A method for monitoring and early warning of outbreaks of marine organisms, sea stars

Abstract

The present invention relates to the field of marine monitoring technology, and more specifically, to a method for monitoring and warning of outbreaks of marine organisms, such as starfish. The method comprises: dividing the outbreak status of starfish into routine warning, emergency response during the outbreak period, and outbreak risk, and pre-deploying corresponding monitoring stations according to needs; compiling corresponding survey record sheets; monitoring at the monitoring stations and recording monitoring results; measuring and calculating the monitoring content to determine the development level and impact level of the starfish disaster; compiling a starfish outbreak monitoring and warning report; determining and issuing warnings, and taking response actions. The design of the present invention facilitates monitoring operations corresponding to the outbreak status at the corresponding time, saves manpower, reduces workload, and improves the efficiency of monitoring and warning; performs data collection and calculation on representative monitoring indicators in a targeted manner, improves calculation speed, reduces waste of computing power, and improves the accuracy of warnings; makes warning messages clear and intuitive, facilitates the formulation of appropriate response measures, and reduces impacts and economic losses.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of ocean monitoring, in particular to a method for monitoring and early warning of an outbreak of marine organisms, such as starfish. Background Art

[0002] Starfish are a marine organism widely distributed across sandy and muddy seabeds, coral reefs, and at various depths. As carnivores, starfish can proliferate or aggregate to a certain level under certain environmental conditions. Their intense predatory pressure can significantly impact shellfish aquaculture. Furthermore, the long-spined sea star, known as the "coral killer," possesses exceptional reproductive and survival abilities. A widespread outbreak of long-spined sea star could devastate healthy coral reef ecosystems.

[0003] A starfish outbreak refers to a phenomenon in which certain sea stars, under certain environmental conditions, multiply or aggregate in the ocean, severely impacting human production and livelihoods and the marine ecosystem. With the continuous development and utilization of marine resources, marine ecosystems are facing tremendous pressure. As a vital component of marine ecosystems, the survival of sea stars has a significant impact on the health of the entire ecosystem.

[0004] However, existing starfish monitoring and early warning methods suffer from numerous limitations, such as limited monitoring range and low early warning accuracy, making them unable to meet the needs for timely and accurate monitoring and early warning of starfish survival. Therefore, research on starfish monitoring and early warning methods is of great practical significance. To address this, we propose a method for monitoring and early warning of outbreaks of the marine species starfish. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for monitoring and early warning of outbreaks of marine organisms such as starfish, so as to solve the problems raised in the above-mentioned background technology.

[0006] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention aims to provide a method for monitoring and early warning of outbreaks of marine organisms such as starfish, comprising the following steps:

[0007] S1. Based on the different development stages of starfish disasters, starfish monitoring is divided into three categories: routine warning, emergency response during outbreaks, and outbreak risk. Corresponding monitoring stations are pre-deployed according to the different monitoring needs of the three stages.

[0008] S2. According to the monitoring indicator requirements of the three development stages, prepare corresponding survey record forms for different monitoring contents and their corresponding monitoring indicators;

[0009] The monitoring contents shall at least include monitoring of adult sea stars, monitoring of sea star feather arm larvae, monitoring of biological communities, monitoring of water environment, monitoring of social impacts, monitoring of human activities, etc.

[0010] S3. Based on multiple monitoring items, monitor and record the monitoring results at pre-deployed monitoring stations according to the monitoring frequency requirements of the three development stages;

[0011] S4. Obtain monitoring results and measure multiple monitoring items to determine the development and impact of the starfish disaster and classify the corresponding starfish disaster outbreak warning;

[0012] S5. Prepare starfish outbreak monitoring and early warning reports;

[0013] S6. Determine and issue warnings based on the development and impact of starfish disasters, and take appropriate action based on local conditions.

[0014] As a further improvement of this technical solution, in step S1, the deployment requirements and monitoring frequencies of monitoring stations in the three development stages include:

[0015] First, routine early warning monitoring: This is a routine monitoring of sea star conditions to understand the dynamic changes in the current status of sea star populations. The layout of regular early warning monitoring stations for sea star species should meet the following principles:

[0016] The locations of the stations should take into account the distribution of aquaculture areas, coral reefs, and historically frequented areas, and should be evenly distributed in areas where starfish are expected to gather;

[0017] The stations should be arranged to cover or represent the monitoring sea area;

[0018] The distance between monitoring stations should be between 3km and 10km, and in principle there should be no less than 5 monitoring stations;

[0019] Regular early warning monitoring at least once per quarter;

