Restoration method of wetland ecosystem

Abstract

The invention relates to a restoration method of a wetland ecosystem, and aims to improve the biodiversity of a wetland and restore and enhance the ecological function of the wetland through systematic measures. The method comprises the following steps: firstly, evaluating the current condition of the wetland, and identifying specific or endangered species and alien invasive species; secondly, by introducing or protecting specific animal and plant species, the natural habitat is recovered, and the biodiversity of the wetland is improved; thirdly, the water quality and soil conditions of the wetland are improved by adopting technologies such as hydrological regulation and control and vegetation restoration; fourthly, the connectivity of the interiors of the wetlands and surrounding habitats is enhanced, and species migration and gene exchange are promoted. By means of the measures, a damaged wetland ecosystem can be effectively restored, key functions such as water quality purification, flood regulation and carbon storage of the wetland ecosystem can be restored, meanwhile, endangered species are protected, and the ecological value and landscape aesthetics of the wetland are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of ecological environment restoration, and in particular to a method for restoring a wetland ecosystem. Background Art

[0002] As one of the important ecosystems, wetlands have multiple ecological service functions, including water purification, carbon storage, and biodiversity maintenance. However, with the increase of human activities, such as agricultural expansion, urbanization, and industrial pollution, the area of ​​wetlands has decreased significantly worldwide, and wetland ecosystems have been severely damaged. Therefore, developing an effective wetland ecosystem restoration method to restore its ecological functions and biodiversity has important scientific significance and practical application value.

[0003] Existing wetland restoration technologies mainly include vegetation restoration, artificial wetland construction, hydrological regulation and other means. However, these methods are often unsatisfactory when faced with different types of wetland damage, especially when considering complex factors such as wetland hydrological conditions, soil properties and biodiversity, the limitations of existing methods are more obvious. Therefore, a more comprehensive and systematic wetland ecosystem restoration method is urgently needed. Summary of the invention

[0004] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for restoring a wetland ecosystem to solve the problems raised in the above background technology.

[0005] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a method for repairing a wetland ecosystem, comprising the following steps:

[0006] Step S1, Wetland Condition Assessment: Conduct a detailed environmental assessment of the wetland to be restored, covering hydrological conditions, soil properties, vegetation types, animal habitats, and the impact of human activities, to determine the extent of damage to the wetland and the degradation of its ecological functions;

[0007] Step S2, formulate restoration plan: according to the assessment results, formulate personalized restoration plan, including plant community reconstruction, soil improvement, hydrological regulation, biodiversity enhancement and other restoration measures. According to the specific situation, the plan includes introducing local plant species with strong adaptability, constructing aquatic vegetation and wetland edge vegetation belts, and appropriately adjusting the water level to simulate the hydrological dynamics of natural wetlands;

[0008] Step S3, plant community reconstruction: by introducing or planting local wetland plants, the vegetation coverage rate is increased, the water purification function and biodiversity of the wetland are enhanced, and in the selection of plants, native species that are adapted to the local environment are given priority to ensure the survival rate of the plants and the performance of their ecological functions;

[0009] Step S4, hydrological regulation: using sluice gates and dams to regulate the water level of the wetland, simulating the seasonal water level changes of natural wetlands, promoting the dynamic balance of the wetland ecosystem, and introducing external water sources to restore the hydrological function of wetlands that have lost water supply;

[0010] Step S5, soil improvement: for polluted or degraded wetland soil, improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil by adding organic matter, microbial preparations or performing bioremediation to enhance its ability to support plant growth;

[0011] Step S6, biodiversity enhancement: restore or enhance the biodiversity of the wetland by introducing or protecting wetland-specific animal and plant species, build a stable wetland ecosystem, and pay special attention to the protection of wetland-specific or endangered species to restore their natural habitats;

[0012] Step S7, monitoring and maintenance: After the restoration is completed, the wetland ecosystem is monitored over a long period of time to evaluate the restoration effect, and appropriate maintenance and adjustments are made based on the monitoring data to ensure the continued health of the wetland ecosystem.

[0013] Preferably, the humidity condition assessment in step S1 specifically includes the following aspects:

[0014] a. Assessment of hydrological conditions: Type of water source and recharge: Determine the water source of the wetland, its recharge amount, and seasonal variation patterns. The water source specifically includes precipitation, groundwater, river or lake recharge; Water level change: Record the water level change of the wetland, including the highest and lowest water levels of the year and their change cycles; Water flow speed and direction: Assess the water flow speed and direction in the wetland, especially in wetlands with rivers or waterways. The dynamic characteristics of the water flow will affect the sediment distribution and water quality of the wetland; Water quality analysis: Analyze the chemical and physical indicators of the wetland water body, including pH value, dissolved oxygen content, nutrient concentration, organic matter content, and pollutant levels;

[0015] b. Soil property assessment: Soil type: Identify the soil type of the wetland. Different types of soil have different effects on the hydrological regulation, vegetation growth and biodiversity of the wetland. Soil texture and structure: Analyze the texture and structure of the soil. Organic matter content: Determine the organic matter content in the soil. Soils with high organic matter content usually have better nutrient supply capacity and stronger carbon storage capacity, which is beneficial to plant growth and microbial activity. Organic matter content: Determine the organic matter content in the soil. Soils with high organic matter content usually have better nutrient supply capacity and stronger carbon storage capacity, which is beneficial to plant growth and microbial activity. Chemical properties: Analyze the pH value, salinity, and heavy metal content of the soil. Microbial activity: Evaluate the microbial activity in the soil, including the population size and diversity of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes.

