Techniques for storing unique item features as non-homogenized token on blockchain

Abstract

The online marketplace may validate an item, e.g., by identifying that item has a unique feature. An online marketplace may generate a non-homogenous token (NFT) on a blockchain that corresponds to a validated item to be sold on the online marketplace. The NFT may indicate a unique feature of the item identified during the verification process. A purchaser on the online marketplace can search for a given type of item. In response, the online marketplace searches an NFT in the blockchain that matches the search, and returns a list of items based on the matched NFT, and returns a verification record for the list of items based on the NFT. In some cases, a user may search for an item having a particular unique attribute, and an online marketplace may search for an NFT indicating that a corresponding item has the unique attribute.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to database systems and data processing, and more specifically to techniques for storing unique item characteristics as non-fungible tokens (NFTs) on a blockchain in e-commerce. Background Art

[0002] An online platform (e.g., an online marketplace) may provide a list of items for sale. Some items may be unique or non-fungible. Items may be non-fungible or unique, for example, based on a unique characteristic (e.g., a famous previous owner) or a unique physical characteristic (e.g., manufacturing quality or defects). The manufacturer of the item may have manufacturing records or verification records that prove the uniqueness of the item, but collectors or other downstream purchasers may not have access to such records. In addition, manufacturing and verification records may be subject to fraud. Current systems for recording and storing the history of unique items may be fragmented and unreliable. Potential customers of an online marketplace may not be able to verify the history of unique or non-fungible items listed for sale on the online marketplace. Summary of the invention

[0003] A method is described. The method may include: receiving a search query for an item listing in an online marketplace from a user device, wherein the search query indicates a manufacturing attribute; searching a blockchain associated with the online marketplace for a set of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) corresponding to the manufacturing attribute, wherein the set of NFTs corresponds to a set of corresponding physical items verified by the online marketplace, wherein each of the set of NFTs indicates the manufacturing attribute, and wherein each of the set of NFTs also indicates a corresponding unique characteristic attribute; and returning an indication of a set of item listings for the set of corresponding physical items from the online marketplace to the user device, wherein the set of item listings indicates the manufacturing attribute and the corresponding unique characteristic attribute for each of the set of corresponding physical items.

[0004] An apparatus is described. The apparatus may include: at least one processor; at least one memory coupled to the at least one processor; and instructions stored in the at least one memory. The instructions may be executed by the at least one processor to cause the apparatus to receive a search query for an item listing of the online marketplace from a user device on an online marketplace, wherein the search query indicates a manufacturing attribute; search a blockchain associated with the online marketplace for a set of NFTs corresponding to the manufacturing attribute, wherein the set of NFTs corresponds to a set of corresponding physical items verified by the online marketplace, wherein each of the set of NFTs indicates the manufacturing attribute, and wherein each of the set of NFTs also indicates a corresponding unique characteristic attribute; and return an indication of a set of item listings for the set of corresponding physical items from the online marketplace to the user device, wherein the set of item listings indicates the manufacturing attribute and the corresponding unique characteristic attribute for each of the set of corresponding physical items.

[0005] Another apparatus is described. The apparatus may include: an element for receiving a search query for an item listing on an online marketplace from a user device, wherein the search query indicates a manufacturing attribute; an element for searching a blockchain associated with the online marketplace for a set of NFTs corresponding to the manufacturing attribute, wherein the set of NFTs corresponds to a set of corresponding physical items verified by the online marketplace, wherein each of the set of NFTs indicates the manufacturing attribute, and wherein each of the set of NFTs also indicates a corresponding unique characteristic attribute; and an element for returning an indication of a set of item listings for the set of corresponding physical items from the online marketplace to the user device, wherein the set of item listings indicates the manufacturing attribute and the corresponding unique characteristic attribute for each of the set of corresponding physical items.

[0006] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code is described. The code may include instructions executable by a processor to: receive a search query for an item listing on an online marketplace from a user device, wherein the search query indicates a manufacturing attribute; search a blockchain associated with the online marketplace for a set of NFTs corresponding to the manufacturing attribute, wherein the set of NFTs corresponds to a set of corresponding physical items verified by the online marketplace, wherein each of the set of NFTs indicates the manufacturing attribute, and wherein each of the set of NFTs also indicates a corresponding unique characteristic attribute; and return an indication of a set of item listings for the set of corresponding physical items from the online marketplace to the user device, wherein the set of item listings indicates the manufacturing attribute and the corresponding unique characteristic attribute for each of the set of corresponding physical items.

[0007] Some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, apparatus, or instructions for receiving an indication of a unique characteristic attribute using a search query, wherein searching the blockchain also includes searching for NFTs corresponding to the unique characteristic attribute, and wherein the set of item listings may be a single item listing for a physical item corresponding to the NFT.

[0008] Some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, apparatus, or instructions for authenticating a physical item by identifying a unique characteristic attribute of the physical item and generating an NFT on a blockchain based on the authentication, wherein the NFT may indicate the unique characteristic attribute.

[0009] Some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, apparatus, or instructions for receiving a purchase request for a physical item in a set of corresponding physical items from a user device, and in response to completing a purchase of the physical item based on the purchase request, updating ownership of the NFT corresponding to the physical item on the blockchain.

[0010] Some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein may also include operations, features, means, or instructions for causing a set of item lists to be displayed at a user interface of a user device.

[0011] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, a respective unique characteristic attribute of each of a set of NFTs may be a record of ownership of a corresponding respective physical item.

[0012] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, a respective unique characteristic attribute of each of a set of NFTs may be a physical defect that is unique to the corresponding respective physical item.

[0013] In some examples of the methods, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable media described herein, a manufacturing attribute may be a characteristic common to a set of multiple physical items. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] Figure 1 An example of an online marketplace system supporting technology for storing unique item characteristics as non-fungible tokens (NFTs) on a blockchain in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is shown.

[0015] Figure 2 An example of a flow diagram supporting techniques for storing unique item characteristics as NFTs on a blockchain in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is shown.

[0016] Figure 3 An example of a system supporting techniques for storing unique item characteristics as NFTs on a blockchain in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is shown.

[0017] Figure 4 An example of a user interface view supporting techniques for storing unique item characteristics as NFTs on a blockchain in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is shown.

[0018] Figure 5 An example of a process flow supporting techniques for storing unique item characteristics as NFTs on a blockchain in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is shown.

[0019] Figure 6A block diagram of an apparatus supporting techniques for storing unique item characteristics as NFTs on a blockchain in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is shown.

[0020] Figure 7 A block diagram of an online marketplace manager supporting technology for storing unique item characteristics as NFTs on a blockchain in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is shown.

[0021] Figure 8 A diagram of a system including devices supporting technology for storing unique item characteristics as NFTs on a blockchain in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is shown.