[0020] Second, emergency monitoring during the outbreak period: monitoring of the starfish situation during the outbreak period is used to assess the extent of the outbreak. The layout of emergency monitoring stations during the outbreak period should meet the following principles:

[0021] The stations should be located in sea areas where starfish are common;

[0022] It should cover the high-density stations of regular early warning monitoring of starfish, the distribution of aquaculture areas, the distribution of coral reefs, and the areas where fishermen report starfish gathering;

[0023] Increase the number of monitoring stations in the outbreak area, with no less than 8 monitoring stations in principle;

[0024] During the outbreak period, emergency monitoring should be conducted at least 1-2 times per month, and the frequency of monitoring can be increased if necessary;

[0025] Third, outbreak risk monitoring: After the gonads mature or ovulate (sperm) during the starfish breeding season, monitoring of the starfish larvae is carried out to assess the risk of starfish outbreaks. Starfish outbreak risk monitoring is carried out during the starfish breeding season, and the layout of monitoring stations should meet the following principles:

[0026] Stations should be located in areas prone to starfish and adjacent waters;

[0027] The direction of ocean currents should be considered when laying out;

[0028] The distance between monitoring stations should be between 5km and 15km, and in principle there should be no less than 5 monitoring stations;

[0029] Outbreak risk monitoring is carried out once a month during the starfish breeding season.

[0030] As a further improvement of the present technical solution, in step S2, the plurality of monitoring contents, monitoring indicators corresponding to the monitoring contents, and monitoring methods include:

[0031] The monitoring indicators for adult starfish include at least species, biomass, diameter, density, gonad maturity, developmental stage, etc. The monitoring of adult starfish adopts the on-site survey method;

[0032] Monitoring indicators for starfish feather arm larvae include at least species, developmental stage, and density. Field surveys are used for starfish feather arm larvae monitoring.

[0033] The monitoring indicators of biological community monitoring shall include at least: macrobenthos - species, density, biomass, etc.; reef-building corals - species, live coral coverage, etc.; phytoplankton - species, density, etc.; fish and swimming animals - species, resource density, resource quantity, etc.; biological community monitoring shall adopt the method of field survey;

[0034] The monitoring indicators of water environment monitoring shall at least include: water depth, water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, etc. obtained by on-site survey methods;

[0035] The monitoring indicators of water environment monitoring also include: flow velocity and flow direction indicators obtained by data collection methods;

[0036] The monitoring indicators of social impact monitoring shall include at least: affected area, impact scope, economic losses, social attention, etc.; social impact shall be assessed by data collection;

[0037] The monitoring indicators for human activities shall at least include fishery catches obtained through data collection methods. Specific indicators include: catch volume, distribution of fishing ports, number of employees, fishing methods, etc.

[0038] The monitoring indicators of human activities also include fishery farming obtained through on-site interviews and data collection methods. Specific indicators include: farming area, farming type, farming species, farming area, farming time (seedling stocking time, seedling replenishment time), etc.

[0039] As a further improvement of the present technical solution, in step S3, the monitoring of adult starfish is specifically carried out by combining diving monitoring and bottom trawling monitoring, wherein the diving monitoring method is mainly preferred, and the bottom trawling monitoring method is adopted in areas where diving monitoring is not suitable;

[0040] Among them, diving monitoring includes two methods: sampling method and intercept spline method. The sampling method should be adopted for soft bottom areas, and the intercept spline method should be adopted for hard bottom areas.

[0041] As a further improvement of this technical solution, in step S4, the contents that need to be calculated based on the monitoring results include at least starfish density, socioeconomic impact, marine biological impact, etc.; wherein:

[0042] The density of sea stars needs to be calculated separately according to the diving monitoring and bottom trawl monitoring methods;

[0043] The socioeconomic impact is mainly the impact of the starfish disaster on the marine aquaculture industry, which is mainly based on shellfish. The specific indicators include at least the loss of shellfish in the affected aquaculture areas.

[0044] The impact on marine life is mainly the impact of starfish disasters on coral reefs, and the specific indicator is the degree of impact.

[0045] As a further improvement of this technical solution, in the calculation of the starfish density, the calculation method based on the diving monitoring method is:

[0046] The starfish density of the diving survey was calculated by dividing the total number of starfish collected by divers in the survey plot by the area of ​​the survey area, as follows:

[0047]

[0048] In formula (1), N represents the density of starfish, in units of ind / m 2 );n A Indicates the number of starfish in the survey sample, in units of individuals (ind); S A Indicates the area of ​​the survey sample, in square meters (m 2 ).

