Pteridophyte composite planting method based on silver birch forest

Abstract

The invention provides a silver birch forest-based pteridophyte composite planting method, and belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting. The pteridophyte composite planting method based on the silver birch forest is provided for a low-quality silver birch forest area in the northeast forest, the problems that the utilization rate of an existing low-quality silver birch forest space is low and the supply and demand of a pteridophyte harvesting market are unbalanced are solved, and meanwhile the problems that pteridophyte resource tending and artificial large-area planting are difficult are solved. According to the method, through a selection method of different forest types and a pteridium aquilinum planting method under the forest with different canopy density, the problem that the space of a low-quality silver birch forest is difficult to utilize is solved, and through intercropping of the ribes nigrum and pteridium aquilinum in a low-canopy-density plot, the harvesting mode that vegetables are harvested in spring and fruits are harvested in autumn in one year is achieved; the utilization efficiency and the multiple cropping index of the forest open land are increased, meanwhile, a new mode is provided for development of under-forest economy, and a foundation is laid for industrialization development of the pteridium aquilinum in the forest area.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting, in particular to the technology of cultivating understory crops. Background Art

[0002] Large areas of birch forests are distributed in low wetlands below 1000m above sea level in Greater Khingan Range, Lesser Khingan Range, Changbai Mountain and other places in Northeast China. Due to the constraints of low soil temperature and acidity, the birch forest has a low canopy density and a low plant diversity index. Large areas of bare open spaces between forests are only distributed with a few shrubs and herbaceous plants such as moss, honeysuckle, and barberry. There are few natural forest species, and the product output and quality are low. At the same time, due to the characteristics of strong germination and short life span of birch forests, natural renewal is faster. In actual conditions, some birch forests in natural forest areas have aging, poor wood quality, and slow growth. The economic benefits of this birch forest are very low. This birch forest is generally called low-quality birch forest. For this low-quality birch forest, under the premise of protecting the natural ecology of natural forests, how to use large areas of open spaces between low-quality birch forests, improve land utilization, and create greater economic benefits is a problem that technicians in this field urgently need to solve.

[0003] Black currant is a shrub with a height of about 1 meter and black berry fruit. The main production area in the world is in northern Europe, and the main producing countries and regions are Poland, the Russian Federation, Germany, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom and Scandinavia. In 1998, the total world production reached 601,519 tons. The main planting areas of black currant in my country are distributed in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Xinjiang and other places. In Europe, black currant has always been one of the important raw materials for fruit juice production. In addition, it is also used in the production of jams, jellies, liqueurs, dairy products and fruit wine flavoring agents or coloring agents.

[0004] Fern vegetables mainly include fern (Pteridium aquilinum L.), osmunda (Osmunda cinnamomea L.), monkey leg fern (Athyrium multidentatum), cucumber fragrant (Matteuccia struthiopteris L.), etc., because of their similar morphology and appearance, they are collectively referred to as fern vegetables. Fern vegetables are wild vegetables that integrate nutrition, health care, and safety. They are truly the first choice for understory planting and are also the most representative forest vegetables in the Northeast Forest Region. Its accumulation is large, but the wild resources are scattered and the exploitable amount is limited, which is not conducive to picking and management. Moreover, since fern vegetables belong to low-level plant groups and reproduce by spores, their own regeneration ability is poor. Under natural environmental conditions, they mainly reproduce by rhizomes, and the reproduction rate is slow, which brings difficulties to resource protection and production. Therefore, a planting method is needed to alleviate the pressure on the demand for existing fern vegetables. Summary of the invention

[0005] The present invention aims at the low-quality birch forest area in the Northeast forest and provides a fern composite planting model method based on birch forest, which solves the problems of low utilization rate of existing open spaces in low-quality birch forests and imbalance in supply and demand in the fern harvesting market, and at the same time solves the problems of difficulty in nurturing fern resources and artificial large-scale planting.

[0006] A composite planting method of ferns based on birch forests, wherein ferns are planted alone or intercropped with black currant in a birch forest with a canopy density below 0.6.

[0007] Land preparation and weeding are performed before the composite planting.

[0008] The land preparation is as follows: before the first snow in winter, shrubs and weeds with a diameter of less than 5 cm are removed, and then in mid-to-late April of the following year, dry grass on the surface and small shrubs and their roots less than 5 cm at the base of the trunk are removed.

[0009] The weeding is carried out using a herbicide, which is a 300-fold dilution of 33% quizalofop-butyl emulsifiable concentrate, with a dosage of 200 ml per mu, or a 1500-fold dilution of 5% quizalofop-butyl emulsifiable concentrate, with a dosage of 50 ml per mu.