[0022] Figures 9 to 11 A flow chart illustrating a method supporting techniques for storing unique item characteristics as NFTs on a blockchain in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] An online platform (e.g., an online marketplace) may provide a list of items for sale. Some items may be unique or non-homogeneous, for example, based on unique features (e.g., a famous previous owner) or unique physical features (e.g., manufacturing quality or defects). The manufacturer of the item may have a manufacturing record or verification record that proves the uniqueness of the item, but collectors or other downstream buyers may not be able to access such records. In addition, there may be fraud in the manufacturing and verification records. In some cases, the records kept by collectors may not provide a comprehensive record of the item (e.g., the production process or ownership history of the item). Therefore, non-homogeneous items for sale listed on the online market may lack a reliable ownership history or verification record. The lack of comprehensive verification and ownership records may increase the risk of fraud and misrepresentation, reduce purchase transparency, and reduce the value of potential unique items. For example, collectors may be unwilling to pay a premium for items that do not have a reliable record of the item's history.

[0024] Online marketplaces can verify items, such as by identifying that the item has unique characteristics. Online marketplaces can generate non-fungible tokens (NFTs) on the blockchain that correspond to verified items for sale on the online marketplace. NFTs are mechanisms that enable digital content to be considered assets. NFTs do this by programmatically encoding the unique identity of the original digital asset, which distinguishes the original digital asset from a copy of the asset. By using NFTs, the provenance of digital assets can also be tracked - due to the programmatic nature of NFTs, the transfer of digital assets will not occur without a digital record of the transfer of digital assets. NFTs can indicate unique characteristics of items identified during the verification process. Since NFTs on the blockchain cannot be changed, the verification record of items in the form of NFTs is not subject to fraudulent changes. In addition, the blockchain tracks every transaction involving each NFT, and therefore, once an NFT is created, the blockchain tracks the ownership history of items corresponding to a given NFT. Buyers on the online marketplace can search for items of a given type (e.g., baseball cards of a certain player or a certain trading card) on the online marketplace. In response, the online marketplace may search the blockchain for NFTs that match the search and return a list of items based on the matching NFTs, as well as a verification record for the list of items based on the NFT. For example, the verification record may indicate a unique characteristic (e.g., a previous owner or a manufacturing defect). In some cases, a user may search for items with a particular unique attribute (e.g., a trading card with a known manufacturing defect), and the online marketplace may search for an NFT indicating that the corresponding item has that unique attribute.

[0025] Aspects of the present disclosure are initially described in the context of an environment supporting an on-demand database service. Aspects of the present disclosure are further illustrated and described by reference to flowcharts, user interface views, process flows, device diagrams, system diagrams, and flow charts related to techniques for storing unique item characteristics as NFTs on a blockchain.

[0026] Figure 1An example of a system 100 for cloud computing supporting technology for storing unique item features as NFTs on a blockchain according to various aspects of the present disclosure is shown. System 100 includes a cloud client 105, a contact (e.g., a client device 110), a cloud platform 115, and a data center 120. Cloud platform 115 can be an example of a public or private cloud network. Cloud client 105 can access cloud platform 115 through a network connection 135. Network connection 135 can implement transmission control protocol and Internet protocol (TCP / IP), such as the Internet, or can implement other network protocols. Cloud client 105 can be an example of a user / client device, such as a server (e.g., cloud client 105-a), a smart phone (e.g., cloud client 105-b), or a laptop (e.g., cloud client 105-c). In other examples, cloud client 105 can be a desktop computer, a tablet, a sensor, or another computing device or system capable of generating, analyzing, sending, or receiving communications. In some examples, cloud client 105 can be operated by a user who is part of an enterprise, a company, a nonprofit organization, a startup, or any other type of organization.

[0027] The cloud client 105 may interact with multiple client devices 110. The interactions 130 may include communications, opportunities, purchases, sales, or any other interactions between the cloud client 105 and the client devices 110. Data may be associated with the interactions 130. The cloud client 105 may access the cloud platform 115 to store, manage, and process data associated with the interactions 130. In some cases, the cloud client 105 may have an associated security or permission level. The cloud client 105 may access certain applications, data, and database information within the cloud platform 115 based on the associated security or permission level, but may not access other applications, data, and database information.

[0028] The client device 110 can interact with the cloud client 105 in person or via telephone, email, web, text message, mail or any other suitable form of interaction (e.g., interaction 130-a, 130-b, 130-c and 130-d). Interaction 130 can be a business-to-business (B2B) interaction or a business-to-consumer (B2C) interaction. In some cases, the client device 110 can be an example of a user device, such as a server (e.g., client device 110-a), a laptop (e.g., client device 110-b), a smart phone (e.g., client device 110-c) or a sensor (e.g., client device 110-d). In other cases, the client device 110 can be another computing system. In some cases, the client device 110 can be operated by a user or a user group. The user or user group can be associated with an enterprise, a manufacturer or any other suitable organization. In some cases, the interaction 130 can be a network connection 135, which can implement a transmission control protocol and an Internet protocol (TCP / IP), such as the Internet, or can implement other network protocols.

[0029] The cloud platform 115 can provide on-demand database services to the cloud client 105. In some cases, the cloud platform 115 can be an example of a multi-tenant database system. In this case, the cloud platform 115 can serve multiple cloud clients 105 with a single instance of the software. However, other types of systems can be implemented, including but not limited to client-server systems, mobile device systems, and mobile network systems. In some cases, the cloud platform 115 can support CRM solutions. This may include support for sales, services, marketing, communities, analysis, applications, and the Internet of Things. The cloud platform 115 can receive data associated with contact interactions 130 from the cloud client 105 through a network connection 135, and can store and analyze the data. In some cases, the cloud platform 115 can directly receive data from the interaction 130 between the client device 110 and the cloud client 105. In some cases, the cloud client 105 can develop an application to be run on the cloud platform 115. The cloud platform 115 can be implemented using a remote server. In some cases, the remote server can be located at one or more data centers 120.

[0030] The data center 120 may include a plurality of servers. The plurality of servers may be used for data storage, management, and processing. The data center 120 may receive data from the cloud platform 115 via a connection 140, or directly from the cloud client 105, or an interaction 130 between the client device 110 and the cloud client 105. For security purposes, the data center 120 may utilize multiple redundancies. In some cases, the data stored at the data center 120 may be backed up by a copy of the data at a different data center (not shown).

[0031] Subsystem 125 may include cloud client 105, cloud platform 115, and data center 120. In some cases, data processing may occur at any of the components of subsystem 125, or at a combination of these components. In some cases, a server may perform data processing. The server may be cloud client 105 or located at data center 120.

[0032] Some e-commerce systems can provide online marketplaces. For example, cloud platform 115 and / or data center 120 can host an online marketplace. Some items listed on the online marketplace may be unique or non-fungible (e.g., based on unique characteristics such as a well-known previous owner, or unique physical characteristics such as manufacturing quality or defects). The online marketplace can verify the physical item by, for example, recognizing that the physical item has a unique characteristic. Verified physical items can be stored in a physical repository 160 maintained by the online marketplace. The online marketplace can maintain a connection 165 to the physical repository 160 (e.g., a record of physical items in the physical repository 160 can be accessed and maintained at the data center 120 and / or cloud platform 115), and the physical items in the physical repository 160 can be listed on the online marketplace for sale.

[0033] After the physical item is authenticated, the online marketplace may generate (e.g., mint) an NFT corresponding to the authenticated physical item for sale on the online marketplace, which is stored in a physical repository 160. A record of the NFT may be stored on a blockchain 145, which the online marketplace may access (e.g., via a connection to a data center 150 or a connection to a cloud platform 155).