[0049] As a further improvement of this technical solution, in the calculation of the starfish density, the calculation method based on the bottom trawl monitoring method is:

[0050] The sea-sweeping area method was used to estimate the density of sea stars in bottom trawl surveys, as follows:

[0051]

[0052] In formula (2), N represents the starfish density, in units of ind / m 2 ); C is the average number of starfish caught per hour in trawl nets, ind / h; a is the area of ​​the net per hour, in square kilometers per hour (km 2 / h); q represents the capture rate of the net, which is 0.8-1 for starfish.

[0053] As a further improvement to this technical solution, in the calculation of the above-mentioned socio-economic impact, for the starfish disaster affecting the marine aquaculture industry mainly based on shellfish, the shellfish loss in the affected aquaculture area is calculated according to the following formula:

[0054] V a =δ a,b ×ρ b ×S a ×T a ×P a (3)

[0055] In formula (3): V a represents the economic loss value of shellfish in the affected aquaculture area, in yuan; a represents the aquaculture species in the affected aquaculture area, b represents different types of starfish, δ a,b represents the feeding rate of different starfish species (b) on the aquaculture species (a) in the affected aquaculture area, in kilograms per day (kg / d·ind); ρ b Indicates the population density of starfish in the affected aquaculture area, in units of ind / m 2 );S a Indicates the area of ​​the affected breeding area, in square meters (m 2 );T a Indicates the time of disaster, in days (d); P a It represents the average market price of farmed shellfish, in yuan per kilogram (yuan / kg).

[0056] As a further improvement of this technical solution, in the calculation of the impact on marine organisms, the impact of starfish disasters on coral reefs should be evaluated according to the following formula:

[0057]

[0058] In formula (4), C represents the change in live coral coverage; c a represents the live coral coverage after the starfish outbreak; c0 represents the live coral coverage at the most recent monitoring before the starfish outbreak.

[0059] As a further improvement of this technical solution, in step S4, the targets of the starfish disaster outbreak warning include two categories: starfish outbreak warning and outbreak risk warning; wherein:

[0060] The starfish outbreak warning is based on the starfish monitoring density during the outbreak period and the social and environmental impacts caused by the outbreak. The judgment indicators include at least the starfish monitoring density at each station in the aquaculture area, the starfish monitoring density at each station in the coral reef area, the affected area, and the change in the live coral coverage rate. The warning levels are divided into red, orange, and yellow, corresponding to severe starfish disasters, moderate starfish disasters, and mild starfish disasters, respectively.

[0061] The outbreak risk warning is based on the monitoring density of starfish feather larvae during the breeding period to determine the starfish outbreak risk warning level, and its judgment indicator is mainly the density of starfish feather larvae surveyed by the zooplankton network; the warning levels are divided into red warning, orange warning and yellow warning, corresponding to severe starfish outbreak risk, moderate starfish outbreak risk and mild starfish outbreak risk respectively.

[0062] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0063] 1. This method for monitoring and warning of outbreaks of marine life starfish first divides starfish monitoring into three categories based on the different development stages of the starfish disaster: routine warning, emergency response during the outbreak period, and outbreak risk. The approximate time periods of the three statuses are understood, making it easier to carry out monitoring operations corresponding to the outbreak status at the corresponding time, eliminating the need for a large amount of useless work at all times, saving manpower, reducing workload, and improving the efficiency of monitoring and warning.

[0064] 2. This method for monitoring and early warning of outbreaks of marine life starfish uses targeted data collection and calculation of representative monitoring indicators based on three development stages. This method can cover a larger monitoring area with less resource consumption, ensuring that the monitoring area is large enough to be representative, while also increasing calculation speed, reducing computing power waste, and improving early warning accuracy.

[0065] 3. In this method for monitoring and early warning of outbreaks of marine organisms such as starfish, two types of starfish disaster outbreak warning targets are set, including starfish outbreak warning and outbreak risk warning. Warning levels are divided according to different monitoring indicators and distinguished by colors, making the warning messages clear and intuitive, and facilitating the formulation of appropriate response measures for different warning levels in combination with local actual conditions, thereby reducing the impact of starfish disasters and economic losses. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0066] Figure 1 is an exemplary overall method flow chart of the present invention;

[0067] Figure 2 This is a table and diagram of exemplary conventional early warning monitoring indicators and methods for starfish in the present invention;

[0068] Figure 3 This is a table and diagram of exemplary starfish disaster status monitoring indicators and methods in the present invention;

[0069] Figure 4 This is an exemplary diagram of starfish outbreak risk monitoring indicators and methods in the present invention;

[0070] Figure 5 This is an exemplary starfish outbreak warning level chart in the present invention;

[0071] Figure 6 This is an exemplary outbreak risk warning level chart in the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0072] The following will provide a clear and complete description of the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field based on the embodiments of the present invention without making any creative efforts shall fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0073] Example 1

[0074] like Figures 1-6 As shown, this embodiment provides a method for monitoring and early warning of outbreaks of marine organisms, including the following steps:

[0075] S1. Based on the different development stages of starfish disasters, starfish monitoring is divided into three categories: routine warning, emergency response during outbreaks, and outbreak risk. Corresponding monitoring stations are pre-deployed according to the different monitoring needs of the three stages.