[0010] The fern is monkey leg fern, bracken, cucumber fragrance or osmanthus.

[0011] When the canopy density is 0.5, fern monoculture is used for composite planting.

[0012] When the canopy density is 0.3, ferns and black currant are intercropped for composite planting.

[0013] The black currant is planted in early to mid-May at a planting density of 1 m×1.5 m.

[0014] The ferns are planted from mid-to-late May to early June, and the planting density is to plant the fern seedlings in rows of 0.4m×1.5m.

[0015] The composite planting is a row of black currant and a row of fern planted alternately.

[0016] Beneficial Effects

[0017] 1. The present invention, for the first time, utilizes the characteristics of ferns that tolerate shade and like moisture, and fully utilizes the low density, humidity and open environment of low-quality birch forests to construct a composite model of low-quality birch forests and ferns. This method provides a model for the protection and industrial development of understory ferns in the Northeast Forest Region.

[0018] 2. The present invention not only solves the problem of difficulty in space utilization of low-quality birch forests through the selection method of different forest types and the planting method of ferns under forests with different canopy densities, but also realizes the harvesting method of picking vegetables in spring and collecting fruits in autumn through intercropping of black currant and ferns in low canopy density plots, thereby increasing the utilization efficiency and multiple cropping index of open spaces between forests, and also provides a new model for the development of the forest economy and lays a foundation for the industrialization development of ferns in forest areas.

[0019] 3. Research and develop a composite planting model for forest ferns, which will play an important role in alleviating the pressure of the existing demand for wild ferns and developing the forest economy. At the same time, conduct research on artificial cultivation under the forest, change mountain mining to mountain planting and conservation, increase the resource reserves, collection volume and commodity volume of edible ferns, improve economic, social and ecological benefits, and achieve the protection and efficient utilization of wild fern resources, which is of great significance. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] Figure 1 These are the results of the effects of different canopy densities on the survival rate of fern colonization.

[0021] Figure 2 This is the effect of intercropping black currant and wild fern on the relative water content and specific area of ​​the wild fern leaves.

[0022] Figure 3 This is a comparison of the yield of naturally growing fern forests and the yield after artificial planting and targeted cultivation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0023] Example 1. Planting of fern seedlings and construction of a composite model.

[0024] 1. Forest type selection

[0025] In the Northeast Forest Region, low-quality birch forests, birch / oak mixed forests, and moist and non-waterlogged plots at the edge of forests with a canopy density below 0.6, the soil is rich in organic matter and has a pH value of about 5.5. The optimum canopy density is about 0.4-0.5.

[0026] 2. Land preparation before planting

[0027] After selecting the plot, remove shrubs and weeds such as barberry, lilac, and azalea with a diameter of less than 5 cm before snow in winter. After the snow melts in the spring of the second year, remove the dry grass on the surface and small shrubs and their roots less than 5 cm at the base of the trunk manually in mid-to-late April.

[0028] For the use of herbicides before transplanting, the soil should be treated 15 days before seedlings emerge. 33% Quizalofop-ethyl emulsifiable concentrate 300 times diluted, with a dosage of 200 ml per mu, has the most obvious weed control effect and is safe and applicable; or 5% Quizalofop-ethyl emulsifiable concentrate 1500 times diluted, with a dosage of 50 ml per mu.

[0029] 3. Preparation of fern seedlings

[0030] The seedlings are prepared by spore seedling cultivation or tissue culture. After being tempered or trained, the one-year-old spore seedlings or tissue culture leaf-expanding seedlings are planted in seedling trays and left for the next planting in the second year.

[0031] 4. Planting of fern seedlings and construction of composite model

[0032] (1) In forest plots with a canopy density of less than 0.3, intercropping of ferns and black currant was used for planting. In mid-to-early May, black currant was planted at a density of 1m×1.5m. Black currant was planted with two plants per hole for one-year-old cuttings and one plant per hole for two-year-old and older seedlings. From mid-to-late May to early June, 2-3-year-old fern seedlings were planted at a density of 0.4m×1.5m plant spacing, and holes about 15cm deep were dug. The heart leaves of the fern seedlings were exposed, and then they were watered and covered with soil. The planting method was as shown in Table 1.

