Superconducting power equipment

Abstract

An object of an embodiment of the present invention is to provide a manufacturing method for producing high temperature superconducting (NTS) and medium temperature superconducting (MTS) materials for use in commercial applications. Accordingly, some embodiments of the present invention are directed to providing an HTS / MTS device. For example, a method of one embodiment produces a robust magnet structure for use in a first full cold (liquid cryogen) HTS linear, rotating, curvilinear, etc. The devices described herein are designed to operate at liquid nitrogen (LN2) temperatures using existing HTS materials and / or conventional materials that support SC lower low temperatures.

Description

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 366,927 filed on June 24, 2022 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 374,321 filed on September 1, 2022, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] This application is related to PCT application serial number PCT / US22 / 13662 filed on January 25, 2022, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0003] This application is related to U.S. Patent No. 10,899,575 issued on January 26, 2021, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0004] This application is related to U.S. application serial number 17 / 159,0347 filed on January 26, 2021, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0005] Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to electrical equipment constructed at least in part from superconducting linear media. Such equipment includes fault current limiters, transformers, superconducting energy storage devices, etc., and equipment supporting these equipment, such as superconducting rotary couplers for electric machines, air core configurations, and related winding techniques. Background Art

[0006] Superconductors (sometimes referred to herein as "SCs", also for "superconductors") may one day achieve 100% efficiency, allowing for the creation of innovative devices that can accommodate higher energy and power demands in compact packages. In practice, there are no commercially available advanced superconductor products, such as magnets, cables, and cable magnets, because superconductors (including those that can withstand higher temperatures) are easily damaged. More specifically, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the fragile nature of existing superconductor media makes it difficult / expensive to incorporate into viable devices.

[0007] High temperature superconducting (HTS) devices, i.e. devices that operate at liquid nitrogen (LN2) temperatures, are desired in many industries. Conventional copper (Cu) permanent magnet devices inherently have power output limitations, usually related to air gap flux density (B) and heat output. The air gap is the non-magnetic space between the primary and secondary of any electromagnetic device. For example, addressing the cooling needs of copper-based devices typically increases system weight, and conventional devices use iron to increase the air gap (B), but also at the expense of increased weight. In contrast, HTS devices have no heat losses and six times more power than conventional devices due to B output.

[0008] Despite the advantages of HTS devices, no HTS or medium-temperature superconducting (MTS) electrical device (such as transformers and fault current limiters) has been able to move beyond laboratory-based demonstration models. Due to the above-mentioned winding limitations, some HTS winding device machine manufacturing attempts have focused on making thin stacks or HTS strip electrical devices, which have limited protection from HTS winding and operating stresses. Thin stacks increase harmonic content and move the coils away from the air gap, thereby reducing the air gap B. Therefore, thin stacks are not well suited for complex windings, such as motor (motor / generator) armature coils, and there is no bend to protect the HTS medium (such as strip) from quenching (i.e., abnormal or unexpected transition from a superconducting state to a resistive state) caused by localized magnetic flux increases. Due to the difficulty of winding complex HTS coils, no attempt has been made to make fully cold HTS devices (devices with cryogenic agent-based primary and secondary). Other MTS solutions have lower material costs but are more susceptible to damage in the event of a reaction and have higher cryostat costs and complexity associated with lower operating temperatures when using potentially hazardous cryogens.

[0009] Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the current energy delivery system, commonly referred to as the "grid," is seriously outdated. Furthermore, the transition to a modern grid will present new technical challenges for a power system that was not designed for today's or tomorrow's energy needs. Any new future grid or grid upgrade must be secure and enable remotely auditable generation, increasingly distributed energy resources, energy diversification, and intelligent distribution. Issues include the need for: fault current limiters (FCLs), which are intended to limit the power of destructive power faults to acceptable levels; transformers, which are intended to change voltage and current power ratios; and SC magnetic energy storage devices, which are intended to store power.

[0010] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that manufacturing for HTS applications requires complex geometry materials to withstand low winding stresses to improve operating values. This requirement is even more prominent when manufacturing complex geometry magnets classified by their primary mounting and rotation requirements, including solenoids (usually mounted on a common central rotating platform), planar magnets (such as racetrack coils or curved cos-theta magnets, usually mounted on cylindrical tools), and spherical magnets (such as baseballs or yin-yang magnets). Advances in HTS operating values, their performance, reliability of cryogenic systems and connections, etc., and the understanding that HTS material costs are decreasing during production have combined to make SC manufacturing a legacy issue for commercial SC applications. Summary of the invention

[0011] It is an object of embodiments of the present invention to provide a manufacturing method for producing high temperature superconducting (HTS) and medium temperature superconducting (MTS) materials for use in commercial applications. Therefore, a related object of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide HTS / MTS equipment. For example, the method of one embodiment produces a solid magnet structure for use in the first fully cold (liquid cryogen) HTS linear, rotary, curvilinear, etc. equipment. The equipment described herein is designed to operate at liquid nitrogen (LN2) temperatures using existing HTS materials and / or traditional materials that support lower cryogenic temperatures of the SC.

[0012] Compact Advanced Superconducting Device . An aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide advanced compact superconducting (SC) devices. SCs can be manufactured or processed using the techniques described herein or listed in the above-mentioned patents / applications. Contemplated compact devices include, but are not limited to, fault current limiters (FCLs), SC energy storage (SMES) devices, SC transformers, and any device that includes or uses high electromagnetic (EM) fields and / or currents generated partially to entirely by advanced SCs. Advanced SCs contain materials that allow the SCs to operate at higher temperatures and are generally more or significantly more mechanically fragile. Although some of the present disclosure focuses on compact systems, one skilled in the art will understand that SC devices of any size can be manufactured.

[0013] Fully refrigerated HTS equipment . One aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide fully cooled electrical equipment. As used herein, "fully cooled" means that both the primary (e.g., the stator of an electric machine) and the secondary (e.g., the rotor of an electric machine) are at LN2 temperature. Contemplated fully cooled equipment may be electric machines (e.g., motor / generators), fault current limiters (FCLs), superconducting magnet energy storage (SEMS) devices, transformers (Xfmr), etc.

[0014] Air core equipment. As described above, many electrical devices employ iron cores, which produce high B. Hybrid cores are also used, but due to the high B - well above the iron (Fe) lamination saturation level of about 0.6T to 1.1T, hybrid cores are not a good solution because of the high lamination cost and large associated losses. In addition, Fe is heavy and brittle at cryogenic temperatures. Therefore, another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a device that uses an air core instead of an iron core to solve high magnetic flux (B). Therefore, such a device is lighter than a traditional iron core device, eliminates iron hysteresis losses, reduces circulating current losses, increases the allowable primary coil winding area and secondary coil winding area, provides a flexible structure for large and complex well installations, uses the full B path or magnetic energy, and has lower total harmonic distortion from associated circuits. The B continuity of the air core design that does not require Fe means that all magnets can be wound at once or wound into connectable sections when forming the final device.

[0015] Magnet End Turn Angle and Flux Repulsion . A further aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide magnets having end turns formed by curved and / or tapered winding patterns to accommodate B path requirements, thereby reducing end losses. More specifically, because the highest HTS induced current occurs when the outer B is perpendicular to the strip width (a strip is an example of a linear medium), each HTS strip is placed with its width parallel to the highest B. In particular, due to SC flux rejection, which can support B guidance, appropriately designed complex 3D shaped SC magnets allow for compact and lighter sizes to obtain high efficiency and B without exceeding SC critical values. In one contemplated HTS solenoid embodiment, the tapered HTS end has an angle that provides a winding tapered end stack top, which produces a high fill factor HTS configuration that supports safely moving the internal solenoid end B concentration outside the end turns.

[0016] Ring magnet equipment . Some embodiments of the devices described herein, such as the FCL, Xfmr, and SMES devices, have an annular member that is separated into radial magnet components and / or axial magnet components. For example, the magnet winding robotic automated production (WRAP-M) equipment described herein or mentioned in the above-mentioned patents / applications allows SC and copper to be wound into connectable annular sections. One benefit of this construction is that the annular member has an extremely high B efficiency. One embodiment uses an annular magnet component that is separated into different primary annular windings along the winding axis of the magnet and radially separated into secondary annular windings along the winding axis, where the SC is used to flux separate each axial magnet. During controlled quench of the secondary annular winding, the primary annular winding inductance suddenly increases because each primary is flux connected.

[0017] Toroidal outer winding for encircled flux rejection (wind)In some cases, the toroid must have good coverage, such as B-rejection coverage in an annular region where the conductors are spread out at the outer diameter of the toroid. If so, annular, poloidal, or other configurations of conductors may be connected to assist with coverage. One embodiment provides an annular conductor layer and a connected poloidal conductor layer for flux rejection of an SC toroid.

[0018] B Isolation / Exclusion and Path Control . A key part of the present design and design process is the ability to control the B path through B rejection in different operating modes. For example, some embodiments control the B path, employing EM shielding (e.g., for SC B rejection) and / or carefully designed geometry for each phase (e.g., ring magnets) to improve operation and system efficiency. These aspects also include compactness, weight, and the ability to place multiple phases within a single cryostat, which has extreme advantages such as those listed and minimizes thermal and electrical connections. Embodiments include the SC FCL and SCFCL Xfmr described herein.

[0019] 3D equipment parts printing Embodiments of the present invention enable improved manufacturability and parts count, compactness and weight, power density, windings, cryogenic conduction cooling, and cost.

[0020] Compact equipment cooling . One embodiment of the invention incorporates the refrigerator and / or cryohead directly into the cavity of the central solenoid and / or annulus to provide thermal efficiency and faster cool down times. The contemplated refrigerator also reduces failures due to hot spots, eliminates most, if not all, external cryogen connection problems, and provides a compact system. A contemplated centrally located cryogen reservoir is configured to cool all layers of the device and can allow the reservoir to be refilled from the outside. The exterior walls can be super-insulated vacuum jacketed. For compactness and efficiency, the electrical leads inside the COTS are steam-cooled cryogenic bayonet connectors, such as with Peltier leads.

[0021] Refrigerant pressure pull During cool down, as the cryogen turns to gas, back pressure builds up in the cryogen reservoir of the apparatus, delaying cool down and recovery time. Therefore, some embodiments of the present invention employ means for pressure pulling to help eliminate cryostat pre-cooling gas purges.

[0022] Refrigerant gas discharge pipeDuring a fault, the extremely high liquid-to-gas expansion ratio (LN2 to GN2 is 1:694) raises concerns about pressure relief incidents and GN2 asphyxiation. Therefore, some units feature dedicated thick-walled discharge piping with regularly spaced redundant pressure relief valves (PRVs) and high-pressure burst discs that can eliminate GN2 from enclosed occupied areas while retaining GN2 in the system for rapid fault recovery.

[0023] Rotary cryogen and vacuum equipment . Some embodiments of the present invention mount cryogen and vacuum equipment (e.g., cryogenic heads, refrigerators, vacuum pumps, etc.) directly to moving parts. One embodiment is a motor rotor that provides cooling and vacuum space options. One embodiment uses a central axis mounting, which may rotate on one or both sides of the central axis of the device. One such embodiment uses low speed rotating equipment, such as a direct drive wind turbine. Other embodiments mount the equipment to an outer radius rotor with an inner radius stator. In order to accommodate the rotating configuration, special connections must generally be used. Such connections can include: gases and fluids from hot to cryogenic, power connections, sensor connections, vacuum suction, etc. Finally, for rotating connections, such as for rotation or via some kind of rotational motion, special couplers are required, such as cryogen, vacuum, power and sensor lines or some other connection.

[0024] In one embodiment, a rotor based SC hold switch is used to short circuit the field coils of the motor in winding induction mode and in synchronous mode when setting the field current. One embodiment of the present invention uses a rotating coupler that uses a cryogenically cooled HTS configured in phase (e.g., + / - DC bus) in the middle of the coupler. The HTS is located inside the refrigerant inlet / outlet fluid lines to maintain the SC state of the HTS. Outside the refrigerant lines, slip ring sensors and control lines or field coil hold switches for on / off control are placed outside the center of the cryogenic and power rotor. All coils share the same DC power.

