A dual-light fusion hot melt adhesive coating online detection method, system and computer-readable storage medium

Abstract

The present invention discloses a method, system and computer-readable storage medium for online detection of hot melt adhesive coating by dual light fusion. The method includes the following steps: obtaining a packaging image after coating with glue and preprocessing the image; detecting different indicators of the preprocessed image; comparing the different indicators with preset thresholds to obtain a determination result of each indicator; inputting the determination result of each indicator into a comprehensive determination unit to output a final detection result. The present invention discloses a method, system and computer-readable storage medium for online detection of hot melt adhesive coating by dual light fusion. By obtaining a packaging image after coating with glue and preprocessing it, and then detecting different indicators of the image, the determination result of each indicator is comprehensively analyzed to obtain the final detection result. The present invention improves detection efficiency and reduces detection costs.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of detection technology, and more specifically, to a dual-light fusion hot melt adhesive coating online detection method, system and computer-readable storage medium. Background Art

[0002] Hot melt adhesive sealing technology has been widely used in the outer packaging of various foods, tobacco and alcohol cartons, as well as wine and dairy products due to its advantages of high efficiency, convenience and environmental protection, replacing traditional strapping packaging, tape packaging and water-based and oil-based adhesive carton packaging. The hot melt adhesive of existing high-speed packaging machines has the advantages of high strength, wide viscosity, fast curing speed, good high and low temperature resistance, etc., and is sought after by the market.

[0003] However, the hot melt glue machine is a complex linkage system that includes a variety of auxiliary equipment such as nozzles, filters, automatic spray guns, RTD, R solvents, and hoses. In order to ensure that the hot melt glue machine spray gun sprays an appropriate and continuous amount of glue during operation, it is necessary to adjust various parameters of the liquid storage tank, pump assembly, and control valve assembly. Therefore, how to monitor the working status of the spray gun and provide real-time feedback to dynamically adjust the parameters is the key to ensuring the continuous and healthy operation of the hot melt glue machine.

[0004] The traditional method is to randomly check the packaging after gluing, and use human eyes to check the position, size and other information of the glued surface of the packaging after tearing it open to determine the current gluing status of the nozzle. On the one hand, the monitoring method is relatively rough, the number of random inspections is limited, and it is difficult to reflect the product information of the entire line; on the other hand, manual random inspections result in different results from person to person, which also causes certain waste of costs;

[0005] The existing hot melt adhesive coating detection relies on manual detection, which is inefficient and costly. Therefore, an efficient dual-light fusion hot melt adhesive coating online detection method is urgently needed. Summary of the invention

[0006] In view of the above problems, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a dual-light fusion hot melt adhesive coating online detection method, system and computer-readable storage medium, which can improve detection efficiency and reduce costs.

[0007] The first aspect of the present invention provides a dual-light fusion hot melt adhesive coating online detection method, comprising the following steps:

[0008] Obtain the packaging image after gluing and pre-process the image;

[0009] Detect different indicators of preprocessed images;

[0010] Compare different indicators with preset thresholds to obtain the judgment results of each indicator;

[0011] The judgment result of each indicator is input into the comprehensive judgment unit, and the final test result is output.

[0012] In this solution, the package image obtained after glue coating includes an infrared image and a visible light image.

[0013] In this solution, the specific process of preprocessing the obtained packaging image after gluing is as follows:

[0014] Reduce the size of the visible light image to the same size as the infrared light image, extract the surf features of the visible light image and the infrared light image respectively, and use the surf feature matching algorithm to perform image registration;

[0015] The registered visible light image and infrared light image are fused to obtain a fused image.

[0016] In this solution, different indicators of the pre-processed image are detected, including: color area, block count, width spacing, and contour positioning, wherein the color area is used to calculate the amount of colloid; the block count is used to determine whether the colloid is broken; the width spacing is used to calculate the length and width of the colloid; and the contour positioning is used to obtain the coordinates of the colloid relative to the paper packaging.

[0017] In this scheme, the judgment results of each indicator are divided into three levels, namely: qualified, warning, and error.

[0018] In this solution, the final test results include: SKU template OK and SKU template NG.

[0019] In this solution, the final test results are named and saved in a preset naming method.

