High-yield fertilization method for dryland wheat during wintering period

Abstract

The present application relates to the technical field of crop yield increasing, in particular to a high yield method of dryland wheat during the period of late summer and early autumn, which comprises the following steps: counting the annual rainfall, the rainfall during the fallow period and the rainfall during the growth period of the dryland wheat field in previous years, and dividing the annual rainfall and the rainfall during the fallow period into the rich rain type, the normal rain type and the dry rain type according to the rainfall type; collecting the yield of the dryland wheat in previous years, and measuring the soil moisture content before sowing of the dryland wheat in previous years; calculating the soil water storage capacity before sowing of the dryland wheat in previous years; predicting the target yield of the dryland wheat in the current year, i.e. the normal rain type target yield of the dryland wheat during the fallow period in the current year, and calculating the base fertilizer application amount of the normal rain type target yield of the dryland wheat during the fallow period in the current year; the problem of blindness of the base fertilizer application amount of the dryland wheat is solved, i.e. the conventional fertilizer application amount is adopted regardless of the rainfall during the fallow period, which is prone to cause "burning seedlings" or fertilizer loss, and the utilization rate of the fertilizer is low, and it is difficult to obtain high yield.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of crop yield enhancement technology, specifically a method for high-yield fertilization of dryland wheat based on rainfall during the summer months. Background Technology

[0002] Wheat is my country's third largest grain crop, with an annual planting area of ​​approximately 350 million mu (16.7 million hectares). my country's wheat-producing areas are mainly distributed in dryland farming regions, with nearly 100 million mu (6.6 million hectares) of rain-fed dryland wheat planted in North and Northwest China, playing a crucial role in my country's wheat production. These plots are mostly located in hilly areas, where the water required for the wheat's growth period comes from soil moisture stored during the fallow period and rainfall during the growing season. The saying "Wheat harvest depends on soil moisture during the fallow period" illustrates the importance of soil moisture storage during the fallow period for dryland wheat production. Improving soil moisture storage during the fallow period through tillage and fertilization measures lays the foundation for high yields in dryland wheat. The saying "Whether there is a harvest or not depends on water, how much harvest there is depends on fertilizer" illustrates the decisive role of scientific fertilization in yield, provided there is sufficient water. Currently, dryland wheat generally adopts a "one-shot" fertilization method, where all fertilizers, including chemical fertilizers, are applied as base fertilizer before sowing, and no further topdressing is applied during the growing season. Currently, most farmers use conventional fertilization methods, applying base fertilizer according to the usual amount regardless of the amount of rainfall during the fallow period. This can easily lead to "seedling burn" in dry years due to low rainfall and high nutrient concentration in the topsoil, resulting in low yields and fertilizer utilization. In wet years, however, due to insufficient fertilization, the seedlings become nutrient deficient later in the season, making it difficult to achieve high yields.

[0003] Therefore, based on previous research analyzing the correlation between fallow period, growing season, annual rainfall, and soil water storage and yield, this study, through extensive data analysis, revealed that fallow period and annual rainfall have a significant impact on dryland wheat yield. In particular, fallow period rainfall forms the foundation for dryland wheat yield and is influenced by rainfall distribution. Growing season rainfall, on the other hand, has a smaller impact on dryland wheat yield, with only rainfall in March and April having a significant effect. This has important practical significance for predicting annual target yield based on fallow period rainfall and its distribution, and for determining the scientific amount of basal fertilizer to apply based on the target yield, thus contributing to high yields of dryland wheat and improving fertilizer utilization efficiency.

[0004] Therefore, it is necessary to invent a method for high-yield fertilization of dryland wheat based on rainfall during the summer months. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To address the current problem of indiscriminate application of base fertilizer to dryland wheat, which involves applying the conventional amount of fertilizer regardless of rainfall during the fallow period, resulting in "one-shot" fertilization that easily leads to seedling burn or nutrient deficiency, low fertilizer utilization, and difficulty in achieving high yields, this invention provides a method for high-yield fertilization of dryland wheat based on rainfall during the summer months.

[0006] This invention is achieved using the following technical solution:

[0007] A method for high-yield fertilization of dryland wheat based on summer rainfall includes the following steps:

[0008] Step 1: Based on meteorological data, collect statistics on the annual rainfall, fallow period rainfall, and growing season rainfall of dryland wheat fields in previous years, and classify the annual rainfall and fallow period rainfall into three types according to rainfall pattern: abundant rainfall, average rainfall, and dry rainfall.

[0009] Step 2: Collect the yield of dryland wheat in previous years, measure the soil moisture content of dryland wheat before sowing in previous years, and calculate the soil water storage before sowing in previous years.

[0010] Step 3: Experimentally analyze the correlation between fallow period rainfall and yield of dryland wheat, fallow period rainfall and soil water storage before sowing, and soil water storage before sowing and yield of dryland wheat. Combined with the collected yield data of dryland wheat in previous years, predict the target yield of dryland wheat for this year, that is, the target yield of dryland wheat during the fallow period with average rainfall for this year.

[0011] Step 4: Based on the target yield of dryland wheat during the fallow period with normal rainfall this year, the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients required to produce 100 kg of dryland wheat, the utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in the current season, and the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients absorbed from fertilizers in the current season, calculate the amount of base fertilizer to be applied for the target yield of dryland wheat during the fallow period with normal rainfall this year. Also take into account the rainfall during the fallow period of dryland wheat this year and the soil water storage before sowing to determine the accurate amount of base fertilizer to be applied.

