Metal-based kerosene gel propellant constructed by synergic hydrogen bond and preparation method thereof

Abstract

This invention discloses a metal-based kerosene gel propellant with synergistic hydrogen bonding and its preparation method, belonging to the field of propellant technology. The propellant provided by this invention comprises the following components in the indicated mass ratios: kerosene: 45-70%; mixed gelling agent: 1-5%; high-energy fuel: 20-50%; co-solvent: 1-5%; surfactant: 0.1-1%. The mixed gelling agent is a mixture of modified cellulose and castor oil derivatives, with a synergistic hydrogen bond structure between the modified cellulose and castor oil derivatives. The kerosene gel propellant of this invention constructs a three-dimensional gel network through synergistic hydrogen bonding, which can stabilize high-content, high-energy fuel particles, thereby significantly improving the energy characteristics of the kerosene gel propellant. It combines the advantages of polymer gelling agents and small-molecule gelling agents, exhibiting excellent stability during storage. Simultaneously, its good rheological properties give it good atomization and combustion performance. The highest measured calorific value is 48.48 MJ / kg, and the maximum density is 1.59 times that of pure kerosene. It can be stably stored for approximately six months under static conditions.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of propellant technology, specifically relating to a metal-based kerosene gel propellant with synergistic hydrogen bonding and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] Traditional liquid hydrocarbon fuels are insufficient to meet the high-energy requirements of current aerospace propulsion systems. Developing high-energy propulsion technologies has become a research hotspot worldwide. Adding high-energy solid particles such as aluminum, magnesium, and boron can significantly improve the energy characteristics of traditional liquid hydrocarbon fuels, with smaller particle sizes resulting in better energy density and combustion performance. However, particle agglomeration and sedimentation remain, affecting combustion stability and thus the actual performance of the propellant. To mitigate this concern, adding gelling agents to liquid fuels, using their robust three-dimensional gel network to stabilize metal particles, is a viable strategy. Compared to liquid and solid propellants, gel propellants exhibit a series of advantages, including higher density specific impulse, adjustable flow rate, and safety and reliability during storage, making them a highly sought-after product for aerospace applications.

[0003] Extensive research has been conducted on gel propellant formulations. Based on composition, they can be categorized into inorganic and organic gelling agents. Inorganic gelling agents, due to their inertness and lack of combustion participation, often result in combustion losses and pose challenges to engine restart. Therefore, organic gelling agents have received greater attention and wider application in the field of gel propellants. Within the organic gelling agent field, they can be further subdivided based on their molecular characteristics: macromolecular polymers and small-molecule gelling agents. Polymer gelling agents, due to chemical cross-linking, exhibit higher stability and can accommodate more metal particles, thereby improving the energy characteristics of gel propellants. However, polymer-based gel propellants face the challenge of difficult atomization, leading to reduced combustion efficiency. Conversely, gel propellants prepared from small-molecule gelling agents through weaker hydrogen bonding exhibit better atomization and combustion capabilities. Nevertheless, the high sensitivity of small-molecule gel propellants to external forces results in relatively poor stability. Furthermore, these gel propellants also have a limited ability to load metals. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The problem this invention aims to solve is to overcome the shortcomings of existing gel propellants, such as difficulty in simultaneously achieving stability and rheological properties, low metal particle content, and low propellant energy performance. This invention combines the advantages of macromolecular polymers and small molecule gelling agents to prepare a kerosene gel propellant rich in high-energy fuel particles in the form of a mixed gel, thereby achieving both good stability and shear-thinning properties.

[0005] The present invention includes a metal-based kerosene gel propellant with synergistic hydrogen bonding, comprising the following components in the indicated mass ratios:

[0006] Kerosene: 45-70%;

[0007] Mixed gelling agent: 1-5%;

[0008] High-energy fuels: 20-50%;

[0009] Cosolvent: 1-5%;

[0010] Surfactant: 0.1-1%;

[0011] The mixed gelling agent is a mixture of modified cellulose and castor oil derivatives, with the degree of substitution of the modified cellulose being less than 3, and a hydrogen bond structure between the modified cellulose and the castor oil derivatives.

[0012] Furthermore, the modified cellulose includes one or a combination of octanoyl cellulose, cellulose laurate and cellulose palmitate, and the castor oil derivatives include one or a combination of Thixatrol ST, Thixcin R, Thixatrol Plus and Thixatrol 289.

[0013] Furthermore, the modified cellulose is octanoyl cellulose, and the castor oil derivative is Thixatrol ST.

[0014] Furthermore, the mass ratio of modified cellulose to castor oil derivative is (1-2):(2-1).