[0020] A second aspect of the present invention provides a dual-light fusion hot melt adhesive coating online detection system, comprising a memory and a processor, wherein the memory comprises a dual-light fusion hot melt adhesive coating online detection method program, and when the dual-light fusion hot melt adhesive coating online detection method program is executed by the processor, the following steps are implemented:

[0021] Obtain the packaging image after gluing and pre-process the image;

[0022] Detect different indicators of the preprocessed image;

[0023] Compare different indicators with preset thresholds to obtain the judgment results of each indicator;

[0024] The judgment result of each indicator is input into the comprehensive judgment unit, and the final test result is output.

[0025] In this solution, the package image obtained after glue coating includes an infrared image and a visible light image.

[0026] The third aspect of the present invention provides a computer-readable storage medium, which includes a dual-light fusion hot melt glue coating online detection method program. When the dual-light fusion hot melt glue coating online detection method program is executed by a processor, the steps of the dual-light fusion hot melt glue coating online detection method as described above are implemented.

[0027] The present invention discloses a dual-light fusion hot melt adhesive coating online detection method and system and a computer-readable storage medium, which obtains the packaging image after glue coating and performs preprocessing, and then detects different indicators of the image, comprehensively analyzes the judgment results of each indicator and obtains the final detection result. The present invention improves the detection efficiency and reduces the detection cost. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] Figure 1 A flow chart of a dual-light fusion hot melt adhesive coating online detection method of the present application is shown.

[0029] Figure 2 A comparison diagram of the fused image of the present application before and after fusion is shown.

[0030] Figure 3 A block diagram of a dual-light fusion hot melt adhesive coating online detection system of the present application is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031] In order to more clearly understand the above-mentioned purpose, features and advantages of the present invention, the present invention is further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. It should be noted that the embodiments of the present application and the features in the embodiments can be combined with each other without conflict.

[0032] In the following description, many specific details are set forth to facilitate a full understanding of the present invention. However, the present invention may also be implemented in other ways different from those described herein. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed below.

[0033] Figure 1 A flow chart of a dual-light fusion hot melt adhesive coating online detection method of the present application is shown.

[0034] like Figure 1 As shown, the present application discloses a dual-light fusion hot melt adhesive coating online detection method, comprising the following steps:

[0035] The first aspect of the present invention provides a dual-light fusion hot melt adhesive coating online detection method, comprising the following steps:

[0036] S102: Acquire the packaging image after gluing and pre-process the image;

[0037] S104: Detect different indicators of the pre-processed image;

[0038] S106: Compare different indicators with preset thresholds to obtain a determination result for each indicator;

[0039] S108: Input the determination result of each indicator into the comprehensive determination unit, and output the final detection result.

[0040] It should be noted that the present invention obtains an image of a hot melt machine applying glue on the surface of a packaging box, preprocesses the acquired image, detects indicators of the preprocessed image, and then judges the result of each indicator with a preset threshold, and then comprehensively judges and outputs the final detection result. The current gluing status of the hot melt glue machine can be obtained based on the detection result.

[0041] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the obtained packaging image after gluing includes an infrared image and a visible light image.

[0042] It should be noted that in a specific embodiment, images can be obtained for the glued surface of the packaging box to be detected, for example, the packaging image after glue coating can be obtained by an industrial camera. The industrial camera described in the present invention adopts an infrared industrial camera. The infrared industrial camera has an infrared detector and a visible light detector, and can simultaneously obtain infrared images and visible light images. In order to detect the details of the hot melt machine spraying glue on the surface of the packaging box, it is necessary to locate the position of the colloid on the packaging surface. The visible light image can identify the shape and contour of the colloid. Compared with traditional visible light technology, the principle of infrared imaging is mainly to display the shape and contour of the object through the thermal radiation intensity of the object. The difference in thermal radiation between the target and the surrounding background will make the target stand out in the infrared image. However, infrared images have inherent disadvantages. Compared with visible light images, infrared images have low contrast and poor signal-to-noise ratio. At the same time, infrared images reflect the shape and contour of the object through the thermal radiation intensity of the object. For the part without hot melt adhesive in the paper packaging, the contour clarity is not as good as that of visible light. However, infrared images can only determine the amount of glue applied and whether there is glue breakage, but cannot determine whether the gluing position is appropriate or whether there is glue overflow. Therefore, a combination of visible light images and infrared images is used, which not only retains the visible light information, but also has infrared thermal map information. The relative position of the colloid and paper packaging can be accurately determined, which just solves the problem that a single infrared camera cannot solve.

