Round link chain and round link chain production and processing equipment

Abstract

The present invention discloses a round link chain and round link chain production and processing equipment. The round link chain comprises a plurality of odd-numbered and even-numbered links connected in series, the odd-numbered and even-numbered links being alternately connected in sequence. The odd-numbered links comprise a left half-link and a right half-link, each of which passes through two even-numbered links connected to the odd-numbered links. The left half-link and the right half-link are both arc-shaped, and the two ends of the left half-link and the two ends of the right half-link are welded together. The left half-link, the right half-link, and the even-numbered links are all die-forged from alloy steel. The strength of the die-forged alloy steel bend is greater than that of a straight steel bar bend. The left half-link and the right half-link are welded together, thereby improving the strength of the round link chain on both sides along its length, enhancing its wear resistance, and increasing its strength, thereby extending its service life.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of round link chain production, in particular to a round link chain and round link chain production and processing equipment. Background Art

[0002] With the rapid development of the manufacturing industry, the chain industry has placed significant emphasis on investment in chain production. Many companies have invested substantial capital, manpower, and material resources in the research and development of chain production processes. Round link chains dominate the chain industry. These chains primarily include transmission chains, conveyor chains, and specialized chains. These chains typically consist of multiple metal links and are widely used in mechanical transmissions. During use, round link chains are primarily subject to the pull of mechanical equipment and their own weight.

[0003] In the related art, a single link of a circular link chain is generally elliptical. During the processing of the circular link chain, a straight steel bar of a certain length is usually bent at both ends, the two bent ends are brought close to each other, and then a butt welding machine is used to weld the two bent ends together.

[0004] Regarding the relevant technologies mentioned above, the circular link chain adopts a bending deformation method during production, which makes the strength of the two sides of a single link along the length direction low. When the circular link chain is used, the probability of wear and collision on both sides of the link along the length direction is high. After long-term use, the strength of the two sides along the length direction gradually decreases due to wear, which can easily lead to the breakage of the link. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In order to improve the strength of the round link chain and extend the service life of the round link chain, the present application provides a round link chain and round link chain production and processing equipment.

[0006] In a first aspect, the present application provides a round link chain, which adopts the following technical solution:

[0007] A circular link chain comprises a plurality of odd-numbered links and even-numbered links connected in series, wherein the odd-numbered links and the even-numbered links are alternately connected in sequence, the odd-numbered links comprising a left half-ring and a right half-ring, the left half-ring and the right half-ring respectively passing through two even-numbered links connected to the odd-numbered links, the left half-ring and the right half-ring both being arc-shaped, the two ends of the left half-ring and the two ends of the right half-ring being connected as a whole by welding, and the left half-ring, the right half-ring and the even-numbered links are all die-forged from alloy steel.

[0008] By adopting this technical solution, the left and right half-rings, as well as the even-numbered links, are all die-forged from alloy steel. This die-forged process results in precise dimensions and excellent mechanical properties. The strength of the bends in die-forged alloy steel is greater than that of straight steel bars. The left and right half-rings are welded together, enhancing the strength of the chain along both sides of its length, improving its wear resistance and lengthening its service life.

[0009] In a second aspect, the present application provides a round link chain production and processing equipment, which adopts the following technical solution:

[0010] A kind of round link chain production and processing equipment, including a butt welding machine, which is fixed with a workbench and a vertical plate, the vertical plate is slidably connected to a positioning plate, the positioning plate is slidably connected to mutually parallel clamping plates, the clamping plates are all provided with arc grooves adapted to the odd-numbered chain links, the clamping plates include a left plate and a right plate, a positioning groove adapted to the thickness of the even-numbered chain links is provided between the left plate and the right plate, the length of the positioning groove is smaller than the length of the clamping plate, the positioning plate is provided with a clamping assembly for driving the two clamping plates to move closer or further away, the positioning plate is fixedly connected to a first hydraulic cylinder, the output end of the first hydraulic cylinder is fixedly connected to two welding heads, the upper end of the vertical plate is fixedly connected to a second hydraulic cylinder, and the output end of the second hydraulic cylinder is fixedly connected to the positioning plate.

