An automatic running grinder along a guide path

Abstract

The application provides a kind of along guiding path automatic operation polisher, including: workbench, as installation carrier;Fixed platform, for fixing workpiece;Rotary drive mechanism, rotation is arranged on workbench, for driving fixed platform to carry out rotation with the center of fixed platform as original point;Polishing mechanism, it is installed on workbench, and it is opposite to set with fixed platform, for polishing workpiece;Still include: guiding seat, it is set in the bottom of fixed platform, and its end surface is opened with guiding slot;Pushing mechanism, including mobile seat and guiding traction piece;The mobile seat one end mobile setting is in workbench, other end is connected with polishing mechanism;The guiding traction piece is set on mobile seat and is set towards fixed platform, guiding traction piece and guiding slot clamping cooperation, to drive guiding traction piece along the travel path of guiding slot on guiding seat runs, and drives mobile seat and polishing mechanism synchronous movement on workbench, so that the polishing end of polishing mechanism is always located in the load-bearing surface of fixed platform.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of sheet metal grinding technology, specifically to a grinding machine that automatically operates along a guide path. Background Technology

[0002] When processing irregularly shaped parts, there is a problem of low efficiency due to the lack of dedicated processing equipment. Existing technology requires manual grinding of each edge of the part when grinding elliptical workpieces, which is very inefficient and prone to safety accidents.

[0003] This patent, CN210849488U, published on June 26, 2020, discloses a sheet metal grinding device, including an operating box and a collection box. The collection box is fixedly installed at the bottom of the operating box and can grind parts of various sizes. The device facilitates forward and backward movement during grinding through the cooperation of a sliding cavity, bearing, fixed rod, and fixed plate; it facilitates left and right movement during grinding through the cooperation of a sliding groove, sliding rod, and sliding block; and it facilitates lifting and lowering grinding through the cooperation of a cylinder, motor, and grinding disc. However, the above-mentioned technical features have the following technical defects:

[0004] It uses a sealed process to process the workpiece, which ensures the collection of debris, but it increases the workload of loading and unloading, sacrificing the size optimization of the grinding machine. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of the shortcomings of the prior art, the purpose of this invention is to provide a grinding machine that automatically operates along a guide path.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution:

[0007] A grinding machine that automatically operates along a guide path includes: a worktable, serving as a mounting carrier;

[0008] The fixing platform is preferably elliptical in shape and is used to fix the workpiece.

[0009] The rotation drive mechanism is rotatably mounted on the worktable and is used to drive the fixed table to rotate around the center of the fixed table as the origin.

[0010] The grinding mechanism is installed on the worktable and is set opposite to the fixed table for grinding workpieces;

[0011] It also includes: a guide seat, which is set at the bottom of the fixed platform and has a guide groove on its end face;

[0012] The pushing mechanism includes a movable seat and a guide traction component; one end of the movable seat is movably mounted on the worktable, and the other end is connected to the grinding mechanism;

[0013] The guide traction component is mounted on the movable seat and faces the fixed table. The guide traction component is engaged with the guide groove to drive the guide traction component to run along the travel path of the guide groove on the guide seat, and drive the movable seat and the grinding mechanism to move synchronously on the worktable, so that the grinding end of the grinding mechanism is always located within the bearing surface of the fixed table.

[0014] Furthermore, guide grooves are provided at both the top and bottom of the guide seat.

[0015] As a preferred embodiment, the guide traction component is disposed opposite to the movable seat and has a corresponding guide groove, and the movable seat has a sliding groove for adjusting the lifting and lowering of the guide traction component.

[0016] As a preferred embodiment, the movable seat includes: a movable track, which is formed on the end face of the worktable and extends vertically toward the fixed table, and the extension length of the movable track is greater than or equal to the interval between the guide groove and the pushing mechanism when the guide groove is rotated by the rotating drive component.

[0017] A sliding component is located within a moving track, and a grinding mechanism is located on top of the sliding component;

[0018] The support frame is fixed between the sliding part and the grinding mechanism and is used to install and fix the grinding mechanism.