[0076] Among them, the deployment requirements and monitoring frequencies of monitoring stations in the three development stages include:

[0077] First, routine early warning monitoring: This is a routine monitoring of sea star conditions to understand the dynamic changes in the current status of sea star populations. The layout of regular early warning monitoring stations for sea star species should meet the following principles:

[0078] The locations of the stations should take into account the distribution of aquaculture areas, coral reefs, and historically frequented areas, and should be evenly distributed in areas where starfish are expected to gather;

[0079] The stations should be arranged to cover or represent the monitoring sea area;

[0080] The distance between monitoring stations should be between 3km and 10km, and in principle there should be no less than 5 monitoring stations;

[0081] Regular early warning monitoring at least once per quarter;

[0082] Second, emergency monitoring during outbreaks: monitoring of sea star conditions during outbreaks to assess the extent of the outbreak. The layout of emergency monitoring stations during outbreaks should meet the following principles:

[0083] The stations should be located in sea areas where starfish are common;

[0084] It should cover the high-density stations of regular early warning monitoring of starfish, the distribution of aquaculture areas, the distribution of coral reefs, and the areas where fishermen report starfish gathering;

[0085] Increase the number of monitoring stations in the outbreak area, with no less than 8 monitoring stations in principle;

[0086] During the outbreak period, emergency monitoring should be conducted at least 1-2 times per month, and the frequency of monitoring can be increased if necessary;

[0087] Third, outbreak risk monitoring: This involves monitoring the status of starfish larvae after their gonads mature or they begin to ovulate (sperm) during the starfish breeding season to assess the risk of a starfish outbreak. This monitoring is conducted during the starfish breeding season, and the layout of monitoring stations should meet the following principles:

[0088] Stations should be located in areas prone to starfish and adjacent waters;

[0089] The direction of ocean currents should be considered when laying out;

[0090] The distance between monitoring stations should be between 5km and 15km, and in principle there should be no less than 5 monitoring stations;

[0091] Outbreak risk monitoring is carried out once a month during the starfish breeding season.

[0092] S2. According to the monitoring indicator requirements of the three monitoring stages, prepare corresponding survey record forms for different monitoring contents and their corresponding monitoring indicators;

[0093] Among them, the monitoring content at least includes starfish adult monitoring, starfish feather arm larvae monitoring, biological community monitoring, water environment monitoring, social impact monitoring, human activity monitoring, etc.

[0094] In this step, multiple monitoring contents, corresponding monitoring indicators and monitoring methods include:

[0095] Monitoring indicators for adult starfish include at least: species, biomass, diameter (i.e., the distance from the center of the starfish disc to the end of the arm), density, gonad maturity, and developmental stage. Monitoring of adult starfish is conducted through on-site surveys.

[0096] Monitoring indicators for starfish feather arm larvae include at least species, developmental stage, and density. Field surveys are used for starfish feather arm larvae monitoring.

[0097] The monitoring indicators of biological community monitoring shall include at least: macrobenthos - species, density, biomass, etc.; reef-building corals - species, live coral coverage, etc.; phytoplankton - species, density, etc.; fish and swimming animals - species, resource density, resource quantity, etc.; biological community monitoring shall adopt the method of field survey;

[0098] The monitoring indicators of water environment monitoring shall at least include: water depth, water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, etc. obtained by on-site survey methods;

[0099] The monitoring indicators of water environment monitoring also include: flow velocity and flow direction indicators obtained by data collection methods;

[0100] The monitoring indicators of social impact monitoring shall include at least: affected area, impact scope, economic losses, social attention, etc.; social impact shall be assessed by data collection;

[0101] The monitoring indicators for human activities shall at least include fishery catches obtained through data collection methods. Specific indicators include: catch volume, distribution of fishing ports, number of employees, fishing methods, etc.

[0102] The monitoring indicators of human activities also include fishery farming obtained through on-site interviews and data collection methods. Specific indicators include: farming area, farming type, farming species, farming area, farming time (seedling stocking time, seedling replenishment time), etc.

