Novel railway platform safety protection system

Abstract

A novel railway platform safety protection system comprises a plurality of traction columns, a plurality of rope units are connected between every two adjacent traction columns, a lifting unit drives the rope units to ascend and descend, and the lifting unit comprises a lower rotating shaft and an upper rotating shaft which are arranged perpendicular to ropes and is provided with a plurality of rotating wheels at equal intervals. The rotating wheels on the lower rotating shaft and the upper rotating shaft are oppositely arranged, are connected into a transmission mechanism through a conveying piece and are driven by a motor to synchronously rotate; the sizes of the rotating wheels on the lower rotating shaft or the upper rotating shaft are different, and the sizes of a group of oppositely arranged rotating wheels are the same; the rope unit comprises a left rope penetrating plate, a right rope penetrating plate and a tensioning rope connected between the left rope penetrating plate and the right rope penetrating plate, the rope penetrating plates are connected to the sliding rail through the connecting units, and the connecting units are further connected with different conveying pieces and drive the rope unit to move up and down along with actions of the conveying pieces. When the rope unit moves to the topmost end and the bottommost end, the rope unit does not make contact with any rigid object for limiting, and the impact collision phenomenon of a traditional style is avoided.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of railway safety technology, and in particular to a novel railway platform safety protection system. Background Art

[0002] Now more and more railway platforms are beginning to use rope protection to prevent passengers from approaching the edge of the platform and improve the safety of the railway platform. For example, the patent with application number 202420350689.X, named a railway platform protection safety device, discloses a typical rope protection device. This type of protection method is designed with a lifting mechanism that independently drives the lifting bracket to move up and down. Multiple rope units are set in the protection column without power sliding. The upward movement relies on the lifting strips to collide with the connecting blocks of the rope units one by one, lifting all the rope units to the top. When descending, multiple rope units fall synchronously, and stop moving after successively colliding with the limit blocks set on the slide.

[0003] This type of protection requires separate setting of limit blocks, lifting brackets, and connecting devices between adjacent rope units. The structure is very complicated, and when the rope units move up and down, they will impact and collide with the lifting strips or limit blocks, affecting product performance.

[0004] Moreover, when the length of the rope unit is greater than a certain value, it bends and sags severely. The distance between two adjacent protective columns should not be too long. Multiple protective devices with complex structures need to be arranged along the platform, which undoubtedly further increases the cost of use. Summary of the invention

[0005] In order to solve the technical problems existing in the above-mentioned background technology, the present invention provides a new railway platform safety protection system with smoother lifting and lowering and lower cost.

[0006] The technical solution of the present invention is as follows:

[0007] A novel railway platform safety protection system comprises a plurality of traction columns, a plurality of rope units are connected between two adjacent traction columns, the rope units are driven to rise and fall by a lifting unit, and a plurality of vertically arranged slide rails are arranged on the traction columns.

[0008] The lifting unit includes a lower rotating shaft and an upper rotating shaft horizontally connected to the lower end and the upper end of the traction column. The lower rotating shaft and the upper rotating shaft are arranged perpendicular to the rope, and a plurality of rotating wheels are provided in gaps thereon. The slide rail is located in the gap on one side of the rotating wheel. The rotating wheels on the lower rotating shaft and the upper rotating shaft are arranged relatively to each other, connected to form a transmission mechanism through a transmission member, and driven to rotate synchronously by a motor. The motor can be placed at the bottom and connected to the lower rotating shaft for easy maintenance.

[0009] The sizes of the rotating wheels on the lower rotating shaft or the upper rotating shaft are different, and the sizes of a group of rotating wheels arranged opposite to each other are the same.

[0010] The number of rotating wheels on the lower rotating shaft or the upper rotating shaft is the same as the number of rope units.

[0011] The rope unit includes two left and right rope threading plates and a tensioning rope connected in the middle. The rope threading plates are connected to the slide rails through connecting units. Each connecting unit is also connected to different transmission parts, and the rope unit is driven to move up and down with the movement of the transmission parts.