[0019] As a preferred embodiment, the guide traction component includes:

[0020] A support frame, fixed between the sliding component and the grinding mechanism, is used to install and fix the grinding mechanism;

[0021] The lifting and moving seat is threadedly connected to a groove on the support frame. The lifting and moving seat extends horizontally toward the fixed table, and the lifting and moving seat and the grinding mechanism are located at the same vertical extension point.

[0022] The limiting rotating column is rotatably mounted on the lifting moving seat, and part of it can be stored in the guide groove. It drives the pushing mechanism to move synchronously on the worktable to approach or move away from the fixed table.

[0023] As a preferred embodiment, the installation position and number of the limiting rotating column correspond to the guide groove; preferably, at least one guide groove is set to an elliptical shape with a distance proportional to that of the elliptical workpiece, which is convenient for operation. The elliptical shape of the guide seat can be consistent with the elliptical shape of the guide groove, and the distance between the two is consistent. Moreover, the distance between the guide traction component and the grinding mechanism is relatively fixed. Therefore, when the guide seat rotates to drive the guide traction component to move horizontally, the horizontal distance from the center position of the grinding disc of the grinding mechanism to the end wall of the fixed table remains unchanged.

[0024] As a preferred option, the fixed platform is provided with positioning holes corresponding to the workpiece.

[0025] As a preferred option, the grinding mechanism includes:

[0026] The lifting component is fixed at one end to the support frame, and a vertical frame is installed at its power output end to drive the vertical frame to reciprocate vertically.

[0027] A stand is used to install and fix the rotating bracket.

[0028] The flipping bracket includes a first connecting plate mounted on a vertical frame and a second connecting plate rotatably connected to the first connecting plate. A grinding component is fixedly connected to the second connecting plate. Corresponding locking blocks are installed on the first connecting plate and the second connecting plate, and the locking blocks are locked by bolts passing through them.

[0029] The grinding part is vertically fixed on the side of the second connecting plate facing the fixed platform.

[0030] As a preferred option, a sliding pair is also installed between the lifting component and the tilting bracket. The sliding pair drives the tilting bracket to move back and forth, and an elastic telescopic component is hinged at the end of the sliding pair away from the fixed platform.

[0031] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows:

[0032] The present invention uses a rotation drive mechanism to drive the fixed platform and guide slide seat with the workpiece fixed to rotate. Secondly, the grinding mechanism provided on the pushing mechanism cooperates with the guide slide seat to ensure that the grinding mechanism is always in contact with the workpiece to complete the grinding operation. Furthermore, the present application uses a flipping operation to adjust the grinding mechanism to be located on the inner or outer surface of the workpiece, which can ensure that the grinding mechanism is carried out under relatively stable conditions. Attached Figure Description

[0033] Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of non-limiting embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings:

[0034] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the main structure of the present invention;

[0035] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the main structure of the fixed platform in this invention;

[0036] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the arrangement structure of one of the guide grooves in the guide slide seat of the present invention;

[0037] Figure 4 A schematic diagram of the four-center circle method for the side arc segment in this invention;

[0038] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the main structure of the pushing mechanism in this invention;

[0039] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the main structure of the grinding mechanism in this invention.

[0040] In the diagram: 1. Workbench; 2. Rotation drive mechanism; 3. Fixed platform; 31. Guide seat; 311. Guide groove; 32. Positioning hole; 4. Pushing mechanism; 41. Moving track; 42. Sliding component; 43. Guide traction component; 421. Support frame; 432. Slide groove; 433. Lifting moving seat; 434. Limiting rotating column; 5. Grinding mechanism; 51. Stand; 52. Lifting component; 53. Tilting bracket; 531. First connecting plate; 532. Second connecting plate; 533. Bolt; 534. Locking block; 54. Grinding component. Detailed Implementation

[0041] To make the technical means, creative features, objectives and effects of this invention easier to understand, the invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments.

