Filter device, cone calorimeter, and method for analyzing flue gas particles

Abstract

The present application provides a filtering device, a cone calorimeter, and a method for analyzing flue gas particles. The filtering device is used to selectively filter flue gas particles released by material combustion during the cone calorimeter test process. The filtering device is installed between the sampler and the filter in the flue gas pipeline of the cone calorimeter. The filtering device includes a filter cylinder and a first filtering structure and a second filtering structure provided on the filter cylinder. The flue gas particles are filtered sequentially through the first filtering structure and the second filtering structure. The first filtering structure is used to filter flue gas particles with a diameter greater than the first diameter. The second filtering structure is used to filter flue gas particles with a diameter not less than the second diameter, and the second diameter is smaller than the first diameter. The filtering device provided in the present application can make the test results of the cone calorimeter more comprehensive and accurate in characterizing the flue gas release behavior during material combustion.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of cone calorimetry and material combustion performance analysis, and in particular to a filtering device, a cone calorimeter, and a method for analyzing flue gas particles. Background Art

[0002] The cone calorimeter, the most representative method for testing the combustion performance of polymer materials, is based on the principle of oxygen consumption. By burning combustible material samples, it can obtain various combustion parameters of combustible materials in fire (such as heat release efficiency, total heat release, etc.). It is adopted by more and more fire safety material laboratories around the world. However, since the smoke released by material combustion not only includes gases, but also suspended solid carbon particles and liquid carbon particles, the testing of suspended solid carbon particles is of great significance for evaluating the combustion performance of materials. When using a cone calorimeter for testing, since suspended solid carbon particles may be filtered out as coal ash, it will be difficult for the cone calorimeter to accurately test suspended solid carbon particles, which in turn affects the judgment of the overall combustion and smoke release behavior of the material.

[0003] Therefore, how to improve the accuracy of testing suspended solid carbon particles is a problem that the cone calorimeter needs to solve. Summary of the Invention

[0004] One embodiment of the present application provides a filtering device for selectively filtering flue gas particles released by material combustion during a cone calorimeter test, characterized in that the filtering device is installed between a sampler and a filter in a flue gas pipeline of the cone calorimeter; the filtering device includes a filter cylinder and a first filtering structure and a second filtering structure arranged on the filter cylinder; wherein the flue gas particles are filtered through the first filtering structure and the second filtering structure in sequence; wherein the first filtering structure is used to filter the flue gas particles whose diameter is greater than the first diameter; and the second filtering structure is used to filter the flue gas particles whose diameter is not less than the second diameter, and the second diameter is smaller than the first diameter.

[0005] In some embodiments, the diameter of the filter cylinder gradually increases along a first direction, which is the direction from the sampler to the filter; the first filter structure includes a plurality of first filter holes opened on the surface of the filter cylinder, and the diameter of the first filter holes is the same as the first diameter; the second filter structure includes a filter element arranged in the filter cylinder, and a plurality of second filter holes are opened on the filter element, and the diameter of the second filter holes is the same as the second diameter.

[0006] In some embodiments, the second filter structure includes a plurality of filter elements, and the plurality of filter elements are sequentially arranged in the first direction within the filter cylinder.

[0007] In some embodiments, the filter element is in the shape of a disc.

[0008] In some embodiments, the filter is made of nylon or cellulose acetate.

[0009] In some embodiments, the filter cartridge is conical in shape.

[0010] In some embodiments, the filter cylinder is cylindrical, the first filter structure includes a first filter element, the first filter element is provided with a plurality of first filter holes, and the diameter of the first filter holes is the same as the first diameter; the second filter structure includes a second filter element, the second filter element is provided with a plurality of second filter holes, and the diameter of the second filter holes is the same as the second diameter; the first filter element and the second filter element are arranged in the filter cylinder along the first direction.

[0011] In some embodiments, the first diameter is 8 μm-10 μm, and the second diameter is 0.1 μm-1 μm.

[0012] In some embodiments, the filter cartridge is made of glass fiber.

[0013] One of the embodiments of the present application provides a cone calorimeter, comprising: a combustion chamber, a flue gas pipeline consisting of a sampler, a filter and a gas analyzer, and the filtering device described in any of the above embodiments, wherein the combustion chamber has a flue, the flue is connected to the flue gas pipeline, the sampler, the filter and the gas analyzer are connected in sequence through pipelines, and the filtering device is arranged in the pipeline between the sampler and the filter.

[0014] In some embodiments, the filtering device is installed in the pipeline at one end close to the sampler.

[0015] One embodiment of the present application provides a method for analyzing flue gas particles, which is applied to the cone calorimeter described in any of the above embodiments, comprising: weighing a filter device to obtain an initial mass of the filter device; installing the filter device in a pipe between a sampler and a filter, and starting the cone calorimeter to perform a sample combustion test; after the cone calorimeter completes the sample combustion test, removing the filter device from the pipe, removing the flue gas particles filtered by the first filter structure trapped in the filter device, and then weighing the filter device again to obtain the usage mass of the filter device; determining the yield of target flue gas particles in the sample combustion test based on the ratio between the difference between the usage mass and the initial mass and the total mass of the sample, wherein the target flue gas particles are the flue gas particles filtered by the second filter structure trapped in the filter device.

[0016] In some embodiments, the method further includes: collecting the target smoke particles; and analyzing the chemical composition or structure of the target smoke particles.

[0017] Through the filtering device, cone calorimeter and flue gas particle analysis method provided in the embodiments of the present application, flue gas particles with a diameter between the first diameter and the second diameter released by the combustion of the material during the cone calorimeter test can be selectively filtered and retained therein, thereby accurately testing the yield of flue gas particles with a diameter between the first diameter and the second diameter when the material burns, while facilitating further analysis thereof, further enabling the test results obtained from the material combustion test using the cone calorimeter to more accurately and comprehensively characterize the combustion release behavior of the material during combustion. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] The following figures describe in detail exemplary embodiments disclosed in this application. Like reference numerals denote similar structures throughout the several views of the drawings. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that these embodiments are non-limiting, exemplary embodiments, and that the drawings are provided for illustration and description purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of this application. Other embodiments may also achieve the inventive intent of this application. It should be understood that the drawings are not drawn to scale.