[0012] Compared with traditional protection systems:

[0013] 1. The rope units of the present invention rotate at different speeds through the design of rotating wheels of different sizes. No limiter is required. It is only necessary to design rotating wheels of corresponding diameters according to the moving distances of different rope units. When the motor drives the rotating shaft to rotate, different transmission parts can be driven to transmit at different speeds, thereby driving the rope units to move at different speeds. In the open state, all rope units are located at the top. In the closed state, different rope units move at different speeds. When the motor stops working, they move smoothly to different positions to form an isolation belt.

[0014] 2. When the rope unit of the present invention moves to the topmost and bottommost positions, it will not come into contact with any rigid object to limit its position, thus avoiding the impact and collision phenomenon of the traditional style and protecting the product.

[0015] 3. The present invention eliminates various traditional limit and connection components. Only vertical slide rails are arranged on the traction column, and rotating shaft brackets are arranged on the top and bottom. There is nothing else. The structure is simple, clean, low-cost and easy to maintain.

[0016] As one implementation manner, the conveying member of the lifting unit is a conveyor belt, which is convenient for connection with the connecting unit, and the rotating wheel is a pulley.

[0017] Of course, in addition to this preferred solution, chain drive or other methods can also be used, but the effect is relatively worse.

[0018] As a preferred embodiment, the rotating wheels on the lower rotating shaft or the upper rotating shaft are arranged progressively according to size, so that after the rope units are lowered to the bottom, they are also arranged progressively layer by layer, and the distance between two adjacent rope units is the same, without generating too large a gap.

[0019] The connection unit may specifically include:

[0020] Linear bearings, vertically embedded in the rope threading plate;

[0021] A sliding shaft, one end of which passes through the linear bearing and the rope threading plate, and the other end is connected to the sliding plate;

[0022] The sliding plate is slidably connected to the slide rail through the sliding seats at both ends;

[0023] A connecting plate has one end connected to the sliding plate and the other end connected to the transmission member.

[0024] Preferably, a tension sensor is connected between the rope threading plate and the sliding plate to monitor the tension of the tension rope, which has two functions:

[0025] 1. Rope break monitoring: when the tension is lower than the first threshold, it means that part of the tension rope is broken, and the overall tension value will decrease;

[0026] 2. Anti-pinch monitoring: When the monitored tension is greater than the second threshold, it means that the rope unit may have crossed or hooked with passengers or foreign objects during the lifting process, resulting in an abnormally large tension value. At this time, the start-stop alarm will be activated.

[0027] Specifically, the sliding shafts include two, which are respectively located at two ends of the sliding plate, and the tension sensor is located between the two sliding shafts to maintain force balance.

[0028] As another important inventive point of the present invention, a relay unit is also provided, which is located between the two traction poles;

[0029] The relay unit includes a frame, the tension rope passes through the interior of the frame and can move up and down in the frame;

[0030] A plurality of pulley mechanisms are arranged on the top of the frame. Among the two flexible ropes extending downward from the pulley mechanism, one is connected to a rope clamp and the other is connected to a counterweight. Each rope clamp clamps a plurality of tension ropes of a group of rope units, and each group of rope units is connected to only one rope clamp.

[0031] The pulley mechanism comprises an outer rotating shaft and an inner rotating shaft, and the outer rotating shaft and the inner rotating shaft are arranged parallel to the rope unit;

[0032] The outer rotating shaft is connected to the outside of the top of the frame and is shared by multiple pulley mechanisms, on which there are rotating wheels with the same number as the rope units;

[0033] The inner rotating shaft is connected to the inner side of the frame top and is arranged parallel to the inner rotating shaft of the adjacent pulley mechanism. The spacing is matched with the spacing of the adjacent rope units. A rotating wheel is passed through each inner rotating shaft and is positioned opposite to one of the rotating wheels on the outer rotating shaft. A flexible rope spans the outer sides of the two rotating wheels arranged in pairs.

[0034] The frame height matches the height of the traction column, and includes front and rear vertical plates and a bottom plate. The rope unit passes through between the front and rear vertical plates, and the top is connected to the pulley mechanism through a support frame.

[0035] Compared with the traditional railway platform safety protection system, the present invention replaces the traction column with a lower-cost relay unit. The design of the relay unit can not only ensure that the entire rope unit passes through, but also maintain the tensioning rope passing through here in a gravity balance state. The gravity of the tensioning rope is balanced by the counterweight block, and only a small force needs to be applied to the tensioning rope here to make it rise or fall, that is, when the motor drives the rope unit to rise or fall, the tensioning rope in the relay unit will rise or fall synchronously without resistance.