[0012] Step 5: When harvesting the previous dryland wheat, leave the stubble. Crush all the straw from the previous dryland wheat and cover it evenly back into the field. During the fallow period of the current year's dryland wheat, from late July to late August, deep plow the field in a timely manner according to the yield of the previous dryland wheat and the elevation of the dryland wheat field. When deep plowing, spread 50% of the phosphate fertilizer in the base fertilizer and then plow it into the soil to apply the phosphate fertilizer into the soil layer, thereby achieving a high yield of dryland wheat in the current year.

[0013] Furthermore, the altitude of the dryland wheat field is 400m to 800m; the dryland wheat refers to wheat produced purely by rain-fed cultivation, that is, the growth and development of wheat rely entirely on rainfall; the fallow period of the dryland wheat refers to June 1 to September 30 of the previous year, the growing season of the dryland wheat refers to October 1 of the previous year to May 31 of the current year, and the annual period of the dryland wheat refers to June 1 of the previous year to May 31 of the current year.

[0014] Furthermore, the statistical time span for the annual rainfall, fallow period rainfall, and growing season rainfall of the dryland wheat fields is over the past 20 years, and the rainfall patterns are classified according to the following formula and standards:

[0015] Abundant rainfall type: Pi> +tδ;

[0016] Dry Rain Type: Pi < -tδ;

[0017] Flat-rain type: -tδ<Pi< +tδ;

[0018] In the formula: The average annual rainfall or average fallow period rainfall for dryland wheat fields over the past 20 years or more, in mm;

[0019] Pi represents the rainfall in dryland wheat fields this year or the rainfall during the fallow period, in mm;

[0020] δ represents the mean squared variance of annual rainfall or fallow period rainfall in dryland wheat fields over the past 20 years or more, in mm.

[0021] t is the rainfall coefficient, and t is due to And so on, annual average rainfall When <450mm, t=0.33; when 450mm≤ When ≤500mm, t=0.34, annual average rainfall When the average rainfall is >500mm, t=0.35; when the average rainfall during the fallow period is <310mm, t=0.33; when the average rainfall during the fallow period is ≤310mm, t=0.33. When ≤350mm, t=0.34, average rainfall during the fallow period. When the diameter is greater than 350 mm, t = 0.35.

[0022] Furthermore, the soil depth range for the soil moisture content and soil water storage before sowing is 0m to 2m. Specifically, this refers to the soil moisture content and soil water storage at depths of 0m to 2m before sowing. In previous years, before sowing dryland wheat, soil samples were taken from each 20cm layer in the dryland wheat field using a 5-point sampling method, with each layer measuring a depth of 0m to 2m. The soil moisture content of each layer was measured, and the soil water storage of each layer was calculated using the following formula:

[0023] W = w × ρs × h × 0.1;

[0024] In the formula: W is the soil water storage capacity of the soil layer, in mm;

[0025] w represents the soil moisture content of the soil layer, expressed in %;

[0026] ρs is the soil bulk density, in g / cm³. 3 ;

[0027] h represents the soil layer thickness, in cm;

[0028] 0.1 is the unit conversion factor;

[0029] The soil water storage capacity from 0m to 2m before sowing is the sum of the soil water storage capacity of each soil layer.

[0030] Furthermore, the correlation coefficients between fallow period rainfall and yield for dryland wheat ranged from 0.523 to 0.545, between rainfall during the growing season and yield from 0.103 to 0.162, and between annual rainfall and yield from 0.569 to 0.616. Among the correlations between monthly rainfall and yield, March and April during the growing season and July and August during the fallow period were closely related to yield. Therefore, it can be concluded that fallow period rainfall has a greater impact on the yield of dryland wheat than growing season rainfall. The amount of rainfall during the fallow period is a crucial factor affecting the yield of dryland wheat, and it, along with annual rainfall and rainfall in March and April, influences the yield of dryland wheat. The correlation coefficient between fallow period rainfall and soil water storage at 0m–2m before sowing is 0.835–0.882, and the correlation coefficient between soil water storage at 0m–2m before sowing and yield is 0.635–0.693. This indicates that fallow period rainfall and yield, as well as soil water storage at 0m–2m before sowing and yield, are closely related.

[0031] Furthermore, the target yield for dryland wheat this year is calculated by increasing the average annual yield of dryland wheat with a fallow period of moderate rainfall over the past three years by 10%. The calculation formula is as follows:

[0032] Y m =(Y1+Y2+Y3) / 3×1.1;

[0033] In the formula: Y m The target yield for dryland wheat during the fallow period under normal rainfall conditions this year is expressed in kg / mu.

[0034] Y1, Y2, and Y3 represent the annual yields of dryland wheat with a fallow period of moderate rainfall over the past three years, in kg / mu (approximately 0.067 hectares).

[0035] Furthermore, the base fertilizer application amount for the target yield of dryland wheat during the fallow period of this year (with normal rainfall) = target yield of dryland wheat during the fallow period of this year / 100 × amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients required per 100 kg of dryland wheat production / seasonal utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers × percentage of absorbed nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients from seasonal fertilizers; wherein, per 100 kg of dryland wheat production, the required pure N is calculated as 2.95 kg, P5O2 as 1.46 kg, and K2O as 2.73 kg, the seasonal utilization rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers are calculated as 36.65%, 19.16%, and 58.43% respectively, and the percentages of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients absorbed by dryland wheat from seasonal fertilizers are calculated as 43.12%, 28.65%, and 25.67% respectively.

