Turbine dosing system for dosing into regions of desired flow characteristics

Abstract

A turbine metering system for a turbocharger is disclosed. A turbine metrology system includes a turbine inlet passage, a turbine wheel chamber, a turbine outlet passage, and a plurality of metrology modules. The turbine inlet passage is configured to receive exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine. The turbine wheel chamber is configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage. The turbine wheel chamber accommodates a turbine wheel that is supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis. The turbine wheel includes an outlet deflector that defines an outlet deflector diameter. The turbine outlet passage is downstream of the turbine wheel chamber and is configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber. The turbine outlet passage defines a flow axis extending from the downstream end of the turbine wheel. The plurality of metering modules are configured to inject an after-treatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage.

Description

[0001] The invention relates to: a turbine housing element; a wastegate turbine distribution system; a turbine distribution system; a connection adapter; a diffuser; a duct; a turbocharger and an engine arrangement, and associated operating methods.

[0002] Turbochargers are used in internal combustion engine systems to increase the intake pressure of the air entering the engine to a pressure above atmospheric pressure. This is called "boosting". By increasing the intake pressure of the air entering the engine, more oxygen is available in the engine to support the combustion of a larger amount of fuel, thereby increasing the amount of power produced by the engine.

[0003] A turbocharger includes a compressor and a turbine. The compressor includes a compressor impeller configured to transfer energy to an incident fluid flow, and the turbine includes a turbine impeller configured to extract energy from the incident fluid flow. The compressor impeller and the turbine impeller are attached to opposite ends of the turbocharger shaft so that the two rotate synchronously. The compressor receives intake air from the atmosphere and delivers the intake air to the intake manifold of the internal combustion engine. The turbine receives exhaust gas from the exhaust manifold of the internal combustion engine and delivers the exhaust gas to the aftertreatment system. During use, the exhaust gas leaving the internal combustion engine passes through the turbine, causing the turbine impeller to rotate. The rotation of the turbine impeller drives the compressor impeller, which acts to compress the intake air as it is delivered to the intake manifold.

[0004] The exhaust gas emitted from an internal combustion engine contains substances that are harmful to the environment. Most countries have vehicle emission standards that limit the amount of such substances that an internal combustion engine system is allowed to emit. Therefore, modern internal combustion engine systems include exhaust aftertreatment systems that are designed to remove harmful substances from the exhaust gas.

[0005] Typically, the exhaust aftertreatment system will include a particulate filter and one or more catalytic reducers. The particulate filter removes heavy combustion products, such as soot, from the exhaust. The catalytic reducer removes harmful substances, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), from the exhaust. The catalytic reducer typically includes a large number of narrow channels made of selected materials to support the chemical reaction of removing NOx from the exhaust. The narrow channel provides a larger surface area for the occurrence of the catalytic reaction. Several catalytic reducers are available on the market, such as two-way catalytic reducers, three-way catalytic reducers, diesel oxidation catalytic reducers (DOCs), and selective catalytic reducers (SCRs). DOCs and SCRs are typically used in diesel engine systems. Specifically for SCR, in order for the SCR reaction to work, the exhaust aftertreatment fluid must be mixed with the exhaust before the exhaust enters the catalytic reducer. The exhaust aftertreatment fluid is typically a mixture of about 30% to 35% by volume of urea (CO(NH2)2) and about 65% to 70% by volume of deionized water (H2O). Exhaust aftertreatment fluids are commonly referred to as diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) and are commonly sold under the registered trademark AdBlue.

[0006] Traditionally, DEF is mixed with the exhaust gas in a decomposition chamber. DEF is injected into the decomposition chamber using a dosing module. In the decomposition chamber, heat is exchanged from the exhaust gas to the DEF, which causes the water in the DEF to evaporate and the urea to thermally decompose into the reducing agents ammonia (NH3) and isocyanic acid (HNCO) required to support the SCR reaction.

[0007] A typical decomposition chamber includes a relatively large cross-sectional area compared to the width of a standard exhaust pipe. The exhaust gas entering the decomposition chamber expands, causing the exhaust gas velocity to decrease and the exhaust gas pressure to increase. This rapid expansion of the exhaust gas causes the formation of turbulent vortices. DEF is then injected into the decomposition chamber, and the turbulent vortices then cause the DEF to mix with the exhaust gas. The heat exchange between the exhaust gas and the DEF causes the urea in the DEF to decompose into a reductant, and the mixture of the reductant and the exhaust gas is then delivered to the SCR.

[0008] If the exhaust and DEF are not mixed well enough, the heat exchange between the DEF and the exhaust will not be sufficient to decompose the DEF into the required reductants. In addition, poor mixing means that the reductants are not evenly distributed in the flow, and therefore certain channels of the catalytic reducer will not receive enough reductants to support the SCR reaction. In order to ensure adequate mixing, the decomposition chamber typically includes a mixing plate configured to produce additional turbulence. However, the additional turbulence caused by the mixing plate and the fluid friction exerted by the mixing plate on the exhaust gas create back pressure on the exhaust gas in the decomposition chamber. This back pressure is transmitted upstream and acts to increase the pumping work required by the internal combustion engine, and thus reduces the overall efficiency of the engine system. Therefore, there is a need for improvements in this technical field.

[0009] There exists a need to provide an alternative system that overcomes one or more disadvantages of known systems (whether or not mentioned in this document).

[0010] According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a turbine housing element for a wastegate turbine dosing system, the turbine housing element comprising:

[0011] a turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending therethrough, the turbine outlet passage being configured to receive a turbine body exhaust flow; and

[0012] at least a portion of a wastegate passage configured to receive the bypass exhaust flow and in fluid communication with the turbine outlet passage via a wastegate passage outlet;

[0013] wherein the turbine housing element further comprises a distribution module mounting seat configured to receive a distribution module, the distribution module mounting seat defining an opening in fluid communication with the turbine outlet passage; and

[0014] The opening of the distribution module mounting seat is arranged within a range of about 3 times the diameter of the turbine outlet channel from the outlet of the wastegate channel along the flow axis.

[0015] A wastegate turbine distribution system refers to a turbine distribution system that incorporates a wastegate. The wastegate may be a flap valve type wastegate (e.g., having a pivotable valve member and valve seat). Alternatively, the wastegate may be a rotary valve. A wastegate is intended to encompass any device that can selectively divert exhaust gas around a turbine without expanding through the turbine. A wastegate may be referred to as a selective bypass device or flow path.

[0016] The turbine housing element may be a turbine housing (eg, a turbine housing that is a part of an integral turbine housing or a turbine housing component) or a connection adapter. The turbine housing element may form part of a turbocharger. The turbine housing element may be configured to engage with a bearing housing.

[0017] The turbine distribution system may form part of a turbocharger distribution system. A turbocharger (particularly a turbocharger turbine) may be a fixed geometry turbine or a variable geometry turbine. The turbine distribution system may form part of a turbocompounding system (e.g. a system in which a turbine delivers mechanical work to the crankshaft of an engine, either in place of or in addition to a compressor).

[0018] The term "channel" refers to a volume defined or bounded by a surrounding structure through which a fluid can flow.

[0019] The term "turbine outlet passage" encompasses any flow path configured to receive exhaust gas that has passed through the turbine impeller at a downstream position of the turbine impeller chamber (preferably, immediately downstream of the turbine impeller chamber). The purpose of the turbine outlet passage is to process and / or regulate the exhaust flow in the area with the highest swirl and flow velocity. The term "turbine outlet passage" is not intended to encompass a flow passage located significantly downstream of the turbine impeller chamber (e.g., once the swirl dissipates or the flow has slowed down, the flow passage processes the exhaust flow). The turbine outlet passage can be considered to begin at the downstream end (e.g., the most downstream end or the outer end) of the turbine impeller or impeller chamber. The effective end of the turbine outlet passage can be defined by the point where the passage stops diverging (e.g., the cross-sectional area of ​​the passage orthogonal to the flow axis becomes constant). This can be described as the end of a diffuser portion or a diverging portion. The turbine outlet passage can diverge along its entire range (e.g., along the axial length of the flow axis). The turbine outlet passage can diverge along at least a portion of its range.

[0020] The term "flow axis" refers to the axis about which the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet channel generally rotates when it flows through the turbine outlet channel (along the flow axis). The flow axis may be at least partially arcuate. The flow axis may be described as an imaginary line drawn along and through the turbine outlet channel, the line being located at the geometric center of the turbine outlet channel. The flow axis may vary according to the geometry of the structure defining the turbine outlet channel. For example, if the turbine outlet channel includes a bend, the flow axis may also include a bend (e.g., at least partially arcuate) because the direction of the exhaust gas flow in the turbine outlet channel will be forced to change due to the bend in the turbine outlet channel. It can be said that the flow axis defines a fluid flow path, and once the turbine body flow has flowed downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller, the turbine body flow will generally follow the fluid flow path. For at least a portion of the range of the flow axis, the flow axis may coincide with the turbine impeller axis. The flow axis may extend from the turbine impeller axis.