[0015] Furthermore, the high-energy fuel includes one or more of boron and aluminum, and the particle size of the high-energy fuel is 0.1 to 5 μm.

[0016] Furthermore, the cosolvent includes one or a combination of methanol, anhydrous ethanol, isopropanol, and n-hexanol.

[0017] Furthermore, the surfactants include one or a combination of Tween 80, Span 80, oleylamine, and phosphoric acid.

[0018] A method for preparing a metal-based kerosene gel propellant with synergistic hydrogen bonding includes the following steps:

[0019] S1. Modified cellulose and castor oil derivatives are added to kerosene as a mixed gelling agent, and a co-solvent is added at the same time. The mixture is stirred until the mixed gelling agent is completely dispersed or dissolved to obtain kerosene sol.

[0020] S2. Add surfactant and high-energy fuel to kerosene sol, stir evenly, and allow to stand at room temperature to gel, and then obtain kerosene gel propellant.

[0021] Furthermore, the stirring temperature for preparing kerosene sol is 60–80℃, the stirring speed is 1500–2300 rpm, and the stirring time is 20–60 min.

[0022] Furthermore, surfactants and high-energy fuels are added to the kerosene sol, and the stirring speed is 2300-300 rpm for 10-30 min. After stirring evenly, the gel is allowed to stand at room temperature for 5-20 min.

[0023] The beneficial effects of this invention are:

[0024] (1) The kerosene gel propellant provided by the present invention utilizes the synergistic hydrogen bonds of modified cellulose and castor oil derivatives to construct a three-dimensional gel network, which can stabilize high-content, high-energy fuel particles, thereby significantly improving the energy characteristics of the kerosene gel propellant and achieving a combination of the advantages of polymer gelling agents and small molecule gelling agents. The kerosene gel propellant provided by the present invention has excellent stability during storage, and its good rheological properties give it good atomization and combustion performance. The highest measured calorific value of the kerosene gel propellant in the embodiments of the present invention is 48.48 MJ / kg, and the maximum density is 1.59 times that of pure kerosene. It can also be stored stably for half a year under static conditions.

[0025] (2) The mixed gelling agent used in this invention is a mixture of modified cellulose and castor oil derivatives. While ensuring the rheological properties of the kerosene gel propellant, it significantly improves its stability, as the two components have a synergistic hydrogen bond structure. An electron-rich region exists around the hydroxyl oxygen atom of the modified cellulose, while an electron-deficient region exists near the imino hydrogen atom of the castor oil derivative. When the electron-rich and electron-deficient regions are close together, they exhibit a high tendency (neutral) for hydrogen bond interaction. Hydrogen bond donors exist on the polymer-modified cellulose, and hydrogen bond acceptors exist on the small-molecule castor oil derivative, resulting in the formation of multiple continuous hydrogen bonds in the mixed gelling agent. Especially when octanoyl cellulose and Thixatrol ST are selected as the mixed gelling agent, the hydrogen bond length is less than... This indicates the presence of strong hydrogen bond interactions. The three-dimensional gel network formed under this synergistic hydrogen bond architecture effectively improves the stability of the gel propellant, enabling it to accommodate more high-energy fuel particles such as aluminum and boron, and achieving a high content of high-energy fuel particles. This significantly improves the energy performance (calorific value and density) of the kerosene gel. At the same time, the easy breaking of hydrogen bonds gives the kerosene gel propellant good shear-thinning characteristics, enabling atomized combustion and making it suitable for aerospace propulsion systems.

[0026] (3) In this invention, modified cellulose is used to realize the application of cellulose in gel propellants. Cellulose is a widely used macromolecular gel material due to its large molecular weight, abundant sources, low cost and easy modification. However, the hydrophilic hydroxyl groups in the cellulose molecule greatly limit its miscibility with hydrocarbon fuels (if none). In this invention, modified cellulose is used to introduce long-chain alkanes to obtain cellulose esters with strong solubility in kerosene. The stability of kerosene gel propellants is improved by adding modified cellulose. Static stability test results show that without modified cellulose, kerosene gel flows under gravity, while the addition of modified cellulose prevents this flow. No phase change occurs, and the stability is enhanced. At the same time, scanning electron microscopy can be used to observe that the mixed gelling agent of this invention has a dense and fine gel network, which gives it excellent dynamic stability. Attached Figure Description

[0027] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the accompanying drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. It should be understood that the following drawings only show some embodiments of the present invention and should not be regarded as a limitation on the scope. For those skilled in the art, other related drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0028] Appendix Figure 1 This is a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of cellulose and octanoyl cellulose in one embodiment of the present invention;

[0029] Appendix Figure 2 This is a diagram showing the static stability test of kerosene gel propellants with different octanoyl cellulose / Thixatrol ST ratios in embodiments of the present invention.