[0011] By adopting the above technical solution, the two even-numbered chain links are placed in the two positioning grooves, the left half-ring passes through the even-numbered chain link on the left side and is placed in the arc groove of the left clamping plate, and the right half-ring passes through the even-numbered chain link on the right side and is placed in the arc groove of the right clamping plate; under the action of the clamping assembly, the two clamping plates are moved close to each other, so that the left half-ring and the right half-ring are close to each other, and then the welding head is moved down by the first hydraulic cylinder to weld the left half-ring and the right half-ring, and the left half-ring and the right half-ring are welded to form an odd-numbered chain link, thereby connecting the odd-numbered chain link and the two even-numbered chain links together; after welding, the positioning plate is driven downward by the second hydraulic cylinder to separate the formed odd-numbered chain link and the two even-numbered chain links from the clamping plate, and then the circular chain is transported, the clamping assembly moves the two clamping plates away from each other, and then a new left half-ring and right half-ring are placed, and the above steps are repeated to weld the new odd-numbered chain link, thereby extending the length of the circular chain.

[0012] Optionally, the clamping assembly includes a third hydraulic cylinder, a movable plate and two connecting plates. The third hydraulic cylinder is fixed to the lower end of the positioning plate. The output end of the third hydraulic cylinder is fixedly connected to the movable plate. The two connecting plates are symmetrically arranged along the central axis of the movable plate. The connecting plate is provided with a right-angle portion, which is rotatably connected to the positioning plate. Connecting grooves are provided at both ends of the connecting plate. The movable plate and the clamping plate are fixedly connected with a fixing rod that is compatible with the connecting groove.

[0013] By adopting the above technical solution, when the output end of the third hydraulic cylinder is extended and drives the movable plate to move up, the fixed rod of the movable plate moves in the connecting groove, driving the connecting plate to rotate around the right angle part, and the connecting plate pushes the fixed rod of the clamping plate to move, so that the two clamping plates are close to each other, and the left half ring and the right half ring are close to each other; conversely, the output end of the third hydraulic cylinder moves downward, so that the two clamping plates move away from each other.

[0014] Optionally, a right-angle plate is provided below the splint, the right-angle plate comprising a vertical plate and a horizontal plate fixedly connected to the vertical plate, and the vertical plate is fixedly connected to the lower end surface of the splint.

[0015] By adopting the above technical solution, the lower ends of the even-numbered chain links come into contact with the transverse plate, and the right-angle plate facilitates supporting the even-numbered chain links, which is beneficial to improving the stability of the even-numbered chain links during the welding process.

[0016] Optionally, the two vertical plates are fixedly connected to springs, a blocking rod is provided between the two springs, and both ends of the blocking rod are fixedly connected to the two springs respectively.

[0017] By adopting the above technical solution, when the two splints approach each other and the spring is compressed to the limit position, the barrier rod limits the position of the left half ring and the right half ring to prevent the left half ring and the right half ring from conflicting with each other, which is conducive to ensuring the welding effect of odd-numbered chain links.

[0018] Optionally, the workbench is fixedly provided with a drive motor, and the output shaft of the drive motor is fixedly connected to a winding roller adapted to the round-link chain.

[0019] By adopting the above technical solution, a drive motor and a winding roller are provided, and the connected round-link chain can be transported and wound more conveniently.

[0020] Optionally, the movable plate is fixedly connected to a trapezoidal block, and the positioning plate is provided with a trapezoidal groove adapted to the trapezoidal block along the height direction.

[0021] By adopting the above technical solution, the trapezoidal groove is convenient for limiting the movable plate, ensuring the stability of the movable plate when moving, which is beneficial to ensuring the subsequent welding effect.

[0022] Optionally, the workbench is provided with a vertical slot slidably connected to the positioning plate, and a collection box is provided at the lower end of the vertical slot.

[0023] By adopting the above technical solution, the collection box is convenient for collecting and processing welding slag.

[0024] In summary, this application includes at least one of the following beneficial technical effects:

[0025] 1. The left and right half-rings and even-numbered chain links are all made of alloy steel die forging. Using a die forging process, they are dimensionalally precise and have excellent mechanical properties. The strength of the alloy steel die-forged bend is greater than that of the straight steel bar bend. The left and right half-rings are welded together to improve the strength of the chain on both sides along the length, thereby enhancing its wear resistance and the strength of the chain, which is conducive to extending the service life of the chain.