[0036] Furthermore, when the fallow period rainfall for dryland wheat in this year is of average rainfall type, the accurate basal fertilizer application rate is 90% or 95% of the basal fertilizer application rate for the target yield of dryland wheat during the fallow period with average rainfall type in this year. Specifically, if the soil moisture content at a depth of 0m to 2m before sowing is ≥330mm, 95% should be applied; if the soil moisture content at a depth of 0m to 2m before sowing is <330mm, 90% should be applied. When the fallow period rainfall for dryland wheat in this year is of abundant rainfall type, the accurate basal fertilizer application rate is 100% or 110% of the basal fertilizer application rate for the target yield of dryland wheat during the fallow period with average rainfall type in this year. When the soil moisture content at a depth of 0m-2m before sowing this year's dryland wheat is ≥330mm, apply 110% of the base fertilizer; when the soil moisture content at a depth of 0m-2m before sowing this year's dryland wheat is <330mm, apply 100% of the base fertilizer. If the fallow period rainfall for this year's dryland wheat is of the dry-rain type, the accurate base fertilizer application rate is 80% or 85% of the base fertilizer application rate for the target yield of the dryland wheat during the fallow period of the dryland wheat (average rainfall type). Specifically, when the soil moisture content at a depth of 0m-2m before sowing this year's dryland wheat is ≥330mm, apply 85% of the base fertilizer; when the soil moisture content at a depth of 0m-2m before sowing this year's dryland wheat is <330mm, apply 80% of the base fertilizer.

[0037] Furthermore, the stubble height left at the harvest of the previous dryland wheat is in the range of 25cm to 30cm; the deep plowing depth is in the range of 28cm to 30cm; when the previous dryland wheat yield is <100kg / mu, deep plowing is carried out from July 25th to July 31st; when the previous dryland wheat yield is 150±50kg / mu, deep plowing is carried out from August 1st to August 5th; when the previous dryland wheat yield is 250±50kg / mu, deep plowing is carried out from August 6th to August 10th; when the previous dryland wheat yield is 3... When the yield is 25±25 kg / mu, deep plowing should be carried out from August 11th to August 15th; when the previous dryland wheat yield is 375±25 kg / mu, deep plowing should be carried out from August 16th to August 20th; when the previous dryland wheat yield is >400 kg / mu, deep plowing should be carried out from August 21st to August 25th. The deep plowing time should be adjusted according to the altitude of the dryland wheat field, i.e., based on 600 meters, deep plowing should be carried out one day earlier for every 100 meters decrease in altitude and one day later for every 100 meters increase in altitude, so as to calculate the most suitable deep plowing time.

[0038] Furthermore, the dryland wheat is fertilized with base fertilizer this year, and no topdressing is applied during the growing season. If the fallow period of the dryland wheat this year is of the normal or dry season, and the single rainfall during the growing season from March to early April is ≥20mm, then applying 4kg to 5kg of pure nitrogen before or during the rain, or applying 4kg to 5kg of pure nitrogen per mu using a fertilizer drill after the rain, can increase the yield of the dryland wheat this year by 3.5% to 6.3%.

[0039] This invention provides a method for high-yield fertilization of dryland wheat based on summer rainfall, which has the following advantages compared with existing technologies: By analyzing the relationship between fallow rainfall, soil water storage at 0m-2m depth before sowing, and yield, the target yield of dryland wheat can be predicted and the amount of base fertilizer applied can be determined accordingly. This scientific fertilization strategy avoids the "seedling burn" or nutrient deficiency caused by blind fertilization, and increases the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers in the current season by 10%-15%. At the same time, it effectively increases the yield of dryland wheat, increasing it by more than 10% compared with farmers' usual fertilization methods. Moreover, this invention can adjust the fertilization strategy according to the amount of fallow rainfall, and is applicable to both rainy and dry years, improving the adaptability of dryland wheat to different climatic conditions. Detailed Implementation

[0040] The present invention will be further described in detail below through specific embodiments. Example 1

[0041] The present invention will be further described in detail below through specific embodiments. It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments.

[0042] In this embodiment, the dryland wheat of this year refers to the dryland wheat of 2024.

[0043] A method for fertilizing dryland wheat to achieve high yields due to summer rainfall, the method comprising the following steps:

[0044] Step 1: Based on meteorological data, statistically analyze the annual rainfall, fallow period rainfall, and growing season rainfall in dryland wheat fields from 1996 to 2020. Classify the annual and fallow period rainfall into three types based on rainfall pattern: abundant rainfall, average rainfall, and dry rainfall, as shown in Table 1. The statistically analyzed annual average rainfall for dryland wheat fields from 1996 to 2020 is 463.0 mm. Since 450 mm ≤ 463.0 mm ≤ 500 mm, the rainfall coefficient is 0.34. The calculated standard deviation of the annual rainfall for dryland wheat fields from 1996 to 2020 is 92.5 mm. Therefore, annual rainfall > 494.5 mm is classified as abundant rainfall, annual rainfall < 431.6 mm as dry rainfall, and annual rainfall between 431.6 mm and 494.5 mm is classified as dry rainfall. Rainfall between 494.5 mm and 388.1 mm is considered average. Statistics show that the average rainfall during the fallow period for dryland wheat fields from 1996 to 2020 was 317.6 mm. Since 310 mm < 317.6 mm < 350 mm, the rainfall coefficient is 0.34. The standard deviation of the fallow period rainfall for dryland wheat fields from 1996 to 2020 is calculated to be 86.9 mm. Therefore, fallow period rainfall > 347.1 mm is considered abundant rainfall, fallow period rainfall < 288.1 mm is considered dry rainfall, and fallow period rainfall between 288.1 mm and 347.1 mm is considered average rainfall. Thus, the annual rainfall of 242.5 mm and the fallow period rainfall of 127.1 mm for dryland wheat in 2024 both fall into the dry rainfall category.