[0103] Specifically, for the three different outbreak states, specific monitoring indicators and methods are as follows: Figure 2-Figure 4 As shown in Tables 1 to 3.

[0104] Furthermore, the survey record sheet at least includes a starfish diving survey record sheet (sampling method), a starfish diving survey record sheet (intercept spline method), a starfish bottom trawl survey record sheet, a starfish sample measurement record sheet, and the like.

[0105] S3. Based on multiple monitoring items, monitor at pre-deployed monitoring stations and record the monitoring results according to the monitoring frequency requirements of the three monitoring phases;

[0106] In this step, adult starfish monitoring is carried out by combining diving monitoring and bottom trawling monitoring. Diving monitoring is preferred, and bottom trawling monitoring is used in areas where diving monitoring is not suitable.

[0107] Among them, diving monitoring includes two methods: sampling method and intercept spline method, specifically:

[0108] Sampling method: After arriving at the preset site, divers will carry transect lines and set up no less than three 5m×5m or 10m×10m sample plots on site. All starfish in the sample plots will be collected, and underwater cameras will be used to synchronously record the underwater conditions. Statistical analysis will be conducted indoors based on the image data.

[0109] Transect Spline Method: Based on the water depth of the survey area, each survey station will set up no fewer than three depth survey sections, with a 50-meter-long transect transect laid out for each section. Survey technicians will use a handheld underwater camera, 0.3 to 0.5 meters above the bottom, to determine and record the width of the field of view based on the actual underwater conditions. They will collect starfish samples along the transect and conduct statistical analysis indoors based on the image data.

[0110] The sampling method should be adopted for soft substrates, while the intercept spline method should be adopted for hard substrate areas.

[0111] At the same time, the bottom trawl monitoring method is implemented in accordance with the provisions of GB / T 12763.6 (Marine Survey Specifications, Part 6: Marine Biological Survey).

[0112] Furthermore, the monitoring of starfish larvae is as follows: quantitative sampling uses shallow water type I and type II zooplankton nets, with the net lowered no more than 1m / s and the net raised at about 0.5m / s; qualitative sampling uses large plankton nets, with the trawl speed controlled at about 2 knots, and trawls at each point for 10 to 15 minutes;

[0113] Biota monitoring: The monitoring methods for phytoplankton, macrobenthos, and fish and swimming animals shall be implemented in accordance with the provisions of GB / T12763.6;

[0114] The monitoring methods for reef-building corals shall be implemented in accordance with the provisions of T / CAOE 20.5-2020 (Technical Guidelines for Survey and Assessment of the Status of Coastal Ecosystems, Part 5: Coral Reefs);

[0115] Water environment monitoring: monitoring of hydrological parameters such as water depth, water temperature, and salinity shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB / T 12763.2 (Ocean Survey Specifications, Part 2: Marine Hydrological Observations); monitoring of hydrological parameters such as pH and dissolved oxygen shall be carried out in accordance with the provisions of GB / T17378.4 (Ocean Monitoring Specifications, Part 4: Seawater Analysis);

[0116] Social impact monitoring is carried out by collecting data. The affected area, impact scope and economic losses are mainly obtained from statistical information of relevant government departments. Social attention is collected from news media reports on the starfish disaster and the level of relevant media is counted.

[0117] Human activity monitoring: Human activity monitoring adopts a combination of on-site interviews and data collection. The subjects of the interviews and data collection are farmers, aquatic product vendors, starfish buyers, and fishery authorities. Quantitative and qualitative descriptions are used, and some parameters are implemented in accordance with the provisions of GB / T 12763.9 (Marine Survey Specifications, Part 9: Guidelines for Marine Ecological Surveys).

[0118] S4. Obtain monitoring results and measure multiple monitoring items to determine the development and impact of the starfish disaster and classify the corresponding starfish disaster outbreak warning;

[0119] In this step, the contents that need to be calculated based on the monitoring results include at least starfish density, socioeconomic impact, and impact on marine life; among which:

[0120] The density of sea stars needs to be calculated separately according to the diving monitoring and bottom trawl monitoring methods;

[0121] First, the starfish density of the diving survey is the total number of starfish collected by divers in the survey plot divided by the area of ​​the survey area, calculated as follows:

[0122]

[0123] In formula (1), N represents the density of starfish, in units of ind / m 2 );n A Indicates the number of starfish in the survey sample, in units of individuals (ind); S A Indicates the area of ​​the survey sample, in square meters (m 2 );

[0124] Second, the sea-sweeping area method was used to estimate the density of sea stars from bottom trawl surveys. The sea star density was calculated in accordance with SC / T9110-2007 (Technical Specifications for Impact Assessment of Construction Projects on Marine Living Resources) and was calculated as follows:

[0125]

[0126] In formula (2), N represents the starfish density, in units of ind / m 2 ); C is the average number of starfish caught per hour in trawl nets, ind / h; a is the area of ​​the net per hour, in square kilometers per hour (km 2 / h); q represents the capture rate of the net, which is 0.8-1 for starfish;

[0127] The socioeconomic impact is mainly the impact of the starfish disaster on the marine aquaculture industry, which is mainly based on shellfish. The specific indicators include at least the loss of shellfish in the affected aquaculture areas.