[0025] Thin magnets. As described above, SC tape is a linear medium used in contemplated electrical devices. An electrical device of one embodiment employs a thin magnet having a primary coil (i.e., rotor) and a secondary coil (i.e., stator) that is at least partially comprised of rectangular HTS. One embodiment uses a rectangular HTS (typically 0.1 mm wide HTS tape, 1 mm thick HTS total) compared to a much wider cross-sectional geometry (e.g., 2 mm to 12 mm) by aligning the tape length with the solenoid axis magnetic length. This orientation creates a shared mutual inductance area, eliminating the embedded HTS B exclusion layer issue. This orientation also provides a high fill factor, resulting in very high inductance and efficiency, high current per turn (and therefore high B per turn), and a small air gap, which facilitates power handling. In addition, the thin layers provide a better cooling path than a common wire solenoid with many turns, where the outer layers thermally insulate the inner layers. These aspects of some embodiments allow for tightly packed radially separated coils that behave like a single connected magnet when B rejection is eliminated, such as when the secondary magnet is quenched and then magnetically connected to the primary magnet (e.g., Mode 2, as described in SC FCL and SC FCL Xfmr later in this specification). Loosely wound single grouped turns to double grouped turns per layer arrangement in an open coil allow B to penetrate the winding layers. Tightly wound turns of single layer to double layer solenoids with SC B rejection (especially important for wide SC tape) are optimal for single coil B and secondary to overall coil EM shielding. These advantages can be improved by using many nested solenoids. In summary, “thin magnets” can achieve the following: 1) Compared to the more common Cu-based coils, which are separated farther, have much lower currents, and B is often far away from the air gap and rely on Fe to guide its B to the air gap, “thin magnets” can improve power density and efficiency (power density is 1 / 6 to 1 / 10 of traditional coils, and efficiency is improved from 70% to 93% to over 95%, and possibly over 99%) due to the extremely compact nature of HTS; 2) “thin magnets” can achieve ideal EM shielding; 3) “thin magnets” can provide the possibility of high inductance full-length coils; 4) “thin magnets” can increase the HTS critical B, thereby reducing the possibility of undesirable quenching (i.e., the critical flux required for devices based on higher energy / power SC); 5) “thin magnets” can achieve improved cooling paths.

[0026] Contemplated SC devices include FCLs, SMES, transformers, and hybrid devices using thin magnets. In many applications, the B value is very high, making "thin magnet" devices based on hybrids to full air cores, thereby improving efficiency by eliminating iron core hysteresis and conduction losses. In many embodiments, the "thin magnet" concept allows the use of very thin magnets where one or more sets of primary and secondary solenoids are nested together, thereby improving magnetic coupling and SC flux repulsion.

[0027] Thin magnet windings . SC coils can be wound on top of each other, without splices (splice is the standard practice for connecting most HTS magnets together) within and across magnet windings from single magnet windings to multi-magnet windings, and the coils are connected continuously. In one embodiment, continuous windings of all HTS concentric layers of primary and secondary are wound simultaneously, starting from the smallest radius and winding outward. The secondary HTS end shield has options such as minimum turn spiral, linear, etc. The HTS configuration can short-circuit one or both ends of the secondary solenoid magnet stack, and then the secondary electrical circuit can be closed by short-circuiting the external magnet of the solenoid with the secondary end shield. The secondary end shield will generally use smaller HTS tapes and lower critical currents to promote more controllable quenching in the secondary end shield. As described above, in one embodiment, the primary winding magnets and secondary winding magnets are placed in a nested manner with each other, and each corresponding primary winding magnet and secondary winding magnet is composed of a continuous winding. Additional flat secondary end covers, which may be wound in a flat or bifilar manner, may be placed at one or both ends of the primary and secondary nested magnets to further contain B. In one embodiment, the secondary coil is longer than the primary coil, and the secondary end cover is placed near the solenoidal magnet, which will 1) improve primary isolation; 2) increase EM shielding; 3) eliminate harmonics; and 4) reduce B caused by unnecessary HTS tape width. The secondary end cover also provides controlled secondary quench, and a simpler and improved cooling path with a large surface area to cool AC transients and quench energy.

[0028] In some embodiments, multiple coil layers are wound individually and combined into concentric solenoids with or without joints. For example, each coil is wound on a cylinder, such as glass fiber laminate garolite (G-10), which is conducive to winding, providing structural support and electrical insulation of the coil, wherein the refrigerant acts as a dielectric. The G-10 internal groove allows LN2 to penetrate. G-10 is also used to maintain coil size during thermal contraction and allow slight coil Lorentz force expansion. Any added dielectric can be a cold dielectric that LN2 can penetrate.

[0029] Embodiments of this thin magnet design include SC Xfmr and FCL devices. For example, thin magnet SC FCL solenoid and SC FCL Xfmr toroidal embodiments are discussed further below.

[0030] WRAP-M magnet winding machine . The WRAP-M described above enables complex compact windings to be simplified, thus enabling multiple layers to be wound with no joints between concentric solenoids (e.g., HTS joints: two primary shunts and HTS shunts at the FCL input leads, two secondary joints at the solenoid to end connections) due to the low number of turns and compact size. For continuous winding, the WRAP-M winds all HTS concentric layers of the primary at once and the secondary separately, starting from the smallest radius and winding outward. The primary and secondary are then inserted inside each other, with the solenoid end caps located at the preferred cooling end. The secondary turns can be wound with partial overlap to: 1) increase EM shielding, 2) eliminate harmonics, and 3) reduce B caused by unnecessary HTS tape width.

[0031] Cable magnet winding . Especially for higher current transformers (Xfmr) and FCL implementations, fully transposed SC cables are contemplated for both the HTS cable shunts and HTS windings to increase current handling and power rating, reduce AC losses by allowing uniform current distribution, support uniform quenching and heating / cooling, and provide mechanical support. Fully transposed SC cables are ideal for cable magnets. A special case implementation is a 2-layer (LR) FCL with no HTS shunt resistor FCL. Here a primary reactive compensation capacitor (Z) with series resistance is added VC ) to eliminate the LC oscillating current during normal operation and reduce the primary impedance, thereby allowing a second current path (I2).

[0032] Trapping Field Magnet One embodiment of the present invention is to use a passive secondary device consisting of a SC trapping field magnet (TFM), possibly coupled to a HTS ribbon that supports flux rejection.

[0033] HTS used in the device . Insulated HTS promises to control quench propagation compared to all quench energy potentially flowing to a single location. LN2 permeable cold dielectric using PPLP, G-10, or Ultem, and a layer of semiconductor tape at the exposed HTS edge (voltage >5kV). Low voltage drop HTS is not used. HTS has a large amount of copper to accept current under fault conditions. All conventional conductors are also kept at LN2 temperature to improve performance and reduce losses. For the same power and size FCL, a wider HTS provides higher current output, and faster normal mode to fault mode response time.

[0034] Secondary end housing. As described above, some contemplated devices employ a secondary HTS cover with a component having minimal turns helical, linear, etc. at one end of the solenoid that shorts the solenoid secondary and completes the loop by using a smaller HTS tape with a lower critical current. The secondary end cover provides: 1) electromagnetic shielding efficiency, 2) controlled secondary quench, and 3) a simpler cooling path with a large surface area for heating, such as AC transients and quench energy. An SC secondary end cover can be used to further isolate the primary coil. The SC secondary end cover of one embodiment is connected to all other SC secondary coils and can be used to quench before other secondary magnets, thereby achieving better quench and cooling control.

[0035] Primary end hood In one embodiment, the primary contains end caps within voltage limits, such as a bifilar flattened coil. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a bifilar coil is a special type of flattened coil having a double helix shorted in the center. This configuration provides side-by-side current paths that can cancel out self-inductance and induction B, thereby reducing coil inductance.

[0036] Superconducting Fault Current Limiter . As mentioned in several examples herein, embodiments of the present invention are intended to produce an FCL that is a fully cold HTS device, a combined inductive and resistive type FCL, and a multi-layer FCL, thereby achieving grid modernization via improved stability. More specifically, another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a safe, resilient, and reliable energy delivery system that can handle the stresses associated with fundamental changes in technology on both the supply and demand sides. Grid modernization adds new forms of distributed generation, storage and load capabilities, higher density, bidirectional power flow, and more interconnections to support growing demand, which increases the amount of power that can be provided in any one branch. Therefore, the envisioned system includes branch circuits with upgraded fault handling equipment that can handle higher fault current limits, greater power transformer capabilities, greater energy storage capabilities, etc. The following describes fault current limiters (FCLs), transformers, SMES, etc. for power equipment incorporated into the grid, microgrids, and mobile platforms.

[0037] An FCL of one embodiment is capable of a passive mode of operation. More specifically, in order to operate efficiently and safely, it is critical that the power grid isolates and recovers from electrical faults. An FCL of one embodiment allows direct connection of electrical components without the risk of cascading failures, distributes electrical loads, and provides near-instant isolation of fault conditions and rapid recovery to full or partial operation after the fault is cleared. The FCL response is typically set to a fault current that is lower than the required system trip current of the circuit breakers and switchgear. In fault operation, redundant systems keep the remaining electrical systems operational and may provide additional cryogenic cooling to assist in fault recovery. Once the fault is cleared, any extreme fault-damaged components are isolated and / or the remaining good components are restored to an operational state along with the system components after the fault is restored. At a minimum, the envisioned SC fault current limiter acts as a high-power surge protector and power conditioner, reducing faults by 20%-50% with minimal or no quenching or operational disturbances. Unlike conventional fault interrupters and fuses, the envisioned SC fault current limiter is not a destructive fault system and therefore can recover quickly from the fault due to sufficient thermal load shedding, typically within milliseconds if there is no quench.

[0038] An FCL of one embodiment of the invention generally comprises a SC primary coil surrounded by a SC secondary coil, wherein the SC primary coil and the SC secondary coil are surrounded by a Cu primary coil. The assembly of coils is located in a housing that also houses the end caps. The primary coil may surround a solid or hollow (i.e., air) core. The core may include a reservoir for containing a refrigerant.

[0039] The housing also houses an HTS shunt that connects the primary power input of the entire device to the output, which can be a length of cable with a single fully transposed (FT) group of four (4) strips per group. The FCL windings are designed to: 1) maximize HTS stabilizer (non-SC conductors in the HTS, used to protect the SC) fault protection (within size constraints) to protect the HTS during faults; 2) set the minimum number of parallel coils per operation for power handling and enhanced fault current response. In one embodiment, % rated fault current (I) is the setting for this FCL mode for quench and recovery, including LN2 soaked Cu coils. In order to save HTS cost, more parallel paths are provided to reduce inductance, but at the expense of increased quench energy elimination. As described above, since the widest HTS is used to achieve the required power and size FCL, a higher current output is provided, thereby shortening the normal mode to fault mode response time. The HTS secondary containing the widest possible HTS allows for fewer turns and lower L, thereby providing an improved EM shielding layer. The FCL design described herein is configured to provide quench resistance (R), constant inductance (L), and copper (Cu) R energy dissipation mode, including FCL quench energy cancellation / loss.

[0040] Loosely wound single grouped turns or double grouped turns per layer in an open coil allow B to penetrate the layers. Single layer solenoids or double layer solenoids (without turns covered by individual SC layers) are optimal for single coils due to the B rejection of tightly wound turns, especially for wide SC tapes, and can be improved with multiple nested solenoid designs.

[0041] The FCL of one embodiment also has a set number of coil turns and area to provide optimal inductance for the FCL response. The external secondary coil is set to have half of the internal coil turns to assist in rapid cooling of the external HTS secondary and primary. The internal coil turns also help parallel connection impedance matching. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that embedding the coil in the layer is avoided because embedding the coil in the layer will produce undesirable thermal or B response. The FCL also has added coil turns for current balancing and obtaining a common quench. The FCL can also allow the primary HTS coil to be set to high current operation while reducing the fault-free to high fault impedance. External power is connected to the innermost primary coil located around the refrigerator (i.e., the core of the FCL), which has a refrigerant reservoir that provides enhanced cooling. The innermost coil is configured to receive the fault current and therefore initially quench. The FCL quench energy loss / elimination varies linearly with inductance, but varies with the square of the current, while the inductance time lag varies exponentially with the inductance. This response helps define the required fault limiting energy type and level.

[0042] Reverse current connection. Adjacent primary and secondary coils may include reverse current connections from primary to secondary and from secondary to secondary to further reduce common operating mutual inductance, response time, induced current, and associated AC losses. Primary to primary non-reversing current connection implementations are used to maintain high mutual inductance, such as for inductive FCL fault requirements. Primary to primary reverse current connection implementations include switching primary connections for current direction and reduced inductive operation.

[0043] Radial and / or axial single magnets connected in parallel . Radial and / or axial primary and / or secondary single magnet HTS windings connected in parallel are the implementation to meet any high current requirements.

[0044] The envisioned devices are the first inductive and resistive HTS FCLs, layered FCLs, HTS FCLs, including complex curves with multiple turns per layer, multiple concentric rings, SC primary and secondary coils (e.g., HTS primary and secondary coils), allowing for new EM configurations in fully cooled, cryogen (e.g., LN2) cooled, commercially viable devices, both the primary and secondary of the device. Such superconducting FCLs can be passive or active alternating current (AC) and / or direct current (DC), compact and simple, lightweight (air core and less Cu), and more reliable with less stress on the FCL and grid due to the envisioned multi-layer, high power FCL design. The FCL layered fault energy elimination can: 1) allow for a gradual increase in fault power reduction response, self-protecting the FCL as well as grid components by measuring the fault power surge; 2) have faster fault and recovery times; 3) be able to safely handle extreme sustained faults even in cases where the SC theoretically has no voltage limit exceeding the FCL rating. If a high power, long term fault occurs that exceeds the FCL rating, the FCL will automatically respond and (even without refrigerant) destructively open the circuit to protect the grid. Thus, the FCL described herein is 100% reliable.