[0045] Step Two: In a dryland wheat field at an altitude of 749m, before sowing the 2024 dryland wheat, soil samples were taken from 0m to 2m depths using a 5-point sampling method, with each soil layer being 20cm thick. The soil moisture content of each layer was measured, and the soil water storage capacity of each layer was calculated using the following formula:

[0046] W = w × ρs × h × 0.1;

[0047] In the formula: W is the soil water storage capacity of the soil layer, in mm;

[0048] w represents the soil moisture content of the soil layer, expressed in %;

[0049] ρs is the soil bulk density, in g / cm³. 3 ;

[0050] h represents the soil layer thickness, in cm;

[0051] 0.1 is the unit conversion factor;

[0052] The soil water storage capacity from 0m to 2m before sowing is the sum of the soil water storage capacity of each soil layer. As shown in Table 2: Soil water storage capacity from 0cm to 200cm before sowing of dryland wheat in 2020 to 2024 (unit: mm), the soil water storage capacity from 0m to 2m before sowing in 2024 was 257.5mm, which was determined and calculated using the five-point sampling method.

[0053] Step 3: The correlation coefficients between fallow period rainfall and yield of dryland wheat were analyzed. The correlation coefficients were 0.523–0.545; between rainfall during the growing season and yield were 0.103–0.162; and between annual rainfall and yield were 0.569–0.616. Among the correlations between monthly rainfall and yield, March and April during the growing season and July and August during the fallow period were closely related to yield. This indicates that fallow period rainfall has a greater impact on dryland wheat yield than growing season rainfall. Therefore, the amount of fallow period rainfall is a crucial factor affecting dryland wheat yield, and it is correlated with annual rainfall. Rainfall amount, and rainfall in March and April, jointly affect the yield of dryland wheat. The correlation coefficients between fallow period rainfall and soil water storage at 0m-2m before sowing are 0.835-0.882, and the correlation coefficients between soil water storage at 0m-2m before sowing and yield are 0.635-0.693. This indicates that fallow period rainfall and yield, as well as soil water storage at 0m-2m before sowing and yield, are closely related. Table 1 shows that 2019, 2020, and 2021 were the three years with average fallow period rainfall. The yields of dryland wheat collected from dryland wheat fields in 2019, 2020, and 2021 were 244.1 kg / mu, 377.0 kg / mu, and 300.6 kg / mu, respectively. Therefore, the target yield Y for dryland wheat in 2024 is calculated. m = (244.1 + 377.0 + 300.6) / 3 × 1.1 = 338.0 kg / mu.

[0054] Step 4: The base fertilizer application rate for the target yield of dryland wheat during the fallow period in 2024 (with normal rainfall) = Y m / 100×N, phosphorus, and potassium nutrient requirements per 100kg dryland wheat production / N, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer utilization rate in the current season×Percentage of absorbed nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients from the current season fertilizer; Assuming a requirement of 2.95kg pure N, 1.46kg P5O2, and 2.73kg K2O per 100kg dryland wheat production, the current season utilization rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the fertilizer are 36.65%, 19.16%, and 58.43%, respectively. Therefore, the percentages of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients absorbed by dryland wheat from the current season fertilizer are 43.12%, 28.65%, and 25.67%, respectively. Thus, the basal fertilizer application for the target yield of dryland wheat during the fallow period in 2024 (with moderate rainfall) requires 11.73kg / mu pure N, 7.38kg / mu P5O2, and 4.05kg / mu K2O.

[0055] Step 5: The fallow period rainfall for dryland wheat in 2024 was 127.1 mm, classified as a dry season. Furthermore, the soil moisture content at a depth of 0-2 meters before sowing in 2024 was 257.5 mm. Therefore, the accurate basal fertilizer application rate is 80% of the basal fertilizer application rate for the target yield of dryland wheat during the fallow period in 2024 (based on average rainfall). Specifically, the accurate basal fertilizer application rate is 9.38 kg / mu of pure N, 5.90 kg / mu of P5O2 (50% applied before sowing and 50% during deep plowing), and 3.24 kg / mu of K2O. kg / mu; the stubble height of the previous dryland wheat should be 25cm-30cm when harvested, and all the straw of the previous dryland wheat should be crushed and evenly covered and returned to the field. According to the yield of dryland wheat in previous years, the yield of the previous dryland wheat was 476.5kg / mu. Therefore, deep plowing should be carried out from August 21 to August 25. Since the altitude of the dryland wheat field is 749m, the suitable time for deep plowing is August 25. During deep plowing, 30.8kg of superphosphate (P2O5 12%) should be applied per mu, and then plowed into the soil. The plowing depth ranges from 28cm to 30cm. At the same time, the single rainfall from March to early April in 2024 was less than 20mm. Therefore, no nitrogen fertilizer was applied during the growth period of dryland wheat in 2024.

[0056] On May 30, 2024, the 2024 dryland wheat harvest was completed, with a yield of 200.9 kg per mu (approximately 13,333 kg per mu), an increase of 30.79% compared to the yield of 153.6 kg per mu (approximately 12,333 kg per mu) under the farmers' usual fertilization methods. The utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers in the current season increased by 14.87%, achieving both high yield of dryland wheat in 2024 and improved utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers in the current season. Example 2

[0057] The present invention will be further described in detail below through specific embodiments. It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments.

[0058] In this embodiment, the dryland wheat of this year refers to the dryland wheat of 2022.