[0033] Table 1 Configuration of plots with a canopy density below 0.3

[0034] ⊙ ～ ⊙ ＊ ⊙ □ ⊙ ● ⊙ ～ ⊙ ＊ ⊙ □ ⊙ ● ⊙ ～ ⊙ ＊ ⊙ □ ⊙ ● ⊙ ～ ⊙ ＊ ⊙ □ ⊙ ●

[0035] Legend: ⊙: black currant; ~: bracken; *: osmanthus; □: monkey-leg fern; ●: cucumber balsam

[0036] (2) For plots with a density between 0.6 and 0.3, plant at a row spacing of 0.4 m × 1 m. Dig holes about 15 cm deep, expose the heart leaves of the fern seedlings, then water them sufficiently and cover them with soil. The arrangement is shown in Table 2.

[0037] Table 2 Plot configuration between canopy density 0.6-0.3

[0038]

[0039] Note: a, b, c and d represent fern, bracken, cucumber and osmanthus fern respectively.

[0040] 5. Post-nurturing management

[0041] After the plants are established and survive in the first year, spray the leaves with 1000-1500 times diluted potassium dihydrogen phosphate; after an interval of 7 days, spray urea at a concentration of 0.5%-1%, 2-3 times is appropriate.

[0042] In early July, cut off new weeds and shrubs. For plots with lush weeds, cut again in early to mid-August. Two years later, some shrubs will grow in the cultivated plots, which can be cut off before they sprout the following year. The sprouts of weeds and shrubs that grow thereafter also need to be cut off several times. Alternatively, after cutting off the weeds and shrubs, sow barnyard grass, and promptly harvest mature barnyard grass spikes (seeds) and straw for use as feed. Sowing barnyard grass has the best effect, probably because barnyard grass grows rapidly in the first year, and other herbaceous plants completely decline in competition with it. In the second year, when there is no barnyard grass, the fern community can recover quickly.

[0043] Harvesting starts after the third year, and the first harvest ends in early to mid-June to ensure the growth of the fern. Harvesting is then carried out every other year. The best time to harvest is when the pinnate leaflets have not yet unfolded, i.e. when they are "holding fists", and the fern stalks are 20 to 25 cm high. If harvested too early, the fern stalks will be weak and affect the quality of the product; if harvested too late, the fern stalks will be old and inedible.

[0044] In the spring of the third year, the fern sprouts are picked on one side, and 2 to 3 sprouts are left on the other side for growth. This not only harvests the sprouts, but also promotes the renewal of the roots and the growth of root buds.

[0045] At the same time, weeding and weeding should be strengthened. During the management process, the cut weeds and shrub branches should be evenly placed in the open space between the forests. While increasing the organic matter in the soil, it also inhibits the regeneration of weeds and maintains soil moisture, thereby improving the growth competitiveness of bracken and eventually forming a vegetation type dominated by bracken.

[0046] In order to obtain high-quality, strong and high-yield wild ferns, fertilizers are applied according to the harvest yield. Generally, organic fertilizer is applied once every other year, with 2000-3000kg of high-quality decomposed manure applied per hectare. The best time for fertilization is from the beginning of winter to the melting of ice and snow in spring when motor vehicles can travel on low wetlands.

[0047] Example 2. Effects of different canopy densities on the survival and growth of ferns.

[0048] The implementation site of this embodiment is the "Heilongjiang Province Cold Temperate Plant Germplasm Resources Conservation Field Scientific Observation and Research Station" located in Sanka Forest Farm, Huma County, Heilongjiang Province (51°24′18.19″N; 126°41′47.49″E, 288M above sea level). The terrain is relatively flat and has a cold temperate continental climate with a frost-free period of about 110 days throughout the year. The forest farm has an operating area of ​​10,000 hectares, of which the birch forest area is 1,000 hectares. The main tree vegetation at the implementation site is low-quality pure birch forest, and the marginal area is a mixed forest of birch / larch / quercus. The shrub layer vegetation mainly includes honeysuckle, willow, azalea, barberry, etc., and the herbaceous layer vegetation mainly includes modified moss, monkey leg fern, osmanthus, cucumber fragrance, etc.

[0049] The experiment set up five treatments of forest clearings with low canopy density of 0.3, medium canopy density of 0.4 and 0.5, and high canopy density of 0.6 and 0.7 or above. Each plot was 10m×10m. Randomized block experiment was used with three replications. The survival rate of two-year-old seedlings of four ferns, Pteridium aquilinum L., Osmunda cinnamomea L., Athyrium multidentatum, and Matteucciastruthiopteris L., was investigated 15 days after planting. The growth and yield per unit area were investigated 30 and 60 days after planting to evaluate the optimal planting canopy density.