[0128] For marine aquaculture that relies primarily on shellfish, the amount of shellfish lost in the affected aquaculture areas is calculated using the following formula:

[0129] V a =δ a,b ×ρ b ×S a ×T a ×P a (3)

[0130] In formula (3): V a represents the economic loss value of shellfish in the affected aquaculture area, in yuan; a represents the aquaculture species in the affected aquaculture area, b represents different types of starfish, δ a,b represents the feeding rate of different starfish species (b) on the aquaculture species (a) in the affected aquaculture area, in kilograms per day (kg / d·ind), which is determined by reference data; ρ b Indicates the population density of starfish in the affected aquaculture area, in units of ind / m 2 );S a Indicates the area of ​​the affected breeding area, in square meters (m 2 );T a Indicates the time of disaster, in days (d); P a It represents the average market price of farmed shellfish in yuan per kilogram (yuan / kg);

[0131] The impact on marine life is mainly the impact of starfish disasters on coral reefs, and the specific indicator is the degree of impact;

[0132] The impact of starfish disasters on coral reefs should be assessed according to the following formula:

[0133]

[0134] In formula (4), C represents the change in live coral coverage; c a represents the live coral coverage after the starfish outbreak; c0 represents the live coral coverage at the most recent monitoring before the starfish outbreak.

[0135] Furthermore, the objectives of the starfish disaster outbreak warning include two categories: starfish outbreak warning and outbreak risk warning; among which:

[0136] The starfish outbreak warning is based on the starfish monitoring density during the outbreak period and the social and environmental impacts caused by the outbreak. The judgment indicators include at least the starfish monitoring density at each station in the aquaculture area, the starfish monitoring density at each station in the coral reef area, the affected area, and the change in the live coral coverage rate. The warning levels are divided into red, orange and yellow, corresponding to severe starfish disasters, moderate starfish disasters and mild starfish disasters respectively. Figure 5Table 4 shows the starfish outbreak warning level table.

[0137] The outbreak risk warning level is determined based on the density of starfish feather larvae monitored during the breeding season. The main judging indicator is the density of starfish feather larvae surveyed by the zooplankton network. The warning levels are divided into red, orange and yellow, corresponding to severe, moderate and mild starfish outbreak risks respectively. Figure 6 The outbreak risk warning level table is shown in Table 5.

[0138] S5. Prepare starfish outbreak monitoring and early warning reports;

[0139] The contents of the starfish outbreak monitoring and early warning report should include but not be limited to:

[0140] (1) Monitoring methods and results;

[0141] (2) Early warning methods, results, and conclusions;

[0142] (3) Forecast of disaster development trends;

[0143] (4) Suggestions for the next steps, etc.

[0144] S6. Determine and issue warnings based on the extent of the starfish disaster and its impact, and take appropriate action based on local conditions.

[0145] In this step, administrative departments and local governments should assess and issue warnings based on the extent of the starfish disaster and its impact, and take appropriate action based on local conditions. Different measures should be taken depending on the severity of the starfish outbreak warning and outbreak risk warning, including:

[0146] First, in the starfish outbreak warning:

[0147] For red alerts: Monitor at least once or twice a month, with increased frequency depending on actual conditions; closely monitor the development and impact of the starfish infestation; organize professionals to salvage and clean up starfish, and increase cleanup efforts in severely affected areas; promptly compile information on starfish fishing locations, species, and catch volumes to facilitate timely response; and release natural predators of starfish within appropriate time windows.

[0148] For orange alerts: Conduct regular monitoring, with a frequency of 1-2 times every two months, to monitor the development and impact of the starfish infestation; organize professionals, fishermen, and fish farmers to salvage and clean up starfish, and promptly compile information on the locations, species, and catch volume of starfish.

[0149] For yellow alerts: closely monitor changes in outbreak warning levels and scientifically adjust response measures;

[0150] Second, in the outbreak risk warning:

[0151] In response to a red alert: Increase monitoring frequency to 1-2 times per month, closely monitor changes in the number of starfish larvae; organize professionals to salvage and clean up starfish larvae; and release natural predators of starfish larvae.