[0043] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the specific process of preprocessing the acquired packaging image after gluing is as follows:

[0044] Reduce the size of the visible light image to the same size as the infrared light image, extract the surf features of the visible light image and the infrared light image respectively, and use the surf feature matching algorithm to perform image registration;

[0045] The registered visible light image and infrared light image are fused to obtain a fused image. Figure 2Shown is a comparison of the fused image before and after fusion.

[0046] It should be noted that after acquiring the infrared image and the visible light image, the acquired images need to be preprocessed to obtain a fused image. In a specific embodiment, the directly acquired visible light image and infrared image generally have different sizes, for example, the visible light image is 1280*1024, and the infrared image size is 384*288. First, the size of the visible light image is reduced to the size of the infrared image, and the surf features of the visible light image and the infrared image are extracted respectively. The images are aligned using the surf feature matching algorithm. The general process of the surf feature matching algorithm is: 1. Extract the surf features of the two images; match the surf features to find the most matching feature point pairs; extract the coordinates of the optimal pairing points to generate a perspective transformation matrix; perform perspective transformation on the images to generate an aligned image. After image alignment, the existing method based on image saliency detection can be used for image fusion. The method based on image saliency detection can more accurately locate the target area of ​​the infrared image, making the details of the fused image clearer.

[0047] According to an embodiment of the present invention, different indicators of the pre-processed image are detected, and the indicators include: color area, block count, width spacing, and contour positioning, wherein the color area is used to calculate the amount of colloid; the block count is used to determine whether the colloid is broken; the width spacing is used to calculate the length and width of the colloid; and the contour positioning is used to obtain the coordinates of the colloid relative to the paper packaging.

[0048] It should be noted that the present invention detects and judges the glue coating through four indicators, namely, the amount of colloid, whether the glue is broken, the length and width of the colloid, and the coordinates of the colloid relative to the paper packaging, wherein the amount of colloid in the packaging is obtained by detecting the color area of ​​the colloid (different temperatures display different colors under the infrared camera. Since there is a difference between the colloid and the ambient temperature, the amount of colloid can be obtained based on the colloid temperature part in the thermal map taken by the infrared camera); whether the glue is broken is detected by the number of blocks. For example, if the number of blocks is greater than 1, it means that the colloid is broken; the length and width of the colloid are calculated by the width spacing; the coordinates of the colloid relative to the paper packaging are calculated by contour positioning.

[0049] According to the embodiment of the present invention, the determination result of each indicator is divided into three levels, namely: qualified, warning, and error.

[0050] It should be noted that, in the present invention, three levels are set for each indicator, namely, qualified, warning, and error. A threshold value is preset for each indicator. For example, the threshold values ​​of the colloid amount are 5 and 8, respectively. When the detected colloid amount is 5-8, it is judged as a qualified level. When the colloid amount is less than 5, it is judged as a warning level. When the colloid amount is greater than 8, it is an error level.

[0051] According to the embodiment of the present invention, the final detection result includes: SKU template OK and SKU template NG.

[0052] It should be noted that, in the present invention, the test result of each indicator is input into the comprehensive judgment unit, and the final test result is output through the analysis of the comprehensive judgment unit. The final test result includes two types: SKU template OK and SKU template NG, wherein SKU template OK represents qualified gluing, SKU template NG represents unqualified gluing, and products below the unqualified gluing record the current test time and perform statistical counting. If unqualified gluing occurs n times consecutively within the set time, an alarm message is output.

[0053] According to the embodiment of the present invention, the final detection result is named and saved in a preset naming method.

[0054] It should be noted that in the present invention, the detection results are named and saved in a preset naming method. More specifically, they are named with the timestamp + SKU field of each image, wherein the SKU field includes: colloid quantity level, glue break level, length and width level, position level. The unified naming facilitates batch storage in the database, so that the database storage data can be used for offline analysis of the hot melt adhesive machine's gluing working status.