[0030] Appendix Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the dynamic stability index of kerosene gel propellants under different octanoyl cellulose / Thixatrol ST ratios in the dynamic stability test of embodiments of the present invention;

[0031] Appendix Figure 4 This is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the kerosene gel propellant of octanoyl cellulose: Thixatrol ST = 1:2 in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0032] Appendix Figure 5 This is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the octanoyl cellulose:Thixatrol ST=1:1 kerosene gel propellant in an embodiment of the present invention;

[0033] Appendix Figure 6 This is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the octanoyl cellulose:Thixatrol ST=2:1 kerosene gel propellant in an embodiment of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0034] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, the invention will be further described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative and not intended to limit the invention.

[0035] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. The terminology used herein in the specification of this invention is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the invention. The term "and / or" as used herein includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Furthermore, the technical solutions of the various embodiments of this invention can be combined with each other, but only on the basis of being achievable by one of ordinary skill in the art. When a combination of technical solutions is contradictory or impossible to implement, such a combination should be considered non-existent and not within the scope of protection claimed by this invention.

[0036] As attached Figure 1-6 As shown, this embodiment of the invention provides a metal-based kerosene gel propellant with synergistic hydrogen bonding, comprising the following components in the following mass ratio:

[0037] Kerosene: 45-70%;

[0038] Mixed gelling agent: 1-5%;

[0039] High-energy fuels: 20-50%;

[0040] Cosolvent: 1-5%;

[0041] Surfactant: 0.1-1%;

[0042] The mixed gelling agent is a mixture of modified cellulose and castor oil derivatives. The degree of substitution of the modified cellulose is less than 3. After modification by esterification or etherification, the cellulose monomers contain excess hydroxyl groups that can be used to bind with imino groups in the castor oil derivatives. The binding mechanism between the modified cellulose and the castor oil derivatives includes a synergistic hydrogen bond structure.

[0043] In this embodiment of the invention, a strong three-dimensional gel network is constructed by utilizing the synergistic hydrogen bonding between polymer-modified cellulose and small-molecule castor oil derivatives, enabling the loading of high-energy fuel particles with high content, thereby significantly improving the energy performance (calorific value and density) of kerosene gel. The kerosene gel propellant in this embodiment of the invention has a measured calorific value of up to 48.48 MJ / kg and a maximum density 1.59 times that of pure kerosene. It is also stable for storage for about six months under static conditions. At the same time, the easy breaking of hydrogen bonds gives the kerosene gel propellant good shear-thinning characteristics, enabling atomized combustion, which is suitable for aerospace propulsion systems. In addition, this embodiment of the invention uses modified cellulose and introduces long-chain alkanes to obtain cellulose esters with strong solubility in kerosene. The addition of modified cellulose improves the stability of the kerosene gel propellant. Static stability test results show that without modified cellulose, the kerosene gel flows under gravity, while the addition of modified cellulose prevents this flow, and no phase change occurs, thus enhancing stability. Meanwhile, scanning electron microscopy reveals that the mixed gelling agent in this embodiment of the invention has a dense and fine gel network, giving it excellent dynamic stability.

[0044] In a preferred embodiment, the modified cellulose is a long-chain fatty acid cellulose ester, including one or a combination of octanoic cellulose, laurate cellulose and palmitate cellulose, which has good biocompatibility and is well soluble in kerosene.

[0045] In a preferred embodiment, the castor oil derivative includes one or a combination of Thixatrol ST, Thixcin R, Thixatrol Plus, and Thixatrol 289.

[0046] It should be noted that the mixed gelling agent is a mixture of any modified cellulose and any castor oil derivative within the above range, which can obtain strong hydrogen bond interactions.

[0047] In a preferred embodiment, the modified cellulose is octanoyl cellulose, and the castor oil derivative is Thixatrol ST. In the resulting mixed gelling agent, the hydrogen bond length is less than [value missing]. This indicates the presence of strong hydrogen bond interactions. Density functional theory was used to calculate the hydrogen bond lengths in the mixed gelling agent of this embodiment, and the results are shown in Table 1. It should be noted that because the molecular weight of the mixed gelling agent is very large, it is impossible to calculate the bond lengths of all hydrogen bonds. Here, only the hydrogen bonds in the structure are sampled and calculated.

[0048] Table 1. Results of hydrogen bond length calculations using density functional theory.