[0021] The turbine body exhaust flow may also be described as the core exhaust flow or the body exhaust flow.

[0022] The at least a portion of the wastegate passage may include the entire wastegate passage (i.e., a single passage defining an inlet and an outlet of the wastegate passage). Alternatively, the at least a portion of the wastegate passage may define only a portion of the entire or overall wastegate passage. The wastegate may be defined by a wastegate groove. The turbine housing element may include one or more locating features configured to receive a wastegate (which may form part of a valve component). The wastegate may sealingly engage a corresponding valve seat to selectively open or close the wastegate passage.

[0023] The bypass exhaust flow may also be described as an auxiliary exhaust flow or a wastegate passage exhaust flow.The at least a portion of the wastegate passage defines at least a portion of a fluid path around the turbine wheel chamber in operation.

[0024] The wastegate channel outlet may also be described as an opening or hole in a turbine housing element. Specifically, the wastegate channel outlet may be described as an opening or hole through a surface or structure that defines a turbine outlet channel. The wastegate channel is in fluid communication with the turbine outlet channel via a wastegate channel outlet at the downstream end of the wastegate channel, which is intended to mean that the wastegate channel outlet is arranged to be in fluid communication with both the turbine outlet channel and the wastegate channel. Therefore, the turbine main exhaust flow and the bypass exhaust flow may converge via the wastegate channel outlet. The wastegate channel outlet may be defined at the downstream end of the wastegate channel. The wastegate channel outlet may be defined at least partially along the wastegate channel.

[0025] The term "distribution module mount" encompasses a structure configured to align with and support a distribution module.The distribution module mount may be integrally formed with the turbine housing element or may be attached to the turbine housing element by a joining process such as welding or brazing.

[0026] As used herein, the term "dispensing module" encompasses any device configured to introduce an aftertreatment fluid into a turbine outlet passage. The aftertreatment fluid may be a fluid required to support a chemical reaction in an exhaust aftertreatment process. For example, the aftertreatment fluid may be a diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) for an SCR process. The aftertreatment fluid may include a reducing agent (i.e., a reducing agent, such as urea). The dispensing module is configured to inject the aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage, and is intended to mean that the dispensing module injects the aftertreatment fluid directly into at least one turbine body flow (e.g., a core exhaust flow). The dispensing module may be in fluid communication with a tank or reservoir storing a supply source (e.g., volume) of the aftertreatment fluid. The actuation (e.g., injection) of the dispensing module may be controlled by a controller. The controller may be an engine control unit (ECU) or may be connected (e.g., electrically connected) to an ECU.

[0027] The distribution module can be a self-atomizing distribution module. As known to those skilled in the art, distribution modules of self-atomizing and non-self-atomizing types for use in exhaust aftertreatment systems are available. As used herein, a "self-atomizing" distribution module covers a distribution module configured to produce a fine spray or mist of an aftertreatment fluid ejected from the outlet of the distribution module, which can be achieved by mixing compressed air with the aftertreatment liquid. In contrast, a "non-self-atomizing" distribution module covers a distribution module that introduces a uniform stream of aftertreatment fluid (mainly liquid), which is atomized after colliding with a moving object (e.g., a rotating cup mounted on a turbine impeller).

[0028] The outlet of the dosing module may be substantially flush with an inner surface of a turbine housing element (eg, which at least partially defines a turbine outlet passage).

[0029] The outlet being substantially flush with the inner surface of the structure is intended to mean that the dosing module does not protrude into the turbine outlet passage by more than the assembly tolerance (eg approximately ±2 mm).

[0030] The term "opening" encompasses a hole, a hole or an orifice. An opening may be viewed as providing a fluid path between a turbine outlet passage and an area external to the turbine outlet passage. In other words, an opening may provide fluid communication through a structure defining the turbine outlet passage. An opening may be provided downstream of a turbine wheel chamber and / or a turbine wheel.

[0031] The turbine outlet passage diameter in relation to the position of the opening of the dosing module mounting seat relative to the outlet of the wastegate passage is the diameter of the turbine outlet passage at the axial position along the flow axis at which the opening of the dosing module mounting seat is located. When the turbine outlet passage has an irregular cross-section (e.g., non-circular), the turbine outlet passage diameter may also be described as a principal dimension (i.e., the maximum distance from one inner surface through the flow axis to the opposing inner surface at the axial position of the opening of the dosing module mounting seat).

[0032] The position of the opening of the distribution module mounting seat relative to the outlet of the wastegate passage can also be described as the axial spacing between the planes orthogonal to the flow axis in which the opening and the outlet of the wastegate passage are respectively located. The position of the opening of the distribution module mounting seat relative to the outlet of the wastegate passage can be defined by the centroid of the opening and the centroid of the outlet, respectively. That is, the axial spacing between the centroid of the opening of the distribution module mounting seat and the centroid of the outlet of the wastegate passage is preferably less than about 3 times the diameter of the turbine outlet passage along the flow axis.

[0033] The spacing can be considered from the near edge of the corresponding opening and the wastegate channel outlet. For example, when the opening and the wastegate channel outlet are both circular geometries and are offset by an axial distance X, the axial distance X is intended to refer to the distance between the points closest to each other on the circumference of the opening and the wastegate channel outlet. In other words, the position or axial offset can be described as the minimum distance between the opening of the distribution module mounting seat and the wastegate channel outlet. It will be understood that many other geometries of the opening, the wastegate channel outlet and the distribution module outlet are possible, in particular the wastegate channel outlet may not be circular. Other suitable geometries include (usually) elliptical outlets, (usually) square outlets and elongated geometries, such as (usually) rectangles.

[0034] The opening of the distribution module mounting seat can be set within a range of about 1 turbine outlet channel diameter from the outlet of the wastegate channel along the flow axis. The opening of the distribution module mounting seat can be set within a range of about 3 turbine impeller outlet guide diameters from the outlet of the wastegate channel along the flow axis. The opening of the distribution module mounting seat can be set within a range of about 1 turbine impeller outlet guide diameter from the outlet of the wastegate channel along the flow axis.

[0035] The distribution module may be located at least about 1 inducer diameter downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel. The distribution module is preferably located between about 1 inducer diameter and about 3 inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel.

[0036] Given that the dosing module mount is configured to receive the dosing module, it will be understood that the position of the dosing module mount (e.g., its opening) indicates the position of the dosing module once the dosing module is received in the dosing module mount. Thus, the position of the opening defines the location of the post-treatment fluid injection in the assembled dosing system (e.g., the main impact zone defined by the spray cone of the dosing module).

[0037] Conventionally, aftertreatment fluid is mixed with exhaust gas in a decomposition chamber and then injected into the decomposition chamber using a dosing module. Known decomposition chambers are located close to the vehicle exhaust pipe (e.g., substantially downstream of the engine). In the decomposition chamber, heat is exchanged from the exhaust gas to the DEF, which results in evaporation of water within the DEF and thermal decomposition of urea into reductants ammonia (NH3) and isocyanic acid (HNCO), which are necessary to support the SCR reaction.

[0038] A typical decomposition chamber includes a relatively large cross-sectional area compared to the width of a standard exhaust pipe. Exhaust gas entering the decomposition chamber expands, causing the exhaust gas velocity to decrease and the exhaust gas pressure to increase. The rapid expansion of the exhaust gas causes the formation of turbulent vortices. DEF is then injected into the decomposition chamber, and the turbulent vortices then cause the DEF to mix with the exhaust gas. The heat exchange between the exhaust gas and the DEF causes the urea in the DEF to decompose into a reductant, and the mixture of the reductant and the exhaust gas is then delivered to the SCR.

[0039] The temperature of the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage is higher than the exhaust gas temperature downstream of the turbine outlet passage, and the exhaust gas downstream of the turbine outlet passage may lose energy due to transient heat dissipation, pipe friction, etc. When the aftertreatment fluid is injected into the turbine outlet passage, the higher temperature of the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage causes the aftertreatment fluid to decompose faster and more completely than if DEF is injected into a decomposition chamber downstream. Therefore, in many cases, the need for a mixing plate and / or a decomposition chamber can be eliminated.

[0040] Providing the dosing module in the turbine outlet passage is also advantageous for packaging reasons (i.e., components that might otherwise be required can be omitted from the system). Providing the dosing module mounting in a location relatively close to the engine also means that the length of electrical and coolant lines can be reduced, thereby providing cost benefits. The turbine outlet passage is also an area of ​​relatively high swirl where the exhaust has been expanded by the turbine wheel. The high swirl creates an area of ​​high turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in the flow, which is conducive to fully mixing the reductant fluid with the exhaust flow and distributing the reductant fluid within the exhaust flow.