[0045] By adopting the winding technology described herein, hot spots that can cause quenching are reduced. Advantages of the FCL of one embodiment include: 1) only inductive and resistive FCLs with known multi-level / multi-layer fault protection are combined (more powerful, faster response and recovery time, less stress on FCL and grid) (as further discussed below); 2) highest specific power and power density; 3) lowest voltage at the same power, eliminating voltage derating while providing a higher level of safety; 4) no internal heat generation during normal operation, which results in: 5) most compact (multiple coaxial solenoids and cryogenic cooling center); 6) lightest weight (air core, fewer turns, most compact); 7) highest fault impedance per unit volume;

[0046] 8) More reliable and less grid stress due to multiple layers and limited joints; 9) Response time of less than half a cycle; 10) Negligible resistive losses and low impedance (air core and no coil B crosstalk) during normal operation, minimizing stray losses, no hysteresis losses, more current can be passed per HTS strip, achieving maximum efficiency; 11) Self-triggering; 12) Self-recovery under load; 13) Safely wound HTS commercial production magnets; 14) First ever complex curve and multi-layer HTS coil with multiple turns per layer; 15) Multiple HTS concentric rings; 16) Fully cooled equipment; 17) All HTS FCL requires the least amount of ribbon / wires; 18) lowest total life cost; 19) longest life, compared to high temperature equipment, low temperature cooling slows down to stop all chemical reactions such as surface oxidation and dielectric aging, thus doubling the unit life compared to traditional FCL; 20) no external electromagnetic (EM) fields during normal operation; 21) improved safety by reducing voltage; 22) meet new grid needs and applications; 23) meet new regulations; 24) simple manufacturing process from winding to modular storable / replaceable sub-assemblies for all frame sizes. Performance improvement is related to HTS conversion and proper use. Due to its extremely high specific power, this FCL can provide the greatest equipment and system advantages to meet more power needs, while competing technologies are usually too large or too heavy.

[0047] In FCL implementations, air core FCL reactors require low normal operating impedance (Z) and high controllable fault impedance. The lower normal operating impedance also eliminates external EM. Inductive FCLs require high inductance / resistance to provide extremely fast and efficient fault operation. Ideally, the primary impedance (Z P )[See Figure] According to the formula [Z P =Z S *(N P / N S )^2] increases. Therefore, the best high impedance fault response is a higher primary turns number (N P ) and a lower secondary turns number (N S ). Therefore, for the second-layer inductive fault response, N P Also set higher. S Set low, perhaps 1 layer, its main purpose is to electromagnetically (EM) shield the primary coils from each other during normal operation.

[0048] Multilayer FCL. While all HTS FCLs allow operation with the highest power density inductive fault capability of any FCL and the lowest non-fault energy loss of resistive fault capability, layered FCLs are further used to combine the advantages of inductive and resistive FCLs and eliminate their disadvantages when dividing the fault energy. Each HTS fault mode individually eliminates a large amount of fault energy (operating up to the quench energy, which is proportional to the area under the FCL B curve for the L fault mode), but the energy is much lower than the total fault energy of any single fault. This can protect FCLs from, for example, cryogenic cooling requirements and hot spots, where thermal energy is proportional to (current)^2. The measured FCL response can reduce grid stress and improve reliability. Multi-layer designs are only suitable for all-HTS FCLs due to HTS power handling, fast quench, resistive rise, and B rejection. Once the fault is cleared, the layered design can provide faster recovery time because each layer is restored separately in the reverse order of the fault operation.

[0049] The FCL of one embodiment of the present invention is capable of employing a 3-layer (R / LLL / R mode) power handling approach and has all passive operation modes described herein.

[0050] – Mode 0 (normal operation, no faults) . In normal mode, all HTS have no resistance. Most of the current flows through the HTS shunt (I1) in AC (alternating current), or through the HTS cables and coils (I1 and I2) in DC (direct current). In AC, the B-rejection of the secondary shields the primary and Cu primary coils from each other. This greatly reduces the inductance, and therefore, the primary impedance is limited to the winding leakage impedance. In DC, all current follows the lowest resistance path, with varying degrees of HTS quench and increased Cu resistance, but no inductive effect.

[0051] – Mode 1 (R / L – Resistive / Inductive Fault Mode). Mode 1 is defined as a fault in the SC primary where current is directed to the SC primary and the induced current in the SC secondary provides the B-repelling effect. Mode 1 shorts the entire FCL using an HTS cable shunt with a quench current much higher than the operating current but less than half of the full FCL fault response design. The SC primary impedance is set to limit the FCL Mode 1 fault energy. All current goes into the SC primary (I2) which operates at a higher power level but with a power limited SC primary reactance which is primarily inductive. Low to moderate levels of fault energy are quenched by the HTS shunt and are delayed by the isolated SC primary. Therefore, due to the nature of the added resistance circuit, Mode 1 power regulates the line by clearing all partial power design faults in less than 1 / 4 cycle and recovers in milliseconds to seconds depending on the load. To provide a high power yet compact inductive FCL, multiple primary and secondary concentric HTS layers are wound together and operated in parallel and connected in series and / or parallel depending on the power handling.

[0052] – Mode 2 (L-inductor fault mode) When the secondary quenches at the programmed full fault power level, the FCL switches to Mode 2, which increases the secondary resistance and reduces the inductive current, resulting in secondary EM shielding (Z S ) collapse. The SC primary and shunt coil are magnetically connected, resulting in a high mutual inductance increase (Z P +Z PCu ). The secondary winding develops a sudden high resistance due to the quench, further increasing the fault impedance. The high level fault energy is dissipated via the secondary coil quench and is lagged via the B-connected SC primary coil. Due to the nature of the increased inductive circuit, the mode is set to clear all standard design faults within 1 / 4 cycle and then recover within 0.1 second to several seconds depending on the secondary load. Due to this HTS flux rejection, the secondary on the radial inside each SC primary blocks the SC primary concentric solenoid main B connected to itself, and the secondary on both sides of each SC primary blocks the SC primary coils from connecting to each other. Only the remaining SC primary stray B remains. All secondary windings are short-circuited to achieve current balance and obtain a common quench. To increase fault flux coupling, flux leakage is minimized by reducing the distance between windings and a parallel Cu primary is wound on the outside of the outermost secondary to increase the inductive fault impedance.

[0053] – Mode 3 (L(self) / R fault mode)In FCL Mode 3, the SC primary quenches at the set full fault power level and all remaining fault energy goes to the Cu primary, which receives negligible power during normal operation. At this point, the overall FCL is inefficient but effective at limiting the fault and must protect the HTS. The full fault current (I3) is moved to the parallel conventional Cu primary resistor and inductor (Z PCu The Cu primary is also cryogenically cooled to assist in power failure. The shunt inductor is fully self-inductor because once the SC primary and secondary HTS quench, the (Z P ) will be eliminated. The Cu primary will initially be at LN2 temperature, where the Cu in LN2 has about 8 times the conductivity. As the fault persists, the LN2 will evaporate over time, greatly increasing the Cu resistance, which provides the best increasing variable resistance response. High level fault energy is eliminated via the SC primary coil quench and increased Cu primary resistance, and is lagged via the B-connected Cu primary coil and SC primary coil. Mode 3 is set to eliminate the remaining fault current in a few milliseconds and then recover in a few seconds, depending on the load, or minutes for extreme fault conditions that exceed the FCL specifications. Due to the high current in Mode 3, after the LN2 level is reduced, the Cu coil will heat up quickly in Mode 3 and there is a risk of FCL open circuit failure. Because the layered fault energy elimination technology reduces the total fault energy during and within each fault mode, the SC FCL of this embodiment can safely handle extreme sustained faults.

[0054] Transitions to Modes 2 and 3 must consider sufficient Cu primary impedance to handle the high input current used to set the voltage to eliminate thermal runaway conditions. Each mode, especially Mode 3, must not have an impedance less than the previous mode, otherwise recovery will not occur. All failure mode values ​​are set by the FCL design and easily changed by manufacturing methods (WRAP in one embodiment). Reverse winding of the Xfmr magnet for inductive current technology and FCL operation can be adopted. The SC secondary coil has a reverse current connection option from the SC primary, reducing the SC primary B limit within the inductive B to reduce common operating mutual inductance, response time, inductive current and related AC losses.

[0055] Due to HTS power handling, fast quench, resistive rise, and B rejection, the FCL multilayer design of one embodiment is only suitable for full-HTS FCLs. Although the full-HTS FCL can achieve the highest power density inductive fault capability of any FCL, the 3-layer (R / LLL / R mode) FCL is also used to combine the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages of inductive FCL (operation: faster current transients are slowed down at lower amplitudes, thereby reducing system stability and power delivery while introducing disturbances) and resistive FCL (operation: dissipate energy when normal operating voltage drops, sudden, hard turn-on, long recovery time) when partitioning the fault energy. Each fault mode individually eliminates a large amount of fault energy, namely the operation to quench energy of the L fault mode, which is proportional to the area under the curve (e.g., see Figure 7b and Fig.11b ), but the energy is much lower than the total fault energy of any single fault. The hierarchical approach to reducing fault energy helps reduce the terminal overvoltage for each fault and protects the FCL by quenching the entire SC volume for each mode simultaneously, thus eliminating hot spots, where the thermal energy is proportional to (current)^2.

[0056] Although the above refers to a 3-tier system, a 2-tier (LR) FCL implementation is also envisaged, where the HTS shunt resistor FCL is not included. VC ) has a series resistor to eliminate the LC (inductor and capacitor) oscillating current, thus reducing the SC primary impedance during normal operation, allowing a second current path (I2).

[0057] Superconducting transformer with SC FCL . The FCL concepts described herein (including HTS and MTS embodiments) can be applied to power transformers, namely Xfmr using SC FCL as described above (sometimes referred to herein as FCL Xfmr or simply Xfmr). In one embodiment, the transformer is a high frequency transformer. One embodiment of such an Xfmr may include a 3D printed core to support more advanced requirements, such as high frequency switching operations. During normal operation of the 2-layer transformer, adjacent SC primary and secondary are connected to B, but SC primary to SC primary, and secondary to secondary are B isolated. Embodiments include toroidal magnet configurations and solenoid magnet configurations (see figure). In the toroidal configuration, one embodiment of the transformer excludes external Cu windings until a 2-layer quench event begins to occur. In the solenoid configuration, one embodiment of the Cu windings is to place them outside the HTS magnets, thereby minimizing the losses caused by their normal operation. Similar to the FCL, the Xfmr described herein also operates in the mode to be described below.

[0058] The Xfmr winding of one embodiment is designed to: 1) maximize HTS stabilizer fault protection (within size constraints) to protect the HTS during faults; 2) set the current high side to minimize the number of parallel coils per operating current (power handling) to save HTS cost (L drop per parallel path); then 3) fault current response [% rated fault current (I) is the setting for this FCL mode for quench and recovery, including LN2 soaked Cu coils]; 4) set the voltage high side according to the number of parallel coils for impedance matching to obtain the required voltage; then 5) fault current response; 6) make Use the widest HTS to achieve the required power and size, thus providing higher current output and faster normal mode to fault mode response time; 7) The low voltage high current side is wider HTS tape, so it is expected to be the secondary wound on the SC primary (the widest HTS secondary produces fewer turns and has an improved EM shielding layer); 8) Set the coil turns and area to give the L for Xfmr and FCL response (the coils are set to achieve current balance and obtain common quench); 9) Do not embed the coil in layers that will produce unwanted thermal or B response; 10) Minimize pre-quench B leakage into the Cu winding. The secondary outer diameter of the toroidal coil must have good B rejection, covering the annular area where the conductor is unwound. This coverage can be achieved with Cu sheet and / or poloidal magnet configuration secondary tape coupled to the annular.

[0059] Similar to the SC FCL described above, the Xfmr of the present invention utilizing one embodiment of the SC FCL is capable of a 3-layer (LR / LR / L mode) power handling approach with all passive operating modes described herein.

[0060] – Mode 1 (L– Inductor Fault Mode). In Mode 1, the HTS inductor can eliminate 100% rated Xfmr operation (I 1P and I 1S ) or above low energy faults. This mode regulates the line power by immediately clearing all partial power design faults.

[0061] – Mode 2 (R / L – resistance and inductance failure mode) The Xfmr side that first exceeds the HTS critical current (usually the high Xfmr current side) quenches at 50% of the rated maximum fault current. This causes the Cu Xfmr on that side (e.g. I 2S ) and the non-quenched HTS Xfmr side (e.g. I 1P ) electrical connections. Due to the nature of the added resistance circuit, the mode is set to clear all standard design faults within 1 / 4 cycle and then recover within 0.1 seconds to several seconds depending on the secondary load.

[0062] – Mode 3 (R / L – resistance and inductance failure mode)The next Xfmr side that exceeds the HTS critical current (usually the low Xfmr current side) quenches at 75% of the rated maximum fault current. This connects the Cu Xfmr sides (I 2P and I 2S ). The entire FCL is inefficient at this point, but the fault is effectively limited and the HTS must be protected. The Cu is cryogenically cooled to assist in powering off. The Cu primary will initially be at LN2 temperature, where the Cu in LN2 has approximately 8 times the conductivity. As the fault persists, the LN2 will evaporate over time, greatly increasing the Cu resistance, which provides the best increasing variable resistance response. The mode is set to clear the fault in milliseconds and then recover in seconds, depending on the load, or minutes for extreme fault conditions that exceed normal FCL specifications. Due to the high Mode 3 current, the Cu coil will heat up quickly in Mode 3 after the LN2 level is reduced, and there is a risk of an FCL open circuit failure.