[0026] 2. Place the two even-numbered chain links in the two positioning grooves, the left half-ring passes through the even-numbered chain link on the left side and is placed in the arc groove of the left clamping plate, and the right half-ring passes through the even-numbered chain link on the right side and is placed in the arc groove of the right clamping plate; under the action of the clamping assembly, the two clamping plates move closer to each other, so that the left half-ring and the right half-ring move closer to each other, and then the first hydraulic cylinder moves the welding head downward to weld the left half-ring and the right half-ring, and the left half-ring and the right half-ring are welded to form an odd-numbered chain link, thereby connecting the odd-numbered chain link and the two even-numbered chain links together; after welding, the second hydraulic cylinder drives the positioning plate downward to separate the formed odd-numbered chain link and the two even-numbered chain links from the clamping plates, and then the round-link chain is transported, the clamping assembly moves the two clamping plates away from each other, and then a new left half-ring and right half-ring are placed, and the above steps are repeated to weld the new odd-numbered chain links, thereby extending the length of the round-link chain;

[0027] 3. When the output end of the third hydraulic cylinder extends and drives the movable plate to move up, the fixed rod of the movable plate moves in the connecting groove, driving the connecting plate to rotate around the right angle part. The connecting plate pushes the fixed rod of the clamping plate to move, so that the two clamping plates approach each other, realizing that the left half ring and the right half ring are close to each other; conversely, the output end of the third hydraulic cylinder moves downward, causing the two clamping plates to move away from each other. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0028] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a round link chain according to an embodiment of the present application.

[0029] Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a round link chain production and processing equipment according to an embodiment of the present application.

[0030] Figure 3 It is a schematic diagram of the connection structure between the clamping component and the positioning plate.

[0031] Figure 4 It is a structural diagram of the splint.

[0032] Explanation of the accompanying drawings: 1. odd-numbered chain links; 2. even-numbered chain links; 11. left half ring; 12. right half ring; 3. butt welding machine; 4. workbench; 5. vertical plate; 6. positioning plate; 7. clamping plate; 71. arc groove; 72. left plate; 73. right plate; 74. positioning groove; 61. clamping assembly; 62. first hydraulic cylinder; 621. welding head; 51. second hydraulic cylinder; 611. third hydraulic cylinder; 612. movable plate; 613. connecting plate; 6131. ​​connecting groove; 614. fixing rod; 75. right-angle plate; 751. vertical plate; 752. horizontal plate; 753. spring; 76. stop rod; 41. driving motor; 42. winding roller; 6121. trapezoidal block; 63. trapezoidal groove; 43. vertical groove; 8. collecting box. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] The present application is further described in detail below in conjunction with all the accompanying drawings.

[0034] The embodiment of the present application discloses a round link chain. Example

[0035] Reference Figure 1 A circular link chain includes a plurality of odd-numbered links 1 and even-numbered links 2 connected in series, the odd-numbered links 1 and the even-numbered links 2 being alternately connected. The odd-numbered links 1 include a left half-ring 11 and a right half-ring 12. The left half-ring 11, the right half-ring 12, and the even-numbered links 2 are all die-forged from alloy steel. The die-forged alloy steel has a higher strength at the bend than a straight steel bar. The die-forged even-numbered links 2 have no welds, significantly improving their rigidity and wear resistance. The left half ring 11 and the right half ring 12 respectively pass through the two even-numbered chain rings 2 connected to the odd-numbered chain ring 1. The left half ring 11 and the right half ring 12 are both arc-shaped. The two ends of the left half ring 11 and the two ends of the right half ring 12 are connected as one by welding. The left half ring 11 and the right half ring 12 of the odd-numbered chain ring 1 are welded as one, so that the strength of the round link chain on both sides along the length direction is improved, its wear resistance is enhanced, the strength of the round link chain is improved, and the service life of the round link chain is longer.