[0042] In this embodiment, the horizontal cross-section of all workpieces includes circles, ellipses, polygons (polygons include triangles and quadrilaterals), or can be set to irregular shapes (as long as the shape satisfies the requirement that the grinding machine can grind along its outer wall, that is, the workpiece can be smoothly ground along the guide groove 311). The above structures are all set as straight cylinders to ensure that the grinding machine can grind the side wall of the workpiece evenly. Alternatively, a cylinder of the above shape can be opened on the straight cylinder (so that the horizontal cross-section of the workpiece includes an inner surface and an outer surface, and the shape of the inner surface and the shape of the outer surface can be set to be the same or different. It should be noted that the inner and outer surfaces of the inner surface are selected from any one of the above-mentioned circles, ellipses, polygons (polygons include triangles and quadrilaterals), or irregular shapes). The outer side wall and the inner side wall of the workpiece are always set parallel.

[0043] like Figure 1-6 As shown, a grinding machine that automatically operates along a guide path includes: a worktable 1, which serves as a mounting carrier;

[0044] The fixing platform 3, preferably elliptical in shape, is used to fix the workpiece.

[0045] The rotation drive mechanism 2 can be configured as a rotating motor mounted on the worktable 1, preferably using a chain drive belt for transmission, to drive the fixed table 3 to rotate around the center of the fixed table 3 as the origin; it needs to be confirmed that it is fixedly connected to the fixed table 3 through a connected rotating shaft, thereby driving the fixed table 3 to rotate;

[0046] The grinding mechanism 5 is installed on the worktable 1 and is positioned opposite to the fixed table 3, and is used to grind the workpiece.

[0047] It also includes: a guide seat 31, which is set at the bottom of the fixed platform 3, and a guide groove 311 is provided on its end face;

[0048] The pushing mechanism 4 includes a movable seat and a guide traction component 43; one end of the movable seat is movably mounted on the worktable 1, and the other end is connected to the grinding mechanism 5.

[0049] The guide traction component 43 is mounted on the movable seat and faces the fixed table 3. The guide traction component 43 is engaged with the guide groove 311 to drive the guide traction component 43 to run along the travel path of the guide groove 311 on the guide seat 31, and drive the movable seat and the grinding mechanism 5 to move synchronously on the worktable 1, so that the grinding end of the grinding mechanism 5 is always located within the bearing surface of the fixed table 3. This bearing surface is the side of the fixed table 3 used to support and fix the workpiece, and this structure can ensure that the grinding surface of the grinding mechanism 5 is always effectively in contact with the workpiece. When the grinding mechanism 5 is running, the grinding fineness is between 60 and 800 grit, depending on the requirements of the grinding workpiece.

[0050] In this embodiment, taking 60 grit as an example, the rotation drive mechanism 2 drives the workpiece on the fixed table 3 to rotate synchronously. When the rotation speed of the grinding mechanism 5 itself remains constant, and the guide seat 31 is moved in conjunction with the guide traction member 43 driven by the rotation drive mechanism 2 to move, the force exerted by the grinding mechanism 5 on the workpiece remains stable, thus achieving 60 grit grinding.

[0051] In order to facilitate the grinding mechanism 5 to grind both the inner and outer walls of the elliptical workpiece, guide grooves 311 are provided at the top and bottom of the guide seat 31, and the path of the guide groove 311 corresponds to the outer diameter or inner diameter of the workpiece; or guide grooves 311 are provided on the same side of the guide seat 31.

[0052] Since the above technical solution includes guide grooves 311, there are preferably two in this embodiment. That is, the guide traction member 43 is arranged vertically opposite to the moving seat and is provided with corresponding guide grooves 311. The moving seat is provided with a sliding groove for adjusting the lifting of the guide traction member 43. By manually adjusting the position of the guide traction member 43, the outer wall or inner wall of the workpiece can be polished. In this embodiment, the guide groove 311 at the bottom of the guide seat 31 is adapted to the polishing mechanism 5 to polish the outer wall of the workpiece, while the guide groove 311 at the top of the guide seat 31 is adapted to the polishing mechanism 5 to polish the inner wall of the workpiece.

[0053] The movable seat includes: a movable track 41, which is opened on the end face of the worktable 1 and extends vertically toward the fixed table 3. The extension length of the movable track 41 is greater than or equal to the interval between the guide groove 311 and the pushing mechanism 4 when the rotating drive component rotates.