[0063] The same is true for SC FCL and FCL Xfmr, transitions to Mode 2 and Mode 3 must consider sufficient Cu primary impedance to handle the high input current used to set the voltage to eliminate thermal runaway conditions. Each mode, especially Mode 3, must not have an impedance less than the previous mode, otherwise recovery will not occur. All failure mode values ​​are set by the FCL design and easily changed by manufacturing methods (WRAP in one embodiment). Reverse winding of the Xfmr magnets for inductive current technology and FCL operation can be adopted. The SC secondary coil has a reverse current connection option from the SC primary, reducing the SC primary B limit within the inductive B to reduce common operating mutual inductance, response time, induced current and related AC losses.

[0064] Xfmr with FCL multilayer design is only applicable to full HTS FCL due to HTS power handling, fast quench, resistive rise and B rejection. Full HTS FCL can achieve the highest power density inductive fault capability of any FCL. 3-layer (LR / LR / L mode) FCL is also used to combine the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages of inductive FCL (operation: faster current transients slowed down with reduced amplitude, thus reducing system stability and power delivery while introducing disturbances) and resistive FCL (operation: dissipate energy at normal operating voltage drop, sudden, hard turn-on, long recovery time) in partitioning fault energy. Each fault mode individually eliminates a large amount of fault energy (operation to quench energy), but the energy is much lower than the total fault energy of any single fault. This layered lower fault energy helps reduce the terminal overvoltage of each fault and protects the FCL by quenching the entire SC volume of each mode simultaneously, thereby eliminating hot spots, where the thermal energy is proportional to (current)^2.

[0065] Superconducting Fault Current Limiting Toroidal Transformer The ring is divided into axial and radial magnet components for single-phase to multi-phase, multi-tap selectable transformers (Xfmr), where the magnets can overlap or separate. Combining windings and phases into a single ring reduces weight, size, capital and maintenance costs, and improves efficiency (the ring is the most efficient B-magnet path known), while providing a more reliable unit with fewer components.

[0066] In this embodiment, the annulus is divided into axial annular winding sections, such as phases, along the winding axis and radially divided into SC primary magnets and secondary magnets for each phase in each axial section. The sections are wound into less than half of the annulus, such as one-third of a three-phase device. The three-equal winding allows three phases to be built on a single annulus without joints inside the magnet. Since the phases are arranged in sequence, the total B of all phases cancels. Each phase separation will include a high voltage dielectric that allows B to pass and work with a refrigerant as a dielectric. Superconducting (SC) layers are used to perform radial B separation on each magnet. SC and copper (Cu) annular sections are wound on top of each other and then connected. In this annular configuration, the Xfmr repels the outer Cu winding until superconductivity is quenched, resulting in very efficient Xfmr and fast-acting FCL operation.

[0067] In one embodiment, a high temperature SC (HTS) "thin magnet" design will be wound in a toroidal pattern. The Xfmr is wound uniformly and electrically phased on a single toroid with the Cu Xfmr sitting on top of the SC Xfmr. Each phase split secondary is placed directly on top of the corresponding phase split SC primary to support induced secondary Xfmr action. The HTS B rejection minimizes leakage B, keeping B in the toroid for Xfmr action, protecting each phase from induced currents from other phases, and allowing for FCL options. Inductive Current in HTS Secondary (I 1S ), the induced current in the Cu primary (I 1P ) and the inductive current in the secondary (I 2S ) are wound so that both the HTS secondary Xfmr current as well as any leakage flux will increase the Xfmr action. For any B that might escape the inner toroid, the outer LN2 cooled Cu Xfmr toroidal phase windings will capture this B with slight resistance but improve overall efficiency by eliminating any possible leakage B.

[0068] It is expected that the width of the secondary HTS will be larger than the SC primary coil to achieve improved secondary B rejection. The low voltage, high current side is a wider HTS strip, so it is expected that the secondary will be wound on the SC primary. In order to eliminate leakage B into the Cu winding, the secondary outer diameter of the annulus must have good B rejection, covering the annular area where the conductor is unwound. Poloidal secondary strip connected to the annulus can be used to assist with this coverage. Fully transposed cables (depending on current rating and losses and cooling requirements and structural requirements from standard operation to fault operation) are an option for the higher current Xfmr side. Reversing the winding of the Xfmr magnets for inductive current technology and FCL operation will be studied but is not expected to be adopted.

[0069] Structurally, the ring is fixed at the phase change location. This location also provides a cryogenic path to the center of the ring, which can be conduction or immersion cooled. Immersion cryogenic cooling in the center of the ring is only possible if the LN2 fault propagation problem is eliminated. The cryocooler placed in the center of the ring provides a fast cooling option while minimizing any B that the cryocooler may see during Xfmr fault operation.

[0070] When the B path is completely enclosed in the ring and the mutual inductance is sized for Xfmr action, the toroidal transformer can achieve efficient normal operation. When either side SC quenches, a transient resistive FCL action occurs. When the external SC quenches, a transient inductive FCL action occurs, resulting in a 2-layer quench event. In one embodiment, the toroidal core is 3D printed.

[0071] Secondary induction heating repair Superconducting (SC) secondary stabilizers experience significant heating after an SC quench. One embodiment employs a non-insulated HTS where a shorted Cu material (e.g., sheet) is wound in the middle of the secondary HTS to address this problem. The HTS greatly reduces any B heating when the secondary quenches. The Cu sheet not only provides a large Cu area for current flow, but more importantly, effectively turns the entire secondary into a single turn, eliminating the large induced EMF and all associated heating.

[0072] Superconducting magnetic energy storage The windings described in accordance with the present application are applied to superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES), including HTS and MTS SMES embodiments. One embodiment is a "thin magnet" SMES based on a compact HTS. Another embodiment is a toroidal SMES, which can better approach the ideal limit of magnet B by reducing stray B as the device size increases.

[0073] Superconducting flywheel energy storageThe windings described herein, such as "thin magnets", are used in superconducting flywheel energy storage, including HTS and MTS embodiments of conventional high speed and power flywheels.

[0074] Superconducting high field magnets Windings described herein, such as "thin magnets," are used in superconducting high field magnets, including embodiments of HTS and MTS high field magnets for high energy physics (HEP) and fusion applications greater than three Tesla (T) magnets.

[0075] Superconducting space electromagnetic shielding The windings described in accordance with the present application, such as "thin magnets", are applied to superconducting electromagnetic (EM) shielding magnets, including embodiments of HTS and MTS EM shielding magnets.

[0076] Refrigerants for other supplemental energy storage and generation . Storage is achieved via expansion of the refrigerant gas, which is used to generate electricity for immediate use or further electrical storage. The refrigerant energy generation system can be used independently or as part of a larger system, such as via a common refrigerant gas and / or liquid connection. In one embodiment, the refrigerant station provides smart grid detection and protection capabilities at each refrigerant station, and the refrigerant can be used for distributed energy storage when using high and low temperature liquid to gas expansion ratios (such as LN2 expansion). The system is suitable for open systems and closed systems, especially for LN2, when there is LN2 generation on site at the refrigerant station, excess LN2 is generated into a storage tank, and the excess LN2 can also penetrate into a gas turbine or a liquid turbine or some propeller or equivalent flow interaction device to turn a generator or equivalent device to generate electricity when expanded back to GN2. This electricity will then be used in a variety of possible ways, such as further electrical storage or electrical conditioning, such as through batteries, capacitors, supercapacitors and / or SMES, operating equipment and equipment, and / or sending electricity directly back to the line or sending it back to the line after maintaining electrical storage.

[0077] Power conditioning system with high frequency transformer . Fast switching transformer and power conditioning system (PCS). One embodiment is a PCS designed to support lower end turn losses on electric machines for mobile platforms such as electric aircraft. One embodiment of this PCS is designed to support high frequency Xfmr, including an embodiment of a 3D printed core to support more advanced requirements such as high frequency switching operations.

[0078] Power conditioning system for cryogenic cooling of switchgear Cryogenic cooling is used for both the switch assembly and the same backplane. High switching speeds coupled with the now low temperature thermal benefits allow PCS to be more compact and higher power.

[0079] Therefore, one aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, which includes: a core, the core is suitable for receiving a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, the at least one superconducting primary coil is positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting primary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, the at least one superconducting secondary coil is positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting secondary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge, and the superconducting secondary coil is positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary coil is positioned adjacent to at least one superconducting primary coil and at least one superconducting secondary coil; a power input terminal, the power input terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a power output terminal, the power output terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; and a shunt, the shunt selectively interconnects the power input terminal with the power output terminal.

[0080] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, which includes: a core, the core is suitable for receiving a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, the at least one superconducting primary coil is positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting primary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, the at least one superconducting secondary coil is positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting secondary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge, the superconducting secondary coil is positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary coil is positioned adjacent to at least one superconducting primary coil and at least one superconducting secondary coil; a power input terminal, the power input terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a power output terminal, the power output terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a shunt, the shunt selectively interconnects the power input terminal with the power output terminal, and wherein the hollow portion or the heat conduction path portion of the core is configured to receive the cryogen.

[0081] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, which includes: a core, the core is suitable for receiving a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, the at least one superconducting primary coil is positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting primary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, the at least one superconducting secondary coil is positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting secondary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge, the superconducting secondary coil is positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary coil is positioned adjacent to at least one superconducting primary coil and at least one superconducting secondary coil; a power input terminal, the power input terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a power output terminal, the power output terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a shunt, the shunt selectively interconnects the power input terminal with the power output terminal, and wherein the primary coil includes a conventional conductor.

[0082] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, the superconducting fault current limiter comprising: a core, the core being adapted to receive a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, the at least one superconducting primary coil being positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting primary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, the at least one superconducting secondary coil being positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting secondary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge, the superconducting secondary coil being positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; the primary A coil, the primary coil being positioned adjacent to at least one superconducting primary coil and at least one superconducting secondary coil; a power input interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil, and the primary coil; a power output interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil, and the primary coil; a shunt selectively interconnecting the power input with the power output, and wherein the superconducting primary coil and the superconducting secondary coil are formed of wound high temperature superconducting tape, and the primary coil comprises copper.

[0083] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, the superconducting fault current limiter comprising: a core, the core being adapted to receive a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, the at least one superconducting primary coil being positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting primary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, the at least one superconducting secondary coil being positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting secondary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge, the superconducting secondary coil being positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; A primary coil positioned adjacent to at least one superconducting primary coil and at least one superconducting secondary coil; a power input interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil, and the primary coil; a power output interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil, and the primary coil; and a shunt selectively interconnecting the power input with the power output, wherein the superconducting primary coil and the superconducting secondary coil are thin magnets formed from wound high temperature superconducting tapes of rectangular profile.

[0084] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, which includes: a core, the core is suitable for receiving a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, the at least one superconducting primary coil is positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting primary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, the at least one superconducting secondary coil is positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting secondary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge, the superconducting secondary coil is positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary coil is positioned adjacent to at least one superconducting primary coil and at least one superconducting secondary coil; a power input terminal, the power input terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a power output terminal, the power output terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a shunt, the shunt selectively interconnects the power input terminal with the power output terminal, and wherein the shunt is a superconducting tape or a superconducting cable.

[0085] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, the superconducting fault current limiter comprising: a core, the core being adapted to receive a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, the at least one superconducting primary coil being positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting primary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, the at least one superconducting secondary coil being positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting secondary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge, the superconducting secondary coil being positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary coil being positioned adjacent to the at least one superconducting primary coil A superconducting primary coil and at least one superconducting secondary coil are adjacent; a power input terminal, the power input terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a power output terminal, the power output terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a shunt, the shunt selectively interconnects the power input terminal with the power output terminal, and wherein at least one of the superconducting primary coils includes a plurality of layers, wherein the upper edge and / or the lower edge of each layer does not correspond to the upper edge and / or the lower edge of the adjacent layer, thereby defining an end turn including a curved or tapered winding pattern.

[0086] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, the superconducting fault current limiter comprising: a core, the core being adapted to receive a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, the at least one superconducting primary coil being positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting primary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, the at least one superconducting secondary coil being positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting secondary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge, the superconducting secondary coil being positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary coil being positioned adjacent to the at least one superconducting primary coil and the at least one superconducting secondary coil; and an electric power input terminal, the electric power input terminal being connected to the superconducting a primary coil, a superconducting secondary coil, and at least one of the primary coils interconnected; a power output terminal, the power output terminal interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil, and the primary coil; a shunt, the shunt selectively interconnecting the power input terminal with the power output terminal, and wherein at least one of the superconducting primary coils defines a solenoid, the solenoid defining a solenoid axis corresponding to the solenoid magnetic field, the solenoid axis extending generally along the length of the solenoid from an upper edge of at least one of the superconducting primary coils to a lower edge of at least one of the superconducting primary coils, wherein the superconducting primary coils are formed of a wound high temperature superconducting tape having a rectangular cross-section, and wherein the width of the tape is aligned with the solenoid axis.