[0036] On the second aspect, the embodiments of the present application also disclose a round link chain production and processing equipment. Example

[0037] Reference Figure 2 and Figure 3 A round link chain production and processing equipment includes a butt welding machine 3, which is fixed with a workbench 4 and a vertical plate 5. The vertical plate 5 is connected to a positioning plate 6 for sliding along the height direction, and the positioning plate 6 is connected to mutually parallel clamping plates 7 for sliding along the horizontal direction. The clamping plates 7 include a left plate 72 and a right plate 73. A positioning groove 74 is provided between the left plate 72 and the right plate 73, which is adapted to the thickness of the even-numbered chain links 2. The length of the positioning groove 74 is less than the length of the clamping plate 7. When the round link chain is produced and processed, the two even-numbered chain links 2 are placed in the two positioning grooves 74.

[0038] Reference Figure 3 and Figure 4 A right-angled plate 75 is provided below the splint 7. The right-angled plate 75 includes a vertical plate 751 and a horizontal plate 752 fixedly connected to the vertical plate 751. The vertical plate 751 is fixedly connected to the lower end surface of the splint 7. When the even-numbered chain links 2 are placed in the positioning grooves 74, the lower ends of the even-numbered chain links 2 abut against the horizontal plate 752. The right-angled plate 75 supports the even-numbered chain links 2 and reduces the shaking of the even-numbered chain links 2. Each splint 7 is provided with an arcuate groove 71 adapted to fit the odd-numbered chain links 1. The two arcuate grooves 71 are symmetrically arranged along the central axis of the vertical plate 5. The left half-ring 11 passes through the even-numbered chain links 2 on the left and is placed in the arcuate groove 71 of the left splint 7. The right half-ring 12 passes through the even-numbered chain links 2 on the right and is placed in the arcuate groove 71 of the right splint 7.

[0039] Reference Figure 2 and Figure 3 The positioning plate 6 is provided with a clamping assembly 61 for driving the two clamping plates 7 to move closer or further away. In the initial position, the two clamping plates 7 are away from each other. The clamping assembly 61 includes a third hydraulic cylinder 611, a movable plate 612, and two connecting plates 613. The two connecting plates 613 are symmetrically arranged along the central axis of the movable plate 612. The connecting plates 613 are provided with right-angled portions, which are rotatably connected to the positioning plate 6. Both ends of the connecting plates 613 are provided with connecting grooves 6131. ​​The movable plate 612 and the clamping plate 7 are fixedly connected with fixing rods 614 that are adapted to the connecting grooves 6131. ​​In the two connecting grooves 6131 of the same connecting plate 613, the fixing rod 614 of the movable plate 612 is located in the connecting groove 6131 at one end of the connecting plate 613, and the fixing rod 614 of the clamping plate 7 is located in the connecting groove 6131 of the connecting plate 613 that is away from the movable plate 612. The movable plate 612 is fixedly connected to a trapezoidal block 6121, and the positioning plate 6 is provided with a trapezoidal groove 63 along the height direction. When the movable plate 612 moves up and down, the trapezoidal block 6121 slides in the trapezoidal groove 63. The trapezoidal groove 63 facilitates limiting the movable plate 612 to ensure the stability of the movable plate 612 during movement.

[0040] Reference Figure 2 and Figure 3 The third hydraulic cylinder 611 is fixed to the lower end of the positioning plate 6, and the output end of the third hydraulic cylinder 611 is fixedly connected to the movable plate 612. When the operator starts the third hydraulic cylinder 611, the output end of the third hydraulic cylinder 611 extends, driving the movable plate 612 to move upward, and the fixed rod 614 of the movable plate 612 is located in the connecting groove 6131 at the end of the connecting plate 613 and moves, driving the connecting plate 613 to rotate around the right angle portion, and the connecting plate 613 pushes the fixed rod 614 of the clamping plate 7 to move, so that the two clamping plates 7 move horizontally along the positioning plate 6 and approach each other, so that the left half ring 11 and the right half ring 12 are close to each other.

[0041] Reference Figure 3 and Figure 4 The two vertical plates 751 are fixedly connected with springs 753, and a blocking rod 76 is provided between the two springs 753. The two ends of the blocking rod 76 are fixedly connected with the two springs 753 respectively. When the two splints 7 approach each other, the springs 753 are gradually compressed. When the springs 753 are finally compressed to the limit position, the blocking rod 76 limits the position of the left half ring 11 and the right half ring 12 to prevent the left half ring 11 and the right half ring 12 from conflicting with each other.