[0016] c. Vegetation type and coverage assessment: Plant community structure: Investigate the main plant community types and their distribution in the wetland, and record the types, coverage and biomass of vegetation. Analyze the hierarchical structure and species diversity of the plant community; Species composition: Identify the main plant species in the wetland, paying special attention to the proportion of native species and invasive alien species; Growth status: Assess the health of the plants, including physiological indicators such as leaf color, growth height, flowering and fruiting, to determine whether the ecological environment of the wetland is suitable for plant growth;

[0017] d. Animal Habitat and Biodiversity Assessment: Species diversity: Investigate the main animal species in the wetlands, including birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and invertebrates, and record the number, distribution and habitat characteristics of the species; Habitat quality: Assess whether the wetlands provide sufficient food resources, water sources, shelters and breeding sites and other habitat conditions to support the survival and reproduction of animal populations; Migration and reproduction: Pay special attention to the habitat conditions and activities of migratory birds during the breeding season to determine the importance of wetlands in regional or global migration networks;

[0018] e. Assessment of the impact of human activities: Land use change: Analyze the changes in land use types around wetlands, including the direct or indirect impacts of agricultural expansion, urban construction, and industrial development on wetlands; Pollution source identification: Identify pollution sources, including the use of agricultural fertilizers and pesticides, industrial wastewater discharge, and domestic waste dumping, and evaluate the impact of the above pollution sources on wetland water quality, soil, and biodiversity; Water resource utilization: Evaluate the use of water resources around wetlands, such as the impact of reservoirs, irrigation, and pumping on wetland hydrological conditions; Infrastructure construction: Evaluate the impact of infrastructure construction such as roads, bridges, and dams on wetland hydrology, vegetation, and animal habitats.

[0019] Preferably, formulating a repair plan in step S2 specifically includes the following steps:

[0020] Step S21, introducing highly adaptable local plant species: according to the climate, soil and hydrological conditions of the wetland, select highly adaptable local plant species, introduce local plants to increase the survival rate of plants, restore the natural vegetation structure of the wetland, and reduce the risk of alien invasive species. The selection of plants takes into account the following factors: water resistance and salt-alkali resistance: in freshwater wetlands or saline-alkali wetlands, select plants that adapt to the unique hydrological conditions of the wetlands; root structure: give priority to plants with developed root systems, which not only help prevent soil erosion, but also promote water purification; vegetation restoration gradient: construct different vegetation belts in different areas of the wetland to restore the vegetation gradient of the wetland;

[0021] Step S22, diversification of plant community structure: improving the ecological stability of the wetland by rebuilding the plant community structure;

[0022] Step S23, soil improvement: Soil improvement of wetlands aims to restore or enhance its physical and chemical properties and biological activity, and provide basic support for the restoration of plant communities and the improvement of biodiversity, including: improving soil structure, water holding capacity and nutrient supply capacity by adding organic matter; improving soil aeration and permeability through mechanical means or adding sand, gravel, etc. for tightly structured and poorly drained soils; introducing specific plants or microorganisms for bioremediation in response to soil pollution problems; and promoting the decomposition of organic matter and nutrient circulation in the soil and improving the biological activity of the soil by introducing specific microbial preparations;

[0023] Step S24, hydrological regulation: hydrological regulation measures include simulating seasonal water level changes in natural wetlands, regulating water flow and water volume in wetlands, and restoring their hydrological functions, specifically including: restoring water supply through artificial means for wetlands that have degraded due to lack of water sources; simulating natural hydrological dynamics by regulating sluice gates or drainage facilities to maintain normal ecological processes in wetlands; for wetlands with rivers or streams passing through, the form and flow direction of natural waterways should be protected or restored as much as possible, and artificial straightening of river channels and changes in water flow velocity should be avoided to maintain the natural hydrological cycle of wetlands;

[0024] Step S25, biodiversity enhancement: biodiversity enhancement measures include protecting existing species, introducing new species and building diverse habitats;

[0025] Step S26, monitoring and adjustment: After the restoration plan is formulated, long-term ecological monitoring should be carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the restoration measures and make necessary adjustments based on the monitoring results.

[0026] Preferably, the specific implementation steps of the plant community reconstruction in step S3 are as follows:

[0027] Step S31, selection of local wetland plants: give priority to native species, which have adapted to the local climate, soil and hydrological conditions in the long-term evolution process, and therefore have higher survival rates and ecological functions in wetland reconstruction; consider vegetation types in different habitats, wetlands have different habitat areas, and each area has different requirements for plants, so it is necessary to select suitable plants according to different habitat types; diversify species selection, enhance the stability of the ecosystem and its ability to resist environmental changes, and select a variety of plant species for community reconstruction;

[0028] Step S32, implementation steps of vegetation restoration: before planting plants, a series of preparations need to be made for the wetland. If the soil quality of the wetland is poor, soil improvement should be carried out first to ensure suitable soil conditions. According to the hydrological requirements of different plants, the water level and flow rate of the wetland should be adjusted, and invasive alien species or weeds in the wetland should be removed. According to the specific conditions of the wetland, a suitable planting method should be selected. For plants whose seeds are easy to germinate, they should be sown directly on the wetland. For plants with a higher survival rate, they should be planted by transplanting seedlings or adult plants. When planting aquatic plants in areas with greater water depth, plant anchors or heavy soil should be used to fix the roots. According to the hydrological gradient and terrain characteristics of the wetland, vegetation belts with different functions should be constructed. Drought-resistant plants with well-developed root systems should be planted on the edge of the wetland to form a protective belt to prevent soil erosion and provide a habitat for wild animals. Aquatic plants should be planted in shallow water areas to form a filter belt to reduce the loss of nutrients and provide a habitat for aquatic organisms. Water-resistant plants should be planted between aquatic and terrestrial plants as a transition zone of the ecosystem to enhance the overall biodiversity.

[0029] Step S33, management and maintenance of vegetation communities: In the early stage after the plants are planted, the plant communities are in a relatively fragile stage, and fine management and maintenance are carried out. In the case of insufficient precipitation or too high water level, irrigation or drainage regulation is carried out in a timely manner to ensure the growth conditions of the plants, the health of the plants is checked regularly, pests and diseases are prevented and controlled in a timely manner to avoid large-scale plant damage, and plants that have not survived or have poor growth are replanted in a timely manner to ensure the integrity and coverage of the vegetation; after the plant community is established, long-term monitoring and management are carried out, the growth of the vegetation is monitored regularly, the changes in vegetation coverage, species diversity and biomass are recorded, the vegetation restoration effect is evaluated, and the vegetation structure or planting plan is adjusted in a timely manner according to the monitoring data and changes in the ecological environment;

[0030] Step S34, ecological benefits of plant community reconstruction: by increasing the coverage and types of wetland vegetation, the water purification function of the wetland is improved; the diverse plant communities provide rich habitats and food resources for wetland organisms, attracting a variety of animals to settle and reproduce, and improving the overall biodiversity of the wetland; the diverse plant communities enhance the stability of the wetland ecosystem, making it more resistant to external interference and recover faster after interference.