[0059] A method for fertilizing dryland wheat to achieve high yields due to summer rainfall, the method comprising the following steps:

[0060] Step 1: Based on meteorological data, statistically analyze the annual rainfall, fallow period rainfall, and growing season rainfall of dryland wheat fields from 1996 to 2020. Classify the annual and fallow period rainfall into three types based on rainfall pattern: abundant rainfall, average rainfall, and dry rainfall, as shown in Table 1. The statistically analyzed annual average rainfall for dryland wheat fields from 1996 to 2020 is 463.0 mm. Since 450 mm ≤ 463.0 mm ≤ 500 mm, the rainfall coefficient is 0.34. The calculated standard deviation of annual rainfall for dryland wheat fields from 1996 to 2020 is 92.5 mm. Therefore, annual rainfall > 494.5 mm is considered abundant rainfall, annual rainfall < 431.6 mm is considered dry rainfall, and annual rainfall below 431.6 mm is considered dry rainfall. Rainfall between 6mm and 494.5mm is considered average rainfall. Statistics show that the average rainfall during the fallow period for dryland wheat fields from 1996 to 2020 was 317.6mm. Since 310mm < 317.6mm < 350mm, the rainfall coefficient is 0.34. The standard deviation of the fallow period rainfall for dryland wheat fields from 1996 to 2020 was calculated to be 86.9mm. Therefore, fallow period rainfall > 347.1mm is considered abundant rainfall, fallow period rainfall < 288.1mm is considered dry rainfall, and fallow period rainfall between 288.1mm and 347.1mm is considered average rainfall. Thus, the 2022 rainfall for dryland wheat (793.6mm) and the fallow period rainfall (567.7mm) both fallow periods fall under the abundant rainfall category.

[0061] Step Two: In a dryland wheat field at an altitude of 632m, before sowing the 2022 dryland wheat, soil samples were taken from each layer at a depth ranging from 0m to 2m using a 5-point sampling method, with each layer being 20cm thick. The soil moisture content of each layer was measured, and the soil water storage capacity of each layer was calculated using the following formula:

[0062] W = w × ρs × h × 0.1;

[0063] In the formula: W is the soil water storage capacity of the soil layer, in mm;

[0064] w represents the soil moisture content of the soil layer, expressed in %;

[0065] ρs is the soil bulk density, in g / cm³. 3 ;

[0066] h represents the soil layer thickness, in cm;

[0067] 0.1 is the unit conversion factor;

[0068] The soil water storage capacity from 0m to 2m before sowing is the sum of the soil water storage capacity of each soil layer. As shown in Table 2: Soil water storage capacity from 0cm to 200cm before sowing of dryland wheat in 2020 to 2024 (unit: mm), the soil water storage capacity from 0m to 2m before sowing in 2022 was 486.9mm, which was determined and calculated using the five-point sampling method.

[0069] Step 3: The correlation coefficients between fallow period rainfall and yield of dryland wheat were analyzed. The correlation coefficients were 0.523–0.545; between rainfall during the growing season and yield were 0.103–0.162; and between annual rainfall and yield were 0.569–0.616. Among the correlations between monthly rainfall and yield, March and April during the growing season and July and August during the fallow period were closely related to yield. This indicates that fallow period rainfall has a greater impact on dryland wheat yield than growing season rainfall. Therefore, the amount of fallow period rainfall is a crucial factor affecting dryland wheat yield, and it is correlated with annual rainfall. Rainfall amount, and rainfall in March and April, jointly affect the yield of dryland wheat. The correlation coefficients between fallow period rainfall and soil water storage at 0m-2m before sowing are 0.835-0.882, and the correlation coefficients between soil water storage at 0m-2m before sowing and yield are 0.635-0.693. This indicates that fallow period rainfall and yield, as well as soil water storage at 0m-2m before sowing and yield, are closely related. Table 1 shows that 2019, 2020, and 2021 were the three years with average fallow period rainfall. The yields of dryland wheat collected from dryland wheat fields in 2019, 2020, and 2021 were 244.1 kg / mu, 377.0 kg / mu, and 300.6 kg / mu, respectively. Therefore, the target yield Y for dryland wheat in 2022 is calculated. m = (244.1 + 377.0 + 300.6) / 3 × 1.1 = 338.0 kg / mu.

[0070] Step 4: The base fertilizer application rate for the target yield of dryland wheat during the fallow period in 2022 (with normal rainfall) = Y m / 100×N, phosphorus, and potassium nutrient requirements per 100kg dryland wheat production / N, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer utilization rate in the current season×Percentage of absorbed nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients from the current season fertilizer; Assuming a requirement of 2.95kg pure N, 1.46kg P5O2, and 2.73kg K2O per 100kg dryland wheat production, the current season utilization rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the fertilizer are 36.65%, 19.16%, and 58.43%, respectively. Therefore, the percentages of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients absorbed by dryland wheat from the current season fertilizer are 43.12%, 28.65%, and 25.67%, respectively. Thus, the basal fertilizer application for the target yield of dryland wheat during the fallow period in 2022 (with moderate rainfall) requires 11.73kg / mu pure N, 7.38kg / mu P5O2, and 4.05kg / mu K2O.

[0071] Step 5: The fallow period rainfall for dryland wheat in 2022 was 567.7 mm, classified as abundant rainfall. Furthermore, the soil moisture content at a depth of 0-2 meters before sowing in 2022 was 486.9 mm. Therefore, the accurate basal fertilizer application rate is 110% of the basal fertilizer application rate for the target yield of dryland wheat during the fallow period in 2022 (average rainfall). Specifically, the accurate basal fertilizer application rate is 12.90 kg / mu of pure N, 8.12 kg / mu of P5O2 (50% applied before sowing and 50% during deep plowing), and 4.46 kg / mu of K2O. kg / mu; the stubble height of the previous dryland wheat should be 25cm-30cm when harvested, and all the straw of the previous dryland wheat should be crushed and evenly covered and returned to the field. According to the yield of dryland wheat in previous years, the yield of the previous dryland wheat was 331.2kg / mu, so deep plowing should be carried out from August 11th to August 15th. Since the altitude of the dryland wheat field is 632m, the suitable time for deep plowing is August 13th, and 33.8kg of superphosphate (P2O5 12%) should be applied per mu during deep plowing, and then plowed into the soil at a depth of 28cm-30cm. At the same time, the single rainfall from March to early April 2022 was less than 20mm, so no nitrogen fertilizer was applied during the growth period of dryland wheat in 2022.