[0087] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, the superconducting fault current limiter comprising: a core, the core being adapted to receive a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, the at least one superconducting primary coil being positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting primary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, the at least one superconducting secondary coil being positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting secondary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge, the superconducting secondary coil being positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary coil being positioned adjacent to the at least one superconducting primary coil and the at least one superconducting secondary coil; and an electric power input terminal connected to the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil, and one of the primary coils. at least one of the superconducting primary coils, the superconducting secondary coils, and the primary coils; an electric power output terminal interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coils, the superconducting secondary coils, and the primary coils; and a shunt that selectively interconnects the electric power input terminal with the electric power output terminal, wherein at least one of the superconducting primary coils defines a solenoid, the solenoid defining a solenoid axis corresponding to the magnetic field of the solenoid, the solenoid axis extending substantially along the length of the solenoid from an upper edge of at least one of the superconducting primary coils to a lower edge of at least one of the superconducting primary coils, wherein the superconducting primary coils are formed of a wound high temperature superconducting tape having a rectangular cross-section, and wherein a width of the tape is aligned with the solenoid axis, and wherein the tape is positioned such that the width of the tape is parallel to a maximum magnetic flux generated by the solenoid.

[0088] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, the superconducting fault current limiter comprising: a core, the core being adapted to receive a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, the at least one superconducting primary coil being positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting primary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, the at least one superconducting secondary coil being positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting secondary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge, the superconducting secondary coil being positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary coil being positioned adjacent to the at least one superconducting primary coil The core is provided with a superconducting coil and at least one superconducting secondary coil adjacent to the core; a power input terminal interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a power output terminal interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a shunt selectively interconnecting the power input terminal with the power output terminal, and wherein the core is interconnected with a cryogen source, the cryogen source being configured to receive a cryogen in a continuous or periodic manner to maintain the temperature of at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil below a predetermined temperature.

[0089] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, which includes: a core, the core is suitable for receiving a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, the at least one superconducting primary coil is positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting primary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, the at least one superconducting secondary coil is positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting secondary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge, the superconducting secondary coil is positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary coil is positioned adjacent to at least one superconducting primary coil and at least one superconducting secondary coil; a power input terminal, the power input terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a power output terminal, the power output terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a shunt, the shunt selectively interconnects the power input terminal with the power output terminal, and wherein the core is a cryogen storage, and the core also includes a refrigerator thermally connected to the storage.

[0090] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, the superconducting fault current limiter comprising: a core, the core being adapted to receive a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, the at least one superconducting primary coil being positioned to surround the core, and the at least one superconducting primary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, the at least one superconducting secondary coil being positioned to surround the core, and the at least one superconducting secondary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge, the superconducting secondary coil being positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary The coil is positioned adjacent to at least one superconducting primary coil and at least one superconducting secondary coil; a power input terminal interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a power output terminal interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a shunt selectively interconnecting the power input terminal with the power output terminal, wherein the core is a refrigerant storage, and the core also includes a refrigerator thermally connected to the storage, and wherein the core at least partially includes the refrigerator.

[0091] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, the superconducting fault current limiter comprising: a core, the core being adapted to receive a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, the at least one superconducting primary coil being positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting primary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, the at least one superconducting secondary coil being positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting secondary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge, the superconducting secondary coil being positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary coil being positioned The invention relates to a superconducting FCL of claim 1, wherein the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil are adjacent to each other; a power input terminal interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a power output terminal interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a shunt selectively interconnecting the power input terminal with the power output terminal, and wherein the shunt is a superconducting tape or a superconducting cable, and wherein the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil define a combined inductive and resistive superconducting FCL.

[0092] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, which includes: a core body, the core body is suitable for receiving a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, at least one superconducting primary coil is positioned around the core body, and at least one superconducting primary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, at least one superconducting secondary coil is positioned around the core body, and at least one superconducting secondary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge, and the superconducting secondary coil is positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary coil is positioned adjacent to at least one superconducting primary coil and at least one superconducting secondary coil; an electric power input terminal, the electric power input terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; an electric power output terminal, the electric power output terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil or interconnection; a shunt, the shunt selectively interconnecting the power input terminal with the power output terminal, and wherein the shunt is a superconducting tape or a superconducting cable, and wherein a plurality of operation modes are provided including the following: mode 0, the mode 0 is associated with normal AC function, characterized in that the main power current mainly exists in the shunt; mode 1, the mode 1 occurs when the main power current exceeds a predetermined level, the mode 1 causes the shunt to quench, the main power current is transferred to the superconducting primary coil, and the mode 1 induces a secondary current in the superconducting secondary coil; mode 2, the mode 2 occurs when the superconducting secondary coil quenches, the mode 2 transfers the main power current to the superconducting primary coil; and mode 3, the mode 3 occurs when the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the shunt quench, the mode 3 transfers the main power current to the primary coil.

[0093] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, which includes: a core body, the core body is suitable for receiving a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, at least one superconducting primary coil is positioned around the core body, and at least one superconducting primary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, at least one superconducting secondary coil is positioned around the core body, and at least one superconducting secondary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge, and the superconducting secondary coil is positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary coil is positioned adjacent to at least one superconducting primary coil and at least one superconducting secondary coil; a power input terminal, the power input terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a power output terminal, the power output terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a shunt, the shunt selectively connects the power input The terminal is interconnected with the power output terminal, wherein the shunt is a superconducting tape or a superconducting cable, and wherein a plurality of operation modes are provided, including the following: mode 0, which is associated with normal AC function and is characterized in that the main power current mainly exists in the shunt; mode 1, which occurs when the main power current exceeds a predetermined level, the mode 1 causes the shunt to quench, the main power current is transferred to the superconducting primary coil, and the mode 1 induces a secondary current in the superconducting secondary coil; mode 2, which occurs when the superconducting secondary coil quenches, the mode 2 transfers the main power current to the superconducting primary coil; and mode 3, which occurs when the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the shunt quench, the mode 3 transfers the main power current to the primary coil, and the superconducting fault current limiter further includes a primary reactive compensator, the primary reactive compensator being configured to compensate for a predetermined impedance.

[0094] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, which includes: a core body, the core body is suitable for receiving a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, at least one superconducting primary coil is positioned around the core body, and at least one superconducting primary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, at least one superconducting secondary coil is positioned around the core body, and at least one superconducting secondary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge, and the superconducting secondary coil is positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary coil is positioned adjacent to at least one superconducting primary coil and at least one superconducting secondary coil; a power input terminal, the power input terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a power output terminal, the power output terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a shunt, the shunt selectively connects the power input The terminal is interconnected with the power output terminal, and wherein the shunt is a superconducting tape or a superconducting cable, and wherein a plurality of operation modes are provided, including the following: mode 0, which is associated with normal AC function and is characterized in that the main power current mainly exists in the shunt; mode 1, which occurs when the main power current exceeds a predetermined level, the mode 1 causes the shunt to quench, the main power current is transferred to the superconducting primary coil, and the mode 1 induces a secondary current in the superconducting secondary coil; mode 2, which occurs when the superconducting secondary coil quenches, the mode 2 transfers the main power current to the superconducting primary coil; and mode 3, which occurs when the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the shunt quench, the mode 3 transfers the main power current to the primary coil, and wherein, in the mode 1, the superconducting secondary coil generates flux repulsion, and the flux repulsion isolates the superconducting primary coil.

[0095] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, the superconducting fault current limiter comprising: a core, the core being adapted to receive a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, the at least one superconducting primary coil being positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting primary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, the at least one superconducting secondary coil being positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting secondary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge, the superconducting secondary coil being positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary coil being positioned adjacent to at least one superconducting primary coil and at least one superconducting secondary coil; a power input terminal, the power input terminal being interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil, and the primary coil; a power output terminal, the power output terminal being interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil, and the primary coil; a shunt, the shunt selectively interconnecting the power input terminal with the power output terminal, and wherein the shunt is a superconducting tape or a superconducting cable, and wherein providing the following The multiple operation modes are as follows: Mode 0, which is associated with normal AC function and is characterized in that the main power current mainly exists in the shunt; Mode 1, which occurs when the main power current exceeds a predetermined level, causes the shunt to quench, transfers the main power current to the superconducting primary coil, and induces a secondary current in the superconducting secondary coil; Mode 2, which occurs when the superconducting secondary coil quenches, transfers the main power current to the superconducting primary coil; and Mode 3 occurs when the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the shunt quench, the mode 3 transfers the main power current to the primary coil, and wherein, in the mode 1, the superconducting secondary coil generates flux repulsion, the flux repulsion isolates the superconducting primary coil, and the superconducting fault current limiter further includes a secondary end cover positioned adjacent to an upper edge of the superconducting secondary coil or a lower edge of the superconducting secondary coil, the secondary end cover being configured to isolate the primary coil.

[0096] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, which includes: a core body, the core body is suitable for receiving a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, at least one superconducting primary coil is positioned around the core body, and at least one superconducting primary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, at least one superconducting secondary coil is positioned around the core body, and at least one superconducting secondary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge, and the superconducting secondary coil is positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary coil is positioned adjacent to at least one superconducting primary coil and at least one superconducting secondary coil; an electric power input terminal, the electric power input terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; an electric power output terminal, the electric power output terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a shunt, the shunt selectively connects the electric power input terminal to the electric power supply terminal; Output-end interconnection, wherein the shunt is a superconducting tape or a superconducting cable, and wherein a plurality of operation modes are provided, including: mode 0, which is associated with normal AC function and is characterized in that the main power current mainly exists in the shunt; mode 1, which occurs when the main power current exceeds a predetermined level, which causes the shunt to quench, transfers the main power current to the superconducting primary coil, and induces a secondary current in the superconducting secondary coil; mode 2, which occurs when the superconducting secondary coil quenches, and transfers the main power current to the superconducting primary coil; and mode 3, which occurs when the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the shunt quench, and transfers the main power current to the primary coil, and wherein, in mode 1, the superconducting primary coil operates using the reactance of the primary coil, and the reactance of the primary coil is mainly an inductive reactance.

[0097] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, which includes: a core, the core is suitable for receiving a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, at least one superconducting primary coil is positioned around the core, and at least one superconducting primary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, at least one superconducting secondary coil is positioned around the core, and at least one superconducting secondary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge, and the superconducting secondary coil is positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary coil is positioned adjacent to at least one superconducting primary coil and at least one superconducting secondary coil; an electric power input terminal, the electric power input terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; an electric power output terminal, the electric power output terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a shunt, the shunt selects The invention relates to a superconducting device for interconnecting a power input terminal with a power output terminal in a manner that is suitable for interconnecting a power input terminal with a power output terminal, wherein the shunt is a superconducting tape or a superconducting cable, and wherein a plurality of operation modes are provided, including the following: mode 0, which is associated with normal AC function and is characterized in that the main power current mainly exists in the shunt; mode 1, which occurs when the main power current exceeds a predetermined level, wherein the shunt is quenched, the main power current is transferred to the superconducting primary coil, and the mode 1 induces a secondary current in the superconducting secondary coil; mode 2, which occurs when the superconducting secondary coil is quenched, wherein the main power current is transferred to the superconducting primary coil; and mode 3, which occurs when the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the shunt are quenched, wherein the main power current is transferred to the primary coil, and wherein, in mode 1, all partial power design faults are cleared within a partial cycle.

[0098] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, which includes: a core, the core is suitable for receiving a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, at least one superconducting primary coil is positioned to surround the core, and at least one superconducting primary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, at least one superconducting secondary coil is positioned to surround the core, and at least one superconducting secondary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge, and the superconducting secondary coil is positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary coil is positioned adjacent to at least one superconducting primary coil and at least one superconducting secondary coil; an electric power input terminal, the electric power input terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; an electric power output terminal, the electric power output terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a shunt, the shunt The shunt selectively interconnects the power input terminal with the power output terminal, wherein the shunt is a superconducting tape or a superconducting cable, and wherein a plurality of operation modes are provided, including the following: mode 0, which is associated with normal AC function and is characterized in that the main power current mainly exists in the shunt; mode 1, which occurs when the main power current exceeds a predetermined level, the shunt quenches, the main power current is transferred to the superconducting primary coil, and the mode 1 induces a secondary current in the superconducting secondary coil; mode 2, which occurs when the superconducting secondary coil quenches, the main power current is transferred to the superconducting primary coil; and mode 3, which occurs when the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the shunt quench, the main power current is transferred to the primary coil, and wherein, in mode 2, the superconducting secondary coil generates a high resistance.