[0152] For orange alerts: Regular monitoring, with a frequency of 1-2 times every 2 months, will be conducted to closely monitor changes in the number of starfish larvae.

[0153] Regarding the yellow alert: closely monitor changes in the outbreak risk warning level and scientifically adjust response measures.

[0154] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the process of implementing all or part of the steps of the above embodiments may be accomplished by hardware, or by instructing related hardware through a program.

[0155] The above shows and describes the basic principles, main features, and advantages of the present invention. Those skilled in the art should understand that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments. The above embodiments and descriptions are merely preferred examples of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. Various changes and improvements may be made to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Such changes and improvements fall within the scope of the present invention. The scope of protection claimed in the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method for monitoring and early warning of outbreaks of marine life starfish, characterized in that: The steps include: S1. Based on the different development stages of starfish disasters, starfish monitoring will be divided into three categories: routine warning, emergency response during outbreaks, and outbreak risk. Corresponding monitoring stations will be pre-deployed according to the different monitoring needs of the three stages. S2. According to the monitoring indicator requirements of the three development stages, prepare corresponding survey record forms for different monitoring contents and their corresponding monitoring indicators; The monitoring contents shall at least include monitoring of adult sea stars, monitoring of sea star feather arm larvae, monitoring of biological communities, monitoring of water environment, monitoring of social impacts, and monitoring of human activities; S3. Based on multiple monitoring items, monitor and record the monitoring results at pre-deployed monitoring stations according to the monitoring frequency requirements of the three development stages; S4. Obtain monitoring results and measure multiple monitoring items to determine the development and impact of the starfish disaster and classify the corresponding starfish disaster outbreak warning; In step S4, the contents that need to be calculated based on the monitoring results include at least starfish density, socioeconomic impact, and marine biological impact; wherein: The density of sea stars needs to be calculated separately according to the diving monitoring and bottom trawl monitoring methods; The socioeconomic impact is mainly the impact of the starfish disaster on the marine aquaculture industry, which is mainly based on shellfish. The specific indicators include at least the loss of shellfish in the affected aquaculture areas. The impact on marine life is mainly the impact of starfish disasters on coral reefs, and the specific indicator is the degree of impact; In the calculation of the starfish density, the calculation method based on the diving monitoring method is as follows: The starfish density of the diving survey was calculated by dividing the total number of starfish collected by divers in the survey plot by the area of ​​the survey area, as follows: ； In formula (1): Indicates the starfish density in units of per square meter. ; Indicates the number of starfish in the survey sample, in units of pieces. ; Indicates the area of ​​the survey sample, in square meters. ; In the calculation of the starfish density, the calculation method based on the bottom trawl monitoring method is: The sea-sweeping area method was used to estimate the density of sea stars in bottom trawl surveys, as follows: ； In formula (2): Indicates the starfish density in units of per square meter. ; It represents the average number of starfish caught per hour by trawling, in units of per hour. ; Indicates the area of ​​the net per hour, in square kilometers per hour. ; It represents the capture rate of the net gear, which is 0.8-1 for starfish; In the calculation of the above-mentioned socio-economic impact, for the starfish disaster affecting the marine aquaculture industry mainly based on shellfish, the shellfish loss in the affected aquaculture area is calculated according to the following formula: ； In formula (3): It represents the economic loss value of shellfish in the affected aquaculture area, in yuan; Indicates the species of aquaculture in the affected aquaculture areas, Indicates different types of starfish, Indicates different types of starfish For aquaculture species in the affected aquaculture areas The food intake rate, in kilograms per day, ; Indicates the population density of starfish in the affected aquaculture area, in units of per square meter, ; Indicates the area of ​​the affected breeding area in square meters. ; Indicates the time of disaster, in days. ; Indicates the average market price of farmed shellfish, in yuan per kilogram. ; In the calculation of the impact on marine life, the impact of starfish disasters on coral reefs is assessed according to the following formula: ； In formula (4): represents the change in live coral cover; represents the percentage of live coral cover after a starfish outbreak; indicates the live coral cover at the most recent monitoring before the starfish outbreak; S5. Prepare starfish outbreak monitoring and early warning reports; S6. Determine and issue warnings based on the development and impact of starfish disasters, and take appropriate action based on local conditions.