[0034] Blockchain 145 may be implemented by one or more nodes 144 (e.g., nodes of a distributed network) of subsystem 125. For example, node 144 may be connected to data center 120 via connection 150, and / or node 144 may be connected to cloud platform 115 via connection 155. Node 144 may be a runtime implemented using processing, memory, and network resources of one or more computing devices operating as infrastructure of blockchain 145. Blockchain 145 may include resources available to one or more respective computing devices operating as node 144.

[0035] A copy of the blockchain 145 may be stored in the storage of one or more computing devices implementing the node 144. The blockchain 145 may be stored and maintained across multiple nodes 144 of the subsystem 125. The copy of the blockchain 145 stored at the storage of each node 144 may be a partial or complete copy of the blockchain 145, depending on one or more characteristics (e.g., type) of the particular node 144 and / or time (e.g., whether the blockchain 145 has been updated via other nodes 144 in the subsystem 125). The node 144 stores, transmits, processes, and manages the data that constitutes the blockchain 145. Multiple nodes 144 may be interconnected to exchange data, for example, as a peer-to-peer network in a distributed and decentralized manner.

[0036] A blockchain 145 may be formed using a plurality of blocks 146, where blocks 146 are Figure 1 145 as including corresponding hashes 147 and transaction data 148. The transaction data 148 of block 146 includes multiple batches of verified transactions that are hashed and encoded. Each of blocks 146 includes a hash 147, which is a cryptographic hash of the previous block 146 in the blockchain 145, thereby linking blocks 146 to each other to form the blockchain 145. Therefore, without changing each subsequent block 146 in the blockchain 145, blocks 146 cannot be retroactively changed, and attacks by malicious parties are prevented in this way.

[0037] To publish blocks 146 for addition to blockchain 145, nodes 144 may be implemented as "network nodes" to add blocks of transactions to blockchain 146. In one or more implementations, other nodes may transmit transactions received at these nodes to one or more mining nodes for verification. Mining nodes may perform peer-to-peer computations to check whether transactions intended for blockchain 145 are valid, and if verified, may add the verified transactions to blocks 146 being constructed by those nodes. For example, if transactions are determined to be valid, transaction data 148 describing these transactions are encoded or otherwise stored in corresponding blocks 146, which are linked to blockchain 145 so that the new block is at the "end" or "top" of blockchain 145, for example by including a hash 147 of a previous block in the chain. Nodes broadcast such transaction histories via the network for sharing with other nodes, which is used to synchronize blocks 146 of blockchain 145 across a distributed architecture of computing devices. Due in part to the distributed storage and updating of blockchain 145 on network nodes 144, blockchain 145 can store data in a decentralized manner without the need for a centralized database (e.g., operated by a clearinghouse), and thus operate as a distributed ledger. As a distributed ledger, blockchain 145 supports the secure transfer of digital assets, such as the transfer of cryptocurrencies and / or tokens (e.g., NFTs). Tokens can be created “on top” of blockchain 145 by using a “token standard” that allows tokens to interoperate with a network of nodes 144 according to one or more protocols of the blockchain, such that tokens are created, traded, and updated using transaction data 148 and hashes 147 of blocks 146.

[0038] According to the described technology, for example, a non-fungible token (NFT) can be created on a blockchain 145 using the architecture and protocol of the blockchain 145. Using transaction verification performed by nodes 144, the blockchain 145 proves that a given NFT is digitally unique and therefore cannot be interchanged with other NFTs. When an NFT is minted (i.e., exists programmatically), the protocol of the blockchain 145 generates a unique token identifier encoded in the NFT—the unique identifier can be generated using one or more randomization methods. As used herein, the term "non-fungible" refers to the property of a token that uniquely represents an asset, so the digital signature of the token represents the underlying asset in a way that is not directly interchangeable (e.g., year-on-year) with any other token or equal to any other token. Each NFT is programmatically created to include a unique, non-transferable identity that distinguishes it from other NFTs. As discussed herein, NFTs created and maintained on the blockchain 145 can be configured to encode identification information.

[0039] By using NFTs, the provenance of digital assets can also be tracked - due to the programmatic nature of NFTs, the transfer of digital assets cannot occur without a digital record of the transfer of digital assets. NFTs can indicate unique characteristics of items that are identified during the verification process. Because NFTs on blockchain 145 cannot be altered, the verification record of items in the form of NFTs cannot be fraudulently altered. In addition, blockchain 145 tracks every transaction involving each NFT, and therefore, once an NFT is created, blockchain 145 tracks the ownership history of the physical item corresponding to a given NFT.

[0040] A buyer on the online marketplace (e.g., a buyer at client device 110) can search the online marketplace for a given type of item (e.g., a baseball card of a certain player or a certain trading card). In response, the online marketplace can search blockchain 145 for NFTs that match the search and return a list of items based on the matching NFTs, as well as a verification record for the list of items based on the NFT. For example, the verification record can indicate a unique characteristic (e.g., a previous owner or a manufacturing defect). In some cases, a user can search for items with a specific unique attribute (e.g., a trading card with a known manufacturing defect or previously owned by a specific individual), and the online marketplace can search for NFTs indicating that the corresponding item has the unique attribute.

[0041] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that one or more aspects of the present disclosure may be implemented in the system 100 to additionally or alternatively address other issues than those described above. In addition, various aspects of the present disclosure may provide technical improvements to the "conventional" systems or processes described herein. However, the description and drawings include only example technical improvements resulting from implementing various aspects of the present disclosure, and therefore do not represent all technical improvements provided within the scope of the claims.

[0042] Figure 2 An example of a flowchart 200 supporting techniques for storing unique item features as NFTs on a blockchain in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is shown. Aspects of flowchart 200 may implement or be implemented by aspects of system 100.

[0043] At 205, the item owner may submit the physical item to the online marketplace for verification. At 210, the online marketplace may verify the authenticity of the item (e.g., to detect one or more manufacturing attributes of the item). For example, the verification process may involve a manual physical inspection of the item to determine whether the item is authentic or a fake / forged item. The verification process at 210 may classify the item. For example, the verification process at 210 may identify that the item is a specific type of trading card or a card of a given baseball player produced by a given baseball card manufacturer in a given year. In some examples, the verification process may involve machine verification, such as machine analysis of a photo or video of the item to detect whether the item is authentic. If it is determined at 210 that the item is not authentic, the online marketplace may return the item to the item owner.

[0044] If the item is determined to be authentic at 210, the online marketplace may generate a listing for the item and may enter information about the item into the listing at 215. For example, the listing may include collectible type information, such as one or more manufacturing attributes and / or a photograph or image of the item identified during the authentication process.

[0045] At 220, the verification process may identify whether the item is unique or non-fungible (e.g., unique). In some examples, identifying whether the item is unique or non-fungible may involve manual or machine inspection of the item to detect unique manufacturing qualities or defects. In some examples, identifying whether the item is unique or non-fungible may involve signature verification of a hand-signed item. In some examples, a previous owner may have made the item unique (e.g., an item owned by a specific individual), and therefore, verification of previous ownership records may be used to identify whether the item is unique or non-fungible. If it is determined that the item is not unique or non-fungible, at 225, the item may be stored in the physical repository 160, and an item listing may be created for the item on the online marketplace, indicating that the item is homogenous or non-unique.