[0041] Since the opening of the distribution module mounting seat is arranged within the range of about 3 times the diameter of the turbine outlet channel along the flow axis from the outlet of the wastegate channel, the position where the aftertreatment fluid is injected into the turbine outlet channel is positioned relatively close to the outlet of the wastegate channel. Therefore, the aftertreatment fluid is injected into the relatively high-energy exhaust flow, which has not yet expanded through the turbine impeller. The aftertreatment fluid is also injected into the area where two high-speed airflows (such as the main flow of the turbine and the bypass flow) merge. Therefore, a high level of mixing is achieved, and the mixing level is affected by the momentum exchange of the two airflows. By injecting the aftertreatment fluid near the outlet of the wastegate channel, the increase in the mixing level in the above-mentioned area contributes to the dispersion of the aftertreatment fluid (especially its reducing agent) in the entire exhaust flow. The aftertreatment fluid is also affected by the high level of relative velocity (i.e., gas velocity and reducing agent droplet velocity), which increases the convective heat transfer to the droplets, thereby increasing the decomposition. When the droplets pass through the high mixing zone, they are affected by many different local velocities, which push, pull and shear the droplets in different directions. This turbulent flow field, which can be measured by the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) metric, aids mixing.

[0042] Advantageously, effectively positioning the outlet of the dosing module mounting as directed means that a high mixing zone can be utilized to aid dispersion of the aftertreatment fluid (and the reductant therein) due to the confluence of the turbine bulk flow and the bypass flow.

[0043] The distribution module mount may be provided in a diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage.

[0044] The centroid of the opening of the dosing module mount may be located within about 3 turbine outlet passage diameters from the centroid of the wastegate passage outlet along the flow axis.

[0045] The centroid of an opening refers to the geometric center of the opening. That is, if the opening is circular, the centroid will be the point from which the constant radius extends. In other geometries, the centroid simply refers to the midpoint defined by the combination of all the constituent edges of the opening geometry. The centroid of the opening of the distribution module mount may be located within about 1 turbine outlet passage diameter from the centroid of the wastegate passage outlet along the flow axis.

[0046] The opening may be located downstream of an outlet of the wastegate passage.

[0047] The opening being located downstream of the wastegate passage outlet is intended to mean that at least one centroid of the opening is located downstream of the centroid of the wastegate passage outlet. In some embodiments, the entire geometry of the opening may be located downstream of the entire geometry of the wastegate passage outlet (i.e., such that the opening and the wastegate passage outlet do not overlap).

[0048] Alternatively, the opening may be located upstream of the wastegate passage outlet.

[0049] Advantageously, it has been found that positioning the opening downstream of the wastegate passage may place the opening close to the region where turbulent kinetic energy is highest. This may be due, at least in part, to the fact that once the two exhaust flows (i.e., the turbine main flow and the bypass flow) have merged and have traveled at least some distance downstream of the wastegate passage outlet, the turbulent kinetic energy is greater. It has been found that positioning the opening downstream of the wastegate passage may place the opening close to the region where shear stress is highest. This is advantageous for reasons of reducing wall film / deposit formation / buildup.

[0050] For the reasons previously described, it is desirable to inject the aftertreatment fluid and its reductant into an area of ​​high turbulent kinetic energy to promote dispersion of the reductant throughout the bulk exhaust flow and promote decomposition.

[0051] Another advantage is that in the overall turbine dosing system, the risk of aftertreatment fluid impacting the turbine wheel is reduced. In addition, the risk of aftertreatment fluid impacting the wastegate is also reduced.

[0052] When the overall geometry of the opening is downstream of the overall geometry of the wastegate passage outlet, the opening may be located downstream of the wastegate passage outlet such that the primary impact zone is away from the wastegate passage outlet (e.g., without overlap). This is desirable to reduce the risk of aftertreatment fluid being sprayed into the wastegate passage (through the wastegate passage outlet).

[0053] The opening may at least partially overlap the wastegate passage outlet along the flow axis.

[0054] The centroid of the opening of the dosing module mounting seat may be arranged at an axial position along the flow axis within the axial extent of the wastegate passage outlet along the flow axis.

[0055] The centroid of the opening is located at an axial position within the axial range of the wastegate passage outlet, which can also be described as the centroid of the opening being arranged within the axial length of the wastegate passage outlet. In other words, the centroid of the opening is defined by the axial upstream end and the axial downstream end of the wastegate passage outlet.

[0056] Advantageously, the aftertreatment fluid injected through the opening is injected directly into the bypass flow from the wastegate passage outlet. In other words, the aftertreatment fluid is injected directly into the path of the bypass flow when it merges with the turbine body exhaust flow. Therefore, the confluence of the two streams (steam) or two flows (flows) creates a region of high energy and high mixing, and associated high turbulent kinetic energy, which is advantageous because it improves the dispersion of the aftertreatment fluid and the reductant in the exhaust flow.

[0057] The centroid of the opening of the dosing module mounting is substantially axially aligned with the centroid of the wastegate passage outlet.

[0058] The centroid of the opening is substantially axially aligned with the centroid of the wastegate passage outlet is intended to mean that the centroid of the opening and the centroid of the wastegate passage outlet are offset only by the maximum of a major dimension (e.g., diameter) of the opening. In addition, substantially axially aligned is intended to encompass that the centroid of the dosing module mounting and the centroid of the wastegate passage outlet occupy the same axial position along the flow axis (e.g., both centroids are located in the same plane orthogonal to the flow axis).

[0059] Advantageously, the aftertreatment fluid is thus injected into a high energy and high mixing region with high turbulent kinetic energy.

[0060] The dosing module mounting seat may be inclined towards the flow axis such that the opening of the dosing module mounting seat points in the downstream direction.

[0061] In other words, the distribution module mount is positioned so that aftertreatment fluid discharged from a distribution module mounted on the distribution module mount is injected with the exhaust flow (e.g., against the exhaust flow). The distribution module mount can be said to be tilted away from the turbine wheel. The distribution module mount can be said to be tilted toward the outlet of the turbine housing element.

[0062] Advantageously, pointing the dosing module mount in a downstream direction results in a more predictable spray position, which improves robustness over a wide range of engine operating conditions. Shear stresses are also high in the main impact zone, reducing the risk of wall film formation / deposit buildup.

[0063] The turbine housing element may be a one-piece turbine housing comprising:

[0064] a turbine inlet passage configured to receive exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine;

[0065] a turbine wheel chamber configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage;

[0066] wherein the turbine outlet passage is configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber;

[0067] wherein the flow axis extends from a downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber; and

[0068] Wherein, at least a portion of the wastegate passage includes the entire wastegate passage extending between the turbine inlet passage and the turbine outlet passage, and the wastegate passage bypasses the turbine wheel chamber.

[0069] An integral turbine housing is intended to refer to a turbine housing that is a single, integral component. For example, there are no separate connection adapters. An integral turbine housing may also be described as having a unitary structure. An integral turbine housing may include a volute, an impeller chamber, and a diffuser. An integral turbine housing may be cast as a single, unitary structure. Due to the presence of a wastegate passage, an integral turbine housing may be described as a wastegate integral turbine housing.

[0070] Since the one-piece turbine housing defines the turbine outlet passage, the distribution module mounting seat is also incorporated into the turbine housing. In other words, the turbine housing includes the distribution module mounting seat.

[0071] An integral turbine housing is advantageous because the number of joints in which aftertreatment fluids and / or deposits generated therefrom can be deposited, thereby risking corrosion of the turbine housing, can be reduced or eliminated entirely.

[0072] The turbine inlet passage may be defined by a volute. The turbine wheel chamber may be described as receiving, or being configured to receive, a turbine wheel. The flow axis may be described as extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber and / or a downstream end of the turbine wheel.

[0073] The entire wastegate passage refers to a complete wastegate passage extending from a wastegate passage inlet and an outlet (wastegate passage outlet), the inlet providing fluid communication between the wastegate passage and the turbine inlet passage, and the outlet (wastegate passage outlet) providing fluid communication between the wastegate passage and the turbine outlet passage. A wastegate passage bypassing the turbine wheel chamber is intended to mean that the exhaust gas passing through the wastegate passage has been diverted around the turbine wheel chamber. In other words, of the total exhaust gas received in the turbine inlet passage, a portion of the total exhaust flow may flow to the turbine wheel chamber and flow out via the turbine outlet passage, while a portion of the flow (bypass flow) flows through the wastegate passage. The bypass flow does not flow through the impeller chamber. The bypass flow then merges with the turbine outlet passage through the wastegate passage outlet. The wastegate passage can be closed (e.g., the valve member is in a closed configuration) for low flow conditions through the turbine.

[0074] The integral turbine housing may include a diffuser which is at least a diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage.

[0075] According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a wastegate turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, the turbine dosing system comprising:

[0076] a turbine housing element as defined above, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel comprising an inducer defining an inducer diameter;

[0077] the flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel; and

[0078] A dosing module is mounted to the dosing module mount and is configured to inject aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage through an opening of the dosing module mount.