[0031] Preferably, the hydrological regulation in step S4 specifically includes the following steps:

[0032] Step S41: according to the hydrological conditions evaluated in step S1 and the ecological restoration goals of the wetland, a specific hydrological regulation goal is set, specifically, a target water level range of the wetland is set, including a seasonal maximum water level and a minimum water level, so as to simulate the water level fluctuation of the natural wetland and determine the target speed of the water flow;

[0033] Step S42: Install sluice gates at the water inlet or outlet of the wetland to adjust the water level according to seasonal needs; build dams at the edge of the wetland where the water level needs to be controlled or flooding needs to be prevented; build channels to introduce water from nearby rivers, lakes or groundwater sources to ensure that the wetland can obtain continuous water replenishment; for wetlands that rely on groundwater replenishment, restore the groundwater supply of the wetland through artificial recharge or adjustment of the groundwater level.

[0034] Step S43, dynamic hydrological regulation strategy: increase the water level of the wetland during the spring flood period to simulate the invasion of natural floods, promote the growth and seed dispersal of submerged plants, and provide a good breeding environment for aquatic animals. During the summer drought period: appropriately lower the water level to simulate natural drought conditions, promote the root development of plants and soil permeability, and reduce the breeding of mosquitoes. In autumn and winter, according to the specific ecological needs of the wetland, adjust the water level to prepare for the plant growing season next year, or keep the water level stable to protect overwintering organisms; improve the hydrological conditions and ecological functions of the wetland by adjusting the water flow path within the wetland, that is, for the river channel that has been straightened or changed its path, restore its natural curvature, reduce the water flow velocity, and increase the water retention time. Through diversion and confluence design within the wetland, a diverse aquatic habitat is formed to increase biodiversity and support the habitat of more species.

[0035] Preferably, the soil improvement in step S5 specifically includes the following steps:

[0036] Step S51, setting specific soil improvement goals according to the ecological restoration goals of soil and wetlands evaluated in step S1;

[0037] Step S52: adding organic matter according to the soil improvement target, specifically including compost, humus and peat, and then selecting a suitable method of applying the organic matter according to the specific conditions of the soil and the needs of the plants;

[0038] Step S53, adding microbial preparations according to the soil improvement target, specifically including rhizobia, mycorrhizal fungi and decomposing bacteria, and when applying the microbial preparations, they should be adjusted according to the specific needs of the wetland and the soil conditions;

[0039] Step S54: Reduce the content of harmful substances in the soil by harvesting and processing plants, that is, plant specific plants at the edge of the wetland or near the pollution source to form a buffer zone to absorb and fix pollutants and prevent them from entering the central area of ​​the wetland.

[0040] Preferably, the step S6 of biodiversity enhancement comprises the following steps:

[0041] Step S61, introducing endemic species: before introducing species, conduct adaptability assessment to ensure that the introduced species can adapt to the current wetland environmental conditions and coexist peacefully with existing species; select appropriate introduction methods based on the adaptability assessment results; while introducing species, create a microenvironment suitable for their survival, including water level regulation, soil improvement, and vegetation configuration, so as to improve the survival rate and reproductive success rate of the introduced species;

[0042] Step S62, protecting endangered species: demarcate the core habitats of endangered species in the wetland and restrict or prohibit human activities; restore the wild population of endangered species through artificial breeding and release in a suitable environment; establish a long-term monitoring system to track the survival and reproduction status of endangered species, and adjust protection measures based on the monitoring results;

[0043] Step S63, control of alien invasive species: physical, chemical or biological methods are used to control the spread of invasive species, including manual removal, chemical weeding or introduction of natural enemies; after removing the invasive species, timely repair the damaged habitat, introduce or restore local plants to prevent the invasive species from invading again;

[0044] Step S64, habitat restoration: repair or rebuild the structural elements in the wetland, including dead trees, rocks, and shallows, to provide a diverse habitat for different species;

[0045] Step S65, dynamic management and long-term monitoring: adjust management strategies in a timely manner according to the survival status of species and environmental changes, specifically adjust hydrological regulation measures and replenish habitat restoration materials; introduce local communities and stakeholders to participate in wetland management, enhance protection awareness and action efforts, and ensure the long-term effects of biodiversity enhancement measures; regularly survey species population changes in wetlands and monitor the environmental conditions of wetland habitats.

[0046] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: the present invention can effectively restore the core ecological functions of wetlands. The restored wetlands can re-play key ecological services such as water purification, flood regulation, carbon storage and biological habitat provision, thereby improving the overall health level of the regional ecosystem; by protecting and introducing animal and plant species unique to wetlands, the restoration method can significantly improve the biodiversity of wetlands. This not only helps to maintain a healthy ecological balance, but also promotes mutually beneficial relationships between species, forms a stable ecosystem, and reduces the risk of biological extinction; by filtering pollutants, reducing excess nutrients and reducing the accumulation of harmful substances, the restored wetlands can provide clean water resources and support the sustainable development of surrounding communities; the restored wetlands have stronger flood resistance and water regulation capabilities, which helps to reduce the impact of extreme weather events caused by climate change and protect local people and infrastructure; by restoring the natural structure and function of wetlands, the restoration method can enhance the resilience of the ecosystem, making it more adaptable and resistant to external environmental changes and the pressure of human activities. This helps wetlands maintain the stability and sustainability of ecological functions when facing challenges such as droughts, floods and pollution. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0047] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the method flow of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0048] The following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0049] See also Figure 1 The present invention provides a technical solution: a method for repairing a wetland ecosystem, comprising the following steps:

[0050] Step S1, Wetland Condition Assessment: Conduct a detailed environmental assessment of the wetland to be restored, covering hydrological conditions, soil properties, vegetation types, animal habitats, and the impact of human activities, to determine the extent of damage to the wetland and the degradation of its ecological functions;