[0099] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, which includes: a core body, the core body is suitable for receiving a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, at least one superconducting primary coil is positioned around the core body, and at least one superconducting primary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, at least one superconducting secondary coil is positioned around the core body, and at least one superconducting secondary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge, and the superconducting secondary coil is positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary coil is positioned adjacent to at least one superconducting primary coil and at least one superconducting secondary coil; a power input terminal, the power input terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a power output terminal, the power output terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a shunt, the shunt selectively connects the power input terminal to the A power output interconnection, wherein the shunt is a superconducting tape or a superconducting cable, and wherein a plurality of operation modes are provided including: mode 0, which is associated with normal AC function and is characterized in that the main power current is mainly present in the shunt; mode 1, which occurs when the main power current exceeds a predetermined level, which causes the shunt to quench, transfers the main power current to the superconducting primary coil, and induces a secondary current in the superconducting secondary coil; mode 2, which occurs when the superconducting secondary coil quenches, which transfers the main power current to the superconducting primary coil; and mode 3, which occurs when the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the shunt quench, which transfers the main power current to the primary coil, and wherein at least one of the superconducting primary coils includes a plurality of layers, wherein in mode 2, the layers are magnetically connected to increase the primary mutual inductance.

[0100] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, which includes: a core body, the core body is suitable for receiving a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, at least one superconducting primary coil is positioned around the core body, and at least one superconducting primary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, at least one superconducting secondary coil is positioned around the core body, and at least one superconducting secondary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge, and the superconducting secondary coil is positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary coil is positioned adjacent to at least one superconducting primary coil and at least one superconducting secondary coil; a power input terminal, the power input terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a power output terminal, the power output terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a shunt, the shunt selectively connects the power input The terminal is interconnected with the power output terminal, wherein the shunt is a superconducting tape or a superconducting cable, and wherein a plurality of operation modes are provided, including the following: mode 0, which is associated with normal AC function and is characterized in that the main power current mainly exists in the shunt; mode 1, which occurs when the main power current exceeds a predetermined level, the mode 1 causes the shunt to quench, the main power current is transferred to the superconducting primary coil, and the mode 1 induces a secondary current in the superconducting secondary coil; mode 2, which occurs when the superconducting secondary coil quenches, the mode 2 transfers the main power current to the superconducting primary coil; and mode 3, which occurs when the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the shunt quench, the mode 3 transfers the main power current to the primary coil, and wherein, in the mode 3, the superconducting primary generates a high resistance, thereby transmitting all currents to the quenched superconducting and non-superconducting coils.

[0101] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, the superconducting fault current limiter comprising: a core, the core being adapted to receive a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, the at least one superconducting primary coil being positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting primary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, the at least one superconducting secondary coil being positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting secondary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge, the superconducting secondary coil being positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary coil being positioned adjacent to the at least one superconducting primary coil; a superconducting primary coil and at least one superconducting secondary coil adjacent to each other; a power input terminal interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a power output terminal interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a shunt selectively interconnecting the power input terminal with the power output terminal, and wherein the superconducting secondary coil comprises a non-insulated superconducting tape or a non-insulated superconducting cable having a layer wound on a conventional conductor, wherein the conventional conductor is wound in a middle portion of the superconducting secondary coil.

[0102] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, which includes: a core body, the core body is suitable for receiving a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, the at least one superconducting primary coil is positioned around the core body, and the at least one superconducting primary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, the at least one superconducting secondary coil is positioned around the core body, and the at least one superconducting secondary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge, the superconducting secondary coil is positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary coil is positioned adjacent to at least one superconducting primary coil and at least one superconducting secondary coil; a power input terminal, the power input terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a power output terminal, the power output terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a shunt, the shunt selectively interconnects the power input terminal with the power output terminal, and wherein the superconducting primary coil and the superconducting secondary coil are formed by a wound high-temperature superconducting tape having a rectangular profile.

[0103] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, which includes: a core body, the core is suitable for receiving a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, the at least one superconducting primary coil is positioned around the core body, and the at least one superconducting primary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, the at least one superconducting secondary coil is positioned around the core body, and the at least one superconducting secondary coil has an upper edge and a lower edge, the superconducting secondary coil is positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary coil is positioned adjacent to at least one superconducting primary coil and at least one superconducting secondary coil; a power input terminal, the power input terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a power output terminal, the power output terminal is interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; a shunt, the shunt selectively interconnects the power input terminal with the power output terminal, and wherein the primary coil and the superconducting secondary coil include superconducting tapes or superconducting cables.

[0104] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a superconducting fault current limiter, the superconducting fault current limiter comprising: a core, the core being adapted to receive a cryogen; at least one superconducting primary coil, the at least one superconducting primary coil being positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting primary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, the at least one superconducting secondary coil being positioned around the core, and the at least one superconducting secondary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge, the superconducting secondary coil being positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil, the primary coil being positioned adjacent to at least one superconducting primary coil and at least one superconducting secondary coil; an electric power input terminal, the electric power input terminal being interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil, and the primary coil; an electric a power output terminal interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil; and a shunt including a superconducting cable, the shunt selectively interconnecting the power input terminal with the power output terminal, wherein the shunt is a superconducting tape or a superconducting cable, and wherein a plurality of operation modes are provided including: passing a main power current through the shunt until the main power current exceeds a predetermined level; when the main power current exceeds the predetermined level, transferring the main power current to the superconducting primary coil and inducing a secondary current in the superconducting secondary coil; when the superconducting secondary coil is quenched, transferring the main power current to the superconducting primary coil; and when the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the shunt are quenched, transferring the main power current to the Cu primary.

[0105] Another aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide an electric transformer, comprising: a primary magnetic coil; a secondary magnetic coil adjacent to the primary magnetic coil; a superconducting primary magnetic coil; a superconducting secondary magnetic coil; wherein the primary magnetic coil, the secondary magnetic coil, the superconducting primary magnetic coil and the superconducting secondary magnetic coil are surrounded by a shell so that the inner surface of the primary magnetic coil defines an internal volume; and an electric power input terminal, the electric power input terminal being interconnected with at least one of the primary magnetic coil, the secondary magnetic coil, the superconducting primary magnetic coil and the superconducting secondary magnetic coil; and an electric power output terminal, the electric power output terminal being interconnected with at least one of the primary magnetic coil, the secondary magnetic coil, the superconducting primary magnetic coil and the superconducting secondary magnetic coil.

[0106] The inventive content of the present invention is not intended to and should not be interpreted as representing the full content and scope of the present invention. That is, these aspects and other aspects and advantages will be apparent from the disclosure of the invention described herein. In addition, the above-mentioned embodiments, aspects, objectives and configurations are neither complete nor exhaustive. It is understood that other embodiments of the present invention may use one or more of the features described above or below alone or in combination. In addition, references herein to "the present invention" or aspects thereof should be understood as certain embodiments of the present invention, and should not be interpreted as limiting all embodiments to a specific description. The present invention is described in various levels of detail in the inventive content of the present invention as well as in the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments, and the scope of the present invention is not limited in any way by the inclusion or exclusion of elements, components, etc. in the inventive content of the present invention. Additional aspects of the present invention will become more apparent from the specific embodiments, particularly with reference to the accompanying drawings. Figure 1 When you start reading.

[0107] The advantages, embodiments and / or features described above are not necessarily complete or exhaustive, especially with respect to the patentable subject matter disclosed herein. Other advantages, embodiments and / or features of the present invention may be used alone or in combination, as described above, and / or in the accompanying drawings and / or in the following description.

[0108] As used herein, the phrases "at least one", "one or more", and "and / or" are open-ended expressions that can be used as both conjunctions and disjuncts. For example, each of the expressions "at least one of A, B, and C", "at least one of A, B, or C", "one or more of A, B, and C", "one or more of A, B, or C", and "A, B, and / or C" means A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B, and C together.

[0109] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities, dimensions, conditions, and so forth, used in the specification and drawings are to be understood as approximations which in all cases may be modified as required by the particular application of the novel assemblies and methods described herein.

[0110] The term "a" entity or "an" entity used herein refers to one or more of the entity. Therefore, the terms "a" (or "an"), "one or more" and "at least one" can be used interchangeably herein.

[0111] As used herein, "including," "comprising," or "having," and variations thereof, are meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. Thus, the terms "including," "comprising," or "having," and variations thereof, can be used interchangeably.

[0112] It should be understood that the term "means" as used herein should be given the broadest possible interpretation pursuant to 35 U.S.C. Section 112(f). Therefore, claims containing the term "means" should cover all structures, materials, or acts described herein, and all equivalents thereof. In addition, the structures, materials, or acts and their equivalents should include all contents described in the Summary of the Invention, the Description of the Figures, the Detailed Description, and the attached drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0113] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the general description of the invention given above and the detailed description of the drawings given below, serve to explain the principles of the invention.

[0114] Figure 1 It is a perspective view of a superconducting fault current limiter according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0115] Figure 2 yes Figure 1 A cross-sectional perspective view of a superconducting fault current limiter is shown.

[0116] Figure 3 It shows Figure 1 A detailed view of the upper portion of a superconducting fault current limiter is shown.

[0117] Figure 3a It is shown that Figure 3 Another detailed view of the upper portion of a similar superconducting fault current limiter detailing the end turn angles employed by some embodiments.

[0118] Figure 4 It shows Figure 1 A detailed view of the lower portion of a superconducting fault current limiter is shown.

[0119] Figure 5 yes Figure 1 A cross-sectional perspective view of a coil used in the illustrated embodiment.

[0120] Figure 6 yes Figure 5 Detailed view of the .

[0121] Figure 7a yes Figure 1 The electrical schematic diagram of the fault current limiter is shown.

[0122] Figure 7b yes Figure 1 The physical schematic diagram of a fault current limiter is shown.

[0123] Figure 8a is an electrical schematic diagram showing the normal operating mode of an AC system.

[0124] Figure 8b It shows Figure 8a Electrical schematic diagram of the first fault current operating mode of the system depicted.

[0125] Figure 8c It shows Figure 8a Electrical schematic diagram of the second fault current operating mode of the depicted system.

[0126] Figure 8d It shows Figure 8a Electrical schematic diagram of the first fault current operating mode of the system depicted.

[0127] Figure 9a is an electrical schematic diagram showing the normal operating mode of a DC system.

[0128] Figure 9b It shows Figure 9a Electrical schematic diagram of the first fault current operating mode of the system depicted.

[0129] Fig.9c It shows Figure 9a Electrical schematic diagram of the second fault current operating mode of the depicted system.

[0130] Fig.10 It is a cross-sectional view of a solenoid superconducting fault current limiting transformer according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0131] Fig.11a yes Fig.10The electrical schematic diagram of the solenoid superconducting fault current limiting transformer is shown.

[0132] Fig.11b yes Fig.10 The physical schematic diagram of the solenoid superconducting fault current limiting transformer is shown.

[0133] Fig.12 It is a perspective view of a toroidal superconducting fault current limiting transformer according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0134] Fig.13 yes Fig.12 A cross-sectional view of a toroidal superconducting fault current limiting transformer is shown.

[0135] Fig.14 It shows Fig.12 Detailed view of a portion of a toroidal superconducting fault current limiter.

[0136] Fig.15 yes Fig.12 A perspective view of a toroidal coil used in the illustrated embodiment.

[0137] Fig.16a It is the electrical schematic diagram of a 2-layer toroidal superconducting fault current limiter.

[0138] Fig.16b yes Fig.16a A physical schematic of a fault limiting transformer is depicted.

[0139] Fig.16c is a top view of a 2-layer fault current limiting transformer according to an embodiment of the present invention, wherein the rings separate the phases around the circumference.

[0140] Fig.17a It is the electrical schematic diagram of a 3-layer toroidal superconducting fault current limiter.

[0141] Fig.17b yes Fig.17a Physical schematic diagram of a 3-layer fault limiting transformer depicted.

[0142] Fig.17c is a top view of a 3-layer fault current limiting transformer according to an embodiment of the present invention, wherein the rings separate the phases around the circumference.

[0143] Fig.18a is an electrical schematic diagram illustrating a normal operating mode of a fault current limiting transformer of one embodiment.

[0144] Fig.18b It shows Fig.18a A schematic diagram of a second mode of operation of the depicted system.

[0145] Fig.18c It shows Fig.18a Schematic diagram of a third mode of operation of the depicted system.