[0079] The turbine distribution system may include a radial turbine. The turbine distribution system may include an axial turbine. The turbine distribution system may form part of a turbocharger distribution system. A turbocharger (particularly its turbine) may be a fixed geometry turbine or a variable geometry turbine. The turbine distribution system may form part of a turbocompound system (e.g., a system in which a turbine delivers mechanical work to a crankshaft of an engine, either in place of or in addition to a compressor).

[0080] The turbine inlet passage may be defined by a volute. The volute defines a generally helical geometry, the cross-section of which varies along its extent.

[0081] The turbine wheel chamber refers to the volume that accommodates the turbine wheel. The downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber may be located in the plane of the downstream end of the turbine wheel. The opposite end of the turbine wheel chamber may be located in the plane of the rear surface of the hub of the turbine wheel.

[0082] The term "exit inducer" refers to the portion of the turbine impeller from which the exhaust gas is discharged. In other words, the term "exit inducer" encompasses the portion of the turbine impeller that serves as the outlet of the turbine impeller (i.e., the distal end of the turbine impeller from the perspective of the turbine body flow traveling therethrough). The outlet inducer diameter refers to the diameter of the turbine impeller at the most downstream point of the blades. In other words, the term "exit inducer diameter" encompasses the diameter of the outlet inducer at the distalmost portion of the turbine impeller from the perspective of the turbine body flow. The turbine impeller may also include an inlet inducer through which the exhaust gas enters the turbine impeller.

[0083] The turbine wheel may be a radial turbine wheel including an inlet inducer and an outlet inducer. The radial turbine wheel may be configured to receive incident exhaust gas (at its inlet inducer) in a radial direction relative to the turbine wheel axis. "Outlet inducer" is not intended to refer to features of the turbine wheel that are not used to discharge exhaust gas into the turbine outlet passage (e.g., impeller nut, aftertreatment dosing cup, etc.). The turbine wheel may be a cupless turbine wheel (e.g., without a dosing cup into which the aftertreatment fluid is injected, which atomizes the aftertreatment fluid before dispersing it into the exhaust gas).

[0084] The turbine wheel may be fixed to the shaft by a turbine wheel nut. The wheel nut may be coaxial with the turbine wheel axis and configured to rotate about the turbine wheel axis. The turbine wheel nut may define an effective end face or a most downstream end of the turbine wheel.

[0085] The dosing module can inject the aftertreatment fluid in a conical manner. That is, the dosing module can inject the aftertreatment fluid as a spray having a roughly triangular cross-section. The aftertreatment fluid can be injected or discharged from the dosing module through the outlet of the dosing module. The spray cone of the aftertreatment fluid produced by the dosing module in use is also preferably aligned to be arranged near the wastegate channel outlet. The spray cone can at least partially overlap the wastegate channel outlet along the flow axis. The spray cone can completely accommodate the wastegate channel outlet along the flow axis.

[0086] The opening of the dosing module mounting seat may be disposed within a range of approximately 3 outlet guide diameters from the outlet of the wastegate passage along the flow axis.

[0087] It has been found that positioning the opening of the distribution module mounting seat within 3 outlet deflector diameters from the outlet of the wastegate passage is beneficial for positioning the opening of the distribution module mounting seat in a high mixing and high energy region of the exhaust flow. Therefore, by positioning the opening of the distribution module mounting seat within the above-mentioned position range, the dispersion of the aftertreatment fluid and the reductant in the exhaust flow and the decomposition of the aftertreatment fluid can be improved. The opening of the distribution module mounting seat can be set within about 1 outlet deflector diameter from the outlet of the wastegate passage along the flow axis.

[0088] The turbine housing element may be a connection adapter comprising:

[0089] a first connection portion located at a first end of the connection adapter and configured to engage a turbine housing;

[0090] a second connection portion located at a second end of the connection adapter and configured to engage a downstream pipeline; and

[0091] A structure extends between the first and second ends of the connection adapter and defines at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage, the at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage defining at least a portion of the flow axis, the structure also defining at least a portion of a wastegate passage.

[0092] The structure may be a wall.

[0093] The term "connection adapter" refers to a component disposed between the turbine housing and the downstream conduit. For example, the connection adapter may be interposed between the turbine housing and the exhaust manifold or conduit. The connection adapter may engage the turbine housing at one end. Due to the incorporation of a dosing module mount therein, the connection adapter may be referred to as a dosing connection adapter or a reductant dosing connection adapter.

[0094] The connection adapter may define all or a majority of the turbine outlet passage. It may be said that the turbine housing defines at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage. The turbine housing may not define any portion of the turbine outlet passage (eg, the connection adapter may extend from the downstream end of the turbine wheel).

[0095] The connection adapter is advantageous because a single design of turbine housing can be used for a range of different applications. That is, the connection adapter can be more easily modified to connect to the downstream piping as required by the application. Thus, the connection adapter can be modified as required by the application, rather than providing a range of different turbine housings, which are complex geometries to design and manufacture. Thus, customers can attach their preferred piping to the downstream end of the connection adapter while using a single design of turbine housing for the turbine. This is also advantageous because a dosing module mount, which can be a customer specific requirement, can be incorporated into the connection adapter, relatively close to the turbine wheel. Furthermore, the connection adapter can be easily attached to the turbine housing and piping to make installation simple.

[0096] When a connection adapter is present, the combination of the connection adapter and the turbine housing may be referred to as a turbine housing assembly (eg, a multi-part turbine housing).

[0097] The first and second connection parts may be flanges, for example.The first and second connection parts may be configured to receive a clamp, such as a V-band clamp.

[0098] The connection adapter (particularly its structure) may define the entire turbine outlet passage, or may define only a portion thereof (e.g., a downstream portion of the turbine outlet passage). For example, when the turbine outlet passage defined by the connection adapter extends directly from the downstream end of the turbine impeller and / or impeller chamber, the connection adapter may define the entire turbine outlet passage. Alternatively, when the turbine housing defines a portion of the turbine outlet passage (e.g., when the first end of the connection adapter is axially offset relative to the downstream end of the turbine impeller and / or impeller chamber), the connection adapter may define a second or downstream portion of the turbine outlet passage.

[0099] The connection adapter may define the entire wastegate passage. Alternatively, in most embodiments, the connection adapter may define only a portion of the turbine outlet passage (e.g., only a portion of the wastegate passage extending between the turbine inlet passage and the wastegate passage outlet). It can be said that the at least a portion of the wastegate passage is defined by the wastegate passage.

[0100] According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a wastegate turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, the turbine dosing system comprising:

[0101] Turbine housing;

[0102] A turbine housing element as defined above; and

[0103] Distribution module;

[0104] Wherein, the turbine housing comprises:

[0105] a turbine inlet passage configured to receive exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine;

[0106] a turbine wheel chamber configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter;

[0107] wherein the turbine housing element is connected to the turbine housing, the turbine outlet passage being disposed downstream of the turbine wheel chamber and configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber;

[0108] Wherein, the dosing module is mounted to the dosing module mounting seat and is configured to inject the aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage through the opening of the dosing module mounting seat.

[0109] Due to the presence of the turbine housing and the connection adapter connected thereto, it can be said that the turbine distribution system comprises a turbine housing assembly (eg a multi-part turbine housing).

[0110] The turbine housing element (or, more specifically, the connection adapter) may be connected to the turbine housing directly or indirectly (eg there may be an intervening gasket).

[0111] The at least a portion of the wastegate passage defined by the structure of the connection adapter may extend at least partially between the turbine inlet passage and the wastegate passage outlet. When the turbine housing element is connected to the turbine housing (e.g., when the turbine housing element is the connection adapter), the at least a portion of the wastegate passage may define a portion of the fluid path extending from the turbine inlet passage to the wastegate passage outlet. The entire wastegate passage may be defined by the at least a portion of the wastegate passage and one or more other portions of the wastegate passage (e.g., which may be defined by the turbine housing).

[0112] The opening of the dosing module mount may be disposed within about 3 outlet guide diameters from the outlet of the wastegate passage along the flow axis.

[0113] According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a wastegate turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, the turbine dosing system comprising:

[0114] a turbine inlet passage configured to receive exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine;

[0115] a turbine wheel chamber configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter;

[0116] a turbine outlet passage located downstream of the turbine wheel chamber and configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel;

[0117] a wastegate passage configured to receive the bypass exhaust flow, the wastegate passage extending around the turbine wheel chamber between the turbine inlet passage and the turbine outlet passage, the wastegate passage being disposed in fluid communication with the turbine outlet passage via the wastegate passage outlet; and

[0118] a dosing module configured to inject an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage via an outlet of the dosing module;

[0119] The distribution module is arranged along the flow axis within a range of about 3 times the diameter of the outlet guide from the outlet of the wastegate channel.