[0036] The use of relay units can save about half of the overall cost. In addition, the volume of traditional traction columns is about 600*600mm, which occupies a large platform area and affects the platform's line of sight. The relay unit does not have those complex mechanisms, and its volume is half the size, which effectively solves the problem of line of sight obstruction and improves safety.

[0037] As a further preferred solution, a locking device may be provided in the relay unit to lock the pulley mechanism after the rope unit is raised or lowered into position, so as to improve safety performance.

[0038] Through the above design, the railway platform safety protection system of the present invention is compared with the traditional protection system:

[0039] 1. The rope units of the present invention rotate at different speeds through the design of rotating wheels of different sizes. No limiter is required. It is only necessary to design rotating wheels of corresponding diameters according to the moving distances of different rope units. When the motor drives the rotating shaft to rotate, different transmission parts can be driven to transmit at different speeds, thereby driving the rope units to move at different speeds. In the open state, all rope units are located at the top. In the closed state, different rope units move at different speeds. When the motor stops working, they move smoothly to different positions to form an isolation belt.

[0040] 2. When the rope unit of the present invention moves to the topmost and bottommost positions, it will not come into contact with any rigid object to limit its position, thus avoiding the impact and collision phenomenon of the traditional style and protecting the product.

[0041] 3. The present invention eliminates various traditional limit and connection components. Only vertical slide rails are arranged on the traction column, and rotating shaft brackets are arranged on the top and bottom. There is nothing else. The structure is simple, clean, low-cost and easy to maintain.

[0042] At the same time, the present invention replaces the traction column with a lower-cost relay unit. Through the design of the relay unit, it can not only ensure that the entire rope unit passes through, but also maintain the tensioning rope passing through here in a gravity balance state. The gravity of the tensioning rope is balanced by the counterweight block, and only a small force needs to be applied to the tensioning rope here to make it rise or fall, that is, when the motor drives the rope unit to rise or fall, the tensioning rope in the relay unit will rise or fall synchronously without resistance.

[0043] The use of relay units can save about half of the overall cost. In addition, the volume of traditional traction columns is about 600*600mm, which occupies a large platform area and affects the platform's line of sight. The relay unit does not have those complex mechanisms, and its volume is half the size, which effectively solves the problem of line of sight obstruction and improves safety. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0044] In the attached picture:

[0045] Figure 1 It is a structural diagram of the safety protection system;

[0046] Figure 2 This is the front view of the safety protection system;

[0047] Figure 3 It is a partial view of the location of the traction post;

[0048] Figure 4 It is a three-dimensional diagram of the safety protection system;

[0049] Figure 5 for Figure 4 A partial enlarged view of the middle Z position;

[0050] Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the installation of the connection unit;

[0051] Figure 7 is a structural schematic diagram of a connection unit;

[0052] Figure 8 It is a partial enlarged view of the relay unit;

[0053] The components represented by the reference numerals in the figure are:

[0054] 1. Traction column; 11. Slide rail; 2. Rope unit; 21. Tension rope; 22. Rope threading plate; 3. Lifting unit; 31. Lower rotating shaft; 32. Upper rotating shaft; 33. First rotating wheel; 34. Second rotating wheel; 35. Third rotating wheel; 36. Conveyor belt; 4. Connecting unit; 41. Linear bearing; 42. Sliding shaft; 43. Sliding plate; 44. Sliding seat; 45. Connecting plate; 46. Tension sensor; 5. Relay unit; 51. Frame; 52. Outer rotating shaft; 53. Inner rotating shaft; 54. Fourth rotating wheel; 55. Rope clamp; 56. Counterweight. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0055] See also Figure 1-Figure 4 The present invention provides a novel railway platform safety protection system, including a plurality of traction columns 1. In order to facilitate the viewing of the internal structure, the outer frame is removed in the figure, and the outer frame is the same as the existing traction column.

[0056] A plurality of rope units 2 are connected between two adjacent traction columns 1. The rope units 2 are driven to rise and fall by the lifting unit 3. A plurality of vertically arranged slide rails 11 are provided on the traction column 1. The plurality of slide rails 11 are arranged horizontally at equal intervals.