[0054] The sliding member 42 is disposed within the moving track 41, and the grinding mechanism 5 is disposed on the top of the sliding member 42;

[0055] And a support frame 421 is provided on the sliding member 42. The support frame 421 is fixed between the sliding member 42 and the grinding mechanism 5, and is used to fix the grinding mechanism 5 and drive the grinding mechanism 5 to run synchronously.

[0056] Guide traction component 43 includes:

[0057] The lifting moving seat 433 is threadedly connected to the slide groove 432 opened on the support frame 421 and can move vertically up and down along the slide groove 432. The tension is adjusted by the thread. The lifting moving seat 433 extends horizontally toward the fixed table 3, and the lifting moving seat 433 and the grinding mechanism 5 are located at the same vertical extension point.

[0058] The limiting rotating column 434 is rotatably mounted on the lifting moving seat 433, and part of it can be stored in the guide groove 311. Along the guide groove 311, it drives the pushing mechanism 4 to move synchronously on the worktable 1 to approach or move away from the fixed table 3.

[0059] The installation position and quantity of the limiting rotating column 434 correspond to the guide groove 311. The guide groove 311 is set as an ellipse with a distance proportional to that of the elliptical workpiece, which facilitates operation. The ellipse shape of the guide seat 31 can be made consistent with the ellipse shape of the guide groove 311, and the distance between them is consistent. The distance between the guide traction member 43 and the grinding workpiece is relatively fixed. Therefore, when the guide seat 31 rotates to drive the guide traction member 43 to move horizontally, the horizontal distance from the center position of the grinding workpiece to the end wall of the fixed table 3 remains unchanged.

[0060] For elliptical parts, the formula for opening the guide groove 311 is as follows:

[0061] The horizontal distance from the center of the grinding disc of the grinding mechanism 5 to the nearest end wall of the fixed platform 3 is set as L1, with a preset L1 = 1, and denoted as (xa). 2 / b 2 +(yb) 2 / a 2 =L1=1,

[0062] Where, the major axis radius = a = h + sqrt(h) 2 -k 2 )

[0063] Minor axis radius = b = h - sqrt(h) 2 -k 2 )

[0064] h is the distance from the center of the ellipse to the major axis, and k is the distance from the center of the ellipse to the minor axis.

[0065] The center point of the limiting rotating column 434 engaged in the guide groove 311 is always recorded as point P.

[0066] Let F1 and F2 be arbitrarily marked on the vertical line passing through the center of the ellipse, such that |PF1| + |PF2| = 2a (2a > |F1F2|).

[0067] Meanwhile, since the distance from the center of the grinding part 54 to the end of the guide seat 31 is always fixed, the opening position of the guide groove 311 will directly affect the horizontal distance between the grinding part 54 and the fixed table 3. The selection of this distance is based on the position of the workpiece on the fixed table 3, that is, the major axis radius of the workpiece - the major axis radius (h) of the guide groove 311 = the horizontal distance from the grinding part 54 to the end face of the workpiece.

[0068] Alternatively, the travel path of the guide groove 311 can be set to a three-segment configuration, where the end face radius of the grinding part 54 is set to r, the distance from the center of the ellipse to the major axis is L, and B is the distance from the center of the ellipse to the minor axis.

[0069] Includes: The setting path length of the arc segment is 2r, its opening position is located at hr, and the arc segment is set perpendicular to the major axis with this position D as the center;

[0070] The path length of the transition section is: the radius of the traction guide, with the intersection of the two centers of the radius circle D and the radius circle HD as the center to connect the arc segment and the side arc segment;

[0071] The path for setting the side arc segment is as follows: It is drawn using the four-center circle method. Given that the major axis of the ellipse is D, the minor axis is B, and the center O is the center point of guide seat 31, the center positions O1, O1, O2, and O2 of the four-center circle need to be determined according to the following analytical formula:

[0072] (1)

[0073] (2)

[0074] The path of the lateral arc segment is obtained by using an arc with radius R = O1B = O1B.

[0075] This ensures that when grinding the workpiece's circumferential surface, the horizontal distance D between the center of the grinding part 54 and the center of the fixed table 3 is always equal to the displacement distance of the limit rotating column 434, so that both the inner and outer circumferential surfaces on the bearing surface of the fixed table 3 can be ground.