[0120] The term "outlet" refers to the portion of a dosing module from which the post-treatment fluid exits the dosing module (eg, an orifice). That is, the portion of the dosing module from which the post-treatment fluid is ejected. The outlet may be defined in a nozzle of the dosing module.

[0121] It can be an outlet of a distribution module, which is arranged within a range of about 3 times the outlet deflector diameter from the outlet of the wastegate channel along the flow axis. The centroid of the outlet of the distribution module can be located within a range of about 3 times the outlet deflector diameter from the centroid of the outlet of the wastegate channel along the flow axis. The distribution module can be arranged downstream of the outlet of the wastegate channel. The distribution module (optionally, its outlet) can at least partially overlap with the outlet of the wastegate channel along the flow axis. The centroid of the outlet of the distribution module can be arranged at an axial position along the flow axis, which is within the axial range of the outlet of the wastegate channel. The centroids of the outlet of the distribution module and the outlet of the wastegate channel can be substantially axially aligned with each other.

[0122] The distribution module can be arranged within a range of about 1 outlet guide diameter from the outlet of the wastegate channel along the flow axis.

[0123] The dosing module may be mounted or connected to the integral turbine housing, the connection adapter (of the turbine housing assembly) or the downstream conduit. The turbine outlet passage may be at least partially defined by one or more of the integral turbine housing, the turbine housing, the connection adapter and / or the downstream conduit.

[0124] The dosing module can be mounted to the same component that incorporates or defines the wastegate channel outlet. For example, the dosing module can be mounted to an integral turbine housing that also defines the wastegate channel outlet. Alternatively, the dosing module can be mounted to a component that is different from the component that incorporates the wastegate channel outlet. For example, the wastegate channel outlet can be set at the downstream end of the connecting adapter, and the dosing module can be located within 3 times the outlet guide diameter of the wastegate channel outlet, and the dosing module is mounted to the downstream pipeline connected to the connecting adapter. Therefore, it will be understood that the dosing module and the wastegate channel outlet can be installed in / incorporated into different specific components while still obtaining the same advantages as if they were installed in / incorporated into the same component.

[0125] Advantageously, placing the dosing module within approximately 3 outlet guide diameters of the wastegate passage outlet along the flow axis effectively means that the high mixing zone formed by the confluence of the turbine main flow and the bypass flow can be utilized to help disperse the aftertreatment fluid (and the reductant therein) throughout the exhaust flow.

[0126] The wastegate passage outlet may be defined at a downstream end of the wastegate passage.The wastegate passage outlet may be defined at least partially along the wastegate passage.

[0127] The distribution module may be tilted towards the flow axis so that the outlet of the distribution module mount points in a downstream direction (eg away from the turbine wheel).

[0128] Advantageously, pointing the dosing module in a downstream direction may result in a more predictable spray distribution which improves robustness over a range of different engine operating conditions.

[0129] The turbine dosing system may include an exhaust gas sensor. The exhaust gas sensor may be a NOx sensor.

[0130] A wastegate turbine distribution system refers to a turbine distribution system that incorporates a wastegate. The wastegate may be a flap valve type wastegate (e.g., having a pivotable valve member and valve seat). Alternatively, the wastegate may be a rotary valve. A wastegate is intended to encompass any device that can selectively divert exhaust gas around a turbine without expanding through the turbine. A wastegate may be referred to as a selective bypass device or flow path.

[0131] The turbine distribution system may include a radial turbine. The turbine distribution system may include an axial turbine. The turbine distribution system may form part of a turbocharger distribution system. The turbine distribution system may form part of a turbocompound system (e.g., a system in which a turbine delivers mechanical work to a crankshaft of an engine, either in place of or in addition to a compressor). In the absence of a distribution module, the turbine distribution system may be referred to as a turbine (e.g., a turbine for a turbine distribution system).

[0132] The turbocharger (particularly its turbine) may be a fixed geometry turbine or a variable geometry turbine.The turbocharger (particularly its turbine) may incorporate a wastegate.

[0133] The turbine inlet passage may be defined by a volute. The volute defines a generally helical geometry, the cross-section of which varies along its extent. The term "passage" refers to a volume defined or bounded by a surrounding structure, through which a fluid may flow.

[0134] The turbine wheel chamber refers to the volume that accommodates the turbine wheel. The downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber may be located in the plane of the downstream end of the turbine wheel. The opposite end of the turbine wheel chamber may be located in the plane of the rear surface of the hub of the turbine wheel.

[0135] The term "exit inducer" refers to the portion of the turbine impeller from which the exhaust gas is discharged. In other words, the term "exit inducer" encompasses the portion of the turbine impeller that serves as the outlet of the turbine impeller (i.e., the distal end of the turbine impeller from the perspective of the turbine body flow traveling therethrough). The outlet inducer diameter refers to the diameter of the turbine impeller at the most downstream point of the blades. In other words, the term "exit inducer diameter" encompasses the diameter of the outlet inducer at the distalmost portion of the turbine impeller from the perspective of the turbine body flow. The turbine impeller may also include an inlet inducer through which the exhaust gas enters the turbine impeller.

[0136] The turbine impeller may be a radial turbine impeller including an inlet guide and an outlet guide. The radial turbine impeller may be configured to receive incident exhaust gas (at its inlet guide) in a radial direction relative to the turbine impeller axis. An "outlet guide" is not intended to refer to features of the turbine impeller that are not used to discharge exhaust gas into a turbine outlet passage (e.g., an impeller nut, an aftertreatment dosing cup, etc.). The turbine impeller may be a cupless turbine impeller (e.g., without a dosing cup into which the aftertreatment fluid is injected, which atomizes the aftertreatment fluid before it is dispersed into the exhaust). A turbine impeller including such a cup may be referred to as a radial suspension atomizer, a radial atomizer, a centrifugal atomizer, or a rotary atomizer.

[0137] The term "flow axis" refers to the axis about which the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet channel generally rotates when it flows through the turbine outlet channel (along the flow axis). It will be understood that the flow axis does not have to be a straight axis compared to the turbine impeller axis. The flow axis may be at least partially arcuate. The flow axis may be described as an imaginary line drawn along and through the turbine outlet channel, the line being located at the geometric center of the turbine outlet channel. The flow axis may vary according to the geometry of the structure defining the turbine outlet channel. For example, if the turbine outlet channel includes a bend, the flow axis may also include a bend (e.g., at least partially arcuate) because the direction of the exhaust gas flow in the turbine outlet channel will be forced to change due to the bend in the turbine outlet channel. It can be said that the flow axis defines a fluid flow path, along which the turbine body flow will generally flow once it flows downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller. For at least a portion of the range of the flow axis, the flow axis may coincide with the turbine impeller axis. The flow axis may extend from the turbine impeller axis.

[0138] The term "turbine outlet passage" encompasses any flow path configured to receive exhaust gas that has passed through the turbine impeller at a downstream position of the turbine impeller chamber (preferably, immediately downstream of the turbine impeller chamber). The purpose of the turbine outlet passage is to process and / or regulate the exhaust flow in the area with the highest swirl and flow velocity. The term "turbine outlet passage" is not intended to encompass a flow passage located significantly downstream of the turbine impeller chamber (e.g., once the swirl dissipates or the airflow slows down, the flow passage processes the exhaust flow). The turbine outlet passage can be considered to start at the downstream end (e.g., the most downstream end or the outer end) of the turbine impeller or impeller chamber. The effective end of the turbine outlet passage can be defined by the point where the passage stops diverging (e.g., when the cross-sectional area of ​​the passage orthogonal to the flow axis becomes constant). This can be described as the end of a diffuser portion or a diverging portion. The turbine outlet passage can diverge along its entire range (e.g., along the axial length of the flow axis). The turbine outlet passage can diverge along at least a portion of its range.

[0139] The turbine wheel may be secured to the shaft by a turbine wheel nut. The wheel nut may be coaxial with the turbine wheel axis and configured to rotate about the turbine wheel axis. The turbine wheel nut may define an effective end face or a most downstream end of the turbine wheel. The distribution module mount may be disposed within a range of about 7 times the diameter of the outlet inducer from the end face of the turbine wheel nut along the flow axis.

[0140] As used herein, the term "dispensing module" encompasses any device configured to introduce an aftertreatment fluid into a turbine outlet passage. The aftertreatment fluid may be a fluid required to support a chemical reaction during exhaust aftertreatment. For example, the aftertreatment fluid may be DEF for an SCR process. The aftertreatment fluid may include a reductant (i.e., a reducing agent). The dispensing module may be in fluid communication with a tank or reservoir that stores a supply source (e.g., volume) of the aftertreatment fluid. Actuation (e.g., injection) of the dispensing module may be controlled by a controller. The controller may be an engine control unit (ECU) or linked (e.g., electrically connected) to the ECU.