[0049]

[0050] In a preferred embodiment, the mass ratio of modified cellulose to castor oil derivative is (1-2):(2-1). The mass ratio of modified cellulose to castor oil derivative directly affects the gel network structure, thereby affecting the stability of the kerosene gel propellant. In this embodiment, the ratio results in a superior gel network structure.

[0051] It should be noted that the introduction of modified cellulose itself can enhance stability. The stability of the kerosene gel obtained outside the scope of this embodiment is weakened, but its stability is still improved compared with that without the addition of modified cellulose.

[0052] As attached Figure 2 As shown, in the absence of octanoyl cellulose, the kerosene gel flows under gravity and is observed to accumulate at the bottle mouth. However, the addition of octanoyl cellulose prevents this flow, indicating enhanced stability and no phase transition.

[0053] As attached Figure 3 As shown, the vertical axis represents the stability index, defined as the ratio of the mass of the kerosene gel sample after centrifugation (m1) to the initial mass of the kerosene gel sample before centrifugation (m0). It provides quantitative information about the degree of separation in the gel system (mainly phase separation between kerosene and the gel matrix). The formula for calculating the stability index is as follows:

[0054] Stability(%)=(m1 / m0)×100%

[0055] As the octanoyl cellulose content increases, the dynamic stability of the kerosene gel first increases and then decreases. There is an optimal mixing ratio between octanoyl cellulose and Thixatrol ST on the surface, but overall, the dynamic stability is significantly enhanced compared to the kerosene gel without octanoyl cellulose.

[0056] It should be noted that the working principle of other modified cellulose and castor oil derivatives within the scope of protection of this invention is the same as that of octanoyl cellulose / Thixatrol ST.

[0057] In a preferred embodiment, the modified cellulose is octanoyl cellulose, and the castor oil derivative is Thixatrol ST, with a mass ratio of octanoyl cellulose to Thixatrol ST of (1-2):(2-1). See attached... Figure 3-4As shown, the dynamic stability test results indicate that a 1:2 ratio of octanoyl cellulose (OCC) to Thixatrol ST exhibits superior dynamic stability. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of different COC / Thixatrol ST ratios further reveals the reasons for the differences in dynamic stability. With an OCC / Thixatrol ST ratio of 1:2, SEM shows a denser and finer fiber network, resulting in excellent structural stability and facilitating more uniform dispersion of kerosene and high-energy fuel particles. Conversely, with an OCC / Thixatrol ST ratio of 1:1 or 1:2, SEM shows a sparser fiber network, which weakens the stability of the kerosene gel. The ratios within the range described in this embodiment exhibit a superior gel network structure.

[0058] In a preferred embodiment, the high-energy fuel includes one or more of boron and aluminum, and the particle size of the high-energy fuel is 0.1-5 μm. By adding high-energy solid particles such as aluminum, magnesium, and boron, the energy characteristics of traditional liquid hydrocarbon fuels can be significantly improved. Moreover, the smaller the particle size, the better the energy density and combustion performance. The gel network structure with synergistic hydrogen bond architecture in the embodiments of the present invention can stabilize high-content high-energy fuel particles. Adding high-content, small-particle-size high-energy metal (or metalloid) particles such as boron or aluminum to kerosene gel propellant can significantly improve the combustion performance of the propellant.

[0059] In a preferred embodiment, the cosolvent includes one or a combination of methanol, anhydrous ethanol, isopropanol, and n-hexanol.

[0060] In a preferred embodiment, the surfactant includes one or a combination of Tween 80, Span 80, oleylamine, and phosphoric acid.

[0061] This invention provides a method for preparing a metal-based kerosene gel propellant with synergistic hydrogen bonding, comprising the following steps:

[0062] S1. Modified cellulose and castor oil derivatives are added to kerosene as a mixed gelling agent, and a co-solvent is added at the same time. The mixture is stirred until the mixed gelling agent is completely dispersed or dissolved to obtain kerosene sol.

[0063] S2. Add surfactant and high-energy fuel to the kerosene sol obtained in S1, stir evenly, and allow it to stand at room temperature to gel, and then obtain kerosene gel propellant.

[0064] The kerosene gel propellant preparation method provided in this invention is simple. The kerosene gel propellant rich in high-energy fuel prepared by the one-pot method has high calorific value and density, low surface tension, and good atomization and combustion performance.

[0065] In a preferred embodiment, in step S1, the stirring temperature for preparing the kerosene sol is 60-80°C, the stirring speed is 1500-2300 rpm, and the stirring time is 20-60 min.

[0066] In a preferred embodiment, in step S2, a surfactant and high-energy fuel are added to the kerosene sol, the stirring speed is 2300-300 rpm, the stirring time is 10-30 min, and after stirring evenly, the gel is allowed to stand at room temperature for 5-20 min.