[0019] in:

[0020] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the general working principle of the cone calorimeter;

[0021] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the working principle of a cone calorimeter according to some embodiments of the present application;

[0022] Figure 3 is a structural block diagram of a filtering device according to some embodiments of the present application;

[0023] Figure 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a filtering device according to some embodiments of the present application;

[0024] Figure 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a filtering device according to some embodiments of the present application;

[0025] Figure 6 is a flow chart of a method for analyzing smoke particles according to some embodiments of the present application;

[0026] Figure 7 yes Figure 1 The cone calorimeter shown and Figure 2 The heat release rate curves obtained by performing a cone calorimeter combustion test on polycarbonate are shown;

[0027] Figure 8 yes Figure 1 The cone calorimeter shown and Figure 2 The smoke generation rate curves obtained by performing a cone calorimeter combustion test on polycarbonate are shown;

[0028] Figure 9 yes Figure 1 The cone calorimeter shown and Figure 2 The heat release rate curves obtained by performing a combustion test of brominated polystyrene flame retardant polycarbonate using a cone calorimeter are shown;

[0029] Figure 10 yes Figure 1 The cone calorimeter shown and Figure 2 The smoke generation rate curves shown are obtained by using a cone calorimeter to perform combustion tests on brominated polystyrene flame retardant polycarbonate. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0030] The following description provides specific application scenarios and requirements of the present application, with the purpose of enabling those skilled in the art to make and use the content of this application. Various local modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of this application. Therefore, this application is not limited to the embodiments shown, but is intended to be of the widest scope consistent with the claims.

[0031] The cone calorimeter is a relatively rational test instrument that can currently characterize the combustion performance of materials. It uses the principle of oxygen consumption to simulate the real combustion environment to burn materials. It can obtain various combustion parameters of the material in the fire (also known as smoke release behavior data, including heat release rate, smoke generation rate, total heat release, total smoke generation, suspended solid particle yield, etc.). These combustion parameters can be used to evaluate the combustion performance of the material (also known as smoke release behavior).

[0032] Since the smoke released when the material burns includes not only gases, but also some solid smoke particles (for example, suspended solid carbon particles), etc., among which, for smoke particles with a diameter within a certain diameter range, for example, suspended solid carbon particles with a diameter between 0.1μm-10μm, they have a complete shielding effect on visible light. In the event of a fire, these suspended solid carbon particles may not only cause inhalation damage to the human body, but also greatly reduce visibility, seriously hindering the evacuation of personnel, and seriously affecting the accuracy and timeliness of fire rescue. Therefore, when using a cone calorimeter to test the combustion performance of materials, accurate testing of the smoke particles released by the combustion of materials is of great significance for accurately evaluating the combustion performance of materials. However, in practice, due to some unavoidable factors, it is difficult for the cone calorimeter to accurately test the smoke particles generated by the combustion of materials. The following will combine Figure 1 The cone calorimeter shown is specifically described.

[0033] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the general working principle of the cone calorimeter.

[0034] like Figure 1 As shown, the cone calorimeter 100 includes a combustion chamber 110, a flue gas pipeline 120 (or tube path 120) consisting of a sampler 121, a filter 122, and a gas analyzer 123. The combustion chamber 110 has a flue that communicates with the flue gas pipeline 120. The sampler 121, the filter 122, and the gas analyzer 123 are sequentially connected by pipes. It should be noted that the flue gas pipeline can be considered as part of the cone calorimeter and included therein, or it can be considered as a structure outside the cone calorimeter used in conjunction with the cone calorimeter. There is actually no difference between the two. In the description of the cone calorimeter in this application, the flue gas pipeline is generally included in the cone calorimeter. However, it should be understood that whether the flue gas pipeline is considered as part of the cone calorimeter or as a structure outside the cone calorimeter used in conjunction with the cone calorimeter, it is within the spirit and scope of the exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0035] As an example, when using the cone calorimeter 100 to conduct a material combustion test, the material sample burns in the combustion chamber 110, and the flue gas released by the combustion enters the flue gas pipeline 120 through the flue. Specifically, after exiting the flue gas, the flue gas first enters the sampler 121. After being sampled by the sampler 121, the flue gas passes through the filter 122, which can filter out the coal ash in the flue gas. The flue gas then enters the gas analyzer 123, which analyzes the gas in the flue gas to obtain flue gas release behavior data (i.e., combustion parameters), and finally flows out of the flue gas pipeline 120. The sampler 121 can be an annular sampler, the filter 122 can also be called a coal ash filter, and the gas analyzer 123 can include multiple analyzers, such as a carbon monoxide analyzer for analyzing carbon monoxide, a carbon dioxide analyzer for analyzing carbon dioxide, and an oxygen analyzer for analyzing oxygen, or a combination thereof. Furthermore, when the flue gas enters the gas analyzer 123, it will gradually enter the carbon monoxide analyzer, carbon dioxide analyzer and oxygen analyzer to complete the analysis of the corresponding gases. Among them, the carbon monoxide analyzer and the carbon dioxide analyzer can use the same analyzer.

[0036] It should be noted that Figure 1 The flue gas pipeline 120 shown in the figure is only an example. In actual application, the flue gas pipeline of the cone calorimeter may also include other components known to those skilled in the art, such as a cold trap, a separation tank, a drainage pipe connected to the separation tank, a pump, a regulator (for controlling waste discharge), a dryer, etc., arranged in sequence between the filter and the gas analyzer, asbestos, a flow controller, a rotor flowmeter and a filter, etc., arranged between the carbon dioxide analyzer (or carbon monoxide analyzer) and the oxygen analyzer, and a back pressure regulator provided at the outlet of the flue gas pipeline 120. Those skilled in the art can understand the components in the flue gas pipeline 120. Figure 1 One or more of the above components may be added to the illustrated flue gas duct 120 without departing from the spirit and scope of the exemplary embodiments of the present application.

[0037] During the material combustion test using the cone calorimeter 100, smoke particles (e.g., suspended solid carbon particles) released by the combustion of the material sample may be treated as exhaust ash by the filter, which may result in inaccurate testing of the smoke particles released by the combustion of the material and affect the judgment of the overall combustion and smoke release behavior of the material.