[0046] At 230, if it is determined at 220 that the item is unique or non-fungible, the verifier (e.g., an online marketplace) may input information about the unique characteristics of the item and / or the verification process into the list. For example, a video may be recorded for the item, illustrating the verification process of the item, or both. The unique or non-fungible item may then be stored in the physical repository 160 at 225, and an item listing may be created for the item on the online marketplace, indicating that the item is non-fungible or unique. In some examples, the information about the unique characteristics of the item and / or the verification process input into the list may include: product metadata (e.g., product grade, product defects, etc.), a scanned 3D model of the physical item, the time when the product was verified, a video of the product, the names of one or more current or previous owners of the product, etc., or any combination thereof.

[0047] At 235, the online marketplace may mint an NFT corresponding to the unique or non-fungible item stored in the physical repository 160, and the NFT may be maintained on the blockchain at 240. The NFT may identify the verifier (e.g., the online marketplace) and may identify the manufacturing characteristics and unique characteristics of the item identified at 210, 220, and 230. The NFT may also indicate an owner of the NFT, which corresponds to an owner of the item stored in the physical repository (e.g., the physical repository 160).

[0048] At 245, the potential purchaser may use the NFT marketplace to search the blockchain. For example, the potential purchaser may search for items having specific manufacturing characteristics and / or unique characteristics, and the NFT marketplace may search for NFTs corresponding to physical items having the indicated manufacturing characteristics and / or unique characteristics. The NFT marketplace may link the returned NFTs to the item listing on the online marketplace. As described herein, if the customer purchases the physical item, the ownership of the corresponding NFT is updated accordingly to reflect the purchase of the physical item.

[0049] Figure 3 An example of a system 300 supporting techniques for storing unique item features as NFTs on a blockchain in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is shown. Aspects of system 300 may implement or be implemented by aspects of system 100. For example, system 300 may include physical repository 160-a, which may be an example of physical repository 160 as described herein. System 300 may include blockchain 145-a, which may be an example of blockchain 145 as described herein. The system may include client device 110-e, which may be an example of client device 110 as described herein.

[0050] As described herein, verified physical items may be stored in a physical repository 160-a. Item lists 320 for physical items may be hosted on an online marketplace 315. An online marketplace 315 (e.g., an operator of the online marketplace 315) may manage the physical repository 160-a and may verify the physical items stored in the physical repository 160-a. As described herein, upon verifying the physical item, the online marketplace 315 may mint an NFT corresponding to the physical item on a blockchain 145-a, wherein the NFT includes information indicating one or more verified manufacturing characteristics and unique characteristics of the physical item.

[0051] A customer (e.g., a user of a client device 110-e) can access an NFT marketplace 305 associated with an online marketplace 315 that lists NFTs for sale. In some aspects, the same operator can manage both the online marketplace 315 and the NFT marketplace 305. In some examples, the online marketplace 315 may include the NFT marketplace 305. At the NFT marketplace 305, a customer can search for manufacturing and / or unique attributes or features. For example, an example customer query may be "Charizard Card". The NFT marketplace 305 may search the blockchain for NFTs that include the "Charizard Card" manufacturing feature. Therefore, the NFT marketplace 305 may return a set of NFTs and link to a corresponding item list 320 for the Charizard card. The item list 320 presented to the customer on the client device 110-e may indicate the unique features of the Charizard card based on the unique features indicated in the NFT. For example, a unique feature of a Charizard card can be a color defect, a color combination, a spelling error, a printing error (e.g., misalignment), an image alignment or misalignment, a specific serial number, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, a customer can search for a unique feature. For example, a customer can search for a Charizard card with a specific manufacturing defect, spelling error, printing error, or serial number.

[0052] If a customer purchases a particular physical item presented in item list 320, ownership of the physical item in physical repository 160-a will be transferred to the customer, and ownership of the corresponding NFT will also be transferred to the customer on blockchain 145. Thus, NFTs can be used to track ownership of physical items. In some cases, ownership by a particular person (e.g., a particular individual) may make an item unique or non-fungible. In such cases, a customer can search for physical items that a particular person / entity owns or has owned (e.g., a unique feature may be past or current ownership recorded by an NFT).

[0053] In some examples, if an item is removed from physical repository 160-a, the corresponding NFT may be destroyed because the online marketplace 315 no longer has physical control over the item (e.g., can no longer ensure that the item is authentic).

[0054] Figure 4 An example of a user interface view 400 supporting techniques for storing unique item characteristics as NFTs on a blockchain in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is shown. Aspects of the user interface view 400 may implement or be implemented by aspects of the system 100. For example, the user interface view 400 may be presented on a display 410 of a client device 110-f, which may be an example of a client device 110 as described herein.

[0055] Customers of the online marketplace can search for NFTs corresponding to physical items listed for sale on the online marketplace. For example, the customer can enter a desired unique feature of the physical item, a desired manufacturing feature, or both into a search form 415 of the user interface view 400. The customer can enter text, select from a drop-down menu, etc. The online marketplace can return one or more item lists in a list form 420 of the user interface view 400 based on the customer search. For example, the online marketplace can search the blockchain for NFTs that include manufacturing features, unique features, or both that at least partially match the customer input in the search form 415.

[0056] For a given NFT / item listing, the listing form 420 may include: an image 425 of the physical item corresponding to the returned NFT, a field 430 for an item description (e.g., one or more manufacturing features indicated by the NFT), and a field 435 for unique features of the item indicated by the NFT. In some cases, the listing form 420 may indicate a field 440 that indicates the current owner of the NFT and the corresponding physical item. The listing form 420 may include an interactive field 445 that provides an option to purchase the NFT and the corresponding physical item. If the customer purchases the physical item, the ownership of the NFT is similarly transferred to the customer and recorded on the blockchain when it is transferred to the customer. In some cases, the purchased item may remain in the physical repository 160. In other cases, the purchased item may be picked up by the purchaser or physically delivered to the purchaser.

[0057] Figure 5 An example of a process flow 500 supporting techniques for storing unique item characteristics as NFTs on a blockchain in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The process flow 500 may implement Figure 1 System 100 or Figure 3 system 300, or by Figure 1 System 100 or Figure 3The process flow 500 may be implemented as a system 300. For example, the process flow includes a client device 110-g (which may be an example of a client device 110 as described herein) and an online marketplace 315-a (which may be an example of an online marketplace 315 as described herein). In the following description of the process flow 500, operations between the client device 110-g and the online marketplace 315-a may be transmitted in an order different from the example order shown, or operations performed by the client device 110-g and the online marketplace 315-b may be performed in a different order or at a different time. Some operations may also be omitted from the process flow 500, and other operations may be added to the process flow 500.