[0067] In a preferred embodiment, the modified cellulose ester is octanoyl cellulose, which is obtained by esterification of cellulose with octanoyl chloride. The specific modification method includes the following steps:

[0068] Step 1: Mercerize the cotton fibers with a 10-30% NaOH solution to enhance the affinity between cellulose and organic solvents;

[0069] Step 2: Dissolve cellulose using a 7-9% lithium chloride / NN-dimethylacetamide system. Specifically, mix 1g of dried mercerized cellulose with 100mL of NN-dimethylacetamide, adjust the temperature to 163℃, activate for 1-2 hours, cool to 100℃, add 7-9g of anhydrous lithium chloride, and react for 30-60 minutes.

[0070] Step 3: Perform the esterification reaction, specifically: add 7-9 mL of octanoyl chloride and 7-9 mL of triethylamine to the above system, react at 50-70℃ for 2-3 h, and then cool down until the reaction is complete;

[0071] Step 4: Place the above solution in cold water. After the product precipitates, wash it with ethanol, acetone and ultrapure water to remove any residual solvent. Finally, dry it under vacuum to obtain octanoyl cellulose.

[0072] As attached Figure 1 As shown, the Fourier transform infrared spectra of cellulose before and after modification are compared: In the cellulose spectrum, at 3413 cm⁻¹... -1 A broad peak was observed at 1731 cm⁻¹, corresponding to the hydroxyl (OH) vibration of cellulose; conversely, the intensity of this peak was significantly reduced in the octanoyl cellulose spectrum, indicating a decrease in hydroxyl content due to esterification. Furthermore, a peak at 1731 cm⁻¹ was observed in the octanoyl cellulose spectrum. -1 A distinct peak appeared nearby, corresponding to the symmetric vibration of the C=O bond in the ester group, confirming the successful esterification of cellulose with octanoyl chloride. Due to the CH stretching vibration, a peak appeared at 2925 cm⁻¹. -1 and 2857cm -1A new peak appeared, indicating that the alkyl group was successfully introduced into the cellulose chain. Furthermore, elemental analysis showed that the carbon content of the octanoyl cellulose sample was 59.91%, and the measured degree of substitution was approximately 2.11. The substitution value indicates that approximately two hydroxyl groups in the cellulose monomer were successfully substituted by the octanoyl group. This information confirms the successful introduction of the octanoyl group into the cellulose chain.

[0073] The features and performance of the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to embodiments.

[0074] It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, all medicines / reagents used in the embodiments of this invention are commercially available.

[0075] Example 1

[0076] This embodiment provides a metal-based kerosene gel propellant with synergistic hydrogen bonding structure, the mass ratio and composition of which are shown in Table 2:

[0077] Table 2. Mass ratio and composition of propellant in Example 1

[0078] Formula composition Content / wt% kerosene 44.8 Mixed gelling agent 2.5 Boron powder 50 n-Hexyl alcohol 2.2 oleylamine 0.5

[0079] This embodiment also provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned kerosene gel propellant, including the following steps:

[0080] S1: At 70°C, add a mixed gelling agent and n-hexanol to kerosene, and stir rapidly at 2300 rpm for 30 minutes until the gelling agent is completely dissolved to obtain kerosene sol.

[0081] S2: Add oleylamine and boron powder to the kerosene sol obtained in step S1, stir at 3000 rpm for 30 min until the mixture is uniform, let stand at room temperature until it gels, and obtain kerosene gel propellant.

[0082] The propellant provided in this embodiment has a measured calorific value of 47.73 MJ / kg and a density of 1.19 g / cm³. 3 Stable storage for six months.

[0083] Example 2

[0084] This embodiment provides a metal-based kerosene gel propellant with synergistic hydrogen bonding structure, the mass ratio and composition of which are shown in Table 3:

[0085] Table 3. Mass ratio and composition of propellant in Example 2

[0086]

[0087]

[0088] This embodiment also provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned kerosene gel propellant, including the following steps:

[0089] S1: At 80℃, add mixed gelling agent and anhydrous ethanol to kerosene, and stir rapidly at 2100 rpm for 20 min until the gelling agent is completely dissolved to obtain kerosene sol.

[0090] S2: Add Tween 80 and boron powder to the kerosene sol obtained in step S1, stir at 2800 rpm for 20 min until the mixture is uniform, let it stand at room temperature until it gels, and obtain the metal-based kerosene gel propellant.

[0091] The propellant provided in this embodiment has a measured calorific value of 47.08 MJ / kg and a density of 1.13 g / cm³. 3 Stable storage for six months.