[0055] The present invention can determine the operating status of the hot melt glue coating equipment by detecting the glue coating of the package, and can assist in determining the preheating time for normal operation of the equipment by storing the detection results, providing verification data for later process improvements, and based on the analysis of the detection results, each package after detection is diverted to improve product quality.

[0056] Figure 3 A block diagram of a dual-light fusion hot melt adhesive coating online detection system is shown.

[0057] like Figure 3 As shown, the second aspect of the present invention provides a dual-light fusion hot melt adhesive coating online detection system, including a memory 31 and a processor 32, wherein the memory includes a dual-light fusion hot melt adhesive coating online detection method program, and the dual-light fusion hot melt adhesive coating online detection method program is executed by the processor to implement the following steps:

[0058] S102: Acquire the packaging image after gluing and pre-process the image;

[0059] S104: Detect different indicators of the preprocessed image;

[0060] S106: Compare different indicators with preset thresholds to obtain a determination result for each indicator;

[0061] S108: Input the determination result of each indicator into the comprehensive determination unit, and output the final detection result.

[0062] It should be noted that the present invention obtains an image of a hot melt machine applying glue on the surface of a packaging box, preprocesses the acquired image, detects indicators of the preprocessed image, and then judges the result of each indicator with a preset threshold, and then comprehensively judges and outputs the final detection result. The current gluing status of the hot melt glue machine can be obtained based on the detection result.

[0063] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the obtained packaging image after gluing includes an infrared image and a visible light image.

[0064] It should be noted that in a specific embodiment, images can be obtained for the glued surface of the packaging box to be detected, for example, the packaging image after glue coating can be obtained by an industrial camera. The industrial camera described in the present invention adopts an infrared industrial camera. The infrared industrial camera has an infrared detector and a visible light detector, and can simultaneously obtain infrared images and visible light images. In order to detect the details of the hot melt machine spraying glue on the surface of the packaging box, it is necessary to locate the position of the colloid on the packaging surface. The visible light image can identify the shape and contour of the colloid. Compared with traditional visible light technology, the principle of infrared imaging is mainly to display the shape and contour of the object through the thermal radiation intensity of the object. The difference in thermal radiation between the target and the surrounding background will make the target stand out in the infrared image. However, infrared images have inherent disadvantages. Compared with visible light images, infrared images have low contrast and poor signal-to-noise ratio. At the same time, infrared images reflect the shape and contour of the object through the thermal radiation intensity of the object. For the part without hot melt adhesive in the paper packaging, the contour clarity is not as good as that of visible light. However, infrared images can only determine the amount of glue applied and whether there is glue breakage, but cannot determine whether the gluing position is appropriate or whether there is glue overflow. Therefore, a combination of visible light images and infrared images is used, which not only retains the visible light information, but also has infrared thermal map information. The relative position of the colloid and paper packaging can be accurately determined, which just solves the problem that a single infrared camera cannot solve.

[0065] According to an embodiment of the present invention, the specific process of preprocessing the acquired packaging image after gluing is as follows:

[0066] Reduce the size of the visible light image to the same size as the infrared light image, extract the surf features of the visible light image and the infrared light image respectively, and use the surf feature matching algorithm to perform image registration;

[0067] The registered visible light image and infrared light image are fused to obtain a fused image.

[0068] It should be noted that after acquiring the infrared image and the visible light image, the acquired images need to be preprocessed to obtain a fused image. In a specific embodiment, the directly acquired visible light image and infrared image generally have different sizes, for example, the visible light image is 1280*1024, and the infrared image size is 384*288. First, the size of the visible light image is reduced to the size of the infrared image, and the surf features of the visible light image and the infrared image are extracted respectively. The images are aligned using the surf feature matching algorithm. The general process of the surf feature matching algorithm is: 1. Extract the surf features of the two images; match the surf features to find the most matching feature point pairs; extract the coordinates of the optimal pairing points and generate a perspective transformation matrix; perform perspective transformation on the images to generate an aligned image. After image alignment, the existing method based on image saliency detection can be used for image fusion. The method based on image saliency detection can more accurately locate the target area of ​​the infrared image, making the details of the fused image clearer.