[0141] The distribution module can be a self-atomizing distribution module. As known to those skilled in the art, distribution modules of self-atomizing and non-self-atomizing types are available for use in exhaust aftertreatment systems. As used herein, a "self-atomizing" distribution module covers a distribution module configured to produce a fine spray or mist of an aftertreatment fluid ejected from the outlet of the distribution module, which can be achieved by mixing compressed air with the aftertreatment liquid. In contrast, a "non-self-atomizing" distribution module covers a distribution module that introduces a uniform stream of aftertreatment fluid (mainly liquid), which is atomized after colliding with a moving object (e.g., a rotating cup mounted on a turbine impeller).

[0142] According to a fifth aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of operating a turbine housing element for a wastegate turbine dosing system, comprising:

[0143] receiving a turbine body exhaust flow into a turbine outlet passage, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending therethrough; and

[0144] receiving the bypass exhaust flow into at least a portion of a wastegate passage, the at least a portion of the wastegate passage being in fluid communication with a turbine outlet passage via a wastegate passage outlet;

[0145] wherein the turbine housing element further comprises a distribution module mounting seat configured to receive a distribution module, the distribution module mounting seat defining an opening in fluid communication with the turbine outlet passage; and

[0146] The opening of the distribution module mounting seat is arranged within a range of about 3 times the diameter of the turbine outlet channel from the outlet of the wastegate channel along the flow axis.

[0147] The centroid of the opening of the distribution module mounting seat can be located within a range of approximately 3 times the diameter of the turbine outlet channel from the centroid of the wastegate channel outlet along the flow axis. The opening can be located downstream of the wastegate channel outlet. The opening can at least partially overlap with the wastegate channel outlet along the flow axis. The centroid of the opening of the distribution module mounting seat can be set at an axial position along the flow axis within the axial range of the wastegate channel outlet along the flow axis. The centroid of the opening of the distribution module mounting seat can be substantially axially aligned with the centroid of the wastegate channel outlet. The distribution module mounting seat can be tilted toward the flow axis so that the opening of the distribution module mounting seat points in the downstream direction.

[0148] The turbine housing element may be a one-piece turbine housing, the method comprising:

[0149] receiving exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage of the integral turbine housing;

[0150] receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber;

[0151] receiving exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber into the turbine outlet passage;

[0152] wherein the flow axis extends from a downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber; and

[0153] The at least a portion of the wastegate passage includes the entire wastegate passage extending between the turbine inlet passage and the turbine outlet passage, the wastegate passage bypassing the turbine wheel chamber.

[0154] According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of operating a wastegate turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, comprising:

[0155] The method as defined above, a turbine wheel chamber accommodating a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel comprising an inducer defining an inducer diameter, the flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel; and

[0156] Using a dosing module mounted to a dosing module mount, an aftertreatment fluid is injected into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage through an opening of the dosing module mount.

[0157] The opening of the dosing module mounting seat may be disposed within a range of approximately 3 outlet guide diameters from the outlet of the wastegate passage along the flow axis.

[0158] The turbine housing element may be a connection adapter comprising:

[0159] a first connection portion located at a first end of the connection adapter and configured to engage a turbine housing;

[0160] a second connection portion located at a second end of the connection adapter and configured to engage a downstream pipeline; and

[0161] A structure extends between the first and second ends of the connection adapter and defines at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage, the at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage defining at least a portion of the flow axis, the structure also defining at least a portion of a wastegate passage.

[0162] According to a seventh aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of operating a wastegate turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, comprising:

[0163] receiving exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage of the turbine housing;

[0164] receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber of a turbine housing, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter;

[0165] receiving exhaust gas from a turbine wheel chamber into a turbine outlet passage as recited in the method defined above, said turbine housing element being connected to a turbine housing; and

[0166] Using a dosing module mounted to a dosing module mount, an aftertreatment fluid is injected into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage through an opening of the dosing module mount.

[0167] The opening of the dosing module mounting seat may be disposed within a range of approximately 3 outlet guide diameters from the outlet of the wastegate passage along the flow axis.

[0168] According to an eighth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of operating a wastegate turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, the method comprising:

[0169] receiving exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage;

[0170] receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber configured such that: the turbine wheel chamber houses a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter;

[0171] receiving exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber into a turbine outlet passage downstream of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel;

[0172] receiving a bypass exhaust flow into a wastegate passage extending around the turbine wheel chamber between the turbine inlet passage and the turbine outlet passage, the wastegate passage being disposed in fluid communication with the turbine outlet passage via the wastegate passage outlet; and

[0173] injecting an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage via an outlet of the dosing module using a dosing module;

[0174] The distribution module is arranged along the flow axis within a range of about 3 times the diameter of the outlet guide from the outlet of the wastegate channel.

[0175] According to a ninth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, the turbine dosing system comprising:

[0176] a turbine inlet passage configured to receive exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine;

[0177] a turbine wheel chamber configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter;

[0178] a turbine outlet passage located downstream of the turbine wheel chamber and configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage being at least partially defined by structure including a distribution module mount configured to receive a distribution module, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel;

[0179] The distribution module mounting seat is arranged within a range of about 5 times the outlet guide diameter downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller along the flow axis.

[0180] Given that the dosing module mount is configured to receive the dosing module, it will be understood that the position of the dosing module mount (e.g., its opening) indicates the position of the dosing module once the dosing module is received in the dosing module mount. Thus, the dosing module mount position defines the position of the dosing module and the post-treatment fluid injection (e.g., the main impact zone defined by the spray cone of the dosing module) in the assembled dosing system.

[0181] The structure may be a wall. The structure may be part of a turbine housing (e.g. a monolithic turbine housing), a connection adapter or a duct. Thus, the turbine housing (e.g. a monolithic turbine housing) may include a distribution module mounting seat. The connection adapter may include a distribution module mounting seat. Alternatively, the duct may include a distribution module mounting seat. Thus, the distribution module may be mounted to a turbine housing (e.g. a monolithic turbine housing), a connection adapter or a duct. The structure may be described as a single layer (e.g. single wall) arrangement (i.e., without the presence of a secondary wall or diffuser insert).

[0182] The distribution module is located within a range of about 5 outlet guide diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller along the flow axis, and the centroid of the distribution module outlet is located within a range of about 5 outlet guide diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller along the flow axis. The position of the distribution module is intended to be obtained at the point along the flow axis where the distance between the distribution module and the flow axis is the smallest. For example, the position can refer to the position of the distribution module (e.g., the centroid of its outlet) in a plane orthogonal to the flow axis.

[0183] The main impact zone (i.e., the area that contacts the aftertreatment fluid spray discharged by the dosing module) may at least partially overlap with a point along the flow axis that is approximately 5 times the outlet inducer diameter downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller. In other words, at least a portion of the main impact zone may be defined within a range of approximately 5 times the outlet inducer diameter downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller. Most or all of the main impact zone may be defined within a range of approximately 5 times the outlet inducer diameter downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller.

[0184] Advantageously, a distribution module is provided within a range of about 5 times the diameter of the outlet guide from the downstream end of the turbine impeller, so as to facilitate the injection of the aftertreatment fluid into the high turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) region of the exhaust flow. That is, when the exhaust gas expands (expand) through the turbine impeller, the downstream airflow will produce a highly dynamic flow field. This may be at least partially due to the expansion of the exhaust gas flow from the turbine outlet, which may be due to the presence of a divergent portion (such as a diffuser) in the turbine outlet channel. TKE can be described as the level of gas mixing in the volume, fundamentally referring to the disordered "chaos" of flow vectors of different directions and sizes. By injecting the aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the high TKE region, the two-phase mixing of the reductant and the exhaust gas (in the aftertreatment fluid) is improved. Decomposition is improved, and therefore the uniformity index is also improved. These improvements are at least partially attributed to the increase in the relative velocity of the droplets (of the aftertreatment fluid) and the exhaust gas, resulting in an increase in convective heat transfer, and an increase in the "natural" mixing of the flow when the reductant decomposes. The droplets decompose faster, and the generated NH3 and HNCO gases are effectively mixed with the fresh gas. The uniformity index is a spatial measure of the reductant to NOx in the gas volume. A uniformity index of 1.0 indicates that the reductant is evenly distributed across the catalyst surface, promoting the greatest possible NOx conversion. The uniformity index can be measured based on the ANR ratio (ammonia to NOx ratio) or NH3 alone.

[0185] Another advantage is that by positioning the dosing module within about 5 inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel, the aftertreatment fluid can be injected into the high velocity peripheral layer (HVPL) of the exhaust flow. As the exhaust flow expands while passing through the turbine wheel and exits the turbine wheel through the inducer, the exhaust gas is an expanding flow with high internal energy (thermal and kinetic [both axial and rotational]).