[0057] The lifting unit 3 includes a lower rotating shaft 31 and an upper rotating shaft 32 horizontally connected to the lower end and the upper end of the traction column 1. The traction column 1 includes at least one column, the side surface of which is provided with a slide rail 11, and two connecting ears extending from the top are used to connect to the upper rotating shaft 32. The bottom of the column is provided with a bottom plate, and the bottom plate is provided with two connecting ears for connecting to the lower rotating shaft 31. The lower rotating shaft 31 and the upper rotating shaft 32 are located in the same vertical plane.

[0058] The lower rotating shaft 31 and the upper rotating shaft 32 are arranged perpendicular to the rope, and a plurality of rotating wheels are provided in the gap thereon. The slide rail 11 is located in the gap on one side of the rotating wheel. The rotating wheels on the lower rotating shaft 31 and the upper rotating shaft 32 are arranged relatively to each other, connected to form a transmission mechanism through a transmission member, and driven to rotate synchronously by a motor. The motor can be placed at the bottom and connected to the lower rotating shaft 31 for easy maintenance.

[0059] The sizes of the rotating wheels on the lower rotating shaft 31 or the upper rotating shaft 32 are different from each other, and the sizes of a group of rotating wheels arranged opposite to each other are the same.

[0060] The number of the rotating wheels on the lower rotating shaft 31 or the upper rotating shaft 32 is the same as the number of the rope units 2. The rotating wheels facing each other form a group, and each group drives one rope unit 2 to move.

[0061] The rope unit 2 includes two left and right rope threading plates 22 and a tensioning rope 21 connected in the middle. The rope threading plates 22 are connected to the slide rail 11 through connecting units 4. Each connecting unit 4 is also connected to different transmission members, and the rope unit 2 moves up and down with the movement of the transmission members.

[0062] The tension ropes 21 shown in the figure are in a pattern of four, which can provide a larger shielding width.

[0063] In this embodiment, three groups of lifting units 3 are taken as an example for description. The rotating wheels are divided into a first rotating wheel 33, a second rotating wheel 34 and a third rotating wheel 35 from small to large according to different diameters, and are arranged in a progressive manner. Figure 3 As shown, the slide rails 11 are designed to be three. Therefore, after the rope units 2 connected to the slide rails 11 are lowered to the bottom, they are also arranged in layers, and the distance between two adjacent rope units 2 is the same, so that there will be no excessive gap.

[0064] Specifically, the upper and lower rotating wheels facing each other are belt pulleys, and the transmission member is a transmission belt 36 to form a belt transmission mechanism. The transmission belt has a large width to facilitate the connection of the rope unit 2.

[0065] Of course, in addition to this preferred solution, chain drive or other methods can also be used, but the effect is relatively worse.

[0066] Compared with traditional protection systems:

[0067] 1. The rope unit 2 of the present invention rotates at different speeds through the design of rotating wheels of different sizes. No limiter is required. It is only necessary to design rotating wheels of corresponding diameters according to the moving distances of different rope units 2. When the motor drives the rotating shaft to rotate, different transmission members are driven to transmit at different speeds, thereby driving the rope unit 2 to move at different speeds. In the open state, all rope units 2 are located at the top. In the closed state, different rope units 2 move at different speeds. When the motor stops working, they move smoothly to different positions to form an isolation belt.

[0068] 2. When the rope unit 2 of the present invention moves to the topmost and bottommost positions, it will not come into contact with any rigid object to limit its position, thus avoiding the impact and collision phenomenon of the traditional style and protecting the product.

[0069] 3. The present invention eliminates various traditional limit and connection components. Only a vertical slide rail 11 is provided on the traction column 1, and a rotating shaft bracket is provided at the top and the bottom. There is nothing else. The structure is simple, clean, low-cost and easy to maintain.

[0070] See also Figure 5-Figure 7 In this embodiment, the connection unit 4 may specifically include:

[0071] The linear bearing 41 is vertically embedded in the vertically arranged rope threading plate 22;

[0072] The sliding shaft 42 has one end passing through the linear bearing 41 and the rope-threading plate 22, and can be limited by a connecting piece to pass through the rope-threading plate 22, and the other end is connected to the sliding plate 43;

[0073] The sliding plate 43 is a vertical plate, which is slidably connected to the slide rail 11 through the sliding seats 44 at both ends;

[0074] The connecting plate 45 has one end connected to the sliding plate 43 and the other end connected to the conveyor belt. The end connected to the conveyor belt can be set to a U-shaped opening for easy clamping connection.

