS is dramatically decreased after APTES treatment, suggesting that more hydrophobic primary groups are present on modified PDMS surface. To further confirm APTES modification is successful, an attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy is employed to interrogate the molecular structure of the inner surfaces of the microchannels before and after APTES silanization. FIG. 2D shows that N-H stretch of primary amine groups is observed at 3400-3250 cm-1. Fluorescent quantitative peptide assay is also used, which has an amine-reactive fluorescent reagent to quantify primary amine density of the modified PDMS surface. The result shows that the silanization process could yield around 50 pmol / mm2 primary amine groups. Those reactive groups can be quenched after glutaraldehyde treatment (FIG. 2E) . After APTES silanization and GA treatment, streptavidin is applied to channel surface, which leads to covalently conjugation of streptavidin to APTES layer by amine to aldehyde reaction chemistry. The biotinylated antibodies are then immobilized to channel surface due to high affinity between biotin and streptavidin. The immobilized antibodies are visualized by incubation with secondary antibodies conjugated with fluorescent dye. As shown by the Zeiss fluorescent microscope images in FIG. 2E, the flow channels coated with HLA antibodies exhibit clear green fluorescence signal around microcolumns, while flow channels without HLA antibodies show faint fluorescence signal at the same exposure condition. Overall, the results consistently confirm the successful immobilization of HLA antibodies on the PDMS chips.
[0092] (C) Method of Using Multiplexed Microfluidic-based Immunopeptide Profiling Platform
[0093] As described herein, one example of the proposed microfluidic chip has two snake-shaped or serpentine-like flow channels mirrored to each other which are coated with specific antibodies for enriching two target tumor specific immunopeptides, MHC-I and MHC-II, respectively. Flow direction of samples through different flow channels can be controlled by the three mechanical valves driven by screws. Alternatively, valves controlled by other mechanisms such as the Quake microvalves depicted in FIGs. 1D can be used. FIG. 3A depicts two different states of fluid flow controlled by the three valves. At state A, prior to loading the sample the corresponding fluid inlet of the flow channels, the first valve (V1) is opened while the second and third valves (V2, V3) are closed which make two tandem, mirrored flow channels connected in order to allow the sample to flow through the two mirrored flow channels. MHC-I and MHC-II complexes in the sample will be captured by the corresponding antibodies (W6 / 32 and IVA12) respectively coated on two mirrored flow channels. After that, a wash buffer is applied to the two mirrored flow channels to remove contaminations including unbound peptides from the flow channels. After washing, V1 is closed while V2 and V3 are opened (state B) which isolate two mirrored flow channels. The enriched MHC-I and MHC-II binding peptides are separately eluted from two channels to avoid across contamination. Preferably, restricted access materials (RAM) are used in an elution tip for desalting of the eluted immunopeptides rather than C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) . Due to size exclusion effect of nano-scale pore size of RAM particles, proteins and other macromolecules, such as MHC subunits and antibodies larger than 10kDa, are quickly eluted without being retained by the ODS solid phase. In contrast, smaller immunopeptides (1–3 kDa) penetrate the pores and interact with the inner hydrophobic ODS stationary phase. Consequently, this allows the elution of peptides with higher concentration of acetonitrile (ACN) , since the risk of coeluting proteins is abolished.
[0094] To test the feasibility of the proposed chip-based immunopeptide enrichment strategy, a human B-lymphocyte cell line, Raji cells, is used as a source of MHC-I and MCH-II complexes to prepare a cell lysate sample for testing on the present microfluidic chip. The Western blot result in FIG. 3B shows successful enrichment and elution of two types of MHC molecules on two flow channels. About 4500 MHC-I binding peptides and about 3000 MHC-II binding peptides from 5 million Raji cells with three replicates are identified from two flow channels. The average binder percentage of MHC-I and MHC-II are 93%and 85%, respectively, by applying a 1%false discovery rate, as shown in FIG. 3C (right panel) . The MHC-I peptide length distribution exhibits an ideal 9-mer-dominant profile, in contrast to MHC-II peptides, which are mostly 13–17 residues in length (FIG. 3D) . Moreover, the HLA peptides identified from two flow channels are mapped to the four main MHC-I alleles and MHC-II alleles, respectively. There are only 133 shared peptides identified from two flow channels. In the 133 shared peptides, only 57 peptides of which (~1.2%of total identified MHC-I peptides) are predicted as strong binders for MHC-I by NetMHCpan and 5 peptides (~0.2%of total identified MHC-II peptides) are predicted as strong binders for MHC-II by NetMHCIIpan. The result suggests that there is minimal cross contamination between two flow channels. Taking together, the results prove the feasibility of using two tandem, mirrored flow channels in the proposed microfluidic chip-based IP strategy to enrich MHC-I and MHC-II binding peptides from single-sample injections.