[0038] The present invention provides a filter device for selectively filtering smoke particles released from a material during a cone calorimeter test. The filter device can be installed between a sampler and a filter in the smoke pipe of the cone calorimeter, and specifically includes a filter cartridge and a first filter structure and a second filter structure disposed on the filter cartridge. The smoke particles are filtered sequentially through the first filter structure and the second filter structure. The first filter structure is configured to filter out smoke particles with a diameter greater than a first diameter, while the second filter structure is configured to filter out smoke particles with a diameter not less than a second diameter, wherein the second diameter is less than the first diameter. The filter device provided in the present invention can filter and intercept smoke particles released from the combustion of a material during a cone calorimeter test within a specific diameter range (i.e., between the first and second diameters), thereby accurately measuring the yield of smoke particles within a specific diameter range during material combustion and facilitating further analysis. For example, the degree of visible light shielding by smoke particles in a fire can be analyzed, thereby determining the impact of smoke release during material combustion on personnel escape and rescue.

[0039] The technical solution of this application is described in detail below with reference to the embodiments and drawings.

[0040] Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the working principle of a cone calorimeter according to some embodiments of the present application.

[0041] like Figure 2 As shown, the embodiment of the present application provides a cone calorimeter 200, which can be regarded as a Figure 1 The cone calorimeter 100 shown is improved upon, therefore, Figure 2 The cone calorimeter 200 is shown with Figure 1 Identical components or assemblies in the illustrated cone calorimeter 100 may be designated by the same reference numerals (e.g., combustion chamber 110, flue gas line 120, sampler 121, filter 122, and gas analyzer 123). Furthermore, cone calorimeter 200 differs from cone calorimeter 100 in that cone calorimeter 200 also includes a filter device 210, which may be installed between sampler 121 and filter 122, specifically within the pipe between sampler 121 and filter 122. In some embodiments, filter device 210 may be installed within the pipe at one end near sampler 121, which facilitates installation and removal of filter device 210.

[0042] As an exemplary description, when a cone calorimeter 200 is used to perform a material combustion test, the material sample burns in the combustion chamber 110, and the smoke released by the combustion enters the smoke pipe 120 through the flue. When the smoke passes through the filter device 210, the smoke particles with a diameter within a certain specific diameter range in the smoke can be selectively filtered and retained therein by the filter device 210. This can prevent the smoke particles from being filtered out by the filter 122, thereby accurately testing the yield of smoke particles with a diameter within a certain specific diameter range when the material burns, and facilitating further analysis thereof. For example, the degree of shielding of visible light by smoke particles in a fire can be analyzed, thereby judging the impact of the smoke release behavior when the material burns on the escape and rescue of personnel.

[0043] The filtering device 210 will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0044] Figure 3 It is a structural block diagram of a filtering device according to some embodiments of the present application.

[0045] like Figure 3 As shown, the filter device 210 may include a filter cylinder 211 and a first filter structure 212 and a second filter structure 213 disposed on the filter cylinder 211. When the cone calorimeter 200 is used to perform a material combustion test, when the flue gas generated by the sample combustion passes through the filter device 210, the smoke particles in the smoke are filtered sequentially through the first filter structure 212 and the second filter structure 213. The first filter structure 212 can be used to filter smoke particles with a diameter greater than the first diameter, and the second filter structure 213 can be used to filter smoke particles with a diameter not less than the second diameter, where the second diameter is smaller than the first diameter. Through the above-mentioned arrangement, when the flue gas including flue gas particles passes through the filter device 210, the filter device 210 can selectively filter the flue gas particles with a diameter between the second diameter and the first diameter and retain them in the filter device 210. In this way, the flue gas particles with a diameter between the first diameter and the second diameter when the material is burning can be accurately tested to more accurately obtain the combustion parameters when the material is burning. At the same time, it is also convenient to further analyze the chemical composition and structure of the flue gas particles with a diameter between the first diameter and the second diameter, thereby improving the ability to make more accurate judgments on the flue gas release behavior when the material is burning.

[0046] In some embodiments, the first diameter is 8μm-10μm, and the second diameter is 0.1μm-1μm. That is to say, the first filter structure 212 is used to filter the smoke particles with a diameter greater than 8μm-10μm, and the second filter structure 213 again filters the smoke particles with a diameter greater than 0.1μm-1μm. The smoke particles with a diameter between (0.1μm-1μm) and (8μm-10μm) can be retained in the filter device 210 to facilitate accurate testing and analysis. Testing and analyzing smoke particles with diameters between (0.1μm-1μm) and (8μm-10μm) is of great significance for judging the smoke release behavior during material combustion. In some embodiments, the first diameter can be 10 μm and the second diameter can be 0.1 μm, that is, the smoke particles with a diameter between 0.1 μm and 10 μm can be filtered and retained in the filter device 210. Since the smoke particles with a diameter between 0.1 μm and 10 μm have a complete shielding effect on visible light, by filtering the smoke particles with a diameter between 0.1 μm and 10 μm and testing and analyzing them, the shielding degree of visible light by the smoke particles with a diameter between 0.1 μm and 10 μm released when the relevant materials burn in the fire can be evaluated, and then the impact of the combustion release behavior of the material on the escape and rescue of personnel can be judged.

[0047] In some embodiments, the filter cylinder 211 can be a hollow cylindrical body with openings at both ends. In some embodiments, the material of the filter cylinder 211 can be glass fiber, carbon fiber, etc. The use of these materials to make the filter cylinder 211 has a simple process, low cost, high strength and good heat resistance, which can enable the filter cylinder 211 to withstand high temperature heat and have a good service life. It can be understood that being set on the filter cylinder 211 can refer to being set on the surface of the filter cylinder 211 or being set inside the filter cylinder 211, or being set at the opening of the filter cylinder 211, etc. For example, the first filter structure 212 can be set on the surface or at the opening of the filter cylinder 211, and the second filter structure 213 can be set inside the filter cylinder 211 or at the opening. In some embodiments, the filter device 210 can specifically be reference Figure 4 The filter device 400 shown or Figure 5 Regarding the filter device 500 shown, the detailed description of the structure of the filter device 210 may refer to the relevant description of the filter device 400 or the filter device 500, and will not be described in detail here.