[0075] Preferably, a tension sensor 46 is connected between the rope threading plate 22 and the sliding plate 43 to monitor the tension of the tension rope, which has two functions:

[0076] 1. Rope break monitoring: when the tension is lower than the first threshold, it means that part of the tension rope 21 is broken, and the overall tension value will decrease;

[0077] 2. Anti-pinch monitoring: When the monitored tension is greater than the second threshold, it means that the rope unit 2 may cross or hook with passengers or foreign objects during the lifting process, resulting in an abnormally large tension value. At this time, the start-stop alarm will be activated.

[0078] Specifically, the sliding shafts 42 include two, which are respectively located at two ends of the sliding plate 43, and the tension sensor 46 is located between the two sliding shafts 42 to maintain force balance.

[0079] See also Figure 8 , as another important invention point of the present invention, a relay unit 5 is also provided, which is located between the two traction columns 1;

[0080] The relay unit 5 comprises a frame 51, and the structure of the frame 51 is very simple, and comprises front and rear vertical plates, the bottom of which is connected by a bottom plate, and the top of which is connected by support frames on the left and right sides.

[0081] The height of the frame 51 is the same as that of the traction column 1 , and the tension rope 21 passes through the inside of the frame 51 and can move up and down in the frame 51 ;

[0082] The top of the frame 51 is provided with three corresponding pulley mechanisms.

[0083] The pulley mechanism comprises an outer rotating shaft 52 , an inner rotating shaft 53 , a fourth rotating wheel 54 and a flexible rope. The outer rotating shaft and the inner rotating shaft 53 are arranged parallel to the rope unit 2 .

[0084] The outer rotating shaft 52 is connected to the outer side of the top of the frame 51 , and three fourth rotating wheels 54 are arranged thereon, that is, the three groups of pulley mechanisms share one outer rotating shaft 52 .

[0085] There are three inner rotating shafts 53 connected to the inner side of the top of the frame 51, and arranged parallel to the inner rotating shafts of the adjacent pulley mechanisms. The spacing between them matches the spacing between the adjacent rope units 2. A fourth rotating wheel 54 is passed through each inner rotating shaft 53, and its position is opposite to one of the fourth rotating wheels 54 on the outer rotating shaft 52. A flexible rope spans the outer sides of the two fourth rotating wheels 54 arranged in pairs.

[0086] Of the two downward flexible ropes of the pulley mechanism, one is connected to a rope clamp 55 , and the other is connected to a counterweight 56 ​​. Each rope clamp 55 clamps four tensioning ropes 21 of a group of rope units 2 , and each group of rope units 2 is only connected to one rope clamp 55 .

[0087] Compared with the traditional railway platform safety protection system, the present invention replaces the traction column 1 with a lower-cost relay unit 5. The design of the relay unit 5 can not only ensure that the entire rope unit 2 passes through, but also maintain the tensioning rope passing through here in a gravity balance state. The gravity of the tensioning rope is balanced by the counterweight block 56. Only a small force needs to be applied to the tensioning rope 21 here to make it rise or fall, that is, when the motor drives the rope unit 2 to rise or fall, the tensioning rope 21 in the relay unit 5 will rise or fall synchronously without resistance.

[0088] By using the relay unit 5, the overall cost can be reduced by about half. In addition, the volume of the traditional traction column 1 is about 600*600mm, which occupies a large platform area and affects the platform line of sight. The relay unit 5 does not have those complex mechanisms, and its volume is half as small, which effectively solves the line of sight obstruction problem and improves safety.

[0089] As a further preferred solution, a locking device may be provided in the relay unit 5 to lock the pulley mechanism after the rope unit 2 is raised or lowered into position, so as to improve safety performance.