[0042] Reference Figure 2 and Figure 3The positioning plate 6 is fixedly connected to a first hydraulic cylinder 62, the output end of which is fixedly connected to a support plate, and two welding heads 621 are fixed to the support plate. The operator then activates the first hydraulic cylinder 62, and the output end of the first hydraulic cylinder 62 extends, driving the two welding heads 621 downward. The two welding heads 621 are located in the middle of the two clamping plates 7, and then the welding heads 621 weld the left half ring 11 and the right half ring 12 to form an odd-numbered chain link 1, thereby connecting the odd-numbered chain link 1 to the two even-numbered chain links 2. The welding heads 621 are prone to generating some welding slag during the welding process. The workbench 4 is provided with a vertical slot 43 that is slidably connected to the positioning plate 6. The lower end of the vertical slot 43 is provided with a collection box 8, and the generated welding slag falls into the collection box 8.

[0043] Reference Figure 2 and Figure 3 After welding is completed, the operator drives the welding head 621 upward with the output end of the first hydraulic cylinder 62. The upper end of the vertical plate 5 is fixedly connected to the second hydraulic cylinder 51, and the output end of the second hydraulic cylinder 51 is fixedly connected to the positioning plate 6. Then the output end of the second hydraulic cylinder 51 is operated to move downward, driving the positioning plate 6 to move downward as a whole, so that the formed odd-numbered chain link 1 and the two even-numbered chain links 2 are separated from the clamping plate 7. The workbench 4 is fixedly provided with a drive motor 41. The output shaft of the drive motor 41 is fixedly connected to a winding roller 42 adapted for the round link chain. The connected round link chains are wound around the winding roller 42. The operator starts the drive motor 41. The output shaft of the drive motor 41 drives the winding roller 42 to rotate and wind the round link chain. It is more convenient to transport and wind the connected round link chain.

[0044] Reference Figure 2 and Figure 3 After the round-link chain is conveyed, the output end of the third hydraulic cylinder 611 moves downward, causing the two clamping plates 7 to move horizontally away from each other along the positioning plate 6. The next even-numbered chain link 2 is placed in the positioning groove 74 of the left clamping plate 7. The initially welded even-numbered chain link 2 is placed in the positioning groove 74 of the right clamping plate 7. The new left and right half-rings 11 and 12 are then placed. The above steps are repeated to weld the new odd-numbered chain links 1, thereby extending the length of the round-link chain.

[0045] The implementation principle of the round link chain production and processing equipment of the embodiment of the present application is as follows: when producing and processing the round link chain, two even-numbered chain links 2 are placed in two positioning grooves 74, the lower ends of the even-numbered chain links 2 are in conflict with the cross plate 752, the left half-ring 11 passes through the even-numbered chain links 2 on the left side and is placed in the arc groove 71 of the left clamping plate 7, and the right half-ring 12 passes through the even-numbered chain links 2 on the right side and is placed in the arc groove 71 of the right clamping plate 7. When the output end of the third hydraulic cylinder 611 is extended and drives the movable plate 612 to move upward, the two clamping plates 7 move horizontally along the positioning plate 6 and approach each other, so that the left half-ring 11 and the right half-ring 12 are close to each other. The blocking rod 76 limits the positions of the left half-ring 11 and the right half-ring 12 to prevent the left half-ring 11 and the right half-ring 12 from conflicting with each other. The first hydraulic cylinder 62 is then activated, and the output end of the first hydraulic cylinder 62 extends, driving the two welding heads 621 downward. The welding heads 621 weld the left half-ring 11 and the right half-ring 12, forming the odd-numbered chain link 1, thereby connecting the odd-numbered chain link 1 to the two even-numbered chain links 2. After welding is completed, the operator moves the welding head 621 upward with the output end of the first hydraulic cylinder 62, and then moves the output end of the second hydraulic cylinder 51 downward, driving the positioning plate 6 downward as a whole, separating the formed odd-numbered chain link 1 and the two even-numbered chain links 2 from the clamping plate 7. The winding roller 42 rotates to reel the round-link chain. After the round-link chain is conveyed, the output end of the third hydraulic cylinder 611 moves downward, moving the two clamping plates 7 away from each other. Place the next even-numbered chain link 2 in the positioning groove 74 of the left splint 7, place the initially welded even-numbered chain link 2 in the positioning groove 74 of the right splint 7, then put in the new left half ring 11 and right half ring 12, repeat the above steps to weld the new odd-numbered chain link 1, and thus extend the length of the round link chain.