[0048] The specific structure of the filtering device will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0049] Figure 4 It is a schematic structural diagram of a filtering device according to some embodiments of the present application.

[0050] like Figure 4 As shown, the filter device 400 includes a filter cartridge 410 and a first filter structure 420 and a second filter structure 430 disposed on the filter cartridge 410. For the description of the filter device 400 and its filter cartridge 410, the first filter structure 420 and the second filter structure 430, reference can be made to the description of the filter device 210 and its filter cartridge 211, the first filter structure 212 and the second filter structure 213, respectively, and will not be repeated here.

[0051] In some embodiments, as Figure 4 As shown, the diameter of the filter cylinder 410 gradually increases along the first direction, wherein the first direction is Figure 2 The direction from the sampler 121 to the filter 122 shown in FIG. 1 , that is, when the filter device 400 is installed in the pipe between the sampler (e.g., sampler 121) and the filter (e.g., filter 122) in the flue gas pipeline of the cone calorimeter (e.g., flue gas pipeline 120), the filter cartridge 410 is located in the pipe with the smaller diameter end facing the sampler and the larger diameter end facing the filter. In some embodiments, the maximum diameter of the filter cartridge 410 can be the same as the inner diameter of the pipe in which it is located, so that the outer surface of the largest diameter portion of the filter cartridge 410 is aligned with the inner wall of the pipe in which it is located. This can avoid the formation of a gap between the outer surface of the filter cartridge 410 and the inner wall of the pipe in which it is located, resulting in some smoke particles in the smoke flowing in the pipe directly passing through the gap and entering the filter without passing through the filter device 400. This will affect the accuracy of the test of smoke particles with diameters between the first diameter and the second diameter, thereby affecting the judgment of the overall combustion and smoke release behavior of the material.

[0052] In some embodiments, as Figure 4 As shown, the first filter structure 420 may include a plurality of first filter holes 411 formed on the surface of the filter cylinder 410. The diameter of the first filter holes 411 may be the same as the first diameter, allowing smoke particles with a diameter less than or equal to the first diameter to pass through and enter the filter cylinder 410, while retaining smoke particles with a diameter greater than the first diameter on the outer surface of the filter cylinder 410, thereby achieving the purpose of the first filter structure 420 filtering smoke particles with a diameter greater than the first diameter. The configuration of the filter cylinder 410 gradually increasing in diameter along the first direction not only facilitates the installation of the filter device 400 into the corresponding pipeline, but also ensures that when the filter device 400 filters smoke particles, the smoke particles are first filtered through the first filter structure 420.

[0053] In some embodiments, see Figure 4As shown, the second filter structure 430 may include a filter element 431 disposed within the filter cylinder 410. The filter element 431 may be provided with a plurality of second filter holes 432. The diameter of the second filter holes 432 is the same as the second diameter, and can allow smoke particles with a diameter less than or equal to the first diameter (i.e., smoke particles filtered by the first filter structure 420) entering the filter cylinder 410 to pass through, while retaining smoke particles with a diameter between the first and second diameters within the filter cylinder 410. This achieves the purpose of the second filter structure 430 filtering smoke particles with a diameter not less than the second diameter, thereby achieving the purpose of the filter device 400 selectively filtering smoke particles with a diameter between the first and second diameters. In some embodiments, the filter element 431 may be circular in shape, with its edge being able to conform to the inner surface of the filter cylinder 430, ensuring that the second filter structure 430 can completely filter smoke particles with a diameter not less than the second diameter. In some embodiments, the material of the filter element 431 can be nylon, cellulose acetate, etc. Using these materials to make the filter element 431 has a simple process, low cost, high strength and good heat resistance, which can enable the filter element 431 to withstand high temperature heat and have a good service life.

[0054] In some embodiments, the number of filter elements 431 can be one, and the filter element 431 can be set at an opening at one end of the filter cylinder 431 close to the filter (for example, filter 122), so that the smoke particles with a diameter less than or equal to the first diameter after entering the filter cylinder 410 through the first filter hole 421 can be filtered through the second filter structure 430, thereby avoiding that some smoke particles with a diameter less than or equal to the first diameter after entering the filter cylinder 410 through the first filter hole 421 directly flow out of the filter cylinder 410, thereby affecting the accuracy of the test of smoke particles with a diameter between the first diameter and the second diameter.

[0055] In some embodiments, the second filter structure 430 may include multiple filter elements 431, and the multiple filter elements 431 are arranged in sequence along the first direction in the filter cylinder 410, wherein the last filter element 431 arranged along the first direction among the multiple filter elements 431 is located at an opening at one end of the filter cylinder 431 close to the filter (for example, filter 122), so that the smoke particles with a diameter less than or equal to the first diameter after entering the filter cylinder 410 through the first filter hole 421 can be filtered again by the second filter structure 430. Since the second filter holes 432 on the filter element 431 may be blocked by smoke particles with a diameter not less than the second diameter, causing smoke particles with a diameter less than the second diameter to pass through the second filter holes 432, the provision of multiple filter elements 431 can ensure that after the second filter holes 432 on one or more filter elements 431 are blocked, smoke particles with a diameter less than or equal to the first diameter can enter the corresponding position in the filter cylinder 410 from the first filter holes 421 at other positions on the surface of the filter cylinder 410, and then be filtered by the filter element 431 whose second filter holes 432 are not blocked, so that smoke particles with a diameter less than the second diameter can smoothly pass through the second filter holes 432 and flow out of the filter device 400, thereby avoiding smoke particles with a diameter less than the second diameter being trapped in the filter cylinder 410, which affects the accuracy of the test of smoke particles with a diameter between the first diameter and the second diameter.

[0056] In some embodiments, in order to prevent smoke particles from passing through the filter device 400 and directly entering the filter cylinder 410 through the opening at one end of the filter cylinder 410 near the sampler without being filtered by the first filter structure 420, the opening at one end of the filter cylinder 410 near the sampler can be completely closed, or a filter element can be provided, which has a plurality of first filter holes. In some embodiments, the filter cylinder 410 can be conical, that is, the end of the filter cylinder 410 near the sampler is the tip of the cone and is in a closed state, which can prevent smoke particles from directly entering the filter cylinder 410 without being filtered by the first filter structure 420, and prevent the presence of smoke particles with a diameter greater than the first diameter in the filter cylinder 410, which would affect the accuracy of the test of smoke particles with a diameter between the first diameter and the second diameter.