[0146] The following list of parts and associated numbers in the drawings is provided to aid in understanding one embodiment of the present invention:

[0147] # part

[0148] 2 Fault current limiter

[0149] # part

[0150] 4 SC primary coil

[0151] 8 SC secondary coil

[0152] 10. Insulation

[0153] 12 Copper primary coil

[0154] 18 Housing

[0155] 20 end turns

[0156] 24 End cover

[0157] 34 terminals

[0158] 36 Storage

[0159] Port 38

[0160] 40 Refrigeration machine

[0161] Port 42

[0162] 50 Shunt

[0163] 60 Transformer

[0164] 64 Magnet components

[0165] 68 SC Primary Magnet

[0166] 72 SC secondary magnet

[0167] 74 Copper Primary Magnet

[0168] 76 Copper secondary magnet

[0169] 82 Housing

[0170] 84 terminals

[0171] 200 Transformer

[0172] 204 SC primary coil

[0173] 208 SC secondary coil

[0174] # part

[0175] 212 Copper Primary Coil

[0176] 224 End cover

[0177] 236 Storage

[0178] 240 Refrigeration Machine

[0179] It should be understood that the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. In some cases, details that are not necessary for understanding the present invention or that render other details difficult to understand may be omitted. Of course, it should be understood that the present invention is not necessarily limited to the specific embodiments shown herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0180] Fault Current Limiter

[0181] Figures 1 to 9c A superconducting fault current limiter (FCL) 2 of one embodiment of the present invention using a layered power processing method is shown. The FCL 2 includes at least one SC primary coil 4, which is surrounded by or interlaced with an SC secondary coil 8. The SC secondary coil 8 is characterized by an end turn angle 20 (see Figure 3a and Figure 7b In one embodiment, the end turn angle 20 is provided by Figure 3a The coils 4 and 8 are separated by a G10 electrical insulation layer 10 and surrounded by a Cu primary coil 12, and the assembly of coils 4, 8, 10, 12 is located in a housing 18 which also houses an end cap 24.

[0182] The housing also houses a HTS shunt 50 and a terminal 34 for interconnection with the grid. The housing may also house a refrigerant reservoir 36, which may also serve as a core. The refrigerant reservoir is filled through a refrigerant port 38. The FCL may be cooled by a refrigerator 40, whose refrigerant port 42 is connected to a compressor. The refrigerator is configured to circulate the refrigerant so that the refrigerant in the reservoir is maintained at a predetermined temperature. In operation, once the fault is cleared, the tiered design can provide faster recovery times because each tier is restored individually and can operate at each fault level. All FCL modes (discussed below) use an almost instantaneous recovery flux flow SC FCL design, in which the critical HTS transmission current is not exceeded during a fault (rather than the temperature), in which more common flux flow negative values ​​of the HTS are required when moving to the next tier, and the dependence of the emerging resistance on the instantaneous current, B and temperature is eliminated.

[0183] In order to provide a high power and compact inductive FCL, multiple SC primary 4 and SC secondary 8 concentric HTS layers are wound together and work in parallel. B needs to complete the loop, so a full-length HTS secondary end cover 24 is placed on each SC primary coil 4 or on both sides of each SC primary coil 4 to provide SC primary B coil isolation. Due to HTS B repulsion, the SC secondary coil located radially and axially inside each SC primary coil prevents the main B of the SC primary concentric coil from connecting to the SC secondary coil, and the SC secondary coils on both sides of each SC primary coil prevent the SC primary coils from connecting to each other. Only the SC primary coil stray B is retained. An odd number of SC secondary coils is usually required so that an even number of SC secondary coil pairs are reversely connected to cancel the electromotive force, but an odd number of coils is retained to induce the setting current to achieve the desired quench curve. The SC secondary coil or coil group also has a reverse current connection option from the SC primary, within the SC secondary B repulsion and induction B to reduce the SC primary B operating limits, to further reduce common operating mutual inductance, response time, induced current and related AC losses. SC primary to SC primary is not a reverse current connection, so the fault mutual inductance is kept high. To increase the fault B coupling, the B leakage is minimized by reducing the distance between the windings, but the winding structure must accommodate the Lorentz force.

[0184] As described above, some embodiments employ an HTS cable shunt 50 configured to short-circuit the entire FCL. The contemplated shunt enhances safe operation of the SC FCL, reduces grid stress, eliminates normal operating impedance, thereby improving FCL efficiency in a compact manner, and, compared to inductive type FCLs, reduces fault time constant and critical clearing time (CCT), even for low rotating inertia generators, and improves fault power factor and stability. In the absence of a fault, the HTS cable shunt allows lossless passage of the rated fault current. In FCL Mode 1 ( Figure 8b , R / L failure mode, Z 分流器 ), the HTS cable quenches at 100% rated fault current. This initiates a constant and increasing energy dissipating fault response. Because HTS cable shunts are short, the normal operating voltage drops well below 5% of the required maximum of the FCL, AC losses are minimized, and HTS protection is performed using high substrates or preferably fast normal zone propagation velocity (NZPV) HTS and Cu cores. In-house built FT cables greatly reduce inductance and AC losses compared to using HTS stack-ups, distribute current evenly, and can include high torsion angles to protect against Lorentz forces. If AC losses are still a concern, use HTS oriented flat-pair within voltage limits.

[0185] Figure 8a and Figure 9a The normal passive Mode 0 operation of the FCL (i.e., lossless operation without quenching) is shown, where the HTS has no resistance and the inductance and AC losses are negligible. Most of the current (I1) flows in AC through the HTS shunt 50 ( Figure 8a ), or in DC between the HTS shunt 50 and the SC primary coil 4 (I1 and I2) ( Figure 9a ). In AC, the B rejection of the secondary screens the SC primary and Cu primary coils 12 from each other, greatly reducing the inductance. This limits the SC primary impedance to the winding leakage impedance. In DC, all current follows the lowest resistance path, where there are no inductive effects with various levels of HTS quench and increasing Cu resistance, except during the high transient periods of each mode.

[0186] Figure 8b Operation in Mode 1 (R / L fault mode) is shown, where the HTS cable is quenched at 100% rated fault current. This initiates a constant and increasing energy dissipating fault response.

[0187] Figure 8cThe FCL in Mode 2 (L fault mode) is shown where the secondary quenches at 175% rated fault current. This creates a sudden high fault impedance since the SC primaries are interconnected. The secondary substrate must be designed to handle all of the inductive current in this mode. All inner SC secondary coils see two SC primary coil sources compared to the outer SC secondary coils, so the inner SC secondary coils have about twice the number of turns to achieve a constant current transformer relationship. The parallel Cu primary is wound with square wire to achieve a higher fill factor and is located outside the outermost secondary to provide additional inductive fault impedance.

[0188] Figure 8d The FCL in Mode 3 (L / R fault mode) is shown, where the SC primary quenches at 300% rated fault current and all remaining fault energy flows to the Cu primary, up to 600% rated fault current allowed. The Cu primary has negligible power during normal operation and enters the SC primary resistance fault mode with very high increasing R impedance followed by L impedance. Unlike entering FCL Mode 2 and increasing the setting inductance, entering FCL Mode 3 must consider sufficient Cu primary impedance to handle the high input current used to set the voltage to eliminate thermal runaway conditions. The impedance of each mode (especially Mode 3) cannot be less than the previous mode, otherwise it will not be recoverable. All fault mode values ​​are set by the FCL design and can be easily changed by selectively changing the manufacturing process, and in some embodiments, can be changed through the above-mentioned WRAP-M technology.

[0189] It has been found that the secondary HTS stabilizer can experience significant heating in Mode 2. One approach to addressing this heating issue is to use an uninsulated HTS and wind a shorted Cu sheet into the middle of the secondary HTS. The HTS will reject any B heating in Mode 1. In Mode 3, the Cu sheet not only provides a large Cu area for current flow, but more importantly, in Mode 2, the sheet essentially turns the entire uninsulated secondary into a single magnetic winding turn, which then eliminates the large induced EMF and all associated heating.

[0190] Figures 9a to 9c The operation of the FCL in a DC application is shown, including inductive operation with high transients. For any high transient period, each operating mode will include its inductive fault response before proceeding to the next sequential mode.

[0191] Figure 10 to Figure 11b A solenoid superconducting fault current limiting transformer 200 (FCL / Xfmr) is shown in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The operation of the FCL Xfmr shown is similar to the toroidal transformer described below, but includes Figures 1 to 7bHere, the HTS Xfmr including the SC primary coil 204 and the SC secondary coil 208 is comprised of the Cu primary coil 212 (and possibly Fig.13 The Cu secondary coil (of the annular embodiment shown) is surrounded by a Cu Xfmr. An upper end cover 224 is also provided. Here, the reservoir is larger, with the inner diameter of the coils 204, 208 being spaced from the outer diameter of the refrigerator 240. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the reservoir of this embodiment may be more similar to Figure 1 and Figure 2 The storage in the embodiment of the present invention may be modified without departing from the scope of the present invention.

[0192] Figure 12 to Figure 18c A fully cooled HTS transformer 60 is shown. One embodiment includes a single-phase or multi-phase toroidal magnet component 64. Power capacity can be expanded by using a system of optimally sized parallel (current) and series (voltage) toroidal segments or separate toroids (one toroid per phase, stacked in a single cryostat with a common cryogenic system). The phase-separated toroid is divided into axial magnet components and radial magnet components for single-phase to multi-phase, multi-tap Xfmr, whose magnets can overlap or separate. The segments are wound into less than half of the toroid and one-third of the three-phase equipment. The three-equal winding allows three phases to be built on a single toroid without joints inside the magnet. Combining windings and phases into a single toroid can reduce weight, size, capital, maintenance costs and improve efficiency (high filling factor toroidal B paths are the most efficient of all geometries), while providing more reliable units with fewer components. Because the phases are arranged in sequence, the total B of all phases cancels, eliminating phase-induced crosstalk from external Xfmr. The maximum unit size is determined by limitations such as welding, heat, cost, EM shielding, etc. Since the air core design does not require Fe B continuity, all magnets are wound at once or in sections to connect when forming the final device. Structurally, the toroid remains in place during phase change.

[0193] like Figures 13 to 15 As shown, the ring is uniformly wound and electrically phased along the winding axis into separate axial ring winding sections, one for each phase, and radially separated in each axial section into the SC primary 68 magnet and secondary 72 magnet for each phase. The winding is enclosed in a housing 82, which also houses at least one terminal 84. The housing may also house a refrigerant reservoir 36, which may also serve as a core. The refrigerant reservoir may be filled through a refrigerant port 38. The FCL may be cooled by a refrigerator 40, which has a refrigerant port 42 connected to a compressor.

[0194] like Fig.14As shown, a Cu Xfmr comprising a Cu primary magnet 74 (2P) and a Cu secondary magnet 76 (2S) is placed on top of a S Xfmr (e.g., the SC Xfmr employs a primary 68 (1P) and a secondary 72 (1S)), where the secondary (S) of each split phase is placed directly on top of the primary (P) of the corresponding split phase to support inductive secondary Xfmr action. The SC layer is used to radially B separate each magnet. In this annular configuration, the Xfmr repels the outer Cu winding until quenched, resulting in very efficient Xfmr and fast acting FCL operation. The HTS B rejection can minimize leakage B, thereby keeping the B in the annulus for Xfmr action, protecting each phase from induced currents from other phases, and allowing FCL options. The SC secondary (I 1S ) and Cu primary and secondary (I 1P and I 2S ) is wound with square wire to increase the filling factor, SC secondary (I 1S ) and Cu primary and secondary (I 1P and I 2S ) are wound and connected so that both the induced current and any leakage flux increase the Xfmr action. For any B that may escape from the inner toroid, the outer LN2 cooled Cu Xfmr toroid phase winding captures this B with a slight resistance but by eliminating any possible leakage flux the overall efficiency is increased.

[0195] Figure 12 to Figure 16c The Xfmr shown is configured to provide the same Figures 1 to 9c Similar operating modes as described above. Again, the FCL within the Xfmr or a separate FCL must quickly increase impedance while passively but safely controlling the high power path (both current and voltage). In all modes, the ring FCL acts as an Xfmr.

[0196] Figures 17a to 17d Represents a toroidal SC FCL Xfmr, where three separate toroids (each representing an option for a separate phase) are contained within a single common cryostat for compactness and simplicity.

[0197] Fig.17c Represents a single SC FCL Xfmr where multiple phases (3 in this case) are separated around the circumference of the ring. This design allows for a compact design with an efficient operating B path. If in Figures 17a to 17d Using the 3-layer configuration described in , the resulting annular SC FCL Xfmr component contains 9 phases.

[0198] Fig.18a shows FCL Mode 1 (L fault mode), where the HTS inductor can eliminate 100% rated Xfmr operation (I1P and I 1S ) and above. This power mode regulates the line by clearing all partial power design faults immediately.

[0199] Fig.18b FCL Mode 2 (R / L Fault Mode) is shown, where the Xfmr side that first exceeds the HTS critical current (usually the high Xfmr current side) quenches at 50% of the rated maximum fault current. This causes the Cu Xfmr (here I 2S ) and the HTS Xfmr side without quench (here I 1P ) are electrically connected. Due to the nature of the added resistance circuit, the mode is set to clear all standard design faults within 1 / 4 cycle and then recover within 0.1 seconds to several seconds depending on the secondary load.