[0072] On June 2, 2022, the 2022 dryland wheat harvest was completed, with a yield of 504.5 kg per mu (approximately 0.067 hectares). Compared with the yield of 435.6 kg per mu (approximately 0.067 hectares) using the farmers' usual fertilization methods, the yield increased by 15.82%, and the utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers in the current season increased by 10.96%. This achievement resulted in a high yield of dryland wheat in 2022 and an increase in the utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers in the current season. Example 3

[0073] The present invention will be further described in detail below through specific embodiments. It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments.

[0074] In this embodiment, the dryland wheat of this year refers to the dryland wheat of 2021.

[0075] A method for fertilizing dryland wheat to achieve high yields due to summer rainfall, the method comprising the following steps:

[0076] Step 1: Based on meteorological data, statistically analyze the annual rainfall, fallow period rainfall, and growing season rainfall in dryland wheat fields from 1996 to 2020. Classify the annual and fallow period rainfall into three types based on rainfall pattern: abundant rainfall, average rainfall, and dry rainfall, as shown in Table 1. The statistically analyzed annual average rainfall for dryland wheat fields from 1996 to 2020 is 463.0 mm. Since 450 mm ≤ 463.0 mm ≤ 500 mm, the rainfall coefficient is 0.34. The calculated standard deviation of the annual rainfall for dryland wheat fields from 1996 to 2020 is 92.5 mm. Therefore, annual rainfall > 494.5 mm is classified as abundant rainfall, annual rainfall < 431.6 mm as dry rainfall, and annual rainfall between 431.6 mm and 494.5 mm is classified as dry rainfall. Rainfall between 347.1 mm and 347.1 mm is considered average rainfall. Statistics show that the average fallow period rainfall for dryland wheat fields from 1996 to 2020 was 317.6 mm. Since 310 mm < 317.6 mm < 350 mm, the rainfall coefficient is 0.34. The standard deviation of fallow period rainfall for dryland wheat fields from 1996 to 2020 was calculated to be 86.9 mm. Therefore, fallow period rainfall > 347.1 mm is considered abundant rainfall, fallow period rainfall < 288.1 mm is considered dry rainfall, and fallow period rainfall between 288.1 mm and 347.1 mm is considered average rainfall. Thus, the 2021 rainfall for dryland wheat was 431.0 mm, belonging to the dry rainfall type, and the 2021 fallow period rainfall for dryland wheat was 323.3 mm, belonging to the average rainfall type.

[0077] Step Two: In a dryland wheat field at an altitude of 564m, before sowing the 2021 dryland wheat, soil samples were taken from 0m to 2m depths using a 5-point sampling method, with each soil layer being 20cm thick. The soil moisture content of each layer was measured, and the soil water storage capacity of each layer was calculated using the following formula:

[0078] W = w × ρs × h × 0.1;

[0079] In the formula: W is the soil water storage capacity of the soil layer, in mm;

[0080] w represents the soil moisture content of the soil layer, expressed in %;

[0081] ρs is the soil bulk density, in g / cm³. 3 ;

[0082] h represents the soil layer thickness, in cm;

[0083] 0.1 is the unit conversion factor;

[0084] The soil water storage capacity from 0m to 2m before sowing is the sum of the soil water storage capacity of each soil layer. As shown in Table 2: Soil water storage capacity from 0cm to 200cm before sowing of dryland wheat in 2020 to 2024 (unit: mm), the soil water storage capacity from 0m to 2m before sowing in 2021 was 358.9mm, which was determined and calculated using the five-point sampling method.

[0085] Step 3: The correlation coefficients between fallow period rainfall and yield of dryland wheat were analyzed. The correlation coefficients were 0.523–0.545; between rainfall during the growing season and yield were 0.103–0.162; and between annual rainfall and yield were 0.569–0.616. Among the correlations between monthly rainfall and yield, March and April during the growing season and July and August during the fallow period were closely related to yield. This indicates that fallow period rainfall has a greater impact on dryland wheat yield than growing season rainfall. Therefore, the amount of fallow period rainfall is a crucial factor affecting dryland wheat yield, and it is correlated with annual rainfall. Rainfall amount, and rainfall in March and April, jointly affect the yield of dryland wheat. The correlation coefficients between fallow period rainfall and soil water storage at 0m-2m before sowing are 0.835-0.882, and the correlation coefficients between soil water storage at 0m-2m before sowing and yield are 0.635-0.693. This indicates that fallow period rainfall and yield, as well as soil water storage at 0m-2m before sowing and yield, are closely related. Table 1 shows that 2012, 2019, and 2020 were the three years with average fallow period rainfall. The yields of dryland wheat collected from dryland wheat fields in 2012, 2019, and 2020 were 336.9 kg / mu, 244.1 kg / mu, and 377.0 kg / mu, respectively. Therefore, the target yield Y for dryland wheat in 2021 is calculated. m = (336.9 + 244.1 + 377.0) / 3 × 1.1 = 351.3 kg / mu.

[0086] Step 4: The base fertilizer application rate for the target yield of dryland wheat during the fallow period in 2021 (with normal rainfall) = Y m / 100×N, phosphorus, and potassium nutrient requirements per 100kg dryland wheat production / N, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer utilization rate in the current season×Percentage of absorbed nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients from the current season fertilizer; Assuming a requirement of 2.95kg pure N, 1.46kg P5O2, and 2.73kg K2O per 100kg dryland wheat production, the current season utilization rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the fertilizer are 36.65%, 19.16%, and 58.43%, respectively. Therefore, the percentages of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients absorbed by dryland wheat from the current season fertilizer are 43.12%, 28.65%, and 25.67%, respectively. Thus, the basal fertilizer application for the target yield of dryland wheat during the fallow period in 2021 (with moderate rainfall) requires 12.19kg / mu of pure N, 7.67kg / mu of P5O2, and 4.21kg / mu of K2O.