[0057] Figure 5 It is a schematic structural diagram of a filtering device according to some embodiments of the present application.

[0058] like Figure 5As shown, the filter device 500 includes a filter cartridge 510 and a first filter structure 520 and a second filter structure 530 disposed on the filter cartridge 510. For the description of the filter device 500 and its filter cartridge 510, the first filter structure 520 and the second filter structure 530, reference can be made to the description of the filter device 210 and its filter cartridge 211, the first filter structure 212 and the second filter structure 213, respectively, and will not be repeated here.

[0059] In some embodiments, as Figure 5 As shown, the filter cylinder 510 is cylindrical, and the diameter of the filter cylinder 510 is the same as the inner diameter of the pipe between the sampler and the filter in the cone calorimeter, so that the outer surface of the filter cylinder 510 can fit the inner wall of the pipe. This can avoid the existence of a gap between the outer surface of the filter cylinder 510 and the inner wall of the pipe, resulting in some smoke particles in the smoke directly entering the filter through the gap when the smoke flows in the pipe, instead of passing through the filter device 500, which will affect the accuracy of the test of smoke particles with a diameter between the first diameter and the second diameter, thereby affecting the judgment of the overall combustion of the material and the smoke release behavior.

[0060] In some embodiments, as Figure 5 As shown, the first filtering structure 520 may include a first filter element 521, and a plurality of first filter holes 522 are provided on the first filter element 521. The diameter of the first filter hole 522 is the same as the first diameter, which can allow smoke particles with a diameter less than or equal to the first diameter to pass into the filter cylinder 510, while retaining smoke particles with a diameter greater than the first diameter on the first filter element 521, thereby achieving the purpose of the first filter element 510 filtering smoke particles with a diameter greater than the first diameter.

[0061] In some embodiments, as Figure 5 As shown, the second filtering structure 530 may include a second filter element 531, and a plurality of second filter holes 532 are provided on the second filter element 531. The diameter of the second filter holes 532 is the same as the second diameter, and can allow smoke particles with a diameter less than or equal to the first diameter through the first filter holes 522 and a diameter less than the second diameter of the smoke particles to pass through, while retaining the smoke particles with a diameter between the first diameter and the second diameter in the filter cylinder 510, thereby achieving the purpose of the second filtering structure 530 filtering smoke particles with a diameter not less than the second diameter, and further achieving the purpose of the filter device 500 selectively filtering smoke particles with a diameter between the first diameter and the second diameter.

[0062] In some embodiments, as Figure 5As shown, the first filter element 521 and the second filter element 531 can be arranged in a first direction within the filter cylinder 510. This ensures that smoke particles can be filtered sequentially through the first filter structure 520 and the second filter structure 530 when passing through the filter device 500, thereby achieving the purpose of selectively filtering smoke particles with diameters between the first diameter and the second diameter. In some embodiments, the first filter element 521 and the second filter element 531 can be respectively arranged at the opening of the end of the filter cylinder 510 near the sampler and the opening of the end near the filter. This can prevent smoke particles from not passing through the first filter structure 520 and being adsorbed on the inner wall of the filter cylinder 510 when passing through the filter device 500, and prevent smoke particles with a diameter smaller than the second diameter from being adsorbed on the inner wall of the filter cylinder 510 after passing through the second filter structure 530, thereby affecting the accuracy of the test for smoke particles with diameters between the first diameter and the second diameter. Figure 5 The shapes and materials of the first filter element 521 and the second filter element 531 shown in FIG. Figure 4 The shape and material of the filter element 431 shown are similar. For more descriptions about the shapes and materials of the first filter element 521 and the second filter element 531, please refer to the relevant descriptions about the shape and material of the filter element 431, which will not be repeated here.

[0063] The embodiment of the present application also provides a method for analyzing smoke particles, which can be applied to the cone calorimeter 200. Through this method, the target smoke particles (i.e., smoke particles with a diameter between the first diameter and the second diameter) released during the sample combustion test of the cone calorimeter 200 can be selectively filtered, thereby accurately determining the yield of the target smoke particles in the sample combustion test, and facilitating further analysis thereof (for example, analyzing its chemical composition and structure), thereby accurately evaluating the smoke release behavior during sample combustion, and further determining the impact of the smoke release behavior of the relevant materials during combustion in an actual fire on personnel escape and fire rescue. The following will be combined with Figure 6 The method for analyzing flue gas particles provided in the examples of the present application is described in detail.

[0064] Figure 6 is a flow chart of a method for analyzing smoke particles according to some embodiments of the present application.

[0065] Combine Figure 2 and Figure 6 As shown, the method 600 for analyzing smoke particles may include:

[0066] Step S610 , weighing the filter device 210 to obtain the initial mass of the filter device 210 .

[0067] In step S610, the filtering device 210 may be Figure 4 The filter device 400 shown in Figure 5 In some embodiments, before the filter cone calorimeter 200 performs a sample combustion test, the filter device 210 may be weighed before being installed in the cone calorimeter 200 or after being removed from the cone calorimeter 200 to obtain the initial mass of the filter device 210.

[0068] In step S620 , the filter device 210 is installed in the pipe between the sampler 121 and the filter 122 , and the cone calorimeter 200 is started to perform a sample combustion test.