[0058] At 505, the online marketplace 315-a may receive a search query for a listing of items for the online marketplace from a client device 110-g. The search query may indicate a manufacturing attribute. In some aspects, a manufacturing attribute may be a characteristic common to multiple physical items (e.g., a particular type of trading card). Examples of manufacturing attributes include: year of manufacture, manufacturer, product category, country of origin, product size, product dimensions, model, brand, etc. or any combination thereof. Manufacturing attributes may refer to a set of one or more attributes common to a particular product or item.

[0059] At 510, the online market 315-a may search for a set of NFTs corresponding to the manufacturing attributes in the blockchain associated with the online market. The set of NFTs corresponds to a set of corresponding physical items verified by the online market, and each of the set of NFTs indicates the manufacturing attributes. Each of the set of NFTs also indicates a unique characteristic attribute of the physical item corresponding to the NFT. The unique characteristic attribute may be one or more characteristics of a product that are unique or exclusive to a particular item or product. Examples of unique characteristic attributes include manufacturing defects, scratches, specific product owners, color defects or schemes, etc. or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the unique characteristic attribute of each of the set of NFTs may be an ownership record of the corresponding corresponding physical item. In some aspects, the unique characteristic attribute of each of the set of NFTs may be a physical defect unique to the corresponding corresponding physical item (e.g., in the case where the manufacturing attribute is a particular type of trading card, the unique characteristic attribute may be a printing error, a spelling error, or a unique color).

[0060] At 515, the online marketplace 315-a may send an indication of a set of item listings for the set of corresponding physical items to the client device 110-g. The set of item listings may indicate, for each of the set of corresponding physical items, a manufacturing attribute and a corresponding unique characteristic attribute. The set of item listings may be displayed at a user interface of the client device 110-g.

[0061] In some examples, the search query may also indicate a unique characteristic attribute, and the online marketplace 315-a may search the blockchain for an NFT corresponding to the unique characteristic attribute. In such an example, the set of item listings may be a single item listing for a physical item having the indicated unique characteristic attribute.

[0062] In some examples, the online marketplace 315-a can authenticate the physical item by identifying a unique characteristic of the physical item. The online marketplace 315-a can generate an NFT corresponding to the authenticated physical item, and the NFT indicates the unique characteristic attribute.

[0063] In some examples, the online marketplace 315-a may receive a purchase request for a physical item in the set of corresponding physical items from the client device 110-g. The online marketplace 315-a may update the ownership of the NFT corresponding to the physical item on the blockchain in response to the completion of the purchase of the physical item based on the purchase request.

[0064] Figure 6 A block diagram 600 of a device 605 supporting techniques for storing unique item features as NFTs on a blockchain in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The device 605 may include an input module 610, an output module 615, and an online market manager 620. The device 605 or one of the multiple components of the device 605 (e.g., the input module 610, the output module 615, and the online market manager 620 implementing the online market 315) may include at least one processor to support the described techniques, and the at least one processor may be coupled to at least one memory. Each of these components may communicate with each other (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0065] Input module 610 can manage input signals for device 605. For example, input module 610 can identify input signals based on interaction with a modem, keyboard, mouse, touch screen, or similar device. These input signals can be associated with user input or processing at other components or devices. In some cases, input module 610 can utilize such as or other known operating systems to process the input signals. The input module 610 can send aspects of these input signals to other components of the device 605 for processing. For example, the input module 610 can send input signals to the online market manager 620 to support technology for storing unique item characteristics as NFTs on the blockchain. In some cases, the input module 610 can be as described in reference Figure 8 Components of I / O controller 810 are described.

[0066] Output module 615 can manage output signals for device 605. For example, output module 615 can receive signals from other components of device 605 (e.g., online marketplace manager 620) and can send these signals to other components or devices. In some examples, output module 615 can send output signals for display in a user interface, for storage in a database or data storage device, for further processing at a server or server cluster, or for any other processing at any number of devices or systems. In some cases, output module 615 can be as described with reference to Figure 8 Components of I / O controller 810 are described.

[0067] For example, the online market manager 620 may include: a search query manager 625, an NFT search manager 30, an item list manager 635, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the online market manager 620 or its various components may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receive, monitor, send) using the input module 610, the output module 615, or both, or otherwise collaborate with the input module 610, the output module 615, or both. For example, the online market manager 620 may receive information from the input module 610, send information to the output module 615, or be integrated with the input module 610, the output module 615, or a combination of the two to receive information, send information, or perform various other operations described herein.

[0068] The search query manager 625 may be configured to or otherwise support a device for receiving a search query for a listing of items in an online marketplace from a user device at an online marketplace, wherein the search query indicates a manufacturing attribute. The NFT search manager 630 may be configured to or otherwise support a device for searching a blockchain associated with the online marketplace for a set of NFTs corresponding to manufacturing attributes, wherein the set of NFTs corresponds to a set of corresponding physical items verified by the online marketplace, wherein each of the set of NFTs indicates a manufacturing attribute, and wherein each of the set of NFTs also indicates a corresponding unique characteristic attribute. The item list manager 635 may be configured to or otherwise support a device for returning an indication of a set of item lists for the set of corresponding physical items to a user device from an online marketplace, wherein the set of item lists indicates a manufacturing attribute and a corresponding unique characteristic attribute for each of the set of corresponding physical items.

[0069] Figure 7A block diagram 700 of an online market manager 720 supporting technology for storing unique item features as NFTs on a blockchain in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The online market manager 720 may be an example of the online market manager 620 or aspects of the online market manager, or both, as described herein. The online market manager 720 or its various components may be an example of a device for performing various aspects of the technology for storing unique item features as NFTs on a blockchain as described herein. For example, the online market manager 720 may include: a search query manager 725, an NFT search manager 730, an item list manager 735, a unique feature search manager 740, a verification manager 745, an NFT generation manager 750, a purchase request manager 755, an NFT ownership manager 760, or any combination thereof. Each of these components or components of its subcomponents (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories) may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0070] The search query manager 725 may be configured to or otherwise support a device for receiving a search query for a listing of items in an online marketplace from a user device at an online marketplace, wherein the search query indicates a manufacturing attribute. The NFT search manager 730 may be configured to or otherwise support a device for searching a blockchain associated with the online marketplace for a set of NFTs corresponding to manufacturing attributes, wherein the set of NFTs corresponds to a set of corresponding physical items verified by the online marketplace, wherein each of the set of NFTs indicates a manufacturing attribute, and wherein each of the set of NFTs also indicates a corresponding unique characteristic attribute. The item list manager 735 may be configured to or otherwise support a device for returning an indication of a set of item lists for the set of corresponding physical items from the online marketplace to a user device, wherein the set of item lists indicates a manufacturing attribute and a corresponding unique characteristic attribute for each of the set of corresponding physical items.

[0071] In some examples, the unique characteristic search manager 740 can be configured to or otherwise support a device for receiving an indication of a unique characteristic attribute using a search query, wherein searching the blockchain also includes searching for NFTs corresponding to the unique characteristic attribute, and wherein the set of item listings is a single item listing for a physical item corresponding to the NFT.

[0072] In some examples, the verification manager 745 can be configured as or otherwise support a means for verifying a physical item by identifying a unique characteristic attribute of the physical item. In some examples, the NFT generation manager 750 can be configured as or otherwise support a means for generating an NFT on a blockchain based on verification, wherein the NFT indicates a unique characteristic attribute.