[0076] In actual operation, the position of the synchronous sliding of the grinding part 54 is based on the workpiece. In this embodiment, the displacement distance of the grinding part 54 along the z-axis is 0-40mm and the displacement distance along the x-axis is 0-300mm for reference. When the workpiece is set as a polygon or irregular shape, the grinding head on the grinding mechanism 5 can be replaced according to the process requirements to preserve the edges and corners of the workpiece or to perform rounded grinding.

[0077] The fixed table 3 has positioning holes 32 corresponding to the workpiece to effectively fix the workpiece, and the grinding part 54 can grind the side wall of the workpiece.

[0078] The polishing mechanism 5 includes:

[0079] The lifting component 52 is fixed at one end to the support frame 421, and a vertical frame 51 is installed at its power output end to drive the vertical frame 51 to reciprocate vertically. The lifting component 52 can be an automatic telescopic cylinder, an electric push rod, or a crank rocker mechanism. In this embodiment, the lifting component 52 is preferably a crank rocker mechanism, and the support frame 421 is also provided with a guide column that can be partially housed in the vertical frame 51 to ensure that the crank rocker mechanism drives the support to reciprocate vertically.

[0080] The upright frame 51 is used to install and fix the provided flip-up bracket 53;

[0081] The flipping bracket 53 includes a first connecting plate 531 mounted on the upright 51 and a second connecting plate 532 rotatably connected to the first connecting plate 531. The second connecting plate 532 is fixedly connected to the grinding component 54. Corresponding locking blocks 534 are installed on the first connecting plate 531 and the second connecting plate 532, and locking is achieved by passing a bolt 533 through the locking block 534.

[0082] The grinding part 54 is vertically fixedly installed on the side end face of the second connecting plate 532 facing the fixed platform 3.

[0083] A sliding pair is also installed between the upright frame 51 and the flipping bracket 53. The sliding pair drives the flipping bracket 53 to move back and forth. An elastic telescopic component is hinged at the end of the sliding pair away from the fixed table 3. In this embodiment, the sliding pair is preferably a sliding block, and the elastic telescopic component is preferably a spring. The sliding pair is used to manually adjust the feed amount, while the spring is used to achieve buffering to ensure that when there is a jam in the contour line of the processed product, the workpiece is protected from jamming or damage when encountering large curved surfaces during the forming process. The feed amount of the sliding pair is matched with the x-axis displacement distance, and the elastic modulus of the spring can be adjusted. In this example, the spring compression length is preferably 20mm*2.

[0084] The device for uniformly grinding elliptical workpieces is equipped with a device made according to the above technical solution. Its operating principle is as follows: When using this application, the workpiece is first fixed on the fixed table 3. The applicant first grinds the outer wall of the workpiece. Therefore, it is necessary to manually adjust the position and height of the guide traction member 43 located at the lower end. It can be adjusted to the bottom of the slide groove 432 and the guide traction member 43 at the lower end is pulled to move along the slide groove 432. The limit rotating column 434 is manually adjusted to be housed in the guide groove 311 at the bottom of the guide slide seat 31 and the guide traction member 43 is fixed. At this time, the grinding member 54 abuts against the outer wall of the workpiece. The rotating drive mechanism 2 and the grinding member 54 run at the same time to grind the outer wall of the workpiece. The lifting member 52 also runs at the same time so that the grinding member 54 rotates while making up and down movements to completely grind the side wall of the workpiece.

[0085] After the outer wall of the workpiece is ground, manually adjust the lower guide traction member 43 to drive it to separate from the guide seat 31. Then fix the lower guide traction member 43, and then move the push mechanism 4 to reset the grinding part 54. Then flip the grinding part 54 (it is also possible not to move it to the reset position here). Then manually adjust it so that the limiting rotation column 434 of the upper guide traction member 43 is set downward and partially housed on top of the guide slide seat 31. After the guide groove 311 on the end face is inserted, the guide traction member 43 located at the upper end is fixed. At this time, the grinding member 54 abuts against the inner wall of the workpiece. The operation is repeated as above. The rotating drive mechanism 2 and the grinding member 54 run simultaneously to grind the inner and outer walls of the workpiece. The lifting member 52 also runs simultaneously. After grinding is completed, the flipping frame is flipped again so that the grinding member 54 can exit the workpiece. The operation is repeated in sequence. In actual operation, the inner wall of the workpiece can be ground first and then the outer wall of the workpiece can be ground.