[0069] In step S620, after obtaining the initial mass of the filter device 210, the operator can install the filter device 210 in the pipe between the sampler 121 and the filter 122 and start the cone calorimeter 200 to perform a sample combustion test. The sample will burn in the combustion chamber 110 of the cone calorimeter 200, releasing flue gas. The flue gas will enter the flue gas pipeline 120 through the flue of the combustion chamber 110, pass through the sampler 121, the filter device 210, the filter 122, and the gas analyzer 130, and then flow out. Among them, flue gas particles with a diameter between the first diameter and the second diameter in the flue gas will be filtered and trapped by the filter device 210. Specifically, smoke particles in the flue gas with a diameter between the first diameter and the second diameter will be filtered by the second filter structure 213 and retained in the filter cylinder 211. In addition, smoke particles in the flue gas with a diameter greater than the first diameter will be filtered by the first filter structure 212 and retained on the first filter structure 212 (for example, the outer surface of the filter cylinder 410 or the first filter element 521), while the gas in the flue gas, smoke particles with a diameter smaller than the first diameter, and liquid particles (for example, liquid carbon particles, etc.) will continue to flow in the flue gas pipeline 120, so that the cone calorimeter 200 can continue to test the gas in the flue gas, smoke particles with a diameter smaller than the first diameter, and liquid particles.

[0070] In step S630, after the cone calorimeter 200 completes the sample combustion test, the filter device 210 is removed from the pipeline, and the smoke particles filtered by the first filter structure 212 trapped in the filter device 210 are removed. Then, the filter device 210 is weighed again to obtain the usage quality of the filter device 210.

[0071] In step S630, after the sample combustion test is completed (for example, after the sample is burned), the staff can remove the filter device 210 from the pipe between the sampler 121 and the filter 122, and then remove the flue gas particles filtered by the first filter structure 212 trapped in the filter device 210 (for example, the outer surface of the filter cylinder 410 or the first filter element 521), that is, remove the flue gas particles with a diameter greater than the first diameter from the flue gas particles filtered by the first filter structure 212, so that only target flue gas particles with a diameter between the first diameter and the second diameter remain in the filter device 210. The target flue gas particles are the flue gas particles filtered by the second filter structure 213 and trapped in the filter cylinder 211. Furthermore, the use mass of the filter device 210 is the sum of the mass of the target flue gas particles and the initial mass of the filter device 210.

[0072] Step S640 : determining the yield of target smoke particles in the sample combustion test based on the ratio between the difference between the used mass and the initial mass and the total mass of the sample.

[0073] In step 640, the staff can determine the yield of the target smoke particles in the sample combustion test based on the ratio between the difference between the use mass and the initial mass of the filter device 210 (that is, the mass of the target smoke particles) and the total mass of the sample. By determining the yield of the target smoke particles released by the sample combustion, it can be used to evaluate the release behavior of the target smoke particles when the relevant material burns in an actual fire. As an example, the target smoke particles are smoke particles with a diameter between 0.1-10μm, which have a shielding effect on visible light. By determining the yield of the target smoke particles with a diameter between 0.1-10μm, it is possible to judge the degree of light shielding by the amount of target smoke particles between 0.1-10μm released by the combustion of the relevant materials in an actual fire, thereby judging whether the target smoke particles will reduce visibility and affect the evacuation of personnel and fire rescue, so as to determine whether the relevant materials meet the corresponding fire protection level.

[0074] In some embodiments, personnel may also collect target smoke particles from the filter device 210 and then analyze the chemical composition or structure of the target smoke particles to determine the degree to which the target smoke particles shield visible light or whether they cause inhalation harm to the human body, thereby determining the impact of the relevant materials on personnel escape and fire rescue in a fire. In some embodiments, personnel may use infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron microscopy spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and other technologies to analyze the chemical composition or structure of the target smoke particles.

[0075] The method 600 for analyzing flue gas particles provided in an embodiment of the present application can selectively filter target flue gas particles (i.e., flue gas particles with a diameter between a first diameter and a second diameter) during a sample combustion test in a cone calorimeter 200, thereby accurately testing the target flue gas particles and facilitating further analysis thereof, which is beneficial to improving the accuracy of the judgment of the overall combustion and flue gas release behavior of the material.

[0076] In addition, by using the cone calorimeter 200 provided in the embodiment of the present application in conjunction with the method 600 to perform material combustion tests, the test results obtained (also referred to as combustion parameters or smoke release behavior data), such as heat release rate, smoke generation rate, total heat release, total smoke production, suspended solid particle yield (yield of target smoke particles), etc., can more accurately and comprehensively characterize the smoke release behavior of the material during combustion. It should be noted that the heat release rate (HRR) obtained when the cone calorimeter is used to perform material combustion tests refers to the heat release rate per unit area after the material is ignited under a preset incident heat flux intensity. The smoke production rate (SPR) obtained when the cone calorimeter is used to perform material combustion tests refers to the ratio of the specific extinction area to the mass loss rate. The specific extinction area indicates the smoke produced by volatilizing a unit mass of material. It does not directly indicate the amount of smoke produced, but is only a conversion factor for calculating the amount of smoke produced. The Total Heat Release (THR) measured during a Cone Calorimeter combustion test is the total heat released from the moment a material is ignited until the flame is extinguished, at a preset incident heat flux. The Total Smoke Rate (TSR) measured during a Cone Calorimeter combustion test is the cumulative amount of smoke produced per unit area of ​​material combustion. The Suspended Solids Production Rate (SSP) measured during a Cone Calorimeter combustion test can be the ratio of the mass of target smoke particles to the total mass of the material burned.

[0077] The following describes in detail the test results obtained by performing a polycarbonate (PC) combustion test using the cone calorimeter 200 and the cone calorimeter 100, as well as the test results obtained by performing a brominated polystyrene flame retardant polycarbonate (PC / BPS) combustion test.

[0078] Figure 7 yes Figure 1 The cone calorimeter shown and Figure 2The heat release rate curves shown are obtained from the cone calorimeter test on polycarbonate. Curve L71 is the heat release rate curve obtained from the cone calorimeter 200 test on polycarbonate, and curve L72 is the heat release rate curve obtained from the cone calorimeter 100 test on polycarbonate.

[0079] Figure 8 yes Figure 1 The cone calorimeter shown and Figure 2 The smoke generation rate curves shown are obtained from a polycarbonate combustion test using a cone calorimeter. Curve L81 is the heat release rate curve obtained from a polycarbonate combustion test using cone calorimeter 200, and curve L82 is the smoke generation rate curve obtained from a polycarbonate combustion test using cone calorimeter 100.