[0092] Example 3

[0093] This embodiment provides a metal-based kerosene gel propellant with synergistic hydrogen bonding structure, the mass ratio and composition of which are shown in Table 4:

[0094] Table 4. Mass ratio and composition of propellant in Example 3

[0095] Formula composition Content / wt% kerosene 54.5 Mixed gelling agent 2.5 Boron powder 40 Isopropanol 2.7 Siban 80 0.3

[0096] This embodiment also provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned kerosene gel propellant, including the following steps:

[0097] S1: At 60°C, add the mixed gelling agent and isopropanol to the kerosene, and stir rapidly at 2200 rpm for 50 minutes until the gelling agent is completely dissolved to obtain a sol;

[0098] S2: Add Span 80 and boron powder to the kerosene sol obtained in step S1, stir at 2600 rpm for 15 min until the mixture is uniform, let it stand at room temperature until it gels, and obtain the metal-based kerosene gel propellant.

[0099] The propellant provided in this embodiment has a measured calorific value of 45.84 MJ / kg and a density of 1.08 g / cm³. 3 Stable storage for six months.

[0100] Example 4

[0101] This embodiment provides a metal-based kerosene gel propellant with synergistic hydrogen bonding structure, the mass ratio and composition of which are shown in Table 5:

[0102] Table 5. Mass ratio and composition of the propellant in Example 4

[0103] Formula composition Content / wt% kerosene 56.5 Mixed gelling agent 5 Boron powder 35.6 methanol 2.7 Phosphoric acid 0.2

[0104] This embodiment also provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned kerosene gel propellant, including the following steps:

[0105] S1: At 75°C, add the mixed gelling agent and methanol to the kerosene and stir rapidly at 2000 rpm for 25 minutes until the gelling agent is completely dissolved to obtain kerosene sol.

[0106] S2: Phosphoric acid and boron powder are added to the kerosene sol obtained in step S1, and the mixture is stirred at 2700 rpm for 20 min until it is homogeneous. The mixture is then allowed to stand at room temperature until it gels, thus obtaining a metal-based kerosene gel propellant.

[0107] The propellant provided in this embodiment has a measured calorific value of 45.1062 MJ / kg and a density of 1.07 g / cm³. 3 Stable storage for six months.

[0108] Example 5

[0109] This embodiment provides a metal-based kerosene gel propellant with synergistic hydrogen bonding structure, the mass ratio and composition of which are shown in Table 6:

[0110] Table 6. Mass ratio and composition of the propellant in Example 5

[0111] Formula composition Content / wt% kerosene 66 Mixed gelling agent 1.5 Boron powder 31.3 n-Hexyl alcohol 1 oleylamine 0.2

[0112] This embodiment also provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned kerosene gel propellant, including the following steps:

[0113] S1: At 65°C, add a mixed gelling agent and n-hexanol to kerosene and stir rapidly at 1700 rpm for 40 minutes until the gelling agent is completely dissolved to obtain kerosene sol.

[0114] S2: Add oleylamine and boron powder to the kerosene sol obtained in step S1, stir at 2500 rpm for 15 min until the mixture is uniform, let stand at room temperature until it gels, and obtain metal-based kerosene gel propellant.

[0115] The propellant provided in this embodiment has a measured calorific value of 46.55 MJ / kg and a density of 1.01 g / cm³. 3 Stable storage for 3 months.

[0116] Example 6

[0117] This embodiment provides a metal-based kerosene gel propellant with synergistic hydrogen bonding structure, the mass ratio and composition of which are shown in Table 7:

[0118] Table 7. Mass ratio and composition of the propellant in Example 6

[0119] Formula composition Content / wt% kerosene 69.3 Mixed gelling agent 2.6 Boron powder 24.7 Anhydrous ethanol 2.7 Twain 80 0.7

[0120] This embodiment also provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned kerosene gel propellant, including the following steps:

[0121] S1: At 70°C, add mixed gelling agent and anhydrous ethanol to kerosene, and stir rapidly at 1500 rpm for 30 minutes until the gelling agent is completely dissolved to obtain kerosene sol.

[0122] S2: Add Tween 80 and boron powder to the kerosene sol obtained in step S1, stir at 2300 rpm for 20 min until the mixture is uniform, let stand at room temperature to allow it to sol, and obtain metal-based kerosene gel propellant.

[0123] The propellant provided in this embodiment has a measured calorific value of 43.76 MJ / kg and a density of 0.98 g / cm³. 3 Stable storage for 4 months.