[0095] (D) Automated Flow Control for Multiple Microfluidic Chips
[0096] One of the important advantages of the present microfluidic chips is that they can be easily connected to a fluid control system in parallel to fulfill the need of high-throughput sample processing. Therefore, the present disclosure also proposes an automated flow control mechanism to control flow direction and flow sequence of the same type of sample through different flow channels coated with the same type of antibody among multiple microfluidic chips. As shown in the schematic of FIG. 1C, the mechanism may implement an air pressure driven microvalve (e.g., Quake microvalves) (180) and a programmable multi-channel pump (e.g., 8-channel pump controlled by Python programming via RS485) to connect multiple microfluidic chips in series in order to precisely deliver liquid sample (150) , washing buffer and elution solution to microfluidic chips (110) at different flow rates and / or a specified flow sequence. In case of using Quake microvalves, it can manage opening and closing of corresponding valves disposed at different flow channels based on adjusting air pressure flowing through the flow channel (an example is illustrated in FIG. 1D, left panel) . Quake microvalves is preferably made of PDMS to impart sufficient elasticity to precisely control the fluid flow among different flow channels. In FIG. 1D, the channels that are the same color (or shown in same color tone) are controlled by the same valve, arranged in a mirrored pattern. By programming the valve to switch at specific times, the flow of different samples into and out of the system can be fully automated. To ensure that the valves switch at the right times and follow specific fluid sequences, equipment like the MUX Quake Valve controller made by Elveflow can be adopted. This controller allows for programming the operation through a software interface. The proposed automatic multiplexing platform can enrich MHC-I and MHC-II from eight samples simultaneously. The platform may also include a chip rack (160) and a programmable 8-channel syringe pump (170) . By using such 8-channel syringe pump, it can deliver liquid to 8 different microfluidic chips simultaneously.
[0097] To test the reproducibility of the proposed multiple microfluidics-based IP platform, identification of MHC-I peptides using 8 chips simultaneously is performed. An average of 4095±162 MHC-I binding peptides from 5 million Raji cells from 8 flow channels coated with the same type of antibodies (W6 / 32) in 8 chips. FIG. 3E shows that the binder percentage of the 8 flow channels are all above 90%. FIG. 3F shows that the peptide length distribution of the 8 flow channels matches well to an ideal 9-mer-dominant profile. 2656 shared peptides are consistently identified from the 8 flow channels, which is around 46%of total peptide identification (FIG. 3G) . 80%of the shared peptides have a coefficient of variation (CV) of intensity below 20%. The MS intensity of the shared peptides has a high Pearson correlation coefficient (>0.9) among the 8 flow channels (FIG. 3H) . Moreover, the immunopeptides identified from each channel are clustered to the four main MHC-I alleles of Raji cells in a constant percentage, suggesting a high-reproducibility identification of immunopeptides from different channels to enrich immunopeptides from the same amount of sample input.
[0098] (E) Comparison between Chip-based and Column-based Immunopeptide Enrichment Methods
[0099] To test the sensitivity of the present chip-based IP platform and evaluate its performance compared to classical column-based IP method, different cell numbers of Raji cells are used on both IP methods to compare their enrichment efficiency and specificity. Four different Raji cell numbers (0.1, 0.5, 1 and 5 million cells) with two replicates are used in this example. Classical IP method that uses protein A sepharose beads packed columns (Bassani-Sternberg, 2018) is also loaded with the same numbers of cells for comparison. FIG. 4A shows that about 1, 500 to 4,000 MHC-I peptides and about 500 to 2, 500 MHC-II peptides are identified from 0.1 to 5 million Raji cells by the present chip-based IP platform, as compared to about 1,000 MHC-I peptides and about 1,000 MHC-II peptides identified from 5 million Raji cells by the column-based IP method. It is noted that the column-based IP method fails to identify any immunopeptide from 0.1 million cell input, whereas the present chip-based IP platform is capable of identifying about 500 to 1,000 immunopeptides from the same number of cell input, suggesting a higher sensitivity in identification of MHC-I and MHC-II peptides even to a low level of cell number as low as 0.1 million as compared to typical column-based IP method which may provide false result at such a low cell number input. The variation of ID number of the identified MHC-I and MHC-II peptides by the column-based IP method from higher cell number inputs (from 0.5 to 5 million) is higher than that by the present chip-based IP platform, suggesting higher accuracy of IP identification by the chip-based IP platform than the typical column-based IP method. The higher ID number of identified MHC-I and MHC-II complexes by the present chip-based IP platform (about 3-fold MHC-I and about 1-fold MHC-II ID numbers) also suggests a higher performance in IP identification from no more than 5 million cell input or lower as compared to the typical column-based IP method. FIG. 4B shows that the binder percentage of chip-identified MHC-I and MHC-II peptides is more consistent than column IP at different cell numbers. FIG. 4C shows that the peptide length distribution patterns of the identified MHC-I and MHC-II peptides by both chip-based and column-based IP methods are similar, and both are consistent with the typical distribution pattern of these peptides, regardless of the cell number inputs. The Gibbs clustering result in FIG. 4D shows that immunopeptides identified from chip-based IP platform and column-based IP method share similar MHC-I and MHC-II alleles distribution patterns, but relatively less non-binders are found in chip-identified immunopeptides than in those identified by column-based IP method, indicating an unbiased enrichment of immunopeptidome by the present chip-based IP platform compared to column-based IP method.