[0080] Figure 9 yes Figure 1 The cone calorimeter shown and Figure 2 The heat release rate curves shown are obtained from combustion tests of brominated polystyrene flame-retarded polycarbonate using cone calorimeters. Curve L91 is the heat release rate curve obtained from combustion tests of brominated polystyrene flame-retarded polycarbonate using cone calorimeter 200, and curve L92 is the heat release rate curve obtained from combustion tests of brominated polystyrene flame-retarded polycarbonate using cone calorimeter 100.

[0081] Figure 10 yes Figure 1 The cone calorimeter shown and Figure 2 The smoke generation rate curves shown are obtained from the combustion test of brominated polystyrene flame-retarded polycarbonate using a cone calorimeter. Curve L101 is the heat release rate curve obtained from the combustion test of brominated polystyrene flame-retarded polycarbonate using cone calorimeter 200, and curve L102 is the smoke generation rate curve obtained from the combustion test of brominated polystyrene flame-retarded polycarbonate using cone calorimeter 100.

[0082] Table 1 shows the total heat release, total smoke generation, and suspended solid particle yield (i.e., the target smoke particle yield) obtained from polycarbonate combustion tests using the cone calorimeter 200 and cone calorimeter 100, respectively, as well as the total heat release, total smoke generation, and suspended solid particle yield (i.e., the target smoke particle yield) obtained from brominated polystyrene flame-retardant polycarbonate combustion tests. The target smoke particle diameter ranged from 0.1 to 10 μm.

[0083] Table 1:

[0084] Cone calorimeter used 200 100 200 100 Materials subjected to fire tests PC PC / PBS PC PC / BPS <![CDATA[THR(MJ / m 2 )]]> 63.58 62.11 57.69 58.10 <![CDATA[TSR(m 2 / m 2 )]]> 2475.74 2501.20 2106.48 2125.31 SSPS (kg / kg) 0.25 / 0.68 /

[0085] like Figure 7-10As shown, curves L71 and L72 generally coincide, curves L81 and L82 generally coincide, curves L91 and L92 generally coincide, and curves L101 and L102 generally coincide. Table 1 also shows that the total heat release, total smoke generation, and suspended solid particle yields obtained by the cone calorimeter 200 and cone calorimeter 100 in the polycarbonate combustion test are relatively close. The total heat release, total smoke generation, and suspended solid particle yields obtained by the cone calorimeter 100 in the brominated polystyrene flame-retardant polycarbonate combustion test are also relatively close.

[0086] It can be concluded from the above that the test results obtained by the cone calorimeter 200 and the cone calorimeter 100 for material combustion tests are basically consistent.

[0087] Because the filter device 210 in the cone calorimeter 200 can filter target flue gas particles with diameters between 0.1 and 10 μm to achieve the purpose of testing and further analyzing the target flue gas particles, the flue gas actually measured by the cone calorimeter 200 in conjunction with method 600 includes not only target flue gas particles with diameters between 0.1 μm and 10 μm, but also gas, liquid particles, and flue gas particles with diameters less than 0.1 μm. However, because the target flue gas particles are filtered out by the filter 122 in the cone calorimeter 100, the flue gas actually measured only includes gas, liquid particles, and flue gas particles with diameters less than 0.1 μm, and does not include flue gas particles with diameters between 0.1 μm and 10 μm. It can be further concluded that filtering the target flue gas particles in the flue gas by the filter device 210 does not affect the test results of the cone calorimeter 200 for gas, liquid particles and flue gas particles with a diameter less than 0.1 μm. In addition, compared with the cone calorimeter 100, the test results for target flue gas particles with a diameter between 0.1 μm and 10 μm are added. Therefore, the test results obtained by the cone calorimeter 200 provided in the embodiment of the present application when performing material combustion tests can more accurately and comprehensively characterize the smoke release behavior during material combustion.

[0088] Furthermore, since brominated polystyrene is a brominated flame retardant and uses a vapor-phase flame retardant mechanism, its flame-retardant polymer releases a large amount of smoke into the gas phase during combustion. Therefore, the amount of smoke released by the combustion of brominated polystyrene flame-retarded polycarbonate should be greater than that of polycarbonate. However, as can be seen in Table 1, the total smoke generation obtained from the cone calorimeter 100 combustion test of polycarbonate is significantly higher than that obtained from the combustion test of brominated polystyrene flame-retarded polycarbonate, which is inconsistent with the vapor-phase flame retardant mechanism of brominated polystyrene. Although the total smoke production obtained by the cone calorimeter 200 during the polycarbonate combustion test was significantly higher than the total smoke production obtained by the cone calorimeter 200 during the brominated polystyrene flame-retardant polycarbonate combustion test, according to the target smoke particles filtered by the filter device 210 in the cone calorimeter 200, it is not that the amount of smoke released during the combustion of polycarbonate is lower than the amount of smoke released during the combustion of brominated polystyrene flame-retardant polycarbonate, but that the combustion of brominated polystyrene flame-retardant polycarbonate releases more smoke particles (i.e., suspended solid particles) with a diameter between 0.1 μm and 10 μm than during the combustion of polycarbonate. Therefore, the test results obtained by the cone calorimeter 200 provided in the embodiment of the present application during material combustion testing can more accurately and comprehensively characterize the smoke release behavior during material combustion.

[0089] The beneficial effects that may be brought about by the embodiments of the present application include but are not limited to: (1) The filtering device provided in the embodiments of the present application can selectively filter and retain the smoke particles with a diameter between the first diameter and the second diameter released by the combustion of the material during the cone calorimeter test, thereby accurately testing the yield of smoke particles with a diameter between the first diameter and the second diameter when the material is burned, and facilitating further analysis thereof, thereby improving the accuracy of the evaluation of the smoke release behavior when the material is burned; (2) The filtering device provided in the embodiments of the present application can selectively filter and retain the smoke particles with a diameter between 0.1 μm and 10 μm released by the combustion of the material during the cone calorimeter test. The smoke particles between the target and the target are selectively filtered and retained therein. By determining the yield and conducting further analysis, the shielding degree of visible light by smoke particles with a diameter between 0.1 μm and 10 μm in the fire can be determined, and then the impact of the smoke release behavior during material combustion on the escape and rescue of personnel can be determined; (3) The method for analyzing smoke particles provided in the embodiment of the present application can accurately determine the yield of target smoke particles, and can improve the accuracy of judging the smoke release behavior during material combustion; (4) The test results obtained by performing material combustion tests using the cone calorimeter provided in the embodiment of the present application can more accurately and comprehensively characterize the combustion release behavior of the material during combustion.