[0051] Step S2, formulate restoration plan: according to the assessment results, formulate personalized restoration plan, including plant community reconstruction, soil improvement, hydrological regulation, biodiversity enhancement and other restoration measures. According to the specific situation, the plan includes introducing local plant species with strong adaptability, constructing aquatic vegetation and wetland edge vegetation belts, and appropriately adjusting the water level to simulate the hydrological dynamics of natural wetlands;

[0052] Step S3, plant community reconstruction: by introducing or planting local wetland plants, the vegetation coverage rate is increased, the water purification function and biodiversity of the wetland are enhanced, and in the selection of plants, native species that are adapted to the local environment are given priority to ensure the survival rate of the plants and the performance of their ecological functions;

[0053] Step S4, hydrological regulation: using sluice gates and dams to regulate the water level of the wetland, simulating the seasonal water level changes of natural wetlands, promoting the dynamic balance of the wetland ecosystem, and introducing external water sources to restore the hydrological function of wetlands that have lost water supply;

[0054] Step S5, soil improvement: for polluted or degraded wetland soil, improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil by adding organic matter, microbial preparations or performing bioremediation to enhance its ability to support plant growth;

[0055] Step S6, biodiversity enhancement: restore or enhance the biodiversity of the wetland by introducing or protecting wetland-specific animal and plant species, build a stable wetland ecosystem, and pay special attention to the protection of wetland-specific or endangered species to restore their natural habitats;

[0056] Step S7, monitoring and maintenance: After the restoration is completed, the wetland ecosystem is monitored over a long period of time to evaluate the restoration effect, and appropriate maintenance and adjustments are made based on the monitoring data to ensure the continued health of the wetland ecosystem.

[0057] Furthermore, the humidity condition assessment in step S1 specifically includes the following aspects:

[0058] a. Assessment of hydrological conditions: Type of water source and recharge: Determine the water source of the wetland, its recharge amount, and seasonal variation patterns. The water source specifically includes precipitation, groundwater, river or lake recharge; Water level change: Record the water level change of the wetland, including the highest and lowest water levels of the year and their change cycles; Water flow speed and direction: Assess the water flow speed and direction in the wetland, especially in wetlands with rivers or waterways. The dynamic characteristics of the water flow will affect the sediment distribution and water quality of the wetland; Water quality analysis: Analyze the chemical and physical indicators of the wetland water body, including pH value, dissolved oxygen content, nutrient concentration, organic matter content, and pollutant levels;

[0059] b. Soil property assessment: Soil type: Identify the soil type of the wetland. Different types of soil have different effects on the hydrological regulation, vegetation growth and biodiversity of the wetland. Soil texture and structure: Analyze the texture and structure of the soil. Organic matter content: Determine the organic matter content in the soil. Soils with high organic matter content usually have better nutrient supply capacity and stronger carbon storage capacity, which is beneficial to plant growth and microbial activity. Organic matter content: Determine the organic matter content in the soil. Soils with high organic matter content usually have better nutrient supply capacity and stronger carbon storage capacity, which is beneficial to plant growth and microbial activity. Chemical properties: Analyze the pH value, salinity, and heavy metal content of the soil. Microbial activity: Evaluate the microbial activity in the soil, including the population size and diversity of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes.

[0060] c. Vegetation type and coverage assessment: Plant community structure: Investigate the main plant community types and their distribution in the wetland, and record the types, coverage and biomass of vegetation. Analyze the hierarchical structure and species diversity of the plant community; Species composition: Identify the main plant species in the wetland, paying special attention to the proportion of native species and invasive alien species; Growth status: Assess the health of the plants, including physiological indicators such as leaf color, growth height, flowering and fruiting, to determine whether the ecological environment of the wetland is suitable for plant growth;

[0061] d. Animal Habitat and Biodiversity Assessment: Species diversity: Investigate the main animal species in the wetlands, including birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and invertebrates, and record the number, distribution and habitat characteristics of the species; Habitat quality: Assess whether the wetlands provide sufficient food resources, water sources, shelters and breeding sites and other habitat conditions to support the survival and reproduction of animal populations; Migration and reproduction: Pay special attention to the habitat conditions and activities of migratory birds during the breeding season to determine the importance of wetlands in regional or global migration networks;

[0062] e. Assessment of the impact of human activities: Land use change: Analyze the changes in land use types around wetlands, including the direct or indirect impacts of agricultural expansion, urban construction, and industrial development on wetlands; Pollution source identification: Identify pollution sources, including the use of agricultural fertilizers and pesticides, industrial wastewater discharge, and domestic waste dumping, and evaluate the impact of the above pollution sources on wetland water quality, soil, and biodiversity; Water resource utilization: Evaluate the use of water resources around wetlands, such as the impact of reservoirs, irrigation, and pumping on wetland hydrological conditions; Infrastructure construction: Evaluate the impact of infrastructure construction such as roads, bridges, and dams on wetland hydrology, vegetation, and animal habitats.

[0063] Furthermore, formulating the repair plan in step S2 specifically includes the following steps:

[0064] Step S21, introducing highly adaptable local plant species: according to the climate, soil and hydrological conditions of the wetland, select highly adaptable local plant species, introduce local plants to increase the survival rate of plants, restore the natural vegetation structure of the wetland, and reduce the risk of alien invasive species. The selection of plants takes into account the following factors: water resistance and salt-alkali resistance: in freshwater wetlands or saline-alkali wetlands, select plants that adapt to the unique hydrological conditions of the wetlands; root structure: give priority to plants with developed root systems, which not only help prevent soil erosion, but also promote water purification; vegetation restoration gradient: construct different vegetation belts in different areas of the wetland to restore the vegetation gradient of the wetland;

[0065] Step S22, diversification of plant community structure: improving the ecological stability of the wetland by rebuilding the plant community structure;