[0087] Step 5: The fallow period rainfall for dryland wheat in 2021 was 323.3 mm, which is considered average rainfall. Furthermore, the soil moisture content at a depth of 0-2 meters before sowing in 2021 was 358.9 mm. Therefore, the accurate basal fertilizer application rate is 95% of the basal fertilizer application rate for the target yield of dryland wheat during the fallow period in 2021 (average rainfall). Specifically, the accurate basal fertilizer application rate is 11.58 kg / mu of pure N, 7.29 kg / mu of P5O2 (50% applied before sowing and 50% during deep plowing), and 4.00 kg / mu of K2O. kg / mu; the stubble height of the previous dryland wheat should be 25cm-30cm when harvested, and all the straw of the previous dryland wheat should be crushed and evenly covered and returned to the field. According to the yield of dryland wheat in previous years, the yield of the previous dryland wheat was 377.1kg / mu. Therefore, deep plowing should be carried out from August 16th to August 20th. Since the altitude of the dryland wheat field is 564m, the suitable time for deep plowing is August 17th. During deep plowing, 31.2kg of superphosphate (P2O5 12%) should be applied per mu, and then plowed into the soil. The plowing depth ranges from 28cm to 30cm. At the same time, there was a single rainfall process with a rainfall of ≥20mm from March to early April 2021. Therefore, 8.6kg of urea per mu should be applied during the growth period of dryland wheat in 2021, which is equivalent to 4kg of pure N.

[0088] On May 31, 2021, the 2021 dryland wheat harvest was completed, with a yield of 348.8 kg per mu (approximately 0.067 hectares). Compared with the yield of 300.6 kg per mu (approximately 0.067 hectares) using the farmers' usual fertilization methods, the yield increased by 16.03%, and the utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers in the current season increased by 12.23%. This achievement resulted in a high yield of dryland wheat in 2021 and an increase in the utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers in the current season.

[0089] Table 1 shows the annual rainfall (unit: mm) and rainfall patterns for dryland wheat fields during the fallow period from 1996 to 2024.

[0090]

[0091] Table 2 shows the soil water storage (in mm) in the 0cm-200cm depth before sowing of dryland wheat from 2020 to 2024.

[0092]

[0093] In the description of this invention, it should be understood that the indicated orientation or positional relationship is based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, and is only for the convenience of describing this invention and simplifying the description, and is not intended to indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation of this invention.

[0094] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A high yield method of dryland wheat in the wintering period rainfall fertilization, characterized by: It comprises the following steps: Step one: statistics of dryland wheat field in previous years annual rainfall, fallow period rainfall, and the annual rainfall, fallow period rainfall are divided into rich rain type, flat rain type and dry rain type according to the rainfall type; Step two: collect the yield of dryland wheat in previous years, and measure the soil moisture content before sowing, and calculate the soil water storage capacity before sowing; Step three: test analysis of dryland wheat fallow period rainfall and yield, dryland wheat fallow period rainfall and soil water storage capacity before sowing, and the correlation between dryland wheat fallow period rainfall and yield, and the yield of dryland wheat in previous years, and predict the target yield of dryland wheat in this year; Step four: according to the target yield of dryland wheat in this year, and the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients required for the production of 100 kg of dryland wheat, the utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in the season, and the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients absorbed from the fertilizer in the season, the base fertilizer application amount of the target yield of dryland wheat in this year is calculated, and the accurate base fertilizer application amount is determined by considering the fallow period rainfall and soil water storage capacity before sowing in this year; Step five: the previous dryland wheat is harvested, the straw of the previous dryland wheat is crushed and evenly covered, and the deep plowing is carried out in the fallow period of the dryland wheat in this year from late July to late August according to the yield of the previous dryland wheat and the altitude of the dryland wheat field, and 50% of the phosphorus fertilizer in the base fertilizer is applied, and then the plowing is carried out to make the phosphorus fertilizer into the soil, so as to realize the high yield of the dryland wheat in this year; when the fallow period rainfall of the dryland wheat in this year belongs to the flat rain type, the accurate base fertilizer application amount is 90% or 95% of the base fertilizer application amount of the target yield of the dryland wheat in this year, when the soil water storage capacity of 0-2 m before sowing of the dryland wheat in this year is greater than or equal to 330 mm, the base fertilizer application amount is 95%, and when the soil water storage capacity of 0-2 m before sowing of the dryland wheat in this year is less than 330 mm, the base fertilizer application amount is 90%; when the fallow period rainfall of the dryland wheat in this year belongs to the rich rain type, the accurate base fertilizer application amount is 100% or 110% of the base fertilizer application amount of the target yield of the dryland wheat in this year, when the soil water storage capacity of 0-2 m before sowing of the dryland wheat in this year is greater than or equal to 330 mm, the base fertilizer application amount is 110%, and when the soil water storage capacity of 0-2 m before sowing of the dryland wheat in this year is less than 330 mm, the base fertilizer application amount is 100%; when the fallow period rainfall of the dryland wheat in this year belongs to the dry rain type, the accurate base fertilizer application amount is 80% or 85% of the base fertilizer application amount of the target yield of the dryland wheat in this year, when the soil water storage capacity of 0-2 m before sowing of the dryland wheat in this year is greater than or equal to 330 mm, the base fertilizer application amount is 85%, and when the soil water storage capacity of 0-2 m before sowing of the dryland wheat in this year is less than 330 mm, the base fertilizer application amount is 80%.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method is characterized by: The altitude of the dryland wheat field is 400m-800m; the dryland wheat refers to the wheat which growth and development completely rely on rainfall; the fallow period of the dryland wheat refers to from June 1 of last year to September 30 of last year, the growth period of the dryland wheat refers to from October 1 of last year to May 31 of this year, and the annual of the dryland wheat refers to from June 1 of last year to May 31 of this year.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method is characterized by: The statistical time span of the annual rainfall, the fallow period rainfall and the growth period rainfall of the dryland wheat field in the previous years is more than 20 years, and the rainfall type is divided according to the following formula and standard: Rainy: Pi > 0 + tδ; Dry: Pi < 0 - tδ; Rainy: - tδ< Pi< tδ+ δ + tδ; In the formula: is the annual average rainfall of the dryland wheat field or the average rainfall during the fallow period in the past 20 years or more, in mm; Pi is the rainfall or the fallow period rainfall of the dryland wheat field in the current year, and the unit is mm; δ is the mean square deviation of the annual rainfall or the fallow period rainfall of the dryland wheat field in the previous years, and the unit is mm; t is the rainfall coefficient, and t is due to And so on, annual average rainfall When <450mm, t=0.33; when 450mm≤ When ≤500mm, t=0.34, annual average rainfall When the average rainfall is >500mm, t=0.35; when the average rainfall during the fallow period is <310mm, t=0.33; when the average rainfall during the fallow period is ≤310mm, t=0.