[0073] In some examples, the purchase request manager 755 may be configured to or otherwise support a means for receiving a purchase request for a physical item in the set of corresponding physical items from a user device. In some examples, the NFT ownership manager 760 may be configured to or otherwise support a means for updating the ownership of the NFT corresponding to the physical item on the blockchain in response to completing a purchase of the physical item based on the purchase request.

[0074] In some examples, item list manager 735 may be configured or otherwise support means for causing display of the set of item lists at a user interface of a user device.

[0075] In some examples, the respective unique characteristic attribute of each of the set of NFTs is a record of ownership of the corresponding respective physical item.

[0076] In some examples, the respective unique characteristic attribute of each of the set of NFTs is a physical defect that is unique to the corresponding respective physical item.

[0077] In some examples, a manufacturing attribute is a characteristic that is common to a set of multiple physical items.

[0078] Figure 8 A diagram of a system 800 including a device 805 that implements an online marketplace 315 and supports techniques for storing unique item features as NFTs on a blockchain in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The device 805 may be an example of a component of the device 605 as described herein or include a component of the device 605. The device 805 may include components for two-way data communication, including components for sending and receiving communications, such as an online marketplace manager 820, an I / O controller 810, a database controller 815, at least one memory 825, at least one processor 830, and a database 835. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., bus 840).

[0079] I / O controller 810 can manage input signals 845 and output signals 850 of device 805. I / O controller 810 can also manage peripheral devices that are not integrated into device 805. In some cases, I / O controller 810 can represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral device. In some cases, I / O controller 810 can utilize an operating system, such as Or another known operating system. In other cases, I / O controller 810 may represent or interact with a modem, keyboard, mouse, touch screen, or similar device. In some cases, I / O controller 810 may be implemented as part of processor 830. In some examples, a user may interact with device 805 via I / O controller 810 or via hardware components controlled by I / O controller 810.

[0080] Database controller 815 can manage data storage and processing in database 835. In some cases, a user can interact with database controller 815. In other cases, database controller 815 can operate automatically without user interaction. Database 835 can be an example of a single database, a distributed database, multiple distributed databases, a data storage device, a data lake, or an emergency backup database.

[0081] The memory 825 may include random access memory (RAM) and ROM. The memory 825 may store computer-readable, computer-executable software including instructions that, when executed, cause the processor 830 to perform various functions as described herein. In some cases, the memory 825 may contain a BIOS, etc., which may control basic hardware or software operations, such as interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[0082] The processor 30 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof). In some cases, the processor 830 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In other cases, the memory controller may be integrated into the processor 830. The processor 830 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 825 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting technology for storing unique item features as NFTs on a blockchain).

[0083] For example, the online marketplace manager 820 may be configured to or otherwise support a means for receiving a search query for a list of items in the online marketplace from a user device at the online marketplace, wherein the search query indicates a manufacturing attribute. The online marketplace manager 820 may be configured to or otherwise support a means for searching a blockchain associated with the online marketplace for a set of NFTs corresponding to the manufacturing attribute, wherein the set of NFTs corresponds to a set of corresponding physical items verified by the online marketplace, wherein each of the set of NFTs indicates the manufacturing attribute, and wherein each of the set of NFTs also indicates a corresponding unique characteristic attribute. The online marketplace manager 820 may be configured to or otherwise support a means for returning an indication of a set of item listings for a set of corresponding physical items from the online marketplace to a user device, wherein the set of item listings indicates a manufacturing attribute and a corresponding unique characteristic attribute for each of the set of corresponding physical items.

[0084] By including or configuring the online market manager 820 according to the examples described herein, the device 805 can support techniques for improving the reliability and security of verification. For example, since the NFT on the blockchain cannot be changed, the verification record of the item in the form of an NFT is not subject to fraudulent changes. As described herein, the identification features of the physical item can be encoded into the corresponding NFT, and thus the verification information for the physical item can be protected in the NFT recorded on the blockchain. In addition, the blockchain tracks each transaction involving each NFT, and therefore, once the NFT is created, the blockchain tracks the ownership history of the item corresponding to the given NFT. Therefore, generating an NFT corresponding to a verified physical item can support improving the reliability and security of verification for physical items available for purchase on the online market.

[0085] Fig. 9 A flow chart illustrating a method 900 for supporting techniques for storing unique item features as NFTs on a blockchain in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The operations of the method 900 may be implemented by an online marketplace manager or a component thereof as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 900 may be implemented by an online marketplace manager or a component thereof as described herein. Figures 1 to 8 The online market manager described herein performs. In some examples, the online market manager may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the online market manager to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the online market manager may use dedicated hardware to perform various aspects of the described functions.

[0086] At 905, the method may include receiving a search query for an item listing on an online marketplace from a user device, wherein the search query indicates a manufacturing attribute. The operations of block 905 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of block 905 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 7 The search query manager 725 described herein is executed.

[0087] At 910, the method may include searching a blockchain associated with an online marketplace for a set of NFTs corresponding to manufacturing attributes, wherein the set of NFTs corresponds to a set of corresponding physical items verified by the online marketplace, wherein each of the set of NFTs indicates a manufacturing attribute, and wherein each of the set of NFTs also indicates a corresponding unique characteristic attribute. The operations of block 910 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of block 910 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 7 The described NFT search manager 730 is executed.

[0088] At 915, the method may include returning an indication of a set of item listings for the set of corresponding physical items from the online marketplace to the user device, wherein the set of item listings indicates a manufacturing attribute and a corresponding unique characteristic attribute for each of the set of corresponding physical items. The operations of block 915 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of block 915 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 7 The described item list manager 735 is executed.

[0089] Fig.10 A flow chart illustrating a method 1000 for supporting techniques for storing unique item features as NFTs on a blockchain in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The operations of the method 1000 may be implemented by an online marketplace manager or a component thereof as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1000 may be implemented by an online marketplace manager or a component thereof as described herein. Figures 1 to 8 The online market manager described herein performs. In some examples, the online market manager may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the online market manager to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the online market manager may use dedicated hardware to perform various aspects of the described functions.

[0090] At 1005, the method may include receiving a search query for an item listing on an online marketplace from a user device, wherein the search query indicates a manufacturing attribute. The operations of block 1005 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of block 1005 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 7 The search query manager 725 described herein is executed.

[0091] At 1010, the method may include receiving an indication of a unique characteristic attribute using a search query, wherein searching the blockchain further includes searching for an NFT corresponding to the unique characteristic attribute, and wherein the set of item listings is a single item listing for a physical item corresponding to the NFT. The operations of block 1010 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of block 1010 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 7 The unique feature search manager 740 described is performed.

[0092] At 1015, the method may include searching a blockchain associated with the online marketplace for a set of NFTs corresponding to manufacturing attributes, wherein the set of NFTs corresponds to a set of corresponding physical items verified by the online marketplace, wherein each of the set of NFTs indicates a manufacturing attribute, and wherein each of the set of NFTs also indicates a corresponding unique characteristic attribute. The operations of block 1015 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of block 1015 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 7 The described NFT search manager 730 is executed.