[0066] Step S23, soil improvement: Soil improvement of wetlands aims to restore or enhance its physical and chemical properties and biological activity, and provide basic support for the restoration of plant communities and the improvement of biodiversity, including: improving soil structure, water holding capacity and nutrient supply capacity by adding organic matter; improving soil aeration and permeability through mechanical means or adding sand, gravel, etc. for tightly structured and poorly drained soils; introducing specific plants or microorganisms for bioremediation in response to soil pollution problems; and promoting the decomposition of organic matter and nutrient circulation in the soil and improving the biological activity of the soil by introducing specific microbial preparations;

[0067] Step S24, hydrological regulation: hydrological regulation measures include simulating seasonal water level changes in natural wetlands, regulating water flow and water volume in wetlands, and restoring their hydrological functions, specifically including: restoring water supply through artificial means for wetlands that have degraded due to lack of water sources; simulating natural hydrological dynamics by regulating sluice gates or drainage facilities to maintain normal ecological processes in wetlands; for wetlands with rivers or streams passing through, the form and flow direction of natural waterways should be protected or restored as much as possible, and artificial straightening of river channels and changes in water flow velocity should be avoided to maintain the natural hydrological cycle of wetlands;

[0068] Step S25, biodiversity enhancement: biodiversity enhancement measures include protecting existing species, introducing new species and building diverse habitats;

[0069] Step S26, monitoring and adjustment: After the restoration plan is formulated, long-term ecological monitoring should be carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the restoration measures and make necessary adjustments based on the monitoring results.

[0070] Furthermore, the specific implementation steps of the plant community reconstruction in step S3 are as follows:

[0071] Step S31, selection of local wetland plants: give priority to native species, which have adapted to the local climate, soil and hydrological conditions in the long-term evolution process, and therefore have higher survival rates and ecological functions in wetland reconstruction; consider vegetation types in different habitats, wetlands have different habitat areas, and each area has different requirements for plants, so it is necessary to select suitable plants according to different habitat types; diversify species selection, enhance the stability of the ecosystem and its ability to resist environmental changes, and select a variety of plant species for community reconstruction;

[0072] Step S32, implementation steps of vegetation restoration: before planting plants, a series of preparations need to be made for the wetland. If the soil quality of the wetland is poor, soil improvement should be carried out first to ensure suitable soil conditions. According to the hydrological requirements of different plants, the water level and flow rate of the wetland should be adjusted, and invasive alien species or weeds in the wetland should be removed. According to the specific conditions of the wetland, a suitable planting method should be selected. For plants whose seeds are easy to germinate, they should be sown directly on the wetland. For plants with a higher survival rate, they should be planted by transplanting seedlings or adult plants. When planting aquatic plants in areas with greater water depth, plant anchors or heavy soil should be used to fix the roots. According to the hydrological gradient and terrain characteristics of the wetland, vegetation belts with different functions should be constructed. Drought-resistant plants with well-developed root systems should be planted on the edge of the wetland to form a protective belt to prevent soil erosion and provide a habitat for wild animals. Aquatic plants should be planted in shallow water areas to form a filter belt to reduce the loss of nutrients and provide a habitat for aquatic organisms. Water-resistant plants should be planted between aquatic and terrestrial plants as a transition zone of the ecosystem to enhance the overall biodiversity.

[0073] Step S33, management and maintenance of vegetation communities: In the early stage after the plants are planted, the plant communities are in a relatively fragile stage, and fine management and maintenance are carried out. In the case of insufficient precipitation or too high water level, irrigation or drainage regulation is carried out in a timely manner to ensure the growth conditions of the plants, the health of the plants is checked regularly, pests and diseases are prevented and controlled in a timely manner to avoid large-scale plant damage, and plants that have not survived or have poor growth are replanted in a timely manner to ensure the integrity and coverage of the vegetation; after the plant community is established, long-term monitoring and management are carried out, the growth of the vegetation is monitored regularly, the changes in vegetation coverage, species diversity and biomass are recorded, the vegetation restoration effect is evaluated, and the vegetation structure or planting plan is adjusted in a timely manner according to the monitoring data and changes in the ecological environment;

[0074] Step S34, ecological benefits of plant community reconstruction: by increasing the coverage and types of wetland vegetation, the water purification function of the wetland is improved; the diverse plant communities provide rich habitats and food resources for wetland organisms, attracting a variety of animals to settle and reproduce, and improving the overall biodiversity of the wetland; the diverse plant communities enhance the stability of the wetland ecosystem, making it more resistant to external interference and recover faster after interference.

[0075] Furthermore, the hydrological regulation in step S4 specifically includes the following steps:

[0076] Step S41: according to the hydrological conditions evaluated in step S1 and the ecological restoration goals of the wetland, a specific hydrological regulation goal is set, specifically, a target water level range of the wetland is set, including a seasonal maximum water level and a minimum water level, so as to simulate the water level fluctuation of the natural wetland and determine the target speed of the water flow;

[0077] Step S42: Install sluice gates at the water inlet or outlet of the wetland to adjust the water level according to seasonal needs; build dams at the edge of the wetland where the water level needs to be controlled or flooding needs to be prevented; build channels to introduce water from nearby rivers, lakes or groundwater sources to ensure that the wetland can obtain continuous water replenishment; for wetlands that rely on groundwater replenishment, restore the groundwater supply of the wetland through artificial recharge or adjustment of the groundwater level.

[0078] Step S43, dynamic hydrological regulation strategy: increase the water level of the wetland during the spring flood period to simulate the invasion of natural floods, promote the growth and seed dispersal of submerged plants, and provide a good breeding environment for aquatic animals. During the summer drought period: appropriately lower the water level to simulate natural drought conditions, promote the root development of plants and soil permeability, and reduce the breeding of mosquitoes. In autumn and winter, according to the specific ecological needs of the wetland, adjust the water level to prepare for the plant growing season next year, or keep the water level stable to protect overwintering organisms; improve the hydrological conditions and ecological functions of the wetland by adjusting the water flow path within the wetland, that is, for the river channel that has been straightened or changed its path, restore its natural curvature, reduce the water flow velocity, and increase the water retention time. Through diversion and confluence design within the wetland, a diverse aquatic habitat is formed to increase biodiversity and support the habitat of more species.