[0100] The integration of RAM particles in the elution procedure also plays a role in improving the overall peptide recovery rate and extending the landscape of mass spectrometry-detachable immunopeptides toward more hydrophobic peptides. Therefore, the identified MHC-I and MHC-II peptides between the two methods are compared. There are 1, 419 and 1, 688 common MHC-I and MHC-II peptides shared among eluates from the two methods, and only a small portion of immunopeptides (~3%of the total MHC-I peptides and ~6%of the total MHC-II peptides) are unique in the eluate by the column-based IP method, suggesting that the present chip-based IP platform covers most of the immunopeptide repertoire of the column-based IP method. FIG. 4F shows that the MHC-1 peptides identified by the chip-based IP platform has the charge distribution shifted towards more multi-charged ions. FIG. 4H further shows that MHC-1 immunopeptides identified by the chip-based IP platform have higher median iRT value than those identified by column-based IP method, indicating that more hydrophobic MHC-1 immunopeptides are resulted from using the chip-based IP platform. However, median iRT value of MHC-II immunopeptides identified by the two methods does not deviate significantly due to higher concentration of acetonitrile (ACN) is used to elute MHC-II from C18 cartridge in column-based IP method, minimizing their hydrophobicity difference in MHC-II immunopeptides identified by the two methods. FIG. 4G shows that most of the identified MHC-I immunopeptides are eluted from the analytical column before 60 minutes, while most of the identified MHC-II immunopeptides are eluted from the analytical column after 60 minutes. In contract, a large portion of MHC-I immunopeptides are still eluted from the chip-based IP platform after 60 minutes, further suggesting that MHC-I immunopeptides identified by the chip-based IP platform are more hydrophobic. Conclusively, the present microfluidic chip-based IP platform, with the benefit from using RAM-SPE, identifies more hydrophobic immunopeptides even from low cell number input, as compared to the conventional C18-SPE used in column-based IP method. More hydrophobic immunopeptides are obtainable from using an elution tip incorporated with RAM to desalt the eluate collected from the corresponding flow channels after elution by an elution buffer / solution. Hydrophobic immunopeptides are more favorable to any suitable subsequent peptide analysis such as LC-MS / MS analysis.
[0101] (F) Performance of Chip-based Immunopeptide Enrichment in Scarce Human Tissue Sample
[0102] The performance of the present microfluidic chip-based immunopeptide profiling platform is further verified in tumor tissue sample. In one instance, tumor tissue sample from needle-biopsy-sized low-grade glioma (LGG) from patients having been confirmed with glioblastoma is collected and cut into different sizes (5, 10, 20, and 40 mg, with two replicates each) . MHC-I and MHC-II immunopeptide profiling for various sizes of LGG samples are performed in the present chip-based IP platform. FIG. 5A shows that about 7,000 to 13,000 MHC-I and about 400 to 2, 800 MHC-II immunopeptides from different sizes of tissue samples are identified by the chip-based IP platform. The result shows a positive correlation between the number of identified peptides and the tissue specimen weights. FIG. 5B shows a predicted binder percentage of MHC-1 and MHC-II identified peptides from the two mirrored flow channels of the microfluidic chip resulted from NetMHCpan and NetMHCIIpan after performing HLA alleles typing. The result shows that about 90%and about 80%of identified MHC-I and MHC-II peptides are binders of the patient’s MHC-I and MHC-II alleles. The peptide length distribution in FIG. 5C presents a typical distribution pattern of MHC-I and MHC-II binding peptide length pattern, that is, the identified MHC-I immunopeptides has the median length of 9 amino acids, while the identified MHC-II immunopeptides has the median length of 15 amino acids. The length distribution pattern of the same immunopeptide type among different tissue size inputs shares similar pattern. Deconvolution results of MHC-I immunopeptides shares between two replicates to each allele are consistent across different tissue size inputs, whereas allele distribution of MHC-II immunopeptides shows more variation in 10 mg of tissue size group which may be due to lower expression level of MHC-II and heterogeneity of LGG tissue. The immunopeptide profiling and RNA sequencing are performed for 5 mg LGG tissue and paired paracancerous tissue (PCT) to identify neoantigens from novel RNA splicing event FIG. 5D. A neoantigen “AAIPPIVTK” predicted as a strong binder to LGG patients HLA allele HLA-A*11: 01 is identified from LGG not PCT. FIG. 5E shows relative abundance of this neoantigen in tumor and PCT. ImmuneApp, an immunogenicity predictor that outperforms existing methods for prioritizing immunogenic neoepitope, predicts this neoantigen has strong immunogenicity with HLA-A*11: 01 (immunogenic score 0.9979) . The theoretical mass spectrum of this peptide matches well with predicted one, which proves the existence of this neoantigen FIG. 5F. Overall, the results suggest that the present chip-based IP platform exhibits outstanding performance even at scarce human tissue as low as 5 mg.
[0103] In another instance, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) samples are used to test the performance of the present chip-based IP platform on identifying HLA-I and HLA-II peptides from scarce human tissues. Since the tumor size of NPC is normally very small at early stage, over 60%NPC cases are diagnosed with maximum primary tumor diameter less than 30mm at stage T1, where tumor is confined to the nasopharynx or extends to oropharynx and / or nasal cavity (including nasal septum) without parapharyngeal involvement. The small size of clinical NPC samples limits immunopeptidomics development for NPC. Therefore, NPC samples and paired paracancerous tissue (PCT) from three NPC patients are collected and prepared into six samples for testing immunopeptide profiling performance on the present chip-IP platform. Similar to LGG test, NPC tissue samples are cut into different sizes (NPC1: 4 mg, NPC2: 1 mg, NPC3: 7 mg) , so as the PCT samples. FIG. 5G shows that about 1, 400 to 14,000 MHC-I immunopeptides and about 1,000 to 5,000 MHC-II immunopeptides are identified from NPC and PCT samples. The result indicates that more immunopeptides are identified from tumor (NPC) sample than PCT samples after normalization of the total lysate protein input, which agrees with the previous study by Tang et al. (2017) on the transcript upregulation of MHC-I and MHC-II in NPC-related cancer types from TCGA database. FIG. 5H shows about 90%and 80%binder percentage of MHC-I and MHC-II immunopeptides to NPC patients’ HLA alleles predicted by NetMHCpan and NetMHCIIpan, respectively. The length distribution result in FIG. 5I shows classic MHC-I and MHC-II peptide length distribution pattern, regardless of different tissue size inputs and tumor type. The results further proves the outstanding performance of the present chip-based IP platform in immunopeptide profiling on different human sample types. In this test, about 60 MHC-I and MHC-II peptides have been identified derived from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) proteome, as it is believed that pervasive occurrence of NPC strongly correlates with EBV infection, making EBV-related antigen a promising therapeutic target for NPC immunotherapeutics.