[0050] like Figure 1 As shown in the figure, the survival rate of monkey leg fern (Athyrium multidentatum) planted under the forest is the highest, followed by cucumber fragrance (Matteuccia struthiopteris L.), Osmunda cinnamomea L., and Pteridiumaquilinum L. decreases in turn. When the canopy density decreases from 0.3 to 0.5, the survival rate of fern seedlings increases significantly, but the difference is not significant; when the canopy density increases to above 0.5, the survival rate of fern seedlings decreases significantly. Therefore, the forest canopy density of 0.5 is the key threshold that affects the survival rate of fern seedlings.

[0051] The effects of different canopy densities on the growth and yield of fern seedlings were measured on June 15 and July 15, respectively. As shown in Table 3, when the canopy density was 0.3, the number of root sprouts of fern at different periods was significantly higher than that of the plots with canopy densities of 0.5 and 0.7. At the same time, with the increase of canopy density, the number of root sprouts decreased significantly. This may be because fern is more light-loving, and light directly affects the increase of ground temperature and the reproduction of root sprouts. However, the number of root sprouts of Osmanthus fragrans, Monkey leg fern and Cucumber fragrance was not significantly different at canopy densities of 0.3 and 0.5, but was significantly higher than that at canopy density of 0.7. When the canopy density was 0.3 and 0.5, the plant height, aboveground biomass and other indicators of fern, Osmanthus fragrans, Monkey leg fern and Cucumber fragrance were significantly higher than those at canopy density of 0.7, but there was no significant difference between canopy densities of 0.3 and 0.5. At the same time, the biomass of Monkey leg fern was the highest at different periods, followed by Osmanthus fragrans, Cucumber fragrance and fern. Therefore, the canopy density below 0.5 is suitable for planting the above four types of ferns, and monkey leg fern and Osmunda japonica have the highest relative yield.

[0052] Table 3 Effects of different canopy densities on fern seedling growth and yield

[0053]

[0054] Note: Lowercase letters a and b indicate significant differences at p≤0.05.

[0055] Example 2

[0056] The forest density of this embodiment is below 0.3. The intercropping of black currant and wild ferns has an effect on the relative water content and specific leaf area of ​​wild ferns. Figure 2 As shown. Leaf water content and leaf area index are key parameters that affect the taste and quality of wild ferns, and too strong light will also reduce the time for young leaves to expand and shorten the harvest cycle, directly affecting the economic benefits of planting. Therefore, in order to make full use of the open space in the forest with a low canopy density below 0.3 and improve the commercial quality of wild ferns, we took advantage of the characteristics of wild ferns that like moisture and tolerate shade and intercropped them with black currant that likes moisture but tolerates shade. At the same time, we used wild ferns monoculture as a control to detect the relative water content and leaf area index of wild ferns.

[0057] The experiment was conducted in the second year after planting, around May 20, when fern wild vegetables were harvested. Five leaves were collected from each plant, and the leaf area (LA) was calculated using a leaf scanner. The fresh weight (FW) was also weighed and placed in distilled water for 8 h, and the total weight (TW) was weighed. The leaves were then placed in a paper bag and dried at 105 °C for 30 min, and then dried at 80 °C to constant weight, and the dry weight (DW) was recorded.

[0058]

[0059] Leaf area index = LA / DW (2)

[0060] The results are as follows Figure 2 As shown, in Figure 2 (a) The intercropping of bracken and black currant had no significant effect on the relative water content of leaves, but Figure 2 (b) The leaf area ratio was significantly affected, which may be because compared with other ferns, bracken is more light-loving and drought-resistant, and the leaves increase photosynthetic efficiency and increase leaf area after intercropping. The relative water content of leaves of Osmunda japonica, Cucumis sativus and Ribes nigrostriatus increased significantly after intercropping compared with single cropping, but the difference in leaf area ratio was not significant, which may be related to the fact that Osmunda japonica and Cucumis sativus are more moisture-loving and shade-tolerant, and their larger leaves have stronger light capture ability. After intercropping with Ribes nigrostriatus, the relative water content and leaf area ratio of leaves increased significantly, which may be related to the fact that the native habitat of Ribes nigrostriatus is a low-humidity environment, and the leaves are relatively small and highly sensitive to light. Intercropping forces the leaves to enhance light capture, thereby promoting water absorption.