[0124] Example 7

[0125] This embodiment provides a metal-based kerosene gel propellant with synergistic hydrogen bonding structure, the mass ratio and composition of which are shown in Table 8:

[0126] Table 8. Mass ratio and composition of the propellant in Example 7

[0127] Formula composition Content / wt% kerosene 42.9 Mixed gelling agent 3 aluminum powder 50 Isopropanol 3.4 Siban 80 0.7

[0128] This embodiment also provides a method for preparing an upper kerosene gel propellant, comprising the following steps:

[0129] S1: At 70°C, add the mixed gelling agent and isopropanol to the kerosene and stir rapidly at 2200 rpm for 35 minutes until the gelling agent is completely dissolved to obtain kerosene sol.

[0130] S2: Add Span 80 and aluminum powder to the kerosene sol obtained in step S1, stir at 3000 rpm for 30 min until the mixture is uniform, let stand at room temperature until it sol, and obtain metal-based kerosene gel propellant.

[0131] The propellant provided in this embodiment has a measured calorific value of 33.41 MJ / kg and a density of 1.25 g / cm³. 3 Stable storage for six months.

[0132] Example 8

[0133] This embodiment provides a metal-based kerosene gel propellant with synergistic hydrogen bonding structure, the mass ratio and composition of which are shown in Table 9:

[0134] Table 9. Mass ratio and composition of the propellant in Example 8

[0135] Formula composition Content / wt% kerosene 50.4 Mixed gelling agent 1.52 aluminum powder 46.1 n-Hexyl alcohol 1.48 oleylamine 0.5

[0136] This embodiment also provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned kerosene gel propellant, including the following steps:

[0137] S1: At 60°C, add a mixed gelling agent and n-hexanol to kerosene, and stir rapidly at 2200 rpm for 30 minutes until the gelling agent is completely dissolved to obtain kerosene sol.

[0138] S2: Add oleylamine and aluminum powder to the kerosene sol obtained in step S1, stir at 2900 rpm for 30 min until the mixture is uniform, let stand at room temperature to allow it to sol, and obtain metal-based kerosene gel propellant.

[0139] The propellant provided in this embodiment has a measured calorific value of 35.47 MJ / kg and a density of 1.17 g / cm³. 3 Stable storage for six months.

[0140] Example 9

[0141] This embodiment provides a metal-based kerosene gel propellant with synergistic hydrogen bonding structure, the mass ratio and composition of which are shown in Table 10:

[0142] Table 10. Mass ratio and composition of the propellant in Example 9

[0143] Formula composition Content / wt% kerosene 50.89 Mixed gelling agent 2.81 aluminum powder 41 Anhydrous ethanol 4.85 Twain 80 0.45

[0144] This embodiment also provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned kerosene gel propellant, including the following steps:

[0145] S1: At 75°C, add mixed gelling agent and anhydrous ethanol to kerosene, and stir rapidly at 2000 rpm for 40 minutes until the gelling agent is completely dissolved to obtain kerosene sol.

[0146] S2: Add Tween 80 and aluminum powder to the kerosene sol obtained in step S1, stir at 2500 rpm for 20 minutes until the mixture is uniform, let it stand at room temperature to sol, and obtain metal-based kerosene gel propellant.

[0147] The propellant provided in this embodiment has a measured calorific value of 34.21 MJ / kg and a density of 1.12 g / cm³. 3 Stable storage for six months.

[0148] Comparative Example 1

[0149] This comparative example provides a kerosene gel propellant without the addition of octanoyl cellulose, and the mass ratio and components are shown in Table 11.

[0150] Table 11 Mass ratio components of propellant in Comparative Example 1

[0151] Formula composition Content / wt% kerosene 49 Thixatrol ST 5 Boron powder 40 Anhydrous ethanol 5 oleylamine 1

[0152] The preparation method of the above-mentioned kerosene gel propellant without the addition of octanoyl cellulose includes the following steps:

[0153] S1: At 70°C, Thixatrol ST and anhydrous ethanol are added to kerosene and stirred rapidly at 1500 rpm for 30 min until the gelling agent is completely dissolved to obtain kerosene sol.

[0154] S2: Add oleylamine and boron powder to the kerosene sol obtained in step S1, stir at 2000 rpm for 15 min until the mixture is uniform, let stand at room temperature until it gels, and obtain metal-based kerosene gel propellant.

[0155] The propellant provided in this comparative example has a measured calorific value of 43.43 MJ / kg and a density of 0.96 g / cm³. 3 After standing for a period of time, oil separation and metal sedimentation occur.

[0156] Comparative Example 2

[0157] This comparative example provides a metal-based kerosene gel propellant without the addition of octanoyl cellulose, and the mass ratio and components are shown in Table 8.