[0104] Table 1 below summarizes the performance test results on the present chip-based IP platform in terms of the number of identified MHC-I and MHC-II peptides:
[0105] Table 1
[0106] PeptiCHIP by Feola et al. (2021) could identify 1800 MHC-I immunopeptides from 1 million JY cells. It also identified 172 to 1, 128 unique peptides from ovarian metastatic tumor weighted from 10mg to 60mg, but the quality of their identification is poor. Only 52%MHC-I immunopeptides are within 8 to 13 amino acids and less than half of total identified peptides (48.7%) belong to binders of JY cell’s MHC-I alleles, indicating that those could be contaminant peptides. In contrast, the present chip-based IP platform outperforms PeptiCHIP in both identification numbers and quality.
[0107] Bassani-Sternberg et al. (2023) also developed a microfluidics-enabled platform for MHC-I immunopeptide profiling. Their chip shows high performance to identify over 4,000 MHC-I immunopeptides from 0.2 million RA957 cells, an in-house derived human B-cell line. Analogously, using the present chip-based IP platform identifies around 1, 500 MHC-I peptides from 0.1 million Raji cells. The sensitivity of the present chip-IP platform is at least comparable to that with Bassani-Sternberg’s chip. However, Bassani-Sternberg’s chip does not contain tandem IP flow channels for multiplexing. Fabrication of PDMS-based microfluidic chip in the present invention is also more beneficial than using silicon as in Bassani-Sternberg.
[0108] (G) Chip-based Spatial Immunopeptidomics to Uncover the Interplay between the Immunopeptidome and the Tumor Immune Microenvironment
[0109] Cancer pronounced spatial heterogeneity in antigen presentation and immune microenvironment, and stromal context is obscured by bulk immunopeptidomics, masking region-specific targets and mechanisms of immune escape. This gap is overcome by coupling chip-based immunopeptidomics with spatial transcriptomics and aligned histopathology. The distribution of MHC-I / II peptides across tumor core, invasive margins, stromal and lymphoid niches will be associated with T cell infiltration and microenvironment markers. A cross-modal deep learning model will enable more accurate inference of protein context underlying peptide presentation.
[0110] FIG. 6 depicts an example of utilizing the present chip-based IP platform as a starting point to perform immunopeptide profiling from scarce human tissue samples and combining the results of spatial transcriptomics and aligned histopathology to reconstruct a spatial immunopeptidome-transcriptome-histology map for identification of genetic, immunopeptidomic and cellular compositions of each tissue sample. In this example, bulk hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor samples of approximately 12×24×5 mm in dimension is isolated from patients and embedded in optimal cutting temperature (OCT) solution before snap freezing. One frozen sample is sectioned using a cryostat into three consecutive sections of varying thickness. The middle section (S2) undergoes histological staining for specific markers to delineate target regions for spatial immunopeptidomics and transcriptomics analysis. Target regions encompass the hypoxic tumor core, tumor-immune borders, tumor and peritumor stroma, lymphoid aggregates, normal adjacent tissues, and draining lymph nodes. This region in the first section (S1) is dissected into a tissue array, comprising at least 32 squares of 2.6 mm × 2.6 mm each. Immunopeptidomics analysis is performed on all 32 dissected samples while preserving their spatial information on chip. TMT labeling is applied to these samples to ensure minimum tissue consumption and reliable quantification across spots.
[0111] Besides slice for immunopeptidomics, the third tissue section (S3) undergoes H&E staining and spatial transcriptomics analysis using the 10X Xenium Platform, which serves complementary analyses. This spatial transcriptomic strategy delivers subcellular resolution (~0.2 μm) and captures the entire transcriptome and provides information on T cell clonotype within the tissue. The high-definition H&E image facilitates precise mapping of spatial locations and enables the correlation between expression patterns and histopathological features. The SpaceRanger pipeline is used to preprocess spatial transcriptomic data to generate the gene expression matrix and corresponding spatial coordinates. Careful quality control is performed to ensure sufficient reads for downstream analysis. Cell segmentation is performed based on the H&E images. The cells then are clustered based on their gene expression profiles and annotated using established cell type markers. Further analysis is performed to identify spatial domains and cellular niches such as immune hotspots. The T cell clonotype information is used to spatially map T cell clonal expansion events.
[0112] The spatial immunopeptidomics and transcriptomics data are aligned and integrated together to uncover the interplay between the immunopeptidome and the tumor immune microenvironment. Given the superior resolution of the spatial transcriptomic data, multiple transcriptomic spots corresponding to a single immunopeptidomics sample area are aggregated. The transcriptomics data is clustered based on gene expression. Cell types are annotated using established marker genes. This approach allows us to infer the cellular composition of each spatial immunopeptidomics sample.
[0113] The following examples aim to assist the understanding of different aspects and embodiments of the present invention, and should not be considered limiting the scope as such.