[0186] When the exhaust gas stream leaves the turbine wheel, angular momentum and expansion cause the exhaust gas stream to "stick to" the walls defining the turbine outlet passage. In other words, there are high-velocity exhaust gas regions at the periphery of the turbine outlet passage. These high-velocity regions result in higher levels of shear stress in these regions (i.e., at the walls), and therefore higher relative velocities between the exhaust gas and the injected aftertreatment fluid. High relative velocities bring two benefits: i) it is possible to shear larger aftertreatment fluid droplets into droplets of smaller diameter (which helps to speed up the decomposition rate); and (ii) increase convective heat transfer to the droplets (also speeding up the decomposition rate). Both of these advantages contribute to reducing the package size of the aftertreatment system, because, for example, the associated catalyst can be placed closer to the engine. NOx levels will also be reduced under lower temperature operating conditions, which is advantageous because any efficiency lag after (cold) engine start-up is reduced. Therefore, problems associated with poor decomposition due to droplet breakup, slow decomposition, low temperature and large package size can be overcome. For at least these reasons, it is desirable to inject the aftertreatment fluid into these high-velocity regions.

[0187] Based on the above, it will be appreciated that positioning the dosing module within approximately 5 inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel along the flow axis means that the injected aftertreatment fluid can benefit dually from the high TKE region and the HVPL, each with its associated advantages.

[0188] The turbine distribution system may include a radial turbine. The turbine distribution system may include an axial turbine. The turbine distribution system may form part of a turbocharger distribution system. The turbine distribution system may form part of a turbocompound system (e.g., a system in which a turbine delivers mechanical work to a crankshaft of an engine, either in place of or in addition to a compressor). In the absence of a distribution module, the turbine distribution system may be referred to as a turbine (e.g., a turbine for a turbine distribution system).

[0189] The turbocharger (particularly its turbine) may be a fixed geometry turbine or a variable geometry turbine.The turbocharger (particularly its turbine) may incorporate a wastegate.

[0190] The turbine inlet passage may be defined by a volute. The volute defines a generally helical geometry, the cross-section of which varies along its extent. The term "passage" refers to a volume defined or bounded by a surrounding structure, through which a fluid may flow.

[0191] The turbine wheel chamber refers to the volume that accommodates the turbine wheel. The downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber may be located in the plane of the downstream end of the turbine wheel. The opposite end of the turbine wheel chamber may be located in the plane of the rear surface of the hub of the turbine wheel.

[0192] The term "exit inducer" refers to the portion of the turbine impeller from which the exhaust gas is discharged. In other words, the term "exit inducer" encompasses the portion of the turbine impeller that serves as the outlet of the turbine impeller (i.e., the distal end of the turbine impeller from the perspective of the turbine body flow traveling therethrough). The outlet inducer diameter refers to the diameter of the turbine impeller at the most downstream point of the blades. In other words, the term "exit inducer diameter" encompasses the diameter of the outlet inducer at the distalmost portion of the turbine impeller from the perspective of the turbine body flow. The turbine impeller may also include an inlet inducer through which the exhaust gas enters the turbine impeller.

[0193] The turbine impeller may be a radial turbine impeller including an inlet guide and an outlet guide. The radial turbine impeller may be configured to receive incident exhaust gas (at its inlet guide) in a radial direction relative to the turbine impeller axis. An "outlet guide" is not intended to refer to features of the turbine impeller that are not used to discharge exhaust gas into a turbine outlet passage (e.g., an impeller nut, an aftertreatment dosing cup, etc.). The turbine impeller may be a cupless turbine impeller (e.g., without a dosing cup into which the aftertreatment fluid is injected, which atomizes the aftertreatment fluid before it is dispersed into the exhaust). A turbine impeller including such a cup may be referred to as a radial suspension atomizer, a radial atomizer, a centrifugal atomizer, or a rotary atomizer.

[0194] The term "flow axis" refers to the axis about which the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet channel generally rotates when it flows through the turbine outlet channel (along the flow axis). It will be understood that the flow axis does not have to be a straight axis compared to the turbine impeller axis. The flow axis may be at least partially arcuate. The flow axis may be described as an imaginary line drawn along and through the turbine outlet channel, the line being located at the geometric center of the turbine outlet channel. The flow axis may vary according to the geometry of the structure defining the turbine outlet channel. For example, if the turbine outlet channel includes a bend, the flow axis may also include a bend (e.g., at least partially arcuate) because the direction of the exhaust gas flow in the turbine outlet channel will be forced to change due to the bend in the turbine outlet channel. It can be said that the flow axis defines a fluid flow path, along which the turbine body flow will generally flow once it flows downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller. For at least a portion of the range of the flow axis, the flow axis may coincide with the turbine impeller axis. The flow axis may extend from the turbine impeller axis.

[0195] The term "turbine outlet passage" encompasses any flow path configured to receive exhaust gas that has passed through the turbine impeller at a downstream position of the turbine impeller chamber (preferably, immediately downstream of the turbine impeller chamber). The purpose of the turbine outlet passage is to process and / or regulate the exhaust flow in the area with the highest swirl and flow velocity. The term "turbine outlet passage" is not intended to encompass a flow passage located significantly downstream of the turbine impeller chamber (e.g., once the swirl dissipates or the airflow slows down, the flow passage processes the exhaust flow). The turbine outlet passage can be considered to start at the downstream end (e.g., the most downstream end or the outer end) of the turbine impeller or impeller chamber. The effective end of the turbine outlet passage can be defined by the point where the passage stops diverging (e.g., when the cross-sectional area of ​​the passage orthogonal to the flow axis becomes constant). This can be described as the end of a diffuser portion or a diverging portion. The turbine outlet passage can diverge along its entire range (e.g., along the axial length of the flow axis). The turbine outlet passage can diverge along at least a portion of its range.

[0196] The turbine wheel may be secured to the shaft by a turbine wheel nut. The wheel nut may be coaxial with the turbine wheel axis and configured to rotate about the turbine wheel axis. The turbine wheel nut may define an effective end face or a most downstream end of the turbine wheel. The distribution module mount may be disposed within a range of about 7 times the diameter of the outlet inducer from the end face of the turbine wheel nut along the flow axis.

[0197] As used herein, the term "dispensing module" encompasses any device configured to introduce an aftertreatment fluid into a turbine outlet passage. The aftertreatment fluid may be a fluid required to support a chemical reaction during exhaust aftertreatment. For example, the aftertreatment fluid may be DEF for an SCR process. The aftertreatment fluid may include a reductant (i.e., a reducing agent). The aftertreatment fluid may be a urea solution. The dispensing module may be in fluid communication with a tank or reservoir storing a supply source (e.g., volume) of the aftertreatment fluid. The tank or reservoir is preferably a tank separated from the fuel tank. In other words, the entire system may include a fuel tank and a reductant tank, and only the reductant tank may be in fluid communication with the dispensing module. Actuation (e.g., injection) of the dispensing module may be controlled by a controller. The controller may be an engine control unit (ECU) or linked (e.g., electrically connected) to the ECU.

[0198] The distribution module can be a self-atomizing distribution module. As known to those skilled in the art, distribution modules of self-atomizing and non-self-atomizing types for use in exhaust aftertreatment systems are available. As used herein, a "self-atomizing" distribution module covers a distribution module configured to produce a fine spray or mist of an aftertreatment fluid ejected from the outlet of the distribution module, which can be achieved by mixing compressed air with the aftertreatment liquid. In contrast, a "non-self-atomizing" distribution module covers a distribution module that introduces a uniform stream (mainly liquid) of the aftertreatment fluid, the stream of the aftertreatment fluid being atomized after colliding with a moving object (e.g., a rotating cup mounted on a turbine impeller). A distribution module can be described as an externally accessible module. A distribution module can be described as being able to be connected or installed from the outside.

[0199] The distribution module mount may include an opening defined in the structure. The opening may be a through hole. The opening may extend through the structure (e.g., to provide fluid communication between the turbine outlet passage and the exterior of the structure). The distribution module may extend at least partially through the structure through the opening. The opening may extend through a single wall of the single wall structure.

[0200] The turbine dosing system may further include a dosing module configured to inject an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage.

[0201] The distribution module mount may be located within a range between about 0.5 inducer diameters and about 5 inducer diameters downstream of a downstream end of the turbine wheel along the flow axis.

[0202] It may be the case that the exhaust gas has a relatively low TKE along the flow axis up to a distance of about 0.5 inducer diameters from the downstream end of the turbine wheel. It is therefore advantageous to position the dosing module in the range between about 0.5 inducer diameters and about 5 inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel in order to benefit from the highest TKE region.

[0203] The module mount may be located within a range between about 1 inducer diameter and about 3 inducer diameters downstream from a downstream end of the turbine wheel along the flow axis.

[0204] Similar to the above advantages, arranging the distribution module in the range between about 1 outlet inducer diameter and about 3 outlet inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller along the flow axis means that the distribution module is located in the relatively highest TKE region. That is, the TKE of the exhaust gas flow is generally highest in the range between about 1 outlet inducer diameter and about 3 outlet inducer diameters downstream of the turbine impeller.