[0046] The above are all preferred embodiments of the present application, and are not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present application. Therefore, any equivalent changes made based on the structure, shape, and principle of the present application should be included in the scope of protection of the present application.

Claims

1. A round link chain production and processing equipment, comprising a round link chain, wherein the round link chain comprises a plurality of odd-numbered chain links (1) and even-numbered chain links (2) connected in series, characterized in that: The odd-numbered chain links (1) and the even-numbered chain links (2) are connected alternately in sequence. The odd-numbered chain links (1) include a left half-ring (11) and a right half-ring (12). The left half-ring (11) and the right half-ring (12) respectively pass through two even-numbered chain links (2) connected to the odd-numbered chain links (1). The left half-ring (11) and the right half-ring (12) are both arc-shaped. The two ends of the left half-ring (11) and the two ends of the right half-ring (12) are connected as a whole by welding. The left half-ring (11), the right half-ring (12) and the even-numbered chain links (2) are all made of alloy steel die forging. The invention also includes a butt welding machine (3), wherein the butt welding machine (3) is fixedly provided with a workbench (4) and a vertical plate (5), the vertical plate (5) is slidably connected to a positioning plate (6), the positioning plate (6) is slidably connected to mutually parallel clamping plates (7), the clamping plates (7) are all provided with arc grooves (71) adapted to the odd-numbered chain links (1), the clamping plates (7) include a left plate (72) and a right plate (73), and a thickness adapted to the thickness of the even-numbered chain links (2) is provided between the left plate (72) and the right plate (73). A positioning groove (74) is provided, wherein the length of the positioning groove (74) is smaller than the length of the clamping plate (7); the positioning plate (6) is provided with a clamping assembly (61) for driving the two clamping plates (7) to move closer or further away; the positioning plate (6) is fixedly connected to a first hydraulic cylinder (62); an output end of the first hydraulic cylinder (62) is fixedly connected to two welding heads (621); an upper end of the vertical plate (5) is fixedly connected to a second hydraulic cylinder (51); an output end of the second hydraulic cylinder (51) is fixedly connected to the positioning plate (6); The clamping assembly (61) includes a third hydraulic cylinder (611), a movable plate (612) and two connecting plates (613). The third hydraulic cylinder (611) is fixedly arranged at the lower end of the positioning plate (6). The output end of the third hydraulic cylinder (611) is fixedly connected to the movable plate (612). The two connecting plates (613) are symmetrically arranged along the central axis of the movable plate (612). The connecting plate (613) is provided with a right-angle portion, which is rotatably connected to the positioning plate (6). Both ends of the connecting plate (613) are provided with a connecting groove (6131). The movable plate (612) and the clamping plate (7) are fixedly connected to a fixing rod (614) adapted to the connecting groove (6131).

2. The round link chain production and processing equipment according to claim 1, characterized in that: A right-angle plate (75) is provided below the clamping plate (7), and the right-angle plate (75) comprises a vertical plate (751) and a horizontal plate (752) fixedly connected to the vertical plate (751), and the vertical plate (751) is fixedly connected to the lower end surface of the clamping plate (7).

3. The round link chain production and processing equipment according to claim 2, characterized in that: The two vertical plates (751) are both fixedly connected to a spring (753), a blocking rod (76) is provided between the two springs (753), and both ends of the blocking rod (76) are respectively fixedly connected to the two springs (753).

4. The round link chain production and processing equipment according to claim 1, characterized in that: The workbench (4) is fixedly provided with a driving motor (41), and an output shaft of the driving motor (41) is fixedly connected with a winding roller (42) adapted to the round-link chain.

5. The round link chain production and processing equipment according to claim 1, characterized in that: The movable plate (612) is fixedly connected to a trapezoidal block (6121), and the positioning plate (6) is provided with a trapezoidal groove (63) adapted to the trapezoidal block (6121) along the height direction.

6. The round link chain production and processing equipment according to claim 1, characterized in that: The workbench (4) is provided with a vertical slot (43) slidably connected to the positioning plate (6), and a collection box (8) is provided at the lower end of the vertical slot (43).

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