[0114] Example 1 - Microfluidic chip design, fabrication, and functionalization
[0115] The microfluidic chip was fabricated by sealing one molded PDMS layer against PDMS membrane with 0.5mm thickness. The molded layer contains two meandering (e.g., snake-shaped) microchannels, three microvalves, and four tube connectors. The mirrored microchannels were 40 μm in depth and 800 μm in width, featuring an array of around 126,000 micropillars with 40 μm diameter. The chip layouts were designed using the AutoCAD software (Autodesk, USA) . The molded layer was produced by using a standard soft photolithography technique with the Sylgard 184 elastomer kit and the SU-8 mold (SU-8 50, MicroChem) . Briefly, a 5-inch silicon wafer was first cleaned by acetone, ethanol, and deionized water, followed by drying in an oven to remove any contamination. Then, the SU-8 was spin-coated to a thickness of 40 μm (at 500 rpm for 15 s followed by 2500 rpm for 60 s) on the cleaned wafer and then soft-baked at 65 ℃ for 5 min and another baking step at 95 ℃ for 15 min. The soft-baked SU-8 was then exposed to UV light for 45 s (with exposure energy of 180 mJ / cm2) , followed by a post-baking process at 65 ℃ for 5 min and at 95 ℃ for 15 min. Afterward, the SU-8 was developed in SU-8 developer for 3 min and then washed with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) for 10 seconds, followed by air dry using compressed nitrogen. Finally, the mold was hard baked at 150 ℃ for 5 min. The SU-8 mold was assembled with PMMA holder and ready for further use (SI) . Next, the PDMS compound which was formed by mixing PDMS and its curing agent at a weight ratio of 10: 1 was poured onto the SU-8 mold and put on a hot plate at 85 ℃ for 30 min. After curing, the molded layer was peeled off from the master mold and punched four holes at inlets and outlets with 0.8mm syringe needle. The molded layer and PDMS membrane were treated with the oxygen plasma at 45W for 50s (Harrick Plasma Cleaner, #PDC-001) to activate surface. Two PDMS slices were immediately sealed together lightly for 30 seconds. The assembled chip was baked on the 90 ℃ hot plate for 15 minutes for additional bond formation.
[0116] Example 2 -PDMS chip inner surface modification for antibody immobilization
[0117] After the fabrication of PDMS chip, silanization buffer (2%v / v APTES in ethanol) was injected into microchannel and then incubated at room temperature for 1 h to form a self-assembled monolayer exposing free amine groups. Free APTES was washed away by 400 μL absolute ethanol. The chip was then equilibrated by 200 μL PBS buffer and activated by 600 μL 2.5%glutaraldehyde (GA) in PBS buffer at RT. The chip was then washed by 400 μL PBS. 200 μL 0.5 mg / mL streptavidin solution was injected into microchannel and incubated overnight to form covalent bond with aldehyde functional group at 4 ℃. The remaining aldehyde groups and unspecific binding sites on the inner surface of PDMS was then blocked by 600 μL block buffer (0.5mg / mL BSA in PBS) at RT. After 400 μL PBS wash, 200 μL 0.5 mg / mL biotinylated W6 / 32 and IVA12 antibody solution were injected into two microchannels, respectively. The chip was then wash by 400 μL 0.1N acetic acid and equilibrated by 200 μL PBS. The chip was immersed in PBS buffer coating 0.05%sodium azide and stored at 4 ℃ before the downstream immunoaffinity enrichment. All steps mentioned above are performed at 10 μL / min flowrate.
[0118] Example 3 - PDMS surface modification characterization
[0119] The surface topography of PDMS microchannels was characterized by FESEM (Tescan MAIA3) . A small slice from molded PDMS layer was coated with gold by ion sputter coater (MCM-200) in default settings. The edge of PDMS slice was coated with conductive silver liquid. Then, the PDMS slice was scanned by FESEM at 5.0 kV scan voltage in FIELD mode.
[0120] To confirm anime group presence on PDMS surface after APTES silanization, 1 cm ×1 cm × 0.5 mm PDMS membranes were treated with plasma and modified by APTES as described in previous example. One drop of ddH2O was loaded on native or APTES modified membrane. The water contact angle (WCA) was captured by a CCD camera and measured by ImageJ (v1.53k) , and the air-dried PDMS membranes were also scanned by ATR-FTIR (Thermo Scientific Nicolet IS50 equipped with ZnSe crystal) . The spectra were collected over 600–4000 cm-1 at the resolution of 4 cm-1 for 32 scans. PDMS membrane was also sliced into small wafer with 6mm diameter and put into 96-well plate for fluorescent quantification of free amine group. The assay was performed by following Thermo Scientific Peptide quantification kit’s protocol. The fluorescent signal was collected by a CLARIOstar microplate reader (BMG LABTECH) . The excitation filter was 390-15nm and the emission filter was 475-20nm.
[0121] The immunofluorescence staining assay was adopted to characterize biotinylated antibody coating on chip microchannels. The antibody coated chip was prepared by the procedure described above. The modified and native chips were then blocked by 600 μL block buffer (5mg / mL BSA with 0.1%Triton X-100 in PBS) at RT. 400 μL block buffer containing goat anti-mouse IgG conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488 (1: 2000 dilution) was injected into blocked chip for staining. The excess antibody was washed away by 600 μL wash buffer (0.1%Triton X-100 in PBS) . All the procedures were performed at 10 μL / min flowrate. A Zeiss Axio Vert A1 microscope coupled with X-Cite 120Q fluorescence lamp was used to image stained chips.
[0122] Example 4 -Preparation of antibody-crosslinked beads and biotinylated W6 / 32 and IVA12 antibody
[0123] For classic column-based IP, 2 mL of 1mg / mL antibodies were added to Bio-spin column packed with 0.4 ml of protein-Abeads and let the liquid flow through. The beads were washed with 5 mL (10 c. v. ) of crosslinking buffer (200 mM triethanolamine) . The column tip was closed and added with 0.5 mL (1 c. v. ) of reaction buffer (40 mM DMP with 200 mM triethanolamine) . The column was slowly rotated at RT for 30 min. The beads were washed with 5 mL (10 c. v. ) of quenching buffer (100 mM ethanolamine, pH 8) . 0.5 mL quenching buffer was kept in the column and the column was rotated at RT for 1 hour. The beads were washed with 5 mL PBS buffer. The crosslinked beads were kept in 0.05%sodium azide at 4℃ until use.
[0124] The biotinylation of W6 / 32 and IVA12 antibodies was performed based on the manual of EZ-Link Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotinylation Kit. Briefly, the buffer of antibody was exchanged to BupH PBS buffer by using Thermo Scientific Zeba Spin Desalting Column. 27μL of 10mM Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin was added to 1mL of a 2mg / mL antibody solution and incubated for 1 hour at RT. Excess Biotin reagent was removed by using Thermo Scientific Zeba Spin Desalting Column. The biotinylated antibody was stored at -20 ℃.
[0125] Example 5 -Immunoaffinity enrichment of MHC-I and HLA-II complexes by the microfluidics chip or chromatography column
[0126] The lysis buffer was freshly prepared in PBS containing 1%OGP, 0.25%SDC, 0.2 mM IAM, 1 mM EDTA, 1: 200 Protease Inhibitors cocktails, and 1 mM PMSF. The tumor tissues were homogenized in lysis buffer on a Precellys Evolution homogenizer (Bertin) at 4 ℃. The speed was 6500 RPM and cycle setting was 3×20s with 10s pause. Then, the lysis of frozen cell pellets or homogenized tumor tissues was done in ice-cold lysis buffer at 4℃ on a tube roller mixer for 1 h. Cell pellets and tumor tissues were lysed with 200 μL of lysis buffer. Finally, the lysates were cleared by centrifugation at 17,000 rcf for 50 min at 4℃, and the supernatant was transferred to low-bind Eppendorf tubes for the following IP procedure. Each batch of cells had biological replicates and they were lysed individually. LGG tumor tissues from surgical resection were collected and divided for each weight indicated.
[0127] For chip-IP, the microfluidic chip was equilibrated by 400 μL PBS at 10 μL / min flowrate. The cleared lysate supernatant was then loaded into an antibody-coated microfluidics chip at 5 μL / min flowrate. Then the microchannel was washed at 10 μL / min flowrate by 400 μL lysis buffer, 400 μL PBS, 400 μL 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH=8) sequentially. Then, the middle valve was closed, and two outlet valves were opened. MHC-I and HLA-II binding peptides were eluted from two microchannels with 300 μL 10%acetic acid, separately. The peptide elution was directly loaded on a self-packed desalting tip that contains 5mg RAM material (Shimadzu, #228-40835-97) . Before sample loading, the desalting tip was activated with 200 μL 80%ACN in 0.1%FA buffer and equilibrated by 200 μL 0.1%FA buffer. After loading of peptide elution, the tip was wash by 400 μL 0.1%FA buffer and 200 μL 2%ACN in 0.1%FA buffer. Next, 150 μL 60%CAN in 0.1%FA eluted the MHC-I and HLA-II peptides off the desalting tips. Finally, peptides were dried by vacuum centrifugation (Concentrator plus, Eppendorf) at RT for 4 hours. The dried peptides were stored at -20℃ before MS analysis.
[0128] The column-IP was performed following the previously established protocols. Briefly, Empty Bio-spin column (Bio-Rad) was packed with 200 μL of antibody-coated sepharose beads. The supernatant from cell lysis or tissue lysis was loaded on the column and passed through the beads on gravity. Beads were then washed with buffer A (150 mM NaCl, 20 mM Tris HCl) and 400 mM NaCl, 20 mM Tris HCl. The MHC-I complex was eluted with 10%acetic acid. Eluate was then loaded on Sep-Pak tC18 cartridges (Waters, 100 mg) and washed with 0.1%TFA and 2%ACN in 0.1%TFA, sequentially. The peptides were separated from MHC-I complexes on the tC18 cartridges by eluting with 28%ACN in 0.1%TFA and dried using vacuum centrifugation.
[0129] Example 6 -LC-MS / MS analysis of MHC-I and HLA-II binding peptides
[0130] All samples were analyzed with LC-MS / MS system composed of Vanquish Neo UHPLC (Thermo Fisher) coupled online to a Orbitrap ExplorisTM 480 mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher) . The dried MHC-I or HLA-II peptides were dissolved in 5 μL of 2%ACN in 0.1%FA and injected for MS analysis. Each sample was separated on a self-packed capillary C18 column at a flow rate of 500 nL / min by 120 min gradient of buffer A (2%ACN and 0.1%formic acid) and buffer B (98%ACN and 0.1%formic acid) by UHPLC system. The peptides were ionized by Nanospray Flex ion source (Thermo Fisher) and 1.98K spray voltage. All data was acquired by data-independent acquisition (DIA) , a full MS1 scan was acquired from 300 to 1650 m / z with a resolution of 60,000 and the ion accumulation time of 50 ms, which was followed by 60 DIA MS2 scans with a resolution of 30,000 and normalized automatic gain control (AGC) target was 300%. The MS2 scan range was 150-2000 m / z, and the overlap between consecutive MS2 scans was 1 m / z. A normalized HCD collision energy 32 was employed, and the maximum ion accumulation was set to auto.
[0131] Example 7 -MHC-I and HLA-II immunopeptidomic datasets analysis
[0132] MhcVizPipe (v0.7.9) was used for analysis and quality control of MHC-I and HLA-II immunopeptidomics MS data. Briefly, the identified peptides were uploaded to MhcVizPipe GUI and subset to peptides 8 to 12 or 9 to 22 mers in length for MHC-I or MHC-II peptides, respectively. Binding predictions for these subsets were made using NetMHCpan 4.1 or NetMHCIIpan 4.0 for each user-indicated allele. LF and BF scores were also calculated to provide numerical values regarding the overall quality of the samples. LF score is the fraction of all peptides that are 8 to 12 mers in length for class I peptides or 9 to 22 mers in length for class II peptides; BF score is the fraction of all peptides within the appropriate length range, which are predicted by NetMHCpan or NetMHCIIpan. Peptide grouping and alignment was then performed by GibbsCluster twice, once using the complete subset of peptides and then again for the sets of peptides predicted to bind the different alleles. Logos of the most prominent motifs identified by GibbsCluster are generated using Plotly-Logo.
[0133] Although the invention has been described in terms of certain embodiments, other embodiments apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art are also within the scope of this invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is intended to be defined only by the claims which follow.INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
[0134] The present invention provides a multiplexed immunopeptide profiling platform to identify the tumor specific peptide epitopes or immunopeptides from small amounts of cells in, scarce human tissue sample, or minute biopsy, from single sample injection, proving as a more precise and reproducible analytical platform for immunopeptide profiling than typical column-based immunopeptide profiling method. Potential applications of the present invention includes, but not limited to, spatial immunopeptidomes and discovery of tumor neoantigen which are critical in developing tumor specific immunotherapy.
Claims
1.A device for multiplexed immunopeptide profiling from small amounts of samples, comprising:a microfluidic chip comprising at least two layers;a holder holding the microfluidic chip,the at least two layers of the microfluidic chip comprising a top layer and a bottom layer, the top layer comprising at least two mirrored flow channels each having a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet, and a communication channel communicating between the at least two mirrored flow channels; on an inner surface of the at least two mirrored flow channels being immobilized with corresponding antibodies for conjugating with tumor specific immunopeptides;a plurality of microstructures disposed on an inner surface of the at least two mirrored flow channels, each of the plurality of the microstructures being immobilized with the corresponding antibodies,the microfluidic chip further comprising at least three valves respectively disposed at each of the at least two mirrored flow channels and the communication channel; andthree flow control means disposed correspondingly to the at least three valves for controlling opening and closing of the corresponding flow channel and the communication channel.2.The device according to claim 1, wherein the top layer and bottom layer are made of polydimethylsiloxane.3.The device according to claim 2, wherein said inner surface of the at least two mirrored flow channels and the plurality of microstructures are surface treated with oxygen plasma followed by silanization and reaction with glutaraldehyde to provide aldehyde groups for conjugation with streptavidin proteins to immobilize the corresponding biotinylated antibodies.4.The device according to claim 3, wherein the corresponding antibodies comprise biotinylated W6 / 32 and IVA12 antibodies.5.The device according to claim 4, wherein the tumor specific immunopeptides comprise human major histocompatibility complex binding peptides comprising human leukocyte antigen binding peptides only presented in tumor samples.6.The device according to claim 5, wherein the at least two mirrored flow channels are configured to be meandering.7.The device according to claim 6, wherein each of the plurality of microstructures is in a configuration of micropillar in micron size and the micropillars are evenly distributed on the inner surface of the at least two mirrored flow channels.8.The device according to claim 7, wherein the three flow control means are three separate screws, and a first screw thereof is disposed on the holder corresponding to where a first valve is disposed at the microfluidic chip, wherein the first valve is disposed at the communication channel, while a second screw and a third screw of the three separate screws are respectively disposed on the holder corresponding to where a second valve and a third valve are disposed at the microfluidic chip, wherein the second valve and the third valve are respectively disposed near the corresponding fluid outlets of a first flow channel and a second flow channel of the at least two mirrored flow channels.9.The device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the holder is made of polymethyl methacrylate; the top layer and bottom layer of the at least two layers of the microfluidic chip are sealed before assembling within the holder.10.A fully automated multiplexed immunopeptide profiling analytical system comprising a plurality of the devices according to any one of claims 1 to 9, a programmable multi-channel flow control mechanism comprising a multi-channel pump and a flow control microvalve, a chip rack, and a central processing unit, the microfluidic chips of the devices being connected in series through the multi-channel pump, the flow control microvalve allowing air to flow through a bi-layer structure thereof for controlling a fluid flowing through the corresponding flow channels of the microfluidic chips.11.A method of preparing the device according to claim 8, the method comprising:providing a patterned top layer fabricated from a mold and a bottom layer, the patterned top layer comprising at least two mirrored flow channels, three valves and four tube connectors;sealing the patterned top layer and the bottom layer to form the microfluidic chip;providing a holder with three screw holes thereon at three positions corresponding to where the three vales are disposed on the patterned top layer such that three screws are able to go through the three screw holes, the holder being used for holding the microfluidic chip;surface treating an inner surface of the at least two mirrored flow channels; andcoating the inner surface of the at least two mirrored flow channels with corresponding antibodies specific to human major histocompatibility complexes.12.The method according to claim 11, wherein the patterned top layer and the bottom layer are made of polydimethylsiloxane.13.The method according to claim 11, wherein said surface treating comprises activation by oxygen plasma, silanization of the inner surface of the at least two mirrored flow channels to form a monolayer having exposed free amine groups, reacting with glutaraldehyde to provide free aldehyde groups on said inner surface, and immobilizing streptavidin on said inner surface.14.The method according to claim 13, wherein said coating comprises biotinylating the corresponding antibodies, and conjugating one of the corresponding biotinylated antibodies with the immobilized streptavidin on said inner surface of one of the two mirrored flow channels and the other biotinylated antibody with the immobilized streptavidin on said inner surface of the other flow channel, wherein the one of the corresponding antibodies is biotinylated W6 / 32 antibody while the other antibody is biotinylated IVA12 antibody.15.A method of multiplexed immunopeptide profiling from small amounts of samples, the method comprising:preparing the samples containing a cell lysate from biological cells, tissues or biopsies;opening the first valve and closing the second and third valves of the microfluidic chip of the device according to claim 8;loading the sample into the at least two mirrored fluid channels of the device through the corresponding fluid inlet;flowing the sample through the two mirrored fluid channels and removing the same from the corresponding fluid outlet;washing the two mirrored fluid channels with a washing buffer;closing the first valve and opening the second and third valves;loading an elution buffer into the two mirrored fluid channels through the corresponding fluid inlet;flowing the elution buffer through the two mirrored fluid channels and collecting an eluate from the corresponding fluid outlet;increasing hydrophobicity of the collected eluate from the corresponding fluid outlet;identifying tumor specific immunopeptides in the corresponding eluates; andvalidating quality and quantity of the identified major histocompatibility complex binding immunopeptides with reference to a set of reference genes, alleles or peptides.16.The method according to claim 15, wherein the cell lysate is prepared from no more than 5 million biological cells or from a biological tissue with a weight of no more than 5 mg.17.The method according to claim 16, wherein the immunopeptides comprise human major histocompatibility complex binding peptides comprising human leukocyte antigen binding peptides, and the identified immunopeptides are up to 5,000 peptides identified from the cell lysate from no more than 5 million biological cells or up to 7,000 peptides identified from the cell lysate from no more than 5 mg of the biological tissue.18.The method according to claim 17, wherein the human major histocompatibility complex comprises major histocompatibility complex class I and major histocompatibility complex class II, and wherein the major histocompatibility complex class I has a predicted binder percentage of over 90%while the major histocompatibility complex class II has a predicted binder percentage of over 80%from a single sample injection.19.The method according to claim 17, wherein the biological cells, tissues or biopsies are selected from one or more of scarce nasopharyngeal carcinoma, low-grade glioma, hepatocellular carcinoma tumor, and any other solid tumors.20.The method according to claim 17, wherein the immunopeptides further comprise tumor neoantigens.21.The method according to claim 15, wherein said increasing the hydrophobicity of the collected eluate from the corresponding flow channel comprising desalting the collected eluate.22.The method according to claim 21, wherein said desalting the collected eluate comprises using restricted access materials in an elution tip.23.A method of performing spatial immunopeptidomics from scarce human tissue samples, the method comprising:sectioning tissue samples into a plurality of tissues sections;selecting any three consecutive tissue sections from the plurality of the tissue sections, histologically staining a second tissue section of the three consecutive tissue sections to delineate one or more target regions of two adjacent tissue sections for spatial immunopeptidomics and transcriptomics analyses, respectively;dissecting at least one of the target regions of a first tissue section of the three consecutive tissue sections into a tissue array;obtaining spatial immunopeptidomic information from the tissue array prior to performing immunopeptidomic analysis on each of the target regions, wherein the immunopeptidomic analysis comprises using the device according to any one of claims 1 to 9 to obtain immunopeptides from the tissue samples;histologically staining a third tissue section of the three consecutive tissue sections for performing a complementary spatial transcriptomic analysis;aligning spatial transcriptomic information obtained from the spatial transcriptomic analysis with the spatial immunopeptidomic information to reconstruct a spatial immunopeptidome-transcriptome-histology map for identification of genetic, immunopeptidomic and cellular compositions of each tissue sample.24.The method according to claim 23, wherein said histologically staining the second tissue section to delineate one or more target regions of the two adjacent tissue sections for spatial immunopeptidomics and transcriptomics analyses, respectively, comprises Hematoxylin and Eosin staining and DAPI staining.25.The method according to claim 23, wherein said at least one of the target regions comprises one or more regions of hypoxic tumor core, tumor-immune borders, tumor and peritumor stroma, lymphoid aggregates, normal adjacent tissues and draining lymph nodes.26.The method according to claim 23, wherein said spatial immunopeptidomics analysis for the target regions of one of the two adjacent tissue sections relative to said histologically stained second tissue section comprises dissecting at least one of the target regions of the one of the two adjacent tissue sections into the tissue array, and said spatial immunopeptidomics analysis further comprises label-free or tandem mass tag labeling quantification proteomics for each square in the tissue array.27.The method according to claim 26, wherein said label-free quantification proteomics comprises quantification of native immunopeptide samples by mass spectrometry.28.The method according to claim 26, wherein said tandem mass tag labeling quantification proteomics comprises quantification of tandem mass tag labeled immunopeptide samples by mass spectrometry.29.The method according to claim 26, wherein the spatial immunopeptidomic information comprises spatial coordinates of tissue squares in any one or all of the target regions and immunopeptide profiles of corresponding tissue squares.30.The method according to claim 23, wherein said histologically staining the third tissue section for performing the complementary spatial transcriptomic analysis comprises Hematoxylin and Eosin staining and cell marker labeling.31.The method according to claim 23, wherein the spatial transcriptomic information comprises gene expression profiles, cell types, spatial domains, cellular niches of any one or all of the target regions.32.The method according to claim 23, wherein the scarce human tissue sample is obtained from hepatocellular carcinoma tumor or any other solid tumors.