[0093] At 1020, the method may include returning an indication of a set of item listings for the set of corresponding physical items from the online marketplace to the user device, wherein the set of item listings indicates a manufacturing attribute and a corresponding unique characteristic attribute for each of the set of corresponding physical items. The operations of block 1020 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of block 1020 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 7 The described item list manager 735 is executed.

[0094] Fig.11 A flow chart illustrating a method 1100 for supporting techniques for storing unique item features as NFTs on a blockchain in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure is shown. The operations of the method 1100 may be implemented by an online marketplace manager or a component thereof as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1100 may be implemented by an online marketplace manager or a component thereof as described herein. Figures 1 to 8 The online market manager described herein performs. In some examples, the online market manager may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the online market manager to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the online market manager may use dedicated hardware to perform various aspects of the described functions.

[0095] At 1105, the method may include receiving a search query for an item listing on the online marketplace from a user device, wherein the search query indicates a manufacturing attribute. The operations of block 1105 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of block 1105 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 7The search query manager 725 described herein is executed.

[0096] At 1110, the method may include searching a blockchain associated with an online marketplace for a set of NFTs corresponding to manufacturing attributes, wherein the set of NFTs corresponds to a set of corresponding physical items verified by the online marketplace, wherein each of the set of NFTs indicates a manufacturing attribute, and wherein each of the set of NFTs also indicates a corresponding unique characteristic attribute. The operations of block 1110 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of block 1110 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 7 The described NFT search manager 730 is executed.

[0097] At 1115, the method may include returning an indication of a set of item listings for a set of corresponding physical items from the online marketplace to the user device, wherein the set of item listings indicates a manufacturing attribute and a corresponding unique characteristic attribute for each of the set of corresponding physical items. The operations of block 1115 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of block 1115 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 7 The described item list manager 735 is executed.

[0098] At 1120, the method may include receiving a purchase request for a physical item in the set of corresponding physical items from a user device. The operations of block 1120 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of block 1120 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 7 The purchase request manager 755 described above is executed.

[0099] At 1125, the method may include updating the ownership of the NFT corresponding to the physical item on the blockchain in response to completing the purchase of the physical item based on the purchase request. The operations of block 1125 may be performed according to examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1125 may be performed as described with reference to Figure 7 The described NFT ownership manager 760 is executed.

[0100] The following provides an overview of various aspects of the present disclosure:

[0101] Aspect 1: A computer-implemented method comprising: receiving a search query for a list of items in an online marketplace from a user device, wherein the search query indicates a manufacturing attribute; searching a blockchain associated with the online marketplace for a set of NFTs corresponding to the manufacturing attribute, wherein the set of NFTs corresponds to a set of corresponding physical items verified by the online marketplace, wherein each of the set of NFTs indicates the manufacturing attribute, and wherein each of the set of NFTs also indicates a corresponding unique characteristic attribute; and returning an indication of a set of item lists for the set of corresponding physical items from the online marketplace to the user device, wherein the set of item lists indicates the manufacturing attribute and the corresponding unique characteristic attribute for each of the set of corresponding physical items.

[0102] Aspect 2: The computer-implemented method according to Aspect 1 further includes: utilizing the search query to receive an indication of a unique characteristic attribute, wherein searching the blockchain also includes searching for an NFT corresponding to the unique characteristic attribute, and wherein the set of item lists is a single item list for a physical item corresponding to the NFT.

[0103] Aspect 3: The computer-implemented method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 2 further includes: verifying the physical item by identifying a unique characteristic attribute of the physical item; and generating an NFT on the blockchain based on the verification, wherein the NFT indicates the unique characteristic attribute.

[0104] Aspect 4: The computer-implemented method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 3 further includes: receiving a purchase request for a physical item in the set of corresponding physical items from the user device; and in response to completing the purchase of the physical item based on the purchase request, updating the ownership of the NFT corresponding to the physical item on the blockchain.

[0105] Aspect 5: The computer-implemented method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 4, further comprising: causing the set of item lists to be displayed at a user interface of the user device.

[0106] Aspect 6: A computer-implemented method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 5, wherein the corresponding unique characteristic attribute of each of the set of NFTs is an ownership record of the corresponding corresponding physical item.

[0107] Aspect 7: A computer-implemented method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 6, wherein the corresponding unique characteristic attribute of each of the set of NFTs is a physical defect unique to the corresponding physical item.

[0108] Aspect 8: The computer-implemented method of any one of Aspects 1 to 7, wherein the manufacturing attribute is a property common to a plurality of physical items.

[0109] Aspect 9: A device comprising: at least one processor; at least one memory coupled to the at least one processor; and instructions stored in the at least one memory and executable by the at least one processor to enable the device to perform a method according to any one of Aspects 1 to 8.

[0110] Aspect 10: An apparatus comprising at least one element for executing the method according to any one of aspects 1 to 8.

[0111] Aspect 11: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a code, the code comprising instructions, the instructions being executable by a processor to perform the method according to any one of aspects 1 to 8.

[0112] It should be noted that the above methods describe possible implementations, and that operations and steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified, and other implementations are possible. In addition, aspects from two or more methods may be combined in a method.

[0113] The descriptions set forth herein in conjunction with the accompanying drawings describe example configurations, but do not represent all examples that can be implemented or within the scope of the claims. The term "exemplary" as used herein means "used as an example, instance, or illustration," rather than "preferred" or "superior to other examples." For the purpose of providing an understanding of the described technology, the detailed description includes specific details. However, these technologies can be practiced without these specific details. In some cases, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.

[0114] In the drawings, similar components or features may have the same reference number. In addition, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference number with a dash and a second reference number that distinguishes between the similar components. If only the first reference number is used in the specification, the description applies to any of the similar components having the same first reference number, regardless of the second reference number.

[0115] The information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and technical methods. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0116] The various illustrative blocks and modules described in conjunction with the disclosure herein may be implemented or executed by a general purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in an alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. The processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration).

[0117] The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored or transmitted as one or more instructions or codes on a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the present disclosure and the appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, the functions described above may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hard wiring, or any combination of these. The features that implement the functions may also be physically located at various locations, including being distributed so that the various parts of the functions are implemented at different physical locations. In addition, as used herein, including as used in the claims, as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items beginning with a phrase such as "at least one of" or "one or more of"), "or" indicates a list of inclusions, such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). In addition, as used herein, the phrase "based on" should not be interpreted as referring to a closed set of conditions. For example, an exemplary step described as "based on condition A" may be based on both condition A and condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase "based on" should be interpreted in the same manner as the phrase "based at least in part on."

[0118] As used herein, including in the claims, the article "a" before a noun is open ended and should be understood to refer to "at least one" of these nouns or "one or more" of these nouns. Therefore, the terms "one", "at least one", "one or more", and "at least one of one or more" are interchangeable. For example, if a "component" that performs one or more functions is recited in a claim, each of the individual functions may be performed by a single component or by any combination of multiple components. Therefore, a "component" having a feature or performing a function may refer to "at least one of one or more components" having a specific feature or performing a specific function. The subsequent use of the term "the" or "the" to refer to a component introduced with the article "a" refers to any one or all of the one or more components. For example, a component introduced with the article "a" should be understood to mean "one or more components", and a subsequent reference to "the component" in a claim should be understood to be equivalent to a reference to "at least one of one or more components".