[0090] It should be noted that different embodiments may produce different beneficial effects. In different embodiments, the beneficial effects that may be produced may be any one or a combination of the above, or any other possible beneficial effects.

[0091] The basic concepts have been described above. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the detailed disclosure above is merely illustrative and does not limit this specification. Although not explicitly stated herein, those skilled in the art may make various modifications, improvements, and revisions to this application. Such modifications, improvements, and revisions are suggested in this specification and remain within the spirit and scope of the exemplary embodiments of this application.

[0092] It should be noted that, in the description of this application, unless otherwise expressly specified or limited, the terms "installed," "connected," "connected," and "fixed" should be understood in a broad sense. For example, they can refer to fixed connections, detachable connections, or integration; mechanical connections, electrical connections; rotational connections, or sliding connections; direct connections, or indirect connections through an intermediate medium; and can refer to internal communication between two components or the interaction between two components. Those skilled in the art will understand the specific meanings of the above terms in this application in light of specific circumstances.

[0093] In addition, when terms such as "first", "second", and "third" are used in the specification of this application to describe various features, these terms are only used to distinguish these features and cannot be understood as indicating or implying the relationship between the features, the relative importance, or implicitly indicating the number of features indicated.

[0094] In addition, this specification describes exemplary embodiments by reference to idealized exemplary cross-sectional views and / or plan views and / or perspective views. Therefore, differences from the illustrated shapes due to, for example, manufacturing techniques and / or tolerances are foreseeable. Therefore, the exemplary embodiments should not be interpreted as limited to the shapes of the regions shown herein, but should include deviations in shapes due to, for example, manufacturing. Therefore, the regions shown in the figures are schematic in nature, and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the actual shapes of the regions of the device nor to limit the scope of the exemplary embodiments.

[0095] At the same time, this application uses specific terms to describe the embodiments of this specification. For example, "one embodiment," "an embodiment," and / or "some embodiments" refer to a certain feature, structure, or characteristic related to at least one embodiment of the present application. Therefore, it should be emphasized and noted that "one embodiment," "an embodiment," or "an alternative embodiment" mentioned twice or multiple times in different locations in this application does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. In addition, certain features, structures, or characteristics in one or more embodiments of the present application may be appropriately combined.

[0096] Similarly, it should be noted that, in order to simplify the presentation of this application and thus facilitate understanding of one or more embodiments of the invention, the foregoing descriptions of the embodiments of this application sometimes combine multiple features into a single embodiment, figure, or description thereof. However, this disclosure method does not mean that the subject matter of this application requires more features than those recited in the claims. In fact, an embodiment may have fewer features than all of the features of a single embodiment disclosed above.

[0097] Finally, it should be understood that the embodiments described in this application are merely illustrative of the principles of the embodiments of this application. Other variations may also fall within the scope of this application. Therefore, by way of example and not limitation, alternative configurations of the embodiments of this application may be considered consistent with the teachings of this application. Accordingly, the embodiments of this application are not limited to the embodiments explicitly introduced and described in this application.

Claims

1. A method for analyzing flue gas particles using a cone calorimeter, characterized in that: The cone calorimeter includes: a combustion chamber, a flue gas pipeline consisting of a sampler, a filter and a gas analyzer, and a filtering device, wherein the combustion chamber has a flue, the flue is connected to the flue gas pipeline, the sampler, the filter and the gas analyzer are connected in sequence through a pipeline, the filtering device is arranged in the pipeline between the sampler and the filter, and the filtering device is used to selectively filter the flue gas particles released by the combustion of the material during the cone calorimeter test. The filtering device includes a filter cylinder and a first filtering structure and a second filtering structure arranged on the filter cylinder; wherein, The smoke particles are filtered sequentially through the first filter structure and the second filter structure; wherein the first filter structure is used to filter smoke particles having a diameter greater than a first diameter among the smoke particles; and the second filter structure is used to filter smoke particles having a diameter not less than a second diameter, and the second diameter is smaller than the first diameter. The method includes: Weighing the filter device to obtain the initial mass of the filter device; Installing the filtering device in the pipe between the sampler and the filter, and starting the cone calorimeter to perform a sample combustion test; After the cone calorimeter completes the sample combustion test, the filter device is removed from the pipeline, and the smoke particles trapped in the filter device and filtered by the first filter structure are removed. The filter device is then weighed again to obtain the quality of the filter device. The yield of target smoke particles in the sample combustion test is determined based on the ratio between the difference between the used mass and the initial mass and the total mass of the sample, wherein the target smoke particles are smoke particles filtered by the second filter structure trapped in the filter device.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that Also includes: collecting the target flue gas particles; The chemical composition or structure of the target smoke particles is analyzed.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The filtering device is installed in the pipeline at one end close to the sampler.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein The diameter of the filter cylinder gradually increases along a first direction, which is the direction from the sampler to the filter; the first filter structure includes a plurality of first filter holes opened on the surface of the filter cylinder, and the diameter of the first filter holes is the same as the first diameter; the second filter structure includes a filter element arranged in the filter cylinder, and a plurality of second filter holes are opened on the filter element, and the diameter of the second filter holes is the same as the second diameter.

5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that The second filter structure includes a plurality of filter elements, and the plurality of filter elements are sequentially arranged along the first direction in the filter cylinder.

6. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that The filter element is in the shape of a disc.

7. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that The filter element is made of nylon or cellulose acetate.

8. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The filter cylinder is conical.

9. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The filter cylinder is cylindrical, the first filter structure includes a first filter element, the first filter element is provided with a plurality of first filter holes, and the diameter of the first filter holes is the same as the first diameter; the second filter structure includes a second filter element, the second filter element is provided with a plurality of second filter holes, and the diameter of the second filter holes is the same as the second diameter; the first filter element and the second filter element are arranged in the filter cylinder along a first direction.

10. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The first diameter is 8 μm-10 μm, and the second diameter is 0.1 μm-1 μm.

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein The filter cylinder is made of glass fiber.

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