[0086] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and are not intended to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent substitutions can be made to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the present invention, and all such modifications or substitutions should be covered within the scope of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A grinding machine that automatically operates along a guide path, comprising: The workbench (1), the rotation drive mechanism (2) rotatably mounted on the workbench (1), the rotation drive mechanism (2) is used to drive the fixed table (3) to rotate around the center of the fixed table (3) as the origin, and the grinding mechanism (5) mounted on the workbench (1); The feature is that it further includes: a guide seat (31), which is disposed at the bottom of the fixed platform (3) and has a guide groove (311) on its end face; The pushing mechanism (4) includes a movable seat and a guide traction component (43); one end of the movable seat is movably mounted on the worktable (1), and the other end is connected to the grinding mechanism (5); The guide traction member (43) is set on the movable seat and faces the fixed table (3). The guide traction member (43) is engaged with the guide groove (311) to drive the pushing mechanism (4) and the grinding mechanism (5) to move back and forth on the worktable (1) synchronously along the stroke of the guide groove (311), so that the grinding end of the grinding mechanism (5) is always located within the bearing surface of the fixed table (3). The movable seat includes: a moving track (41), which is opened on the end face of the worktable (1) and extends vertically towards the fixed table (3). The extension length of the moving track (41) is greater than or equal to the interval between the guide groove (311) and the pushing mechanism (4) when the rotating drive mechanism (2) rotates. A sliding member (42) is disposed within a moving track (41), a grinding mechanism (5) is disposed on the top of the sliding member (42), and a support frame (421) is disposed on the sliding member (42). The support frame (421) is fixed between the sliding member (42) and the grinding mechanism (5) for mounting and fixing the grinding mechanism (5). The guide traction member (43) includes a lifting moving seat (433), which is threadedly connected to a groove (432) opened on the support frame (421). The lifting moving seat (433) extends horizontally toward the fixed platform (3), and the lifting moving seat (433) and the grinding mechanism (5) are located at the same vertical extension point. The limiting rotating column (434) is rotatably installed on the lifting moving seat (433), and part of it can be stored in the guide groove (311). Along the guide groove (311), it drives the pushing mechanism (4) to move synchronously on the worktable (1) to approach or move away from the fixed table (3).

2. The automatic grinding machine that operates along a guide path as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The guide seat (31) has guide grooves (311) at both the top and bottom.

3. The automatic grinding machine operating along a guide path as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The guide traction member (43) is arranged opposite to the movable seat and is provided with a ground guide groove (311). The movable seat is provided with a sliding groove for the guide traction member (43) to be raised and lowered.

4. The automatic grinding machine that operates along a guide path as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The fixed table (3) has positioning holes (32) corresponding to the workpiece.

5. A grinding machine that automatically operates along a guide path as described in claim 4, characterized in that, The grinding mechanism (5) includes: a lifting component (52), one end of which is fixed on the support frame (421), and a vertical frame (51) is installed at its power output end to drive the vertical frame (51) to reciprocate vertically. The upright frame (51) is used to install and fix the rotating bracket (53); The flip bracket (53) includes a first connecting plate (531) set on the upright (51) and a second connecting plate (532) rotatably connected to the first connecting plate (531). The second connecting plate (532) is fixedly connected to the grinding part (54). Corresponding locking blocks (534) are installed on the first connecting plate (531) and the second connecting plate (532), and locking is achieved by passing the locking blocks (534) through the provided bolts (533). The grinding part (54) is vertically fixed on the end face of the second connecting plate (532) facing the fixed table (3).

6. A grinding machine that automatically operates along a guide path as described in claim 5, characterized in that, A sliding pair is also installed between the lifting component (52) and the flipping bracket (53). The sliding pair drives the flipping bracket (53) to move back and forth. An elastic telescopic component is hinged at the end of the sliding pair away from the fixed platform (3).

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