[0119] Computer-readable media include both non-transient computer storage media and communication media, and communication media include any medium that is convenient for transferring a computer program from one place to another.Non-transient storage media can be any available medium that can be accessed by a general or special computer.By way of example and not limitation, non-transient computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), optical disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage devices, magnetic disk storage devices or other magnetic storage devices, or may be used to carry or store desired program code devices in the form of instructions or data structures and any other non-transient medium that can be accessed by a general or special computer or a general or special processor.In addition, any connection is properly referred to as computer-readable media.For example, if software is transmitted from a website, server or other remote source using coaxial cable, optical fiber cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL) or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio and microwave, coaxial cable, optical fiber cable, twisted pair, DSL or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes CD, laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0120] The description herein is provided to enable those skilled in the art to make or use the present disclosure. Various modifications to the present disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Therefore, the present disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein, but should conform to the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A computer-implemented method comprising: receiving, on an online marketplace, from a user device, a search query for item listings on the online marketplace, wherein the search query indicates a manufacturing attribute; searching a blockchain associated with the online marketplace for a set of non-fungible tokens corresponding to the manufacturing attribute, wherein the set of non-fungible tokens corresponds to a set of corresponding physical items authenticated by the online marketplace, wherein each of the set of non-fungible tokens indicates the manufacturing attribute, and wherein each of the set of non-fungible tokens also indicates a corresponding unique characteristic attribute; and An indication of a set of item listings for the set of corresponding physical items is returned from the online marketplace to the user device, wherein the set of item listings indicates the manufacturing attribute and the corresponding unique characteristic attribute for each of the set of corresponding physical items.

2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , further comprising: An indication of a unique characteristic attribute is received using the search query, wherein searching the blockchain further comprises searching for a non-fungible token corresponding to the unique characteristic attribute, and wherein the set of item listings is a single item listing for a physical item corresponding to the non-fungible token.

3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , further comprising: authenticating the physical item by identifying a unique characteristic attribute of the physical item; as well as A non-fungible token is generated on the blockchain based on the verification, wherein the non-fungible token indicates the unique characteristic attribute.

4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , further comprising: receiving, from the user device, a purchase request for a physical item in the set of corresponding physical items; as well as In response to completing the purchase of the physical item based on the purchase request, updating the ownership of the non-fungible token corresponding to the physical item on the blockchain.

5. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , further comprising: The set of item lists is caused to be displayed on a user interface of the user device.

6. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein: The corresponding unique characteristic attribute of each of the set of non-fungible tokens is a record of ownership of the corresponding physical item.

7. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein: The corresponding unique characteristic attribute of each of the set of non-fungible tokens is a physical defect unique to the corresponding physical item.

8. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein: The manufacturing attributes are characteristics that are common to multiple physical items.

9. An apparatus comprising: at least one processor; at least one memory coupled to the at least one processor; as well as Instructions, which are stored in the at least one memory and can be executed by the at least one processor to cause the apparatus to perform the following operations: receiving, on an online marketplace, from a user device, a search query for item listings on the online marketplace, wherein the search query indicates a manufacturing attribute; searching a blockchain associated with the online marketplace for a set of non-fungible tokens corresponding to the manufacturing attribute, wherein the set of non-fungible tokens corresponds to a set of corresponding physical items authenticated by the online marketplace, wherein each of the set of non-fungible tokens indicates the manufacturing attribute, and wherein each of the set of non-fungible tokens also indicates a corresponding unique characteristic attribute; and An indication of a set of item listings for the set of corresponding physical items is returned from the online marketplace to the user device, wherein the set of item listings indicates the manufacturing attribute and the corresponding unique characteristic attribute for each of the set of corresponding physical items.

10. The device according to claim 9, wherein: The instructions are also executable by the at least one processor to cause the device to perform the following operations: An indication of a unique characteristic attribute is received using the search query, wherein searching the blockchain further comprises searching for a non-fungible token corresponding to the unique characteristic attribute, and wherein the set of item listings is a single item listing for a physical item corresponding to the non-fungible token.

11. The device according to claim 9, wherein: The instructions are also executable by the at least one processor to cause the device to perform the following operations: authenticating the physical item by identifying a unique characteristic attribute of the physical item; and A non-fungible token is generated on the blockchain based on the verification, wherein the non-fungible token indicates the unique characteristic attribute.

12. The device according to claim 9, wherein: The instructions are also executable by the at least one processor to cause the device to perform the following operations: receiving, from the user device, a purchase request for a physical item in the set of corresponding physical items; and In response to completing the purchase of the physical item based on the purchase request, updating the ownership of the non-fungible token corresponding to the physical item on the blockchain.

13. The device according to claim 9, wherein: The instructions are also executable by the at least one processor to cause the device to perform the following operations: The set of item lists is displayed at a user interface.

14. The device according to claim 9, wherein: The corresponding unique characteristic attribute of each of the set of non-fungible tokens is a record of ownership of the corresponding physical item.

15. The device according to claim 9, wherein: The corresponding unique characteristic attribute of each of the set of non-fungible tokens is a physical defect unique to the corresponding physical item.

16. The device according to claim 9, wherein: The manufacturing attributes are characteristics that are common to multiple physical items.

17. A non-transitory computer readable medium storing code, the code comprising instructions executable by at least one processor to: A search query is received from a user device on an online marketplace for item listings on the online marketplace, wherein: The search query indicates a manufacturing attribute; searching a blockchain associated with the online marketplace for a set of non-fungible tokens corresponding to the manufacturing attribute, wherein the set of non-fungible tokens corresponds to a set of corresponding physical items authenticated by the online marketplace, wherein each of the set of non-fungible tokens indicates the manufacturing attribute, and wherein each of the set of non-fungible tokens also indicates a corresponding unique characteristic attribute; and An indication of a set of item listings for the set of corresponding physical items is returned from the online marketplace to the user device, wherein the set of item listings indicates the manufacturing attribute and the corresponding unique characteristic attribute for each of the set of corresponding physical items.

18. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein: The instructions are also executable by the at least one processor to perform the following operations: An indication of a unique characteristic attribute is received using the search query, wherein searching the blockchain further comprises searching for a non-fungible token corresponding to the unique characteristic attribute, and wherein the set of item listings is a single item listing for a physical item corresponding to the non-fungible token.

19. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein: The instructions are also executable by the at least one processor to perform the following operations: authenticating the physical item by identifying a unique characteristic attribute of the physical item; and A non-fungible token is generated on the blockchain based on the verification, wherein the non-fungible token indicates the unique characteristic attribute.

20. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 17, wherein: The instructions are also executable by the at least one processor to perform the following operations: receiving, from the user device, a purchase request for a physical item in the set of corresponding physical items; and In response to completing the purchase of the physical item based on the purchase request, updating the ownership of the non-fungible token corresponding to the physical item on the blockchain.

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