2. The method for monitoring and early warning of outbreaks of marine life starfish according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S1, the deployment requirements and monitoring frequencies of monitoring stations in the three development stages include: First, routine early warning monitoring: routine monitoring of sea star conditions is used to understand the dynamic changes in the status of sea star populations. The layout of regular early warning monitoring stations for sea star species meets the following principles: The stations were evenly distributed in the expected starfish gathering areas, considering the distribution of aquaculture areas, coral reefs, and historically frequent areas; The layout of the stations covers or represents the monitoring sea area; The distance between stations is between 3km and 10km, with at least 5 monitoring stations; Regular early warning monitoring at least once a quarter; Second, emergency monitoring during the outbreak period: monitoring of the starfish situation during the outbreak period is used to assess the extent of the outbreak. The layout of emergency monitoring stations during the outbreak period must meet the following principles: The stations are located in sea areas where starfish are common; Covering the high-value stations of regular early warning monitoring of starfish density, the distribution of aquaculture areas, the distribution of coral reefs, and the areas where fishermen report starfish gathering; Increase the number of monitoring stations in the outbreak area to at least 8; During the outbreak period, emergency monitoring should be conducted at least 1-2 times per month, and the frequency of monitoring can be increased if necessary; Third, outbreak risk monitoring: During the breeding season, after gonadal maturation or the start of ovulation / sperm production, monitoring of the larvae of starfish feather arms is carried out to assess the risk of starfish outbreaks. Starfish outbreak risk monitoring is carried out during the breeding season, and the layout of monitoring stations meets the following principles: The stations are located in areas prone to starfish and adjacent waters; Consider the direction of ocean currents when laying out; The distance between stations is between 5km and 15km, with at least 5 monitoring stations; Outbreak risk monitoring is carried out once a month during the starfish breeding season.

3. The method for monitoring and early warning of outbreaks of marine life starfish according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S2, the plurality of monitoring contents, monitoring indicators corresponding to the monitoring contents, and monitoring methods include: The monitoring indicators for adult starfish include at least: species, biomass, diameter, density, gonad maturity, and developmental stage; adult starfish monitoring adopts the on-site survey method; The monitoring indicators for starfish feather arm larvae monitoring shall include at least: species, developmental stage, and density; the monitoring of starfish feather arm larvae shall be conducted by on-site survey method; The monitoring indicators of biological community monitoring shall include at least: macrobenthos - species, density, and biomass; reef-building corals - species and live coral coverage; phytoplankton - species and density; fish and swimming animals - species, resource density, and resource quantity; biological community monitoring shall adopt the method of field survey; The monitoring indicators of water environment monitoring shall include at least: water depth, water temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen obtained by on-site survey methods; Monitoring indicators for water environment monitoring also include: flow velocity and flow direction indicators obtained using data collection methods; The monitoring indicators of social impact monitoring shall include at least: affected area, impact scope, economic losses, and social attention; social impact shall be assessed by data collection; The monitoring indicators for human activities shall at least include fishery catches obtained through data collection methods. Specific indicators include: catch volume, distribution of fishing ports, number of employees, and fishing methods; The monitoring indicators of human activities also include fishery farming obtained through on-site interviews and data collection methods. Specific indicators include: farming area, farming type, farming species, farming area, and farming time.

4. The method for monitoring and early warning of outbreaks of marine life starfish according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S3, the monitoring of adult starfish is specifically carried out by combining diving monitoring and bottom trawling monitoring, wherein the diving monitoring method is mainly selected, and the bottom trawling monitoring method is adopted in areas where diving monitoring is not suitable; Among them, diving monitoring includes two methods: sampling method and intercept spline method. The sampling method is adopted for soft bottom areas, and the intercept spline method is adopted for hard bottom areas.

5. The method for monitoring and early warning of outbreaks of marine life starfish according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S4, the targets of the starfish disaster outbreak warning include two categories: starfish outbreak warning and outbreak risk warning; wherein: The starfish outbreak warning is based on the starfish monitoring density during the outbreak period and the social and environmental impacts caused by the outbreak. The judgment indicators include at least the starfish monitoring density at each station in the aquaculture area, the starfish monitoring density at each station in the coral reef area, the affected area, and the change in the live coral coverage rate. The warning levels are divided into red, orange and yellow, corresponding to severe starfish disasters, moderate starfish disasters and mild starfish disasters respectively. The outbreak risk warning is based on the monitoring density of starfish feather larvae during the breeding period to determine the starfish outbreak risk warning level, and its judgment indicator is mainly the density of starfish feather larvae surveyed by the zooplankton network; the warning levels are divided into red warning, orange warning and yellow warning, corresponding to severe starfish outbreak risk, moderate starfish outbreak risk and mild starfish outbreak risk respectively.

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