Claims

1. A novel railway platform safety protection system, comprising a plurality of traction columns (1), a plurality of rope units (2) being connected between two adjacent traction columns (1), and a lifting unit (3) driving the rope units (2) to rise and fall, characterized in that: The traction column (1) is provided with a plurality of vertically arranged slide rails (11); The lifting unit (3) comprises a lower rotating shaft (31) and an upper rotating shaft (32) which are horizontally connected to the lower end and the upper end of the traction column (1); the lower rotating shaft (31) and the upper rotating shaft (32) are arranged perpendicular to the rope, and a plurality of rotating wheels are arranged in a gap thereon; the slide rail (11) is located in a gap on one side of the rotating wheel; the rotating wheels on the lower rotating shaft (31) and the upper rotating shaft (32) are arranged relative to each other, connected to form a transmission mechanism through a transmission member, and driven to rotate synchronously by a motor; The sizes of the plurality of rotating wheels on the lower rotating shaft (31) or the upper rotating shaft (32) are different, and the sizes of a group of rotating wheels arranged opposite to each other are the same; The rope unit (2) comprises two left and right rope threading plates (22) and a tensioning rope (21) connected in the middle. The rope threading plates (22) are connected to the slide rail (11) via a connecting unit (4). Each connecting unit (4) is also connected to a different transmission member, and drives the rope unit (2) to move up and down as the transmission member moves.

2. A new type of railway platform safety protection system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The conveying member of the lifting unit (3) is a conveyor belt (36), and the rotating wheel is a belt pulley.

3. A new type of railway platform safety protection system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The plurality of rotating wheels on the lower rotating shaft (31) or the upper rotating shaft (32) are arranged in progressive order according to size.

4. A new type of railway platform safety protection system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The number of rotating wheels on the lower rotating shaft (31) or the upper rotating shaft (32) is the same as the number of rope units (2).

5. A new type of railway platform safety protection system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The connecting unit (4) comprises: A linear bearing (41) is vertically embedded in the rope threading plate (22); A sliding shaft (42), one end of which passes through the linear bearing (41) and the rope threading plate (22), and the other end of which is connected to the sliding plate (43); The sliding plate (43) is slidably connected to the slide rail (11) via the slide seats (44) at both ends; A connecting plate (45) has one end connected to the sliding plate (43) and the other end connected to the transmission member.

6. A new type of railway platform safety protection system according to claim 5, characterized in that: A tension sensor (46) is also connected between the rope threading plate (22) and the sliding plate (43).

7. A new type of railway platform safety protection system according to claim 6, characterized in that: The sliding shafts (42) include two, which are respectively located at two ends of the sliding plate (43), and the tension sensor (46) is located between the two sliding shafts (42).

8. A new railway platform safety protection system according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: It also includes a relay unit (5) located between the two traction poles (1); The relay unit (5) comprises a frame (51), and the tension rope (21) passes through the inside of the frame (51) and can move up and down in the frame (51); A plurality of pulley mechanisms are arranged on the top of the frame (51); of the two flexible ropes extending downward from the pulley mechanism, one is connected to a rope clamp (55) and the other is connected to a counterweight (56); each rope clamp (55) clamps a plurality of tension ropes (21) of a group of rope units (2); and each group of rope units (2) is connected to only one rope clamp (55).

9. A new type of railway platform safety protection system according to claim 8, characterized in that: The pulley mechanism comprises an outer rotating shaft (52) and an inner rotating shaft (53), wherein the outer rotating shaft (52) and the inner rotating shaft (53) are arranged parallel to the rope unit (2); The outer rotating shaft is connected to the outer side of the top of the frame (51) and is shared by multiple pulley mechanisms. The same number of rotating wheels as the rope units (2) are passed through the outer rotating shaft. The inner rotating shaft (53) is connected to the inner side of the top of the frame (51), and is arranged in parallel with the inner rotating shaft (53) of the adjacent pulley mechanism, and the spacing is matched with the spacing of the adjacent rope units (2). A rotating wheel is passed through each inner rotating shaft (53), and the position is opposite to one of the rotating wheels on the outer rotating shaft. A flexible rope is spanned on the outer sides of the two rotating wheels arranged in pairs.

10. A new type of railway platform safety protection system according to claim 8, characterized in that: The height of the frame (51) matches that of the traction column (1), and comprises front and rear vertical plates and a bottom plate. The rope unit (2) passes between the front and rear vertical plates, and the top is connected to a pulley mechanism via a support frame.

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