[0200] Fig.18c FCL Mode 3 (R / L Fault Mode) is shown where the next Xfmr side to exceed the HTS critical current (usually the low Xfmr current side) quenches at 75% of the rated maximum fault current. This connects the two Cu Xfmr sides (I 2P and I 2S ). At this point the entire FCL is inefficient but the fault is limited and must be protected to protect the HTS. The Cu is cryogenically cooled to assist in powering off. The Cu primary will initially be at LN2 temperature where the Cu in LN2 has approximately 8 times the conductivity. As the fault persists the LN2 will evaporate over time greatly increasing the resistance of the Cu which provides the best increasing variable resistance response. The mode is set to clear the fault in milliseconds and then recover in seconds depending on the load or minutes for extreme fault conditions outside normal FCL specifications. Due to the higher Mode 3 current, the Cu coil will heat up quickly in Mode 3 after the LN2 level is reduced and there is a risk of causing the FCL to open circuit fault.

[0201] For the Xfmr FCL, the HTS stabilizer may experience significant inductive coupling and heating in Modes 2 and 3. There are multiple solutions to this situation. In one embodiment, the secondary induction heating repair as described above can be used. Alternatively, a non-insulated HTS can be employed with a shorted Cu sheet wound into the middle of each HTS coil. The HTS will reject any B heating in Mode 1. In Modes 2 and 3, the Cu sheet provides a large Cu area for current flow and makes the entire non-insulated secondary into one turn, which then eliminates the large induced EMF and all associated heating.

[0202] Once the fault is cleared, the layered design can provide faster recovery time because each layer recovers individually and can operate at each fault level. All FCL modes use a flux flow SC FCL design with almost instantaneous recovery, where the critical HTS transmission current is not exceeded during the fault (but the temperature is not exceeded). When moving to the next layer, more common flux flow negative values ​​of HTS are required, and the dependence of the emerging resistance on instantaneous current, B and temperature is eliminated.

Claims

1. A superconducting fault current limiter, comprising: a core adapted to receive a refrigerant; at least one superconducting primary coil, at least one said superconducting primary coil being positioned around said core, and at least one said superconducting primary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, the at least one superconducting secondary coil being positioned around the core and having an upper edge and a lower edge, the superconducting secondary coil being positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil positioned adjacent to at least one of the superconducting primary coils and at least one of the superconducting secondary coils; a power input terminal interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil, and the primary coil; an electric power output terminal interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil, and the primary coil; as well as A shunt selectively interconnects the power input with the power output.

2. The superconducting fault current limiter according to claim 1, wherein: The hollow portion or heat transfer path portion of the core is configured to receive a refrigerant.

3. The superconducting fault current limiter according to claim 1, wherein: The primary coil includes a conventional conductor.

4. The superconducting fault current limiter according to claim 1, wherein: The superconducting primary coil and the superconducting secondary coil are formed of a wound high temperature superconducting tape, and the primary coil includes copper.

5. The superconducting fault current limiter according to claim 1, wherein: The superconducting primary coil and the superconducting secondary coil are thin magnets formed of wound high temperature superconducting tape of rectangular profile.

6. The superconducting fault current limiter according to claim 1, wherein: The shunt is a superconducting tape or a superconducting cable.

7. The superconducting fault current limiter according to claim 1, wherein: At least one of the superconducting primary coils comprises a plurality of layers, wherein an upper edge and / or a lower edge of each layer does not correspond to an upper edge and / or a lower edge of an adjacent layer, thereby defining end turns comprising a curved or tapered winding pattern.

8. The superconducting fault current limiter according to claim 1, wherein: At least one of the superconducting primary coils defines a solenoid, the solenoid defining a solenoid axis corresponding to a magnetic field of the solenoid, the solenoid axis extending generally along the length of the solenoid from the upper edge of at least one of the superconducting primary coils to the lower edge of at least one of the superconducting primary coils, wherein the superconducting primary coil is formed from a wound high temperature superconducting tape having a rectangular cross-section, and wherein a width of the tape is aligned with the solenoid axis.

9. The superconducting fault current limiter according to claim 8, wherein: The strip is positioned so that the width of the strip is parallel to the maximum magnetic flux generated by the solenoid.

10. The superconducting fault current limiter according to claim 1, wherein: The core is interconnected with a cryogen source configured to receive cryogen in a continuous or periodic manner to maintain a temperature of at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil, and the primary coil below a predetermined temperature.

11. The superconducting fault current limiter according to claim 1, wherein: The core is a refrigerant reservoir, and the core also includes a refrigerator in thermal communication with the reservoir.

12. The superconducting fault current limiter according to claim 11, wherein: The core at least partially comprises the refrigerator.

13. The superconducting fault current limiter according to claim 1, wherein: The shunt is a superconducting tape or a superconducting cable, and wherein the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the primary coil define a combined inductive and resistive superconducting FCL.

14. The superconducting fault current limiter according to claim 1, wherein: The shunt is a superconducting tape or a superconducting cable, and wherein a plurality of operation modes are provided including: Mode 0, which is associated with normal AC function and is characterized in that the main power current is mainly present in the shunt; Mode 1, which occurs when the main power current exceeds a predetermined level, causes the shunt to quench, transfers the main power current to the superconducting primary coil, and induces a secondary current in the superconducting secondary coil; Mode 2, which occurs when the superconducting secondary coil is quenched, and which transfers the main power current to the superconducting primary coil; and Mode 3 occurs when the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil, and the shunt are quenched, and the mode 3 transfers the main power current to the primary coil. 15 . The superconducting fault current-limiter of claim 14 , further comprising a primary reactive power compensator configured to compensate for a predetermined impedance.

16. The superconducting fault current limiter according to claim 14, wherein: In the mode 1, the superconducting secondary coil generates flux repulsion, and the flux repulsion isolates the superconducting primary coil.

17. The superconducting fault current-limiter of claim 16, further comprising a secondary end cover positioned adjacent to the upper edge of the superconducting secondary coil or the lower edge of the superconducting secondary coil, the secondary end cover being configured to isolate the primary coil.

18. The superconducting fault current limiter according to claim 14, wherein: In the mode 1, the superconducting primary coil operates using the reactance of the primary coil, which is mainly an inductive reactance.

19. The superconducting fault current limiter according to claim 14, wherein: In the Mode 1, all partial power design faults are cleared within a partial cycle.

20. The superconducting fault current limiter according to claim 14, wherein: In the Mode 2, the superconducting secondary coil generates a high resistance.

21. The superconducting fault current limiter according to claim 14, wherein: At least one of the superconducting primary coils comprises a plurality of layers, wherein, in the mode 2, the layers are magnetically connected to increase the primary mutual inductance.

22. The superconducting fault current limiter according to claim 14, wherein: In the Mode 3, the superconducting primary creates a high resistance, thereby transferring all current to the quenched superconducting and non-superconducting coils.

23. The superconducting fault current limiter according to claim 1, wherein: The superconducting secondary coil includes a non-insulated superconducting tape or a non-insulated superconducting cable having a layer wound on a conventional conductor, wherein the conventional conductor is wound in a middle portion of the superconducting secondary coil.

24. The superconducting fault current limiter according to claim 1, wherein: The superconducting primary coil and the superconducting secondary coil are formed of a wound high temperature superconducting tape having a rectangular profile.

25. The superconducting fault current limiter according to claim 1, wherein: The primary coil and the superconducting secondary coil include superconducting tapes or superconducting cables.

26. A method for resolving a fault in an electric grid, the method comprising: A superconducting fault current limiter is provided, the superconducting fault current limiter comprising: a core adapted to receive a refrigerant; at least one superconducting primary coil, at least one said superconducting primary coil being positioned around said core, and at least one said superconducting primary coil having an upper edge and a lower edge; at least one superconducting secondary coil, the at least one superconducting secondary coil being positioned around the core and having an upper edge and a lower edge, the superconducting secondary coil being positioned adjacent to the superconducting primary coil; a primary coil positioned adjacent to at least one of the superconducting primary coils and at least one of the superconducting secondary coils; a power input terminal interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil, and the primary coil; an electric power output terminal interconnected with at least one of the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil, and the primary coil; and a shunt including a superconducting cable, the shunt selectively interconnecting the power input and the power output, Wherein the shunt is a superconducting tape or a superconducting cable, and wherein a plurality of operation modes are provided including the following: passing a main power current through the shunt until the main power current exceeds a predetermined level; When the main power current exceeds a predetermined level, transferring the main power current to the superconducting primary coil and inducing a secondary current in the superconducting secondary coil; When the superconducting secondary coil quenches, transferring the main power current to the superconducting primary coil; and When the superconducting primary coil, the superconducting secondary coil and the shunt are quenched, the main power current is transferred to the Cu primary.

27. The method according to claim 26, wherein: The hollow portion or heat transfer path portion of the core is configured to receive a refrigerant.

28. The method according to claim 26, wherein: The primary coil includes a conventional conductor.

29. The method according to claim 26, wherein: The fault current limiter further includes a primary reactive power compensator configured to compensate for a predetermined impedance.

30. The method of claim 26, wherein: The superconducting secondary coil generates flux repulsion which isolates the superconducting primary coil.

31. The method of claim 26, wherein: The fault current limiter further includes a secondary end cover positioned adjacent to the upper edge of the superconducting secondary coil or the lower edge of the superconducting secondary coil, the secondary end cover being configured to isolate the primary coil.

32. The method of claim 26, wherein: The superconducting primary coil operates using the reactance of the primary coil, which is mainly an inductive reactance.

33. The method of claim 26, wherein: Clear all partial power design faults within the partial cycle.

34. The method of claim 26, wherein: The superconducting secondary coil generates a high resistance.

35. The method of claim 26, wherein: At least one of the superconducting primary coils comprises a plurality of layers, wherein, in the mode 2, the layers are magnetically connected to increase the primary mutual inductance.

36. The method of claim 26, wherein: The superconducting primary coil creates a high resistance, thereby transferring all current to the quenched superconducting coil and the non-superconducting coil.

37. A power transformer, comprising: Primary magnetic coil; a secondary magnetic coil adjacent to the primary magnetic coil; Superconducting primary magnetic coil; Superconducting secondary magnetic coil; wherein the primary magnetic coil, the secondary magnetic coil, the superconducting primary magnetic coil, and the superconducting secondary magnetic coil are surrounded by a housing such that an inner surface of the primary magnetic coil defines an inner volume; and a power input terminal interconnected with at least one of the primary magnetic coil, the secondary magnetic coil, the superconducting primary magnetic coil, and the superconducting secondary magnetic coil; as well as A power output terminal is interconnected with at least one of the primary magnetic coil, the secondary magnetic coil, the superconducting primary magnetic coil, and the superconducting secondary magnetic coil.

38. The power transformer according to claim 37, wherein: The superconducting primary coil and the superconducting secondary coil are formed of a wound high temperature superconducting tape and further include a primary coil positioned adjacent to at least one of the superconducting primary coil and at least one of the superconducting secondary coil.

39. The power transformer according to claim 38, wherein: The primary magnetic coil, the secondary magnetic coil, and the primary coil include conventional conductors.

40. The power transformer according to claim 37, wherein: The interior volume defines a core interconnected with a cryogen source configured to receive cryogen in a continuous or periodic manner to maintain a temperature of at least one of the primary magnetic coil, the secondary magnetic coil, the superconducting primary magnetic coil, the superconducting secondary magnetic coil, and the primary coil below a predetermined temperature.

41. The power transformer according to claim 38, wherein: Provides multiple operation modes including the following: Mode 1, which is associated with normal AC function and is characterized in that a main power current flows to the superconducting primary coil and a secondary current is induced in the superconducting secondary coil; Mode 2, which occurs when the superconducting secondary coil quenches, and which transfers a main power current to the conventional conductor secondary coil, the main power current being induced by the superconducting primary coil; and Mode 3 occurs when the superconducting primary coil and the superconducting secondary coil are quenched, and transfers the main power current to the primary coil.

42. The power transformer according to claim 37, wherein: The primary magnetic coil, the secondary magnetic coil, the superconducting primary magnetic coil and the superconducting secondary magnetic coil define a solenoid having a solenoid axis corresponding to a magnetic field of the solenoid, the solenoid axis extending generally along the length of the solenoid from the upper edge of at least one of the superconducting primary coils to the lower edge of at least one of the superconducting primary coils, wherein the superconducting primary coil is formed of a wound high temperature superconducting tape having a rectangular cross-section, and wherein a width of the tape is aligned with the solenoid axis.

43. The power transformer according to claim 42, wherein: The strip is positioned so that the width of the strip is parallel to the maximum magnetic flux generated by the solenoid.

44. The power transformer according to claim 37, wherein: The interior volume is a refrigerant reservoir, and the interior volume also includes a refrigerator in thermal communication with the reservoir.

45. The power transformer according to claim 37, wherein: The internal volume accommodates a refrigerator.

46. ​​The power transformer according to claim 37, wherein: The primary magnetic coil, the secondary magnetic coil, the superconducting primary magnetic coil and the superconducting secondary magnetic coil are in the shape of annular coils that are uniformly wound and electrically phase-separated into separate axial annular winding portions.

47. The power transformer according to claim 46, wherein: The superconducting secondary magnetic coil magnetic flux separates the superconducting primary magnetic coil from the primary magnetic coil and the secondary magnetic coil.

48. The power transformer of claim 46, further comprising a toroidal conductor layer and a connected poloidal conductor layer.

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