[0158] Table 12 Mass ratio components of propellant in Comparative Example 2

[0159] Formula composition Content / wt% kerosene 49 Thixatrol ST 2 Boron powder 40 Anhydrous ethanol 2 oleylamine 1

[0160] The preparation method of the above-mentioned kerosene gel propellant without the addition of octanoyl cellulose includes the following steps:

[0161] S1: At 70°C, Thixatrol ST and anhydrous ethanol are added to kerosene and stirred rapidly at 1700 rpm for 35 min until the gelling agent is completely dissolved to obtain kerosene sol.

[0162] S2: Add oleylamine and boron powder to the kerosene sol obtained in step S1, stir at 2200 rpm for 20 min until the mixture is uniform, let stand at room temperature to allow it to sol, and obtain metal-based kerosene gel propellant.

[0163] The propellant provided in this comparative example exhibits metal sedimentation and phase change during the gelation process, thus failing to gel and yielding a metal-based kerosene gel propellant.

[0164] In the comparative example, only Thixatrol ST gelling agent was added, requiring a minimum addition of 5% to form a gel, and the high-energy fuel particle loading was capped at 40%, thus limiting energy properties such as calorific value and density. In contrast, the embodiments of this invention utilize a mixed gelling agent, requiring only a minimum addition of 2% to achieve gelation, exhibiting excellent stability, and achieving a maximum metal loading of 50%, resulting in a significant improvement in energy performance.

[0165] The technical features of the above embodiments can be combined in any way. For the sake of brevity, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above embodiments are described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, they should be considered to be within the scope of this specification.

[0166] The embodiments described above are merely illustrative of several implementations of the present invention, and while the descriptions are relatively specific and detailed, they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention patent. It should be noted that those skilled in the art can make various modifications and improvements without departing from the concept of the present invention, and these all fall within the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of this invention patent should be determined by the appended claims.

[0167] The contents not described in detail in this specification are existing technologies known to those skilled in the art.

Claims

1. A metal-based kerosene gel propellant with a synergistic hydrogen bond structure, characterized in that, It contains the following components in the indicated mass ratios: Kerosene: 45-70%; Mixed gelling agent: 1~5%; High-energy fuels: 20-50%; Cosolvent: 1~5%; Surfactant: 0.1~1%; The mixed gelling agent is a mixture of modified cellulose and castor oil derivatives, wherein the degree of substitution of the modified cellulose is less than 3, and the modified cellulose and the castor oil derivatives include a hydrogen bond structure. The modified cellulose includes one or a combination of octanoyl cellulose, cellulose laurate and cellulose palmitate, and the castor oil derivative includes one or a combination of Thixatrol ST, Thixcin R, Thixatrol Plus and Thixatrol 289.

2. The metal-based kerosene gel propellant with synergistic hydrogen bonding as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The modified cellulose is octanoyl cellulose, and the castor oil derivative is Thixatrol ST.

3. The metal-based kerosene gel propellant with synergistic hydrogen bonding as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The mass ratio of the modified cellulose to the castor oil derivative is (1~2):(2~1).

4. The metal-based kerosene gel propellant with synergistic hydrogen bonding as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The high-energy fuel includes one or more of boron and aluminum, and the particle size of the high-energy fuel is 0.1~5μm.

5. The metal-based kerosene gel propellant with synergistic hydrogen bonding as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The co-solvent includes one or a combination of methanol, anhydrous ethanol, isopropanol, and n-hexanol.

6. The metal-based kerosene gel propellant with synergistic hydrogen bonding as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The surfactant includes one or a combination of Tween 80, Span 80, oleylamine, and phosphoric acid.

7. A method for preparing a metal-based kerosene gel propellant constructed by synergistic hydrogen bonding as described in any one of claims 1-6, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S1. Modified cellulose and castor oil derivatives are added to kerosene as a mixed gelling agent, and a co-solvent is added at the same time. The mixture is stirred until the mixed gelling agent is completely dispersed or dissolved to obtain kerosene sol. S2. Add surfactant and high-energy fuel to the kerosene sol, stir evenly, and allow it to stand at room temperature to gel, and then obtain kerosene gel propellant.

8. The preparation method according to claim 7, characterized in that, The stirring temperature for preparing the kerosene sol is 60~80℃, the stirring speed is 1500~2300rpm, and the stirring time is 20~60min.

9. The preparation method according to claim 7, characterized in that, Add surfactant and high-energy fuel to the kerosene sol, stir at 2300~300 rpm for 10~30 min, and after stirring evenly, let it stand at room temperature for 5~20 min to form a gel.

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