[0061] Example 3

[0062] This embodiment is an economic benefit analysis. Harvested in spring 3 years after planting, 5 leaves were collected from each plant, and the actual measurements are shown in Table 4. The average yield of fern and monkey-leg fern monoculture below 0.3 is 180kg / mu and 265kg / mu, which is significantly lower than the average yield of intercropping with black currant of 210kg / mu and 290kg / mu; the average yield of Osmunda and Cucumber fragrance monoculture is 290kg / mu and 280kg / mu, which is lower than the average yield of intercropping with black currant of 320kg / mu and 310kg / mu, but the difference is not significant. When the canopy density is 0.5, the average yield of fern, micro-vegetable, monkey-leg fern and cucumber fragrance is 240kg / mu, 380kg / mu, 310kg / mu and 360kg / mu, which is significantly higher than the yield of canopy density of 0.7 and below 0.3. At the same time, intercropping black currant with a density below 0.3 can also generate fruit income. If the market price of all wild ferns is 5 yuan / kg and the market price of black currant is 6 yuan / kg, the income per mu of intercropping black currant with ferns is 210×5 yuan / kg+245×6 yuan / kg=2520 yuan / mu, the income of micro-vegetables is 3070 yuan / mu, the income of monkey-leg fern is 2920 yuan / mu, and the income of cucumber fragrance is 3020 yuan / mu. Therefore, intercropping can achieve the greatest economic benefits in areas with low density below 0.3; because black currant likes light, it can maintain growth at around 0.5 but does not bear fruit or the amount of fruit is very low, so single planting of wild ferns in areas with a density of 0.5 is most suitable and has the highest yield. We adopt different planting patterns according to different density, so as to achieve the greatest economic and ecological benefits while making the most of the open space in the forest.

[0063] Table 4 Comparison of yields of different canopy densities and planting patterns after the third year of planting

[0064] Canopy density and planting pattern Bracken (kg / mu) Osmanthus fragrans (kg / mu) Monkey leg fern (kg / mu) Cucumber fragrance (kg / mu) Black currant (kg / mu) 0.3 Single crop 180±8c 290±12b 265±16b 280±21b - 0.3 intercropping 210±11b 320±21b 290±18a 310±28b 245±24 0.5 Single crop 240±13a 380±7a 310±10a 360±17a - 0.7 Single crop 154±18d 126±32c 142±25c 133±19c -

[0065] Note: Different lowercase letters a, b, c, d indicate significant differences at p≤0.05.

[0066] like Figure 3 As shown, the original habitat for growing ferns was replanted and nurtured according to the above method. Compared with the natural state, the intercropping pattern of ferns and black currant at 0.3 canopy density can increase the yield of ferns by 209%, osmanthus by 323.7%, monkey legs by 289.7%, and cucumber fragrance by 310.8% per mu; compared with the natural state, at 0.5 canopy density, ferns can increase the yield of ferns by 239%, osmanthus by 379%, monkey legs by 309%, and cucumber fragrance by 359% per mu; Therefore, the use of this method for nurturing natural plots not only provides a good demonstration for the production and quality improvement of ferns in low-quality birch forests in Northeast Forest Area, but also provides a new way to develop the forest economy.

[0067] The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and does not limit the present invention in any way. Any simple modification, change and equivalent change made to the above embodiment according to the technical essence of the invention still falls within the protection scope of the technical solution of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for composite planting of ferns based on birch forests, characterized in that: The method is to carry out composite planting by planting ferns alone or intercropping ferns and black currant in a birch forest with a canopy density below 0.

6.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: Land preparation and weeding are performed before the composite planting.

3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that The land preparation is as follows: before the first snow in winter, shrubs and weeds with a diameter of less than 5 cm are removed, and then in mid-to-late April of the following year, dry grass on the surface and small shrubs and their roots less than 5 cm at the base of the trunk are removed.

4. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that: The weeding is carried out using a herbicide, which is a 300-fold dilution of 33% quizalofop-butyl emulsifiable concentrate, with a dosage of 200 ml per mu, or a 1500-fold dilution of 5% quizalofop-butyl emulsifiable concentrate, with a dosage of 50 ml per mu.

5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The fern is monkey leg fern, bracken, cucumber fragrance or osmanthus.

6. The method according to claim 1 or 5, characterized in that: When the canopy density is 0.5, fern monoculture is used for composite planting.

7. The method according to claim 1 or 5, characterized in that: When the canopy density is 0.3, ferns and black currant are intercropped for composite planting.

8. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that The black currant is planted in early to mid-May at a planting density of 1 m×1.5 m.

9. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that: The ferns are planted from mid-to-late May to early June, and the planting density is to plant the fern seedlings in rows of 0.4m×1.5m.

10. The method according to claim 7, characterized in that The composite planting is a row of black currant and a row of fern planted alternately.

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