[0205] The distribution module mount may be located within about 3 inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel along the flow axis.

[0206] Providing the dosing module within about 3 guide vane diameters from the downstream end of the turbine wheel facilitates the injection of the aftertreatment fluid into the high velocity peripheral layer (HVPL) of the exhaust gas. Specifically, the HVPL may be located within a range between about 2 guide vane diameters and about 3 guide vane diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel. As described above, injecting the aftertreatment fluid into the HVPL is advantageous because the shear forces are higher and the decomposition of the aftertreatment fluid is improved.

[0207] The main impingement zone defined by the distribution module may at least partially overlap a point along the flow axis that is approximately 3 inducer diameters from the downstream end of the turbine wheel.

[0208] The distribution module mount may be located upstream of the first bend in the turbine outlet passage.

[0209] The first bend refers to the first point at which the turbine outlet passage changes direction. Downstream of the bend in the turbine outlet passage, the TKE level in the flow may drop significantly. Therefore, advantageously, the dosing module is located upstream of the first bend in the turbine outlet passage so that the TKE level remains relatively high.

[0210] In other words, the dosing module may be described as being located within the linear range of the flow axis downstream of the turbine wheel.

[0211] The dosing module may be configured to inject aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in a diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage.

[0212] The diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage is intended to mean that the cross-sectional area of ​​the turbine outlet passage increases in said region. The diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage may also be described as a diffuser or a diverging portion. The distribution module and / or the distribution module mount may be described as being disposed adjacent to the diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage.

[0213] Due to the presence of the divergent part, the TKE is relatively high (due to expansion) and the HVPL is present.

[0214] According to a tenth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, the turbine dosing system comprising:

[0215] a turbine inlet passage configured to receive exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine;

[0216] a turbine wheel chamber configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter;

[0217] a turbine outlet passage located downstream of the turbine wheel chamber and configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel; and

[0218] a dosing module configured to inject an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage;

[0219] The distribution module is located within a range of about 5 times the diameter of the outlet guide downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller along the flow axis direction.

[0220] The distribution module is located within a range of about 5 outlet guide diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller along the flow axis, and the centroid of the outlet of the distribution module is located within a range of about 5 outlet guide diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller along the flow axis. The position of the distribution module is intended to be obtained at a point along the flow axis at which the distance between the distribution module and the flow axis is the smallest. For example, the position may refer to the position of the distribution module (e.g., the centroid of its outlet) in a plane orthogonal to the flow axis.

[0221] The main impact zone (i.e., the area that contacts the aftertreatment fluid spray discharged by the dosing module) may at least partially overlap with a point along the flow axis that is about 5 times the outlet inducer diameter downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller. In other words, at least a portion of the main impact zone may be defined within a range of about 5 times the outlet inducer diameter downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller. Most or all of the main impact zone may be defined within a range of about 5 times the outlet inducer diameter downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller.

[0222] According to an eleventh aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of operating a turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, comprising:

[0223] receiving exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage;

[0224] receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter;

[0225] receiving exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber into a turbine outlet passage downstream of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage being at least partially defined by structure including a distribution module mount configured to receive a distribution module, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel;

[0226] The distribution module mounting seat is located within a range of about 5 times the outlet guide diameter downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller along the flow axis.

[0227] The method may also include injecting an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage using a distribution module. The distribution module mounting seat may be located in a range between about 0.5 times the outlet guide diameter and about 5 times the outlet guide diameter downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller along the flow axis. The distribution module mounting seat may be located in a range between about 1 times the outlet guide diameter and about 3 times the outlet guide diameter downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller along the flow axis. The distribution module mounting seat may be located in a range of about 3 times the outlet guide diameter downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller along the flow axis. The distribution module mounting seat may be located upstream of the first bend of the turbine outlet passage. The distribution module may inject the aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage.

[0228] According to a twelfth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a connection adapter for dispensing an aftertreatment fluid to a turbine housing assembly, the connection adapter comprising:

[0229] a first connection portion, located at a first end of the connection adapter, configured to engage a turbine housing;

[0230] a second connection portion, located at a second end of the connection adapter, configured to engage a downstream pipeline; and

[0231] structure extending between the first and second ends of the connector adapter and defining a connector adapter passage, the connector adapter passage being configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine housing, the connector adapter passage defining a flow axis;

[0232] wherein the structure comprises a dispensing module mounting seat, the dispensing module mounting seat being configured to receive a dispensing module; and

[0233] Wherein, the distribution module mounting seat is inclined toward the flow axis so that the opening of the distribution module mounting seat points to the downstream direction.

[0234] The term "connection adapter" refers to a component disposed between the turbine housing and the downstream conduit. For example, the connection adapter may be between the turbine housing and the exhaust manifold or conduit. Due to the incorporation of a dosing module mount, the connection adapter may be referred to as a dosing connection adapter or a reductant dosing connection adapter.

[0235] The connection adapter may be a generally frustoconical body. In other arrangements, the connection adapter may be a generally tubular body. The connection adapter may define a diffuser of a turbine housing assembly. The connection adapter may define at least a portion of a turbine diffuser. The turbine housing assembly defined by the combination of the turbine housing and the connection adapter may define a diverging portion of a turbine outlet passage. The diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage may extend linearly (e.g., straight).

[0236] The term "dispensing module mounting seat" encompasses a structure configured to align with and support a dispensing module. The dispensing module mounting seat may be integrally formed with the structure defining the connection adapter channel, or may be attached to the structure by a joining process (e.g., welding or brazing). Given that the dispensing module mounting seat is configured to receive the dispensing module, it will be understood that the position of the dispensing module mounting seat (e.g., its opening) indicates the position of the dispensing module once the dispensing module is received in the dispensing module mounting seat. Therefore, the dispensing module mounting seat position defines the position of the dispensing module and the post-treatment fluid injection (e.g., the main impact zone defined by the spray cone of the dispensing module) in the assembled dispensing system.

[0237] The distribution module mounting seat can define an opening in the connection adapter. The aftertreatment fluid can be injected into the exhaust channel through the opening. The opening, and more generally, the distribution module mounting seat can provide fluid communication between the inside and outside of the connection adapter (e.g., through its wall). The opening is preferably arranged on an originally continuous wall or surface. For example, the inner surface of the connection adapter can generally be tapered (e.g., in a linear manner), and the opening can be arranged to pass through the wall so as not to interrupt the taper. In other words, the opening is preferably not arranged in a protruding flange or other feature, otherwise the flange or other feature will interrupt (or affect) the main geometry of the exhaust channel defined by the inner surface of the connection adapter.

[0238] A distribution module mounting seat pointing in a downstream direction may also be described as a distribution module mounting seat being inclined toward the second end of the connection adapter. Thus, the post-treatment fluid injected by the distribution module mounted to the distribution module mounting seat is injected in a downstream direction (e.g., away from the turbine impeller, toward the second end of the connection adapter). In other words, the distribution module injects the post-treatment fluid in a direction at least partially along the direction of the turbine main flow (e.g., along the flow direction) (optionally completely along [e.g., parallel]). The distribution module mounting seat can be positioned so that the distribution module injects the post-treatment fluid roughly through the channel. The distribution module mounting seat (in particular, its opening) can be inclined at an angle of at least about 5° in a manner that deviates from the vertical direction in the downstream direction relative to the flow axis.

[0239] Having the dosing module inject after-treatment fluid in a downstream direction helps address problems associated with: sediment buildup at the outlet of the dosing module; and impingement of the after-treatment fluid on the turbine wheel and other internal turbine components.

[0240] The term "flow axis" refers to the axis about which the exhaust gas in the connector adapter channel generally rotates when it flows through the connector adapter channel (along the flow axis). The flow axis can be at least partially arcuate. The flow axis can be described as an imaginary line drawn along and through the connector adapter channel, the line being located at the geometric center of the connector adapter channel. The flow axis can vary depending on the geometry of the structure defining the connector adapter channel. For example, if the connector adapter channel includes a bend, the flow axis can also include a bend (e.g., at least partially arcuate) because the direction of the exhaust flow in the connector adapter channel will be forced to change due to the bend in the connector adapter channel. It can be said that the flow axis defines a fluid flow path, along which the turbine body flow, once flowing downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller, generally flows. For at least a portion of the range of the flow axis, the flow axis can coincide with the turbine impeller axis. The flow axis can extend from the turbine impeller axis.

[0241] The aftertreatment fluid may be a fluid required to support a chemical reaction in an exhaust aftertreatment process. For example, the aftertreatment fluid may be DEF for an SCR process. The aftertreatment fluid may include a reductant (i.e., a reducing agent). The dispensing module may be in fluid communication with a tank or reservoir storing a supply source (e.g., volume) of the aftertreatment fluid. The actuation (e.g., injection) of the dispensing module may be controlled by a controller. The controