Passivation solution, perovskite solar cell, preparation method of perovskite solar cell, photovoltaic module and power utilization device

Abstract

The invention relates to a passivation solution, a perovskite solar cell, a preparation method of the perovskite solar cell, a photovoltaic module and an electric device. The passivation solution comprises a passivation material and a mixed solvent, the mixed solvent comprises a first solvent, a second solvent and a third solvent, the first solvent comprises alcohol, the second solvent comprises cyclic carbonyl, the third solvent comprises at least one of chlorobenzene, methylbenzene, acetonitrile, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate, and the boiling point of the second solvent is higher than that of the third solvent. The third solvent with a low boiling point preferentially volatilizes to help initial positioning of the passivation material, the second solvent with a high boiling point delays volatilization, and the second solvent comprises a cyclic carbonyl group and is matched with the first solvent alcohol, so that sufficient adsorption and ordered arrangement of the passivation material can be promoted, meanwhile, the second solvent is prevented from being left, and the three solvents are matched with one another. The uniformity of the formed passivation layer can be effectively improved, the interface compatibility with the perovskite light absorption layer is good, the interface potential barrier is effectively improved, the efficiency of the perovskite solar cell is improved, and the service life of the perovskite solar cell is prolonged.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of photovoltaic, in particular to a passivation solution, a perovskite solar cell and a preparation method thereof, a photovoltaic module and an electric device. BACKGROUND

[0002] Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become an important development direction of new generation photovoltaic technology due to their high efficiency and low cost. In the preparation process of perovskite solar cells, interface passivation is one of the key steps affecting the efficiency and stability of the cells. However, the traditional passivation solution has limited effect on improving the performance of the cells.

[0003] Therefore, it is necessary to improve the traditional technology. SUMMARY

[0004] Based on this, the present application provides a passivation solution, a perovskite solar cell and a preparation method thereof, a photovoltaic module and an electric device, which can uniformly form a film and effectively improve the photoelectric performance of the perovskite solar cell.

[0005] The technical solutions of the present application to solve the above technical problems are as follows.

[0006] The first aspect of the present application provides a passivation solution, comprising a passivation material and a mixed solvent, the mixed solvent comprising a first solvent, a second solvent and a third solvent, the first solvent comprising an alcohol, the second solvent comprising a cyclic carbonyl, and the third solvent comprising at least one of chlorobenzene, toluene, acetonitrile, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate, the boiling point of the second solvent being higher than that of the third solvent.

[0007] In some embodiments, the second solvent in the passivation solution comprises at least one of gamma-butyrolactone, delta-valerolactone, cyclohexanone, N-methylpyrrolidone and 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-pyrimidinone.

[0008] In some embodiments, the volume percentage of the second solvent in the mixed solvent in the passivation solution is 1% to 20%.

[0009] In some embodiments, the first solvent in the passivation solution comprises at least one of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and n-butanol.

[0010] In some embodiments, the passivation material in the passivation solution comprises an amine passivation material.

[0011] In some embodiments, the amine passivation material in the passivation solution comprises at least one of benzyl amine iodide, phenethylamine hydroiodide, butylamine hydroiodide, formamidine chloride and tetrapropylammonium iodide.

[0012] In some embodiments, the passivation solution contains a passivation material at a concentration of 0.2 mg / mL to 2 mg / mL.

[0013] A second aspect of this application provides a method for fabricating a perovskite solar cell, comprising the following steps:

[0014] The passivation solution provided in the first aspect is disposed on at least one side of the perovskite light-absorbing layer, and the passivation layer is prepared by annealing.

[0015] In some embodiments, the annealing process for perovskite solar cells is carried out at a temperature of 70°C to 120°C for a time of 5 min to 30 min.

[0016] The third aspect of this application provides a perovskite solar cell, which is prepared using the perovskite solar cell preparation method provided in the second aspect.

[0017] In some embodiments, the effective area of ​​the perovskite solar cell is ≥20 cm². 2 .

[0018] The fourth aspect of this application provides a photovoltaic module, including the perovskite solar cell provided in the third aspect.

[0019] The fifth aspect of this application provides an electrical device, including the perovskite solar cell provided in the third aspect or the photovoltaic module provided in the fourth aspect.

[0020] The passivation solution of this application includes a passivation material and a mixed solvent. The mixed solvent includes a first solvent alcohol, a second solvent containing cyclic carbonyl groups, and a third solvent of a specific type. The boiling point of the second solvent is higher than that of the third solvent. The third solvent, with its lower boiling point, evaporates preferentially to help the passivation material initially locate, while the second solvent, with its higher boiling point, delays evaporation. The second solvent, containing cyclic carbonyl groups, works in conjunction with the first solvent alcohol to promote the full adsorption and orderly arrangement of the passivation material, while preventing the second solvent from remaining. The three solvents work together to effectively improve the uniformity of the formed passivation layer and have good interfacial compatibility with the perovskite light-absorbing layer, effectively improving the interfacial barrier and increasing the efficiency and lifespan of the perovskite solar cell. Attached Figure Description

[0021] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application and to more completely understand this application and its beneficial effects, the accompanying drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0022] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the structure of a perovskite solar cell provided in one embodiment;

[0023] Figure 2 The figures show the stability test results for the examples and comparative examples.

[0024] Figure label:

[0025] 10: Perovskite solar cell; 11: First electrode; 12: First transport layer; 13: Perovskite light-absorbing layer; 14: First passivation layer; 15: Second transport layer; 16: Second electrode. Detailed Implementation

[0026] The present application will be further described in detail below with reference to the embodiments and examples. It should be understood that these embodiments and examples are only used to illustrate the present application and are not intended to limit the scope of the present application. The purpose of providing these embodiments and examples is to make the disclosure of the present application more thorough and comprehensive.

[0027] It should also be understood that this application can be implemented in many different forms and is not limited to the embodiments and examples described herein. Those skilled in the art can make various alterations or modifications without departing from the spirit of this application, and the resulting equivalent forms also fall within the protection scope of this application. For example, features described or illustrated as part of one embodiment can be combined in a suitable manner in another embodiment to produce new embodiments. Furthermore, numerous specific details are set forth in the following description to provide a fuller understanding of this application; it should be understood that this application can be implemented without one or more of these details.

[0028] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs. The terminology used herein in the specification of this application is for descriptive purposes only and is not intended to be limiting of the application.

[0029] Unless otherwise stated or in case of contradiction, the terms or phrases used herein shall have the following meanings:

[0030] In this application, the terms "multiple", "various", "multiple times", etc., unless otherwise specified, refer to a quantity greater than or equal to 2. For example, "one or more" means one or more than or equal to two.

[0031] The terms “combinations of,” “any combination of,” and “any combination of” used in this article include all suitable combinations of any two or more of the listed items.

[0032] In this document, the term "suitable" as used in "suitable combination", "suitable method", "any suitable method", etc., refers to the ability to implement the technical solution of this application, solve the technical problem of this application, and achieve the expected technical effect of this application.

[0033] In this document, terms such as "preferred," "better," "more suitable," and "ideal" are merely descriptions of more effective implementation methods or embodiments, and should be understood not to limit the scope of protection of this application. If multiple "preferred" terms appear in a technical solution, unless otherwise specified and there are no contradictions or mutual constraints, each "preferred" term shall be independent.

[0034] In this application, terms such as "further," "even further," and "particularly" are used to describe purposes and indicate differences in content, but should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of this application.

[0035] In this application, "optionally," "optionally," and "optional" mean that something is optional, that is, it means that it is selected from either "with" or "without." If there are multiple "optional" entries in a technical solution, unless otherwise specified, and there are no contradictions or mutual constraints, each "optional" entry shall be independent.

[0036] In this application, the terms "first aspect," "second aspect," "third aspect," "fourth aspect," etc., are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or quantity, nor should they be construed as implicitly indicating the importance or quantity of the indicated technical features. Moreover, "first," "second," "third," "fourth," etc., serve only as a non-exhaustive enumeration and should be understood not to constitute a closed limitation on quantity.

[0037] In this application, the technical features described in an open-ended manner include both closed technical solutions consisting of the listed features and open technical solutions that include the listed features.

[0038] In this application, when numerical intervals (i.e., numerical ranges) are mentioned, unless otherwise specified, the distribution of selectable numerical values ​​within the numerical interval is considered continuous, and includes the two endpoints of the numerical interval (i.e., the minimum and maximum values), as well as every numerical value between these two endpoints. Unless otherwise specified, when a numerical interval refers only to integers within that numerical interval, it includes the two endpoint integers of the numerical range, as well as every integer between the two endpoints, which is equivalent to directly listing every integer. When multiple numerical ranges are provided to describe features or characteristics, these numerical ranges can be merged. In other words, unless otherwise specified, the numerical ranges disclosed herein should be understood to include any and all subranges included therein. The "numerical value" in the numerical interval can be any quantitative value, such as a number, percentage, ratio, etc. The term "numerical interval" can be broadly included to include numerical interval types such as percentage intervals, ratio intervals, and proportion intervals.

[0039] Unless otherwise specified, the temperature parameters in this application are permitted to be either constant-temperature treatment or variations within a certain temperature range. It should be understood that the constant-temperature treatment allows temperature fluctuations within the precision range of the instrument control, such as ±5℃, ±4℃, ±3℃, ±2℃, or ±1℃.

[0040] In this application, the terms "room temperature" or "normal temperature" generally refer to 4℃~35℃, for example, 20℃±5℃. In some embodiments of this application, "room temperature" or "normal temperature" refers to 10℃~30℃. In some embodiments of this application, "room temperature" or "normal temperature" refers to 20℃~30℃.

[0041] In this application, if the unit of a data range is only followed by the right endpoint, it indicates that the units of the left and right endpoints are the same. For example, 3~5 h means that the units of the left endpoint "3" and the right endpoint "5" are both h (hours).

[0042] All references to documents mentioned in this application are incorporated herein by reference as if each document were individually incorporated by reference. Unless they conflict with the inventive purpose and / or technical solution of this application, all cited documents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and for all purposes. When citing documents in this application, the definitions of relevant technical features, terms, nouns, phrases, etc., are also incorporated herein by reference. When citing documents in this application, examples and preferred embodiments of the cited technical features may also be incorporated herein by reference, but only to the extent that they enable the implementation of this application. It should be understood that when the cited content conflicts with the description in this application, this application shall prevail or modifications shall be made adaptably to the description in this application.

[0043] The mass or weight of the relevant components mentioned in the embodiments of this application can refer not only to the specific content of each component, but also to the proportional relationship of mass or weight between the components. Therefore, any scaling up or down of the content of the relevant components according to the embodiments of this application is within the scope disclosed in the embodiments of this application. Specifically, the mass or weight mentioned in the embodiments of this application can be units known in the chemical industry, such as μg, mg, g, and kg.

[0044] One embodiment of this application provides a passivation solution comprising a passivation material and a mixed solvent. The mixed solvent comprises a first solvent, a second solvent, and a third solvent. The first solvent comprises an alcohol, the second solvent comprises a cyclocarbonyl group, and the third solvent comprises at least one of chlorobenzene (CB), toluene (TOL), acetonitrile (ACN), dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate (EA). The boiling point of the second solvent is higher than that of the third solvent.

[0045] The passivation solution contains a mixed solvent, including a first solvent (alcohol), a second solvent containing cyclic carbonyl groups, and a third solvent of a specific type. The second solvent has a higher boiling point than the third solvent. The lower-boiling-point third solvent evaporates preferentially, helping the passivation material to initially position itself. The higher-boiling-point second solvent delays evaporation. The second solvent contains cyclic carbonyl groups, which, in combination with the first solvent (alcohol), can promote the full adsorption and orderly arrangement of the passivation material, while preventing the second solvent from remaining. The three solvents work together to effectively improve the uniformity of the formed passivation layer and have good interfacial compatibility with the perovskite light-absorbing layer, effectively improving the interfacial barrier and increasing the efficiency and lifespan of the perovskite solar cell.

[0046] The study found that compared to smaller areas (effective area < 1 cm²) 2 Spin coating, small molecule passivating agents are applied over a large area (effective area ≥ 20 cm²). 2 Agglomeration or uneven crystallization is more likely to occur during coating, resulting in significant differences in local passivation effects.

[0047] The passivation solution provided in this application is particularly suitable for preparing large-area perovskite solar cells, and its film uniformity is good.

[0048] In some of these examples, the boiling point of the second solvent in the passivation solution is 70°C to 180°C higher than that of the third solvent.

[0049] It is understood that the boiling point of the second solvent is higher than that of the third solvent, including but not limited to 70℃, 80℃, 90℃, 100℃, 110℃, 120℃, 130℃, 140℃, 150℃, 165℃, 160℃, 170℃, and 180℃.

[0050] In some of these examples, the second solvent in the passivation solution has a boiling point of 150°C to 250°C.

[0051] It is understood that the boiling point of the second solvent includes, but is not limited to, 150℃, 160℃, 170℃, 180℃, 190℃, 200℃, 210℃, 220℃, 230℃, 240℃, and 250℃.

[0052] Optionally, the boiling point of the second solvent is 200℃~250℃.

[0053] In some examples, in the passivation solution, the volume percentage of the third solvent in the mixed solvent is 20% to 60%. It is understood that the volume percentage of the third solvent includes, but is not limited to, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, and 60%.

[0054] In some of these examples, the second solvent in the passivation solution includes at least one of lactones, cyclic ketones, heterocyclic amides, and their analogues having a ring number of 4 to 8.

[0055] In some examples, the second solvent in the passivation solution includes at least one selected from γ-butyrolactone (GBL), δ-valerolactone, cyclohexanone, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), and 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-pyrimidinone (DMPU). Optionally, the second solvent includes at least one selected from GBL, cyclohexanone, and DMPU. Further, the second solvent is GBL.

[0056] In some of these examples, in the passivation solution, the volume percentage of the second solvent in the mixed solvent is 1% to 20%.

[0057] It is understood that the volume percentage of the second solvent in the mixed solvent includes, but is not limited to, 1%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, and 20%; in some examples, it can be any two of these point values ​​as end values ​​within a range, the same below.

[0058] In some of these examples, the passivation solution includes at least one of NMP and DMPU, and the volume percentage of the second solvent in the mixed solvent is 1% to 5%.

[0059] By optimizing the volume ratio of the second solvent, the solvent evaporation rate, passivator migration rate, and film formation process window can be controlled, enabling the passivation material to achieve rapid wetting, rapid spreading, slow curing, and dense crystallization on the substrate surface (e.g., perovskite layer), thereby effectively improving the uniformity of the passivation layer.

[0060] It is understandable that the mixed solvent has a surface tension that matches the perovskite layer, ensuring the integrity of the film formation.

[0061] In some of these examples, in the passivation solution, the first solvent contains alcohols with 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

[0062] It is understood that alcohols have, but are not limited to, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 carbon atoms. Optionally, alcohols have 1 to 4 carbon atoms.

[0063] In some of these examples, the first solvent in the passivation solution includes at least one of methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), isopropanol (IPA), and n-butanol (n-BuOH).

[0064] By controlling factors such as the polarity, evaporation rate, solubility, and interfacial tension of the first, second, and third solvents, the uniformity and functionality of the passivation layer are improved, while ensuring good interfacial compatibility with the perovskite layer.

[0065] It is understandable that the mixed solvent is neither corrosive nor soluble to the perovskite layer, thus avoiding damage to the original crystal lattice structure.

[0066] In some of these examples, the passivation solution contains IPA as the first solvent, GBL as the second solvent, and ACN as the third solvent.

[0067] It is understandable that GBL, ACN and IPA are all medium to high polarity solvents, and they are completely miscible, will not separate into layers, have stable solutions, and are highly miscible.

[0068] The parameters of GBL, ACN and IPA are shown in Table 1.

[0069] Table 1

[0070]

[0071] The combination of GBL, ACN, and IPA provides excellent gradient solvent kinetics. The rapid evaporation of ACN helps with initial positioning; GBL delays overall drying, which helps the passivation material to be fully adsorbed and arranged in an orderly manner on the crystal surface; and the assisted evaporation of IPA prevents GBL residue. Ultimately, a three-stage drying path of "rapid spreading-slow solidification-cleaning" is achieved, which is conducive to the whole process control of passivation material spreading-adsorption-directional rearrangement-solidification crystallization and avoids the unevenness caused by "drying and passivating at the same time".

[0072] Optionally, the volume ratio of ACN:IPA:GBL is 3~5:1~2:1; further, the volume ratio of ACN:IPA:GBL is 3:1:1.

[0073] The surface tension of each solvent at 25℃ is shown in Table 2.

[0074] Table 2

[0075]

[0076] In some of these examples, the passivating material in the passivation solution includes amine-based passivating materials.

[0077] It is understandable that amine passivating materials can be dissolved in the above-mentioned mixed solvent.

[0078] In some of these examples, the amine passivating material in the passivation solution includes at least one of benzylamine iodide (PMAI), phenethylamine hydroiodide (PEAI), butylamine hydroiodide (BAI), formamidinium chloride (FACl), 4-fluorophenylethylammonium iodide (4-FPEAI), and tetrapropylammonium iodide (TPAI).

[0079] In some examples, the passivation solution contains EtOH as the first solvent, GBL as the second solvent, and EA as the third solvent. This mixed solvent is a low-toxicity solvent, suitable for industrial use, and has strong wettability, making it particularly suitable for use with passivation materials such as PEAI and BAI. Optionally, the volume ratio of EtOH:EA:GBL is 3~5:1~2:1; further, the volume ratio of EtOH:EA:GBL is 3:1:1.

[0080] In some examples, the passivation solution contains EtOH as the first solvent, GBL as the second solvent, and CB as the third solvent; this mixed solvent is particularly suitable for delayed adsorption crystallization of macromolecular passivating agents, for example, in some examples, the passivating material includes at least one of FPEAI and TPAI; optionally, the volume ratio of CB:EtOH:GBL is 2~4:2~4:1; further, the volume ratio of CB:EtOH:GBL is 2:2:1.

[0081] In some examples, the concentration of the passivating material in the passivation solution is 0.2 mg / mL to 2 mg / mL. It is understood that the concentration of the passivating material includes, but is not limited to, 0.2 mg / mL, 0.3 mg / mL, 0.4 mg / mL, 0.5 mg / mL, 0.6 mg / mL, 0.7 mg / mL, 0.8 mg / mL, 0.9 mg / mL, 1.0 mg / mL, 1.1 mg / mL, 1.2 mg / mL, 1.3 mg / mL, 1.4 mg / mL, 1.5 mg / mL, 1.6 mg / mL, 1.7 mg / mL, 1.8 mg / mL, 1.9 mg / mL, and 2.0 mg / mL.

[0082] The passivation solution provided in this application combines a suitable type of passivating agent with a suitable type of solvent in an appropriate ratio to form a uniform film, optimize the interfacial barrier and carrier transport, and significantly improve the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, fill factor and conversion efficiency of the module, thereby enhancing the stability of perovskite solar cells and increasing their working life.

[0083] One embodiment of this application provides a method for fabricating a perovskite solar cell, comprising the following steps:

[0084] The passivation solution described above is applied to at least one side of the perovskite light-absorbing layer, and the passivation layer is prepared by annealing.

[0085] The perovskite solar cell fabrication method provided in this application can effectively reduce interface defect states and decrease carrier recombination rate through a passivation layer, thereby effectively improving the performance of the perovskite solar cell.

[0086] In some examples, the annealing process for perovskite solar cells involves annealing at temperatures ranging from 70°C to 120°C for 5 to 30 minutes. It is understood that the annealing temperatures include, but are not limited to, 70°C, 75°C, 80°C, 85°C, 90°C, 95°C, 100°C, 105°C, 110°C, 115°C, and 120°C, and the annealing times include, but are not limited to, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 25 minutes, and 30 minutes.

[0087] It is understood that this application does not limit the method of preparing the passivation layer, including but not limited to at least one of spin coating, blade coating, spray coating, inkjet printing, and slot coating, which is beneficial for industrial scale-up. The solvent system of the above-mentioned passivation solution is particularly suitable for the preparation of large-area perovskite solar cells by processes such as large-area inkjet printing and slot coating, meeting the requirements of high-throughput manufacturing.

[0088] See Figure 1 In some of these examples, the fabrication method of the perovskite solar cell 10 includes the following steps:

[0089] A first transport layer 12 is fabricated on the first electrode 11;

[0090] A perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 is prepared on the side of the first transport layer 12 away from the first electrode 11;

[0091] A passivation layer 14 is prepared on the side of the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13 away from the first transport layer 12;

[0092] A second transport layer 15 is prepared on the side of the passivation layer 14 away from the perovskite light-absorbing layer 13;

[0093] A second electrode 16 is fabricated on the side of the second transport layer 15 away from the passivation layer 14;

[0094] One of the first transport layer 12 and the second transport layer 15 is a hole transport layer, and the other is an electron transport layer.

[0095] It is understood that this application does not limit the materials and fabrication processes of the first electrode, hole transport layer, perovskite light-absorbing layer, electron transport layer, and second electrode; any process feasible in the field is acceptable.

[0096] Optionally, the first electrode 11 is a transparent conductive electrode; further, the transparent conductive electrode includes at least one of FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), (ITO) indium tin oxide, (IZO) indium zinc oxide, (IWO) tungsten-doped indium oxide, and (AZO) aluminum-doped zinc oxide.

[0097] Optionally, the hole transport material in the hole transport layer includes MeO-2PACz ([2-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid), 2PACz ([2-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid), Me-4PACz ([4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid), MeO-4PADBC ((4-(3,11-dimethoxy-7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole-7-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid), DMAcPA ([4-( At least one of the following: 2,7-dibromo-9,9-dimethylacridin-10(9-hydro)-yl)butyl]phosphoric acid, DC-PA ((2,7-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)methyl)phosphoric acid, MPA-CPA (((2-(4-(bis(4-)methoxyphenyl)amino)phenyl)-1-cyano)phosphonic acid), and 4PADCB ([4-(7H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole-7-yl)butyl]phosphoric acid).

[0098] Optionally, the perovskite material in the perovskite light-absorbing layer is ABX3; wherein A is at least one of an organic cation and an inorganic cation; further, the organic cation includes methylamine cation (MA). + CH3NH3 + ) and formamidin cation (FA + HC(NH2)2 + At least one of the following; inorganic cations include cesium ions (Cs). + ) and rubidium ions (Rb + At least one of the following: B is a metal cation; further, the metal cation includes lead ion (Pb). 2+ ) and tin ions (Sn 2+ At least one of the following: X is a halide anion or a pseudohalogen anion; further, the halide anion includes iodide ions (I2). - ), bromide ions (Br) - ) and chloride ions (Cl - At least one of the following; pseudohalogen anions include thiocyanate (SCN). - ).

[0099] Optionally, the electron transport material in the electron transport layer includes at least one of titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and fullerenes and their derivatives. Further, fullerenes and their derivatives include C... 60 At least one of PCBM.

[0100] Optionally, the second electrode comprises a metal electrode; further, the metal electrode comprises at least one of silver (Ag), copper (Cu), gold (Au), aluminum (Al), bismuth (Bi), and molybdenum (Mo).

[0101] In some examples, the fabrication method of large-area perovskite solar cells includes the following steps:

[0102] The glass is scribed with a P1 laser to divide it into multiple sub-cells;

[0103] Clean the glass with detergent and water using ultrasonic cleaning in sequence, and set aside.

[0104] A hole transport layer is prepared; optionally, the material for preparing the hole transport layer includes 4PADCB, and the hole transport solution includes ethanol; optionally, the concentration of the hole transport solution is 0.2 mg / ml to 2 mg / ml; optionally, the hole transport layer is prepared by a blade coating method; optionally, the blade coating speed is 5 mm / s to 20 mm / s; optionally, the thickness of the hole transport layer is 1 nm to 3 nm.

[0105] A perovskite light-absorbing layer is prepared; optionally, the perovskite light-absorbing layer is prepared by a blade coating method; optionally, the blade coating speed is 10 mm / s to 20 mm / s; optionally, the thickness of the perovskite light-absorbing layer is 200 μm to 500 μm; optionally, after the perovskite solution is blade-coated onto the hole transport layer, it is annealed; optionally, the annealing temperature is 100℃ to 150℃ and the time is 20 min to 40 min.

[0106] A passivation solution is deposited on the perovskite light-absorbing layer to prepare a passivation layer; optionally, the passivation layer is prepared by a blade coating method; optionally, the blade coating speed is 5 mm / s to 20 mm / s; optionally, the thickness of the passivation layer is 2 nm to 20 nm; optionally, after depositing the passivation solution on the perovskite light-absorbing layer, it is annealed; optionally, the annealing temperature is 80℃ to 120℃ and the time is 5 min to 20 min.

[0107] Fabrication of an electron transport layer; optionally, the electron transport layer is fabricated by at least one of thermal evaporation and ALD deposition; optionally, C is deposited by thermal evaporation. 60Then, SnO2 is deposited using ALD; optionally, the thickness of C60 is 15 nm to 40 nm; optionally, the evaporation rate is 0.2 Å / s to 0.5 Å / s; optionally, the thickness of SnO2 is 10 nm to 30 nm.

[0108] Perform P2 laser scribing;

[0109] Fabrication of a metal electrode; optionally, the metal electrode is fabricated by thermal evaporation; optionally, the metal electrode includes a Cu electrode.

[0110] Perform P3 laser scribing and P4 edge cleaning.

[0111] One embodiment of this application provides a perovskite solar cell, which is prepared using the above-described method for preparing perovskite solar cells.

[0112] In some examples, the perovskite solar cell includes a first electrode 11, a first transport layer 12, a perovskite light-absorbing layer 13, a first passivation layer 14, a second transport layer 15, and a second electrode 16, which are stacked sequentially.

[0113] In some examples, the first electrode is a transparent conductive electrode. Optionally, the first transport layer 12 is a hole transport layer, and the second transport layer 15 is an electron transport layer. In this case, the perovskite solar cell includes a transparent conductive electrode, a hole transport layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a first passivation layer, an electron transport layer, and a second electrode, stacked sequentially. This is understood to be an inverted perovskite solar cell. Alternatively, the first transport layer 12 is an electron transport layer, and the second transport layer 15 is a hole transport layer. In this case, the perovskite solar cell includes a transparent conductive electrode, an electron transport layer, a perovskite light-absorbing layer, a first passivation layer, a hole transport layer, and a second electrode, stacked sequentially. This is understood to be a conventional perovskite solar cell.

[0114] In some of these examples, the effective area of ​​the perovskite solar cell is ≥20 cm². 2 Optionally, the effective area of ​​the perovskite solar cell is 50 cm². 2 ~900cm 2 .

[0115] The large-area perovskite solar cells provided in this application have high photoelectric conversion efficiency and good stability.

[0116] One embodiment of this application provides a photovoltaic module including the perovskite solar cell described above.

[0117] One embodiment of this application provides an electrical device, including the above-described perovskite solar cell or the above-described photovoltaic module.

[0118] The present application will be described in further detail below with reference to specific embodiments, but the embodiments of the present application are not limited thereto.

[0119] Example 1

[0120] Battery dimensions: Module size is 100mm × 100mm, with an effective area of ​​63.18cm². 2 .

[0121] (1) The 100mm×100mm FTO glass is laser-scribed with P1 to divide it into 11 sub-cells.

[0122] (2) Clean the glass with detergent and deionized water in sequence for 15 minutes, then dry it with a nitrogen gun for later use.

[0123] (3) Deposition of hole transport layer: SAM material was used as the hole transport layer. 4PADCB was dissolved in ethanol at a concentration of 0.5 mg / ml and deposited on the FTO glass surface by a doctor blade coating method. The doctor blade gap was 100 μm and the coating speed was 10 mm / s. After the coating was completed, it was transferred to a 100℃ hot stage and heated for 10 min, and then cooled to room temperature for later use (the doctor blade gap is the distance between the coating head and the substrate, which is equivalent to the thickness of the resulting film).

[0124] (4) Deposited perovskite layer (Cs 0.22 FA 0.78 Pb(I 0.83 Br 0.17 (3, 1.68 eV wide bandgap): deposited on the surface of the hole transport layer by a blade coating method with a blade gap of 200 μm and a coating speed of 15 mm / s. After completion, it was transferred to a 100°C hot stage and heated for 30 min, then cooled to room temperature for later use.

[0125] (5) Preparation of passivation solution: The passivation material is PMAI, the solvent is ACN:IPA:GBL=3:1:1 (volume ratio), and the concentration of the passivation material is 0.5mg / mL;

[0126] The passivation solution was deposited onto the perovskite layer by a blade coating method with a blade gap of 80 μm and a coating speed of 12 mm / s. After completion, the layer was transferred to an 80°C hot plate and heated for 10 min, then cooled to room temperature and stored in a nitrogen glove box for later use.

[0127] (6) Electron transport layer deposition: A layer of C is deposited by thermal evaporation. 60 The thickness was 25 nm, the evaporation rate was 0.5 Å / s, and then 15 nm of SnO2 was deposited using ALD.

[0128] (7) Perform P2 laser scribing.

[0129] (8) Use thermal evaporation to deposit a layer of metal electrode Cu.

[0130] (9) Perform P3 laser scribing and P4 edge cleaning.

[0131] Example 2

[0132] It is basically the same as Example 1, except that in step (5), the solvent in the passivation solution is ACN:IPA:DMPU=12:7:1 (volume ratio).

[0133] Example 3

[0134] It is basically the same as Example 1, except that in step (5), the solvent in the passivation solution is ACN:IPA:cyclohexanone = 6:3:1 (volume ratio).

[0135] Example 4

[0136] It is basically the same as Example 1, except that in step (5), the solvent in the passivation solution is EtOH:EA:GBL=3:1:1 (volume ratio).

[0137] Example 5

[0138] It is basically the same as Example 1, except that in step (5), the solvent in the passivation solution is CB: EtOH:GBL=2:2:1 (volume ratio).

[0139] Example 6

[0140] It is basically the same as Example 1, except that in step (5), the passivation solution contains ACN:IPA:GBL = 6:3:1 (volume ratio).

[0141] Comparative Example 1

[0142] It is basically the same as Example 1, except that in step (5), the solvent in the passivation solution is IPA.

[0143] Comparative Example 2

[0144] It is basically the same as Example 1, except that in step (5), the solvent in the passivation solution is ACN:IPA=4:1 (volume ratio).

[0145] Comparative Example 3

[0146] It is basically the same as Example 1, except that in step (5), the solvent in the passivation solution is ACN:IPA:glycerol = 6:3:1 (volume ratio).

[0147] Comparative Example 4

[0148] This is basically the same as Example 1, except that in step (5), the solvent in the passivation solution is... MeOH EtOH:GBL = 2:2:1 (volume ratio).

[0149] Comparative Example 5

[0150] It is basically the same as Example 1, except that in step (5), the solvent in the passivation solution is ACN:EA:GBL=3:1:1 (volume ratio).

[0151] The solar cells prepared in each embodiment and comparative example were tested under AM 1.5G illumination conditions with a solar irradiance of 1000 W / m². 2 The speed is 0.02V / s. -1 The JV (Current density-Voltage) curve was measured by forward and reverse scanning, and the photovoltaic index (Voc), short-circuit current density (Jsc), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE) were obtained. The results are shown in Table 3.

[0152] Table 3

[0153]

[0154] As can be seen from Table 3, compared with the comparative example, the appropriate combination of suitable types of solvents in appropriate proportions in each embodiment can effectively improve the performance of perovskite solar cells.

[0155] like Figure 2As shown, Example 1 is Example 1, Example 2 is Example 2, Example 3 is Example 3, Example 4 is Example 4, Example 5 is Example 5, Example 6 is Example 6, Control 1 is Comparative Example 1, Control 12 is Comparative Example 2, Control 13 is Comparative Example 3, Control 14 is Comparative Example 4, and Control 15 is Comparative Example 5. After the batteries prepared in the examples were packaged, their efficiency remained above 91.5% of the initial efficiency after 500 hours under dual 85 conditions (humidity 85% and temperature 85°C). Specifically, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of Example 1 was 96.9%, that of Example 2 was 91.6%, that of Example 3 was 92%, that of Example 4 was 94.2%, that of Example 5 was 95%, and that of Example 6 was 95.3%, demonstrating good damp heat stability. The batteries prepared in the comparative examples all degraded to below 87%, with Comparative Example 1 degrading to 78.3% of its initial efficiency, Comparative Example 2 to 85.4%, Comparative Example 3 to 74.5%, Comparative Example 4 to 86.7%, and Comparative Example 5 to 84.8%, all showing a significant decrease in damp-heat stability.

[0156] The technical features of the above embodiments can be combined in any way. For the sake of brevity, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, they should be considered to be within the scope of this specification.

[0157] The embodiments described above are merely illustrative of several implementation methods of this application, intended to facilitate a detailed understanding of the technical solutions of this application, but should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the invention patent. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various modifications and improvements without departing from the concept of this application, and these all fall within the scope of protection of this application. It should be understood that technical solutions obtained by those skilled in the art based on the technical solutions provided in this application through logical analysis, reasoning, or limited experimentation are all within the scope of protection of the appended claims. Therefore, the scope of protection of this patent application should be determined by the content of the appended claims, and the specification can be used to interpret the content of the claims.

Claims

1. A passivation solution, characterized in that, The mixture includes a passivating material and a mixed solvent, wherein the mixed solvent comprises a first solvent, a second solvent, and a third solvent, the first solvent comprising an alcohol, the second solvent comprising a cyclocarbonyl group, and the third solvent comprising at least one of chlorobenzene, toluene, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate, wherein the boiling point of the second solvent is higher than the boiling point of the third solvent.

2. The passivation solution as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The second solvent includes at least one of γ-butyrolactone, δ-valerolactone, cyclohexanone, N-methylpyrrolidone, and 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-pyrimidinone.

3. The passivation solution as described in claim 2, characterized in that, In the mixed solvent, the volume percentage of the second solvent is 1% to 20%.

4. The passivation solution according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that, The first solvent includes at least one of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and n-butanol.

5. The passivation solution according to any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that, The passivation material includes amine-based passivation materials.

6. The passivation solution as described in claim 5, characterized in that, The amine passivation material includes at least one of benzyl iodide, phenethylamine hydroiodate, butylamine hydroiodate, formamidine chloride, and tetrapropylammonium iodide.

7. The passivation solution according to any one of claims 1 to 3, 6, characterized in that, In the passivation solution, the concentration of the passivation material is 0.2 mg / mL to 2 mg / mL.

8. A method for fabricating a perovskite solar cell, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: The passivation solution as described in any one of claims 1 to 7 is disposed on at least one side of the perovskite light-absorbing layer, and the passivation layer is prepared by annealing.

9. The method for preparing a perovskite solar cell as described in claim 8, characterized in that, The annealing process is performed at a temperature of 70℃ to 120℃ for a time of 5 min to 30 min.

10. A perovskite solar cell, characterized in that, The perovskite solar cell was prepared using the method described in any one of claims 8 to 9.

11. The perovskite solar cell according to claim 10, characterized in that, The effective area of ​​the perovskite solar cell is ≥20cm². 2 .

12. A photovoltaic module, characterized in that, Including the perovskite solar cell as described in any one of claims 10 to 11.

13. An electrical appliance, characterized in that, This includes perovskite solar cells as described in any one of claims 10-11 or photovoltaic modules as described in claim 12.

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