[0069] According to an embodiment of the present invention, different indicators of the pre-processed image are detected, and the indicators include: color area, block count, width spacing, and contour positioning, wherein the color area is used to calculate the amount of colloid; the block count is used to determine whether the colloid is broken; the width spacing is used to calculate the length and width of the colloid; and the contour positioning is used to obtain the coordinates of the colloid relative to the paper packaging.

[0070] It should be noted that the present invention detects and judges the glue coating through four indicators, namely, the amount of colloid, whether the glue is broken, the length and width of the colloid, and the coordinates of the colloid relative to the paper packaging, wherein the amount of colloid in the packaging is obtained by detecting the color area of ​​the colloid (different temperatures display different colors under the infrared camera. Since there is a difference between the colloid and the ambient temperature, the amount of colloid can be obtained based on the colloid temperature part in the thermal map taken by the infrared camera); whether the glue is broken is detected by the number of blocks. For example, if the number of blocks is greater than 1, it means that the colloid is broken; the length and width of the colloid are calculated by the width spacing; the coordinates of the colloid relative to the paper packaging are calculated by contour positioning.

[0071] According to the embodiment of the present invention, the determination result of each indicator is divided into three levels, namely: qualified, warning, and error.

[0072] It should be noted that, in the present invention, three levels are set for each indicator, namely, qualified, warning, and error. A threshold value is preset for each indicator. For example, the threshold values ​​of the colloid amount are 5 and 8, respectively. When the detected colloid amount is 5-8, it is judged as a qualified level. When the colloid amount is less than 5, it is judged as a warning level. When the colloid amount is greater than 8, it is an error level.

[0073] According to the embodiment of the present invention, the final detection result includes: SKU template OK and SKU template NG.

[0074] It should be noted that, in the present invention, the test result of each indicator is input into the comprehensive judgment unit, and the final test result is output through the analysis of the comprehensive judgment unit. The final test result includes two types: SKU template OK and SKU template NG, wherein SKU template OK represents qualified gluing, SKU template NG represents unqualified gluing, and products below the unqualified gluing record the current test time and perform statistical counting. If unqualified gluing occurs n times consecutively within the set time, an alarm message is output.

[0075] According to the embodiment of the present invention, the final detection result is named and saved in a preset naming method.

[0076] It should be noted that in the present invention, the detection results are named and saved in a preset naming method. More specifically, they are named with the timestamp + SKU field of each image, wherein the SKU field includes: colloid quantity level, glue break level, length and width level, position level. The unified naming facilitates batch storage in the database, so that the database storage data can be used for offline analysis of the hot melt adhesive machine's gluing working status.

[0077] The third aspect of the present invention provides a computer-readable storage medium, which includes a dual-light fusion hot melt glue coating online detection method program. When the dual-light fusion hot melt glue coating online detection method program is executed by a processor, the steps of the dual-light fusion hot melt glue coating online detection method as described above are implemented.

[0078] The present invention discloses a dual-light fusion hot melt glue coating online detection method and system and a computer-readable storage medium. By acquiring the packaging image after glue coating and performing preprocessing, different indicators of the image are detected, and the result of each indicator is comprehensively analyzed to obtain the final detection result. The present invention improves the detection efficiency and reduces the detection cost. Further, the operating status of the hot melt glue coating equipment can be determined according to the detection results. By storing the detection results, the preheating time for normal operation of the equipment can be assisted in determining, and verification data can be provided for later process improvements. According to the analysis of the detection results, each package after detection is diverted to improve product quality.

[0079] In the several embodiments provided in the present application, it should be understood that the disclosed devices and methods can be implemented in other ways. The device embodiments described above are only schematic. For example, the division of the units is only a logical function division. There may be other division methods in actual implementation, such as: multiple units or components can be combined, or can be integrated into another system, or some features can be ignored or not executed. In addition, the coupling, direct coupling, or communication connection between the components shown or discussed can be through some interfaces, and the indirect coupling or communication connection of the devices or units can be electrical, mechanical or other forms.

[0080] The units described above as separate components may or may not be physically separated, and the components displayed as units may or may not be physical units; they may be located in one place or distributed on multiple network units; some or all of the units may be selected according to actual needs to achieve the purpose of the present embodiment.