[0079] Furthermore, the soil improvement in step S5 specifically includes the following steps:

[0080] Step S51, setting specific soil improvement goals according to the ecological restoration goals of soil and wetlands evaluated in step S1;

[0081] Step S52: adding organic matter according to the soil improvement target, specifically including compost, humus and peat, and then selecting a suitable method of applying the organic matter according to the specific conditions of the soil and the needs of the plants;

[0082] Step S53, adding microbial preparations according to the soil improvement target, specifically including rhizobia, mycorrhizal fungi and decomposing bacteria, and when applying the microbial preparations, they should be adjusted according to the specific needs of the wetland and the soil conditions;

[0083] Step S54: Reduce the content of harmful substances in the soil by harvesting and processing plants, that is, plant specific plants at the edge of the wetland or near the pollution source to form a buffer zone to absorb and fix pollutants and prevent them from entering the central area of ​​the wetland.

[0084] Furthermore, step S6 of biodiversity enhancement includes the following steps:

[0085] Step S61, introducing endemic species: before introducing species, conduct adaptability assessment to ensure that the introduced species can adapt to the current wetland environmental conditions and coexist peacefully with existing species; select appropriate introduction methods based on the adaptability assessment results; while introducing species, create a microenvironment suitable for their survival, including water level regulation, soil improvement, and vegetation configuration, so as to improve the survival rate and reproductive success rate of the introduced species;

[0086] Step S62, protecting endangered species: demarcate the core habitats of endangered species in the wetland and restrict or prohibit human activities; restore the wild population of endangered species through artificial breeding and release in a suitable environment; establish a long-term monitoring system to track the survival and reproduction status of endangered species, and adjust protection measures based on the monitoring results;

[0087] Step S63, control of alien invasive species: physical, chemical or biological methods are used to control the spread of invasive species, including manual removal, chemical weeding or introduction of natural enemies; after removing the invasive species, timely repair the damaged habitat, introduce or restore local plants to prevent the invasive species from invading again;

[0088] Step S64, habitat restoration: repair or rebuild the structural elements in the wetland, including dead trees, rocks, and shallows, to provide a diverse habitat for different species;

[0089] Step S65, dynamic management and long-term monitoring: adjust management strategies in a timely manner according to the survival status of species and environmental changes, specifically adjust hydrological regulation measures and replenish habitat restoration materials; introduce local communities and stakeholders to participate in wetland management, enhance protection awareness and action efforts, and ensure the long-term effects of biodiversity enhancement measures; regularly survey species population changes in wetlands and monitor the environmental conditions of wetland habitats.

[0090] The present invention can effectively restore the core ecological functions of wetlands. The restored wetlands can resume key ecological services such as water purification, flood regulation, carbon storage and provision of biological habitats, thereby improving the overall health of regional ecosystems; by protecting and introducing animal and plant species unique to wetlands, the restoration method can significantly improve the biodiversity of wetlands. This not only helps maintain a healthy ecological balance, but also promotes mutually beneficial relationships between species, forms a stable ecosystem, and reduces the risk of biological extinction; by filtering pollutants, reducing excess nutrients and reducing the accumulation of harmful substances, the restored wetlands can provide clean water resources and support the sustainable development of surrounding communities; the restored wetlands have stronger flood resistance and water regulation capabilities, which help reduce the impact of extreme weather events caused by climate change and protect local people and infrastructure; by restoring the natural structure and function of wetlands, the restoration method can enhance the resilience of the ecosystem, making it more adaptable and resistant to external environmental changes and the pressure of human activities. This helps wetlands maintain the stability and sustainability of ecological functions when facing challenges such as droughts, floods and pollution.

[0091] Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and variations may be made to the embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the present invention, and that the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method for restoring a wetland ecosystem, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: Step S1, Wetland Condition Assessment: Conduct a detailed environmental assessment of the wetland to be restored, covering hydrological conditions, soil properties, vegetation types, animal habitats, and the impact of human activities, to determine the extent of damage to the wetland and the degradation of its ecological functions; Step S2, formulate restoration plan: according to the assessment results, formulate personalized restoration plan, including plant community reconstruction, soil improvement, hydrological regulation, biodiversity enhancement and other restoration measures. According to the specific situation, the plan includes introducing local plant species with strong adaptability, constructing aquatic vegetation and wetland edge vegetation belts, and appropriately adjusting the water level to simulate the hydrological dynamics of natural wetlands; Step S3, plant community reconstruction: by introducing or planting local wetland plants, the vegetation coverage rate is increased, the water purification function and biodiversity of the wetland are enhanced, and in the selection of plants, native species that are adapted to the local environment are given priority to ensure the survival rate of the plants and the performance of their ecological functions; Step S4, hydrological regulation: using sluice gates and dams to regulate the water level of the wetland, simulating the seasonal water level changes of natural wetlands, promoting the dynamic balance of the wetland ecosystem, and introducing external water sources to restore the hydrological function of wetlands that have lost water supply; Step S5, soil improvement: for polluted or degraded wetland soil, improve the physical and chemical properties of the soil by adding organic matter, microbial preparations or performing bioremediation to enhance its ability to support plant growth; Step S6, biodiversity enhancement: restore or enhance the biodiversity of the wetland by introducing or protecting wetland-specific animal and plant species, build a stable wetland ecosystem, and pay special attention to the protection of wetland-specific or endangered species to restore their natural habitats; Step S7, monitoring and maintenance: After the restoration is completed, the wetland ecosystem is monitored over a long period of time to evaluate the restoration effect, and appropriate maintenance and adjustments are made based on the monitoring data to ensure the continued health of the wetland ecosystem.

2. A method for restoring a wetland ecosystem according to claim 1, characterized in that: The humidity condition assessment in step S1 specifically includes the following aspects: a. Assessment of hydrological conditions: Type of water source and recharge: Determine the water source of the wetland, its recharge amount, and seasonal variation patterns. The water source specifically includes precipitation, groundwater, river or lake recharge; Water level change: Record the water level change of the wetland, including the highest and lowest water levels of the year and their change cycles; Water flow speed and direction: Assess the water flow speed and direction in the wetland, especially in wetlands with rivers or waterways. The dynamic characteristics of the water flow will affect the sediment distribution and water quality of the wetland; Water quality analysis: Analyze the chemical and physical indicators of the wetland water body, including pH value, dissolved oxygen content, nutrient concentration, organic matter content, and pollutant levels; b. Soil property assessment: Soil type: Identify the soil type of the wetland. Different types of soil have different effects on the hydrological regulation, vegetation growth and biodiversity of the wetland. Soil texture and structure: Analyze the texture and structure of the soil. Organic matter content: Determine the organic matter content in the soil. Soils with high organic matter content usually have better nutrient supply capacity and stronger carbon storage capacity, which is beneficial to plant growth and microbial activity. Organic matter content: Determine the organic matter content in the soil. Soils with high organic matter content usually have better nutrient supply capacity and stronger carbon storage capacity, which is beneficial to plant growth and microbial activity. Chemical properties: Analyze the pH value, salinity, and heavy metal content of the soil. Microbial activity: Evaluate the microbial activity in the soil, including the population size and diversity of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. c. Vegetation type and coverage assessment: Plant community structure: Investigate the main plant community types and their distribution in the wetland, and record the types, coverage and biomass of vegetation. Analyze the hierarchical structure and species diversity of the plant community; Species composition: Identify the main plant species in the wetland, paying special attention to the proportion of native species and invasive alien species; Growth status: Assess the health of the plants, including physiological indicators such as leaf color, growth height, flowering and fruiting, to determine whether the ecological environment of the wetland is suitable for plant growth; d. Animal Habitat and Biodiversity Assessment: Species diversity: Investigate the main animal species in the wetlands, including birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and invertebrates, and record the number, distribution and habitat characteristics of the species; Habitat quality: Assess whether the wetlands provide sufficient food resources, water sources, shelters and breeding sites and other habitat conditions to support the survival and reproduction of animal populations; Migration and reproduction: Pay special attention to the habitat conditions and activities of migratory birds during the breeding season to determine the importance of wetlands in regional or global migration networks; e. Assessment of the impact of human activities: Land use change: Analyze the changes in land use types around wetlands, including the direct or indirect impacts of agricultural expansion, urban construction, and industrial development on wetlands; Pollution source identification: Identify pollution sources, including the use of agricultural fertilizers and pesticides, industrial wastewater discharge, and domestic waste dumping, and evaluate the impact of the above pollution sources on wetland water quality, soil, and biodiversity; Water resource utilization: Evaluate the use of water resources around wetlands, such as the impact of reservoirs, irrigation, and pumping on wetland hydrological conditions; Infrastructure construction: Evaluate the impact of infrastructure construction such as roads, bridges, and dams on wetland hydrology, vegetation, and animal habitats.

3. A method for restoring a wetland ecosystem according to claim 1, characterized in that: Formulating the repair plan in step S2 specifically includes the following steps: Step S21, introducing highly adaptable local plant species: according to the climate, soil and hydrological conditions of the wetland, select highly adaptable local plant species, introduce local plants to increase the survival rate of plants, restore the natural vegetation structure of the wetland, and reduce the risk of alien invasive species. The selection of plants takes into account the following factors: water resistance and salt-alkali resistance: in freshwater wetlands or saline-alkali wetlands, select plants that adapt to the unique hydrological conditions of the wetlands; root structure: give priority to plants with developed root systems, which not only help prevent soil erosion, but also promote water purification; vegetation restoration gradient: construct different vegetation belts in different areas of the wetland to restore the vegetation gradient of the wetland; Step S22, diversification of plant community structure: improving the ecological stability of the wetland by rebuilding the plant community structure; Step S23, soil improvement: Soil improvement of wetlands aims to restore or enhance its physical and chemical properties and biological activity, and provide basic support for the restoration of plant communities and the improvement of biodiversity, including: improving soil structure, water holding capacity and nutrient supply capacity by adding organic matter; improving soil aeration and permeability through mechanical means or adding sand, gravel, etc. for tightly structured and poorly drained soils; introducing specific plants or microorganisms for bioremediation in response to soil pollution problems; and promoting the decomposition of organic matter and nutrient circulation in the soil and improving the biological activity of the soil by introducing specific microbial preparations; Step S24, hydrological regulation: hydrological regulation measures include simulating seasonal water level changes in natural wetlands, regulating water flow and water volume in wetlands, and restoring their hydrological functions, specifically including: restoring water supply through artificial means for wetlands that have degraded due to lack of water sources; simulating natural hydrological dynamics by regulating sluice gates or drainage facilities to maintain normal ecological processes in wetlands; for wetlands with rivers or streams passing through, the form and flow direction of natural waterways should be protected or restored as much as possible, and artificial straightening of river channels and changes in water flow velocity should be avoided to maintain the natural hydrological cycle of wetlands; Step S25, biodiversity enhancement: biodiversity enhancement measures include protecting existing species, introducing new species and building diverse habitats; Step S26, monitoring and adjustment: After the restoration plan is formulated, long-term ecological monitoring should be carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the restoration measures and make necessary adjustments based on the monitoring results.

4. A method for restoring a wetland ecosystem according to claim 1, characterized in that: The specific implementation steps of the plant community reconstruction in step S3 are as follows: Step S31, selection of local wetland plants: give priority to native species, which have adapted to the local climate, soil and hydrological conditions in the long-term evolution process, and therefore have higher survival rates and ecological functions in wetland reconstruction; consider vegetation types in different habitats, wetlands have different habitat areas, and each area has different requirements for plants, so it is necessary to select suitable plants according to different habitat types; diversify species selection, enhance the stability of the ecosystem and its ability to resist environmental changes, and select a variety of plant species for community reconstruction; Step S32, implementation steps of vegetation restoration: before planting plants, a series of preparations need to be made for the wetland. If the soil quality of the wetland is poor, soil improvement should be carried out first to ensure suitable soil conditions. According to the hydrological requirements of different plants, the water level and flow rate of the wetland should be adjusted, and invasive alien species or weeds in the wetland should be removed. According to the specific conditions of the wetland, a suitable planting method should be selected. For plants whose seeds are easy to germinate, they should be sown directly on the wetland. For plants with a higher survival rate, they should be planted by transplanting seedlings or adult plants. When planting aquatic plants in areas with greater water depth, plant anchors or heavy soil should be used to fix the roots. According to the hydrological gradient and terrain characteristics of the wetland, vegetation belts with different functions should be constructed. Drought-resistant plants with well-developed root systems should be planted on the edge of the wetland to form a protective belt to prevent soil erosion and provide a habitat for wild animals. Aquatic plants should be planted in shallow water areas to form a filter belt to reduce the loss of nutrients and provide a habitat for aquatic organisms. Water-resistant plants should be planted between aquatic and terrestrial plants as a transition zone of the ecosystem to enhance the overall biodiversity. Step S33, management and maintenance of vegetation communities: In the early stage after the plants are planted, the plant communities are in a relatively fragile stage, and fine management and maintenance are carried out. In the case of insufficient precipitation or too high water level, irrigation or drainage regulation is carried out in a timely manner to ensure the growth conditions of the plants, the health of the plants is checked regularly, pests and diseases are prevented and controlled in a timely manner to avoid large-scale plant damage, and plants that have not survived or have poor growth are replanted in a timely manner to ensure the integrity and coverage of the vegetation; after the plant community is established, long-term monitoring and management are carried out, the growth of the vegetation is monitored regularly, the changes in vegetation coverage, species diversity and biomass are recorded, the vegetation restoration effect is evaluated, and the vegetation structure or planting plan is adjusted in a timely manner according to the monitoring data and changes in the ecological environment; Step S34, ecological benefits of plant community reconstruction: by increasing the coverage and types of wetland vegetation, the water purification function of the wetland is improved; the diverse plant communities provide rich habitats and food resources for wetland organisms, attracting a variety of animals to settle and reproduce, and improving the overall biodiversity of the wetland; the diverse plant communities enhance the stability of the wetland ecosystem, making it more resistant to external interference and recover faster after interference.

5. The method for restoring a wetland ecosystem according to claim 1, characterized in that: The hydrological regulation in step S4 specifically includes the following steps: Step S41: according to the hydrological conditions evaluated in step S1 and the ecological restoration goals of the wetland, a specific hydrological regulation goal is set, specifically, a target water level range of the wetland is set, including a seasonal maximum water level and a minimum water level, so as to simulate the water level fluctuation of the natural wetland and determine the target speed of the water flow; Step S42: Install sluice gates at the inlet or outlet of the wetland to adjust the water level according to seasonal needs; build dams at the edge of the wetland where the water level needs to be controlled or flooded; build channels to introduce water from nearby rivers, lakes or groundwater sources to ensure that the wetland can obtain continuous water replenishment; for wetlands that rely on groundwater replenishment, restore the groundwater supply of the wetland by artificial recharge or adjustment of the groundwater level. Step S43, dynamic hydrological regulation strategy: increase the water level of the wetland during the spring flood period to simulate the invasion of natural floods, promote the growth and seed dispersal of submerged plants, and provide a good breeding environment for aquatic animals. During the summer drought period: appropriately lower the water level to simulate natural drought conditions, promote the root development of plants and soil permeability, and reduce the breeding of mosquitoes. In autumn and winter, according to the specific ecological needs of the wetland, adjust the water level to prepare for the plant growing season next year, or keep the water level stable to protect overwintering organisms; improve the hydrological conditions and ecological functions of the wetland by adjusting the water flow path within the wetland, that is, for the river channel that has been straightened or changed its path, restore its natural curvature, reduce the water flow velocity, and increase the water retention time. Through diversion and confluence design within the wetland, a diverse aquatic habitat is formed to increase biodiversity and support the habitat of more species.

6. A method for restoring a wetland ecosystem according to claim 1, characterized in that: The soil improvement in step S5 specifically includes the following steps: Step S51, setting specific soil improvement goals according to the ecological restoration goals of soil and wetlands evaluated in step S1; Step S52: adding organic matter according to the soil improvement target, specifically including compost, humus and peat, and then selecting a suitable method of applying the organic matter according to the specific conditions of the soil and the needs of the plants; Step S53, adding microbial preparations according to the soil improvement target, specifically including rhizobia, mycorrhizal fungi and decomposing bacteria, and when applying the microbial preparations, they should be adjusted according to the specific needs of the wetland and the soil conditions; Step S54: Reduce the content of harmful substances in the soil by harvesting and processing plants, that is, plant specific plants at the edge of the wetland or near the pollution source to form a buffer zone to absorb and fix pollutants and prevent them from entering the central area of ​​the wetland.

7. A method for restoring a wetland ecosystem according to claim 1, characterized in that: The step S6 of biodiversity enhancement comprises the following steps: Step S61, introducing endemic species: before introducing species, conduct adaptability assessment to ensure that the introduced species can adapt to the current wetland environmental conditions and coexist peacefully with existing species; select appropriate introduction methods based on the adaptability assessment results; while introducing species, create a microenvironment suitable for their survival, including water level regulation, soil improvement, and vegetation configuration, so as to improve the survival rate and reproductive success rate of the introduced species; Step S62, protecting endangered species: demarcate the core habitats of endangered species in the wetland and restrict or prohibit human activities; restore the wild population of endangered species through artificial breeding and release in a suitable environment; establish a long-term monitoring system to track the survival and reproduction status of endangered species, and adjust protection measures based on the monitoring results; Step S63, control of alien invasive species: physical, chemical or biological methods are used to control the spread of invasive species, including manual removal, chemical weeding or introduction of natural enemies; after removing the invasive species, timely repair the damaged habitat, introduce or restore local plants to prevent the invasive species from invading again; Step S64, habitat restoration: repair or rebuild the structural elements in the wetland, including dead trees, rocks, and shallows, to provide a diverse habitat for different species; Step S65, dynamic management and long-term monitoring: adjust management strategies in a timely manner according to the survival status of species and environmental changes, specifically adjust hydrological regulation measures and replenish habitat restoration materials; introduce local communities and stakeholders to participate in wetland management, enhance protection awareness and action efforts, and ensure the long-term effects of biodiversity enhancement measures; regularly survey species population changes in wetlands and monitor the environmental conditions of wetland habitats.

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