33. When ≤350mm, t=0.34, average rainfall during the fallow period. When the diameter is greater than 350 mm, t = 0.

35.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method is characterized by: The soil depth range of the soil water content before sowing and the soil water storage capacity before sowing is 0m-2m, and the dryland wheat in the previous years is sampled according to the 5-point sampling method before sowing, each 20cm is a soil layer thickness, the soil samples in the soil depth range of 0m-2m are taken layer by layer, and the soil water content of each soil layer is measured, and the soil water storage capacity of each soil layer is calculated according to the following formula: W=w*ρs*h*0.1; In the formula: W is the soil water storage capacity of the soil layer, the unit is mm; w is the soil water content of the soil layer, the unit is %; ps is the soil bulk density, in g / cm 3 ; h is the thickness of the soil layer, the unit is cm; 0.1 is the unit conversion coefficient; The soil water storage capacity of 0m-2m before sowing is the sum of the soil water storage capacity of each soil layer.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the method is characterized by: The correlation coefficient between the fallow period rainfall and the yield of the dryland wheat is 0.523-0.545, the correlation coefficient between the fallow period rainfall and the soil water storage capacity of 0m-2m before sowing is 0.835-0.882, and the correlation coefficient between the soil water storage capacity of 0m-2m before sowing and the yield is 0.635-0.693, so the fallow period rainfall and the yield of the dryland wheat and the soil water storage capacity of 0m-2m before sowing and the yield are closely related.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the method is characterized by: The target yield of the dryland wheat in the current year is the average of the sum of the annual yield of the dryland wheat with the fallow period of the flat rainfall type in the previous 3 years, and the target yield is increased by 10%, and the calculation formula is: Y m = (Y1+Y2+Y3) / 3 x 1.1; In the formula, Y m is the target yield of dryland wheat in the fallow period of this year, in kg per mu. Y1, Y2 and Y3 are the annual yield of the dryland wheat with the fallow period of the flat rainfall type in the previous 3 years, and the unit is kg / mu.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method is characterized by: The base fertilizer application amount of the fallow period flat rainfall type target yield of the dryland wheat in the current year is the fallow period flat rainfall type target yield of the dryland wheat in the current year / 100*the required amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients for producing 100kg of dryland wheat yield / nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer utilization rate in the season*the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients absorbed from the fertilizer in the season; wherein, the required pure N, P5O2 and K2O for producing 100kg of dryland wheat are 2.95kg, 1.46kg and 2.73kg respectively, the utilization rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in the season is 36.65%, 19.16% and 58.43% respectively, and the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients absorbed from the fertilizer in the season is 43.12%, 28.65% and 25.67% respectively.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is characterized by: The height of the stubble of the previous dryland wheat at the time of harvest ranges from 25 cm to 30 cm; the depth of the deep ploughing ranges from 28 cm to 30 cm; when the yield of the previous dryland wheat is less than 100 kg per mu, the deep ploughing is performed from July 25 to July 31; when the yield of the previous dryland wheat is 150±50 kg per mu, the deep ploughing is performed from August 1 to August 5; when the yield of the previous dryland wheat is 250±50 kg per mu, the deep ploughing is performed from August 6 to August 10; when the yield of the previous dryland wheat is 325±25 kg per mu, the deep ploughing is performed from August 11 to August 15; when the yield of the previous dryland wheat is 375±25 kg per mu, the deep ploughing is performed from August 16 to August 20; and when the yield of the previous dryland wheat is more than 400 kg per mu, the deep ploughing is performed from August 21 to August 25, and the deep ploughing time is adjusted according to the altitude of the dryland wheat field, i.e., 1 day earlier for every 100 meters of altitude decrease and 1 day later for every 100 meters of altitude increase, and the most suitable deep ploughing time is calculated accordingly.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method is characterized by: The base fertilizer is applied to the current dryland wheat, and no topdressing is applied during the growth period; if the dryland wheat of the current year is of the flat-rain type or the dry-rain type, and the single rainfall during the growth period of the dryland wheat of the current year is greater than or equal to 20 mm, then pure N 4 kg to 5 kg is applied before or during the rain, or pure N 4 kg to 5 kg is applied per mu after the rain by using a fertilizer coulter to open a ditch.

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