[0081] In addition, all functional units in the embodiments of the present invention may be integrated into one processing unit, or each unit may be separately used as a unit, or two or more units may be integrated into one unit; the above-mentioned integrated units may be implemented in the form of hardware or in the form of hardware plus software functional units.

[0082] Those skilled in the art can understand that: all or part of the steps of implementing the above method embodiments can be completed by hardware related to program instructions, and the aforementioned program can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. When the program is executed, it executes the steps of the above method embodiments; and the aforementioned storage medium includes: mobile storage devices, read-only memories (ROM, Read-Only Memory), random access memories (RAM, Random Access Memory), disks or optical disks, and other media that can store program codes.

[0083] Alternatively, if the above-mentioned integrated unit of the present invention is implemented in the form of a software function module and sold or used as an independent product, it can also be stored in a computer-readable storage medium. Based on this understanding, the technical solution of the embodiment of the present invention can be essentially or partly reflected in the form of a software product that contributes to the prior art. The computer software product is stored in a storage medium and includes several instructions for a computer device (which can be a personal computer, a server, or a network device, etc.) to execute all or part of the methods described in each embodiment of the present invention. The aforementioned storage medium includes: various media that can store program codes, such as mobile storage devices, ROM, RAM, magnetic disks or optical disks.

Claims

1. A dual-light fusion hot melt adhesive coating online detection method, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: Obtain the packaging image after gluing and pre-process the image; Detect different indicators of preprocessed images; Compare different indicators with preset thresholds to obtain the judgment results of each indicator; Input the judgment result of each indicator into the comprehensive judgment unit and output the final test result; The obtained packaging image after glue coating includes an infrared light image and a visible light image; The specific process of preprocessing the obtained packaging image after gluing is as follows: Reduce the size of the visible light image to the same size as the infrared light image, extract the surf features of the visible light image and the infrared light image respectively, and use the surf feature matching algorithm to perform image registration; The registered visible light image and infrared light image are fused to obtain a fused image; The different indicators of the image after the pre-processing are as follows: color area, block count, width spacing, and contour positioning, wherein the color area is used to calculate the amount of colloid; the block count is used to determine whether the colloid is broken; the width spacing is used to calculate the length and width of the colloid; and the contour positioning is used to obtain the coordinates of the colloid relative to the paper packaging; The judgment results of each indicator are divided into three levels, namely: qualified, warning, and error.

2. According to claim 1, a dual-light fusion hot melt adhesive coating online detection method is characterized in that: The final test results include: SKU template OK and SKU template NG.

3. The method for online detection of hot melt adhesive coating by dual light fusion according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The final test results are named and saved in the preset naming method.

4. A dual-light fusion hot melt adhesive coating online detection system, characterized in that: The invention comprises a memory and a processor, wherein the memory comprises a program of a method for online detection of hot melt adhesive coating by dual light fusion, and the program of the method for online detection of hot melt adhesive coating by dual light fusion is executed by the processor to implement the following steps: Obtain the packaging image after gluing and pre-process the image; Detect different indicators of preprocessed images; Compare different indicators with preset thresholds to obtain the judgment results of each indicator; Input the judgment result of each indicator into the comprehensive judgment unit and output the final test result; The obtained packaging image after glue coating includes an infrared light image and a visible light image; The specific process of preprocessing the obtained packaging image after gluing is as follows: Reduce the size of the visible light image to the same size as the infrared light image, extract the surf features of the visible light image and the infrared light image respectively, and use the surf feature matching algorithm to perform image registration; The registered visible light image and infrared light image are fused to obtain a fused image; The different indicators of the image after the pre-processing are as follows: color area, block count, width spacing, and contour positioning, wherein the color area is used to calculate the amount of colloid; the block count is used to determine whether the colloid is broken; the width spacing is used to calculate the length and width of the colloid; and the contour positioning is used to obtain the coordinates of the colloid relative to the paper packaging; The judgment results of each indicator are divided into three levels, namely: qualified, warning, and error.

5. A computer-readable storage medium, characterized in that: The computer-readable storage medium includes a dual-light fusion hot melt glue coating online detection method program. When the dual-light fusion hot melt glue coating online detection method program is executed by a processor, the steps of a dual-light fusion hot melt glue coating online detection method as described in any one of claims 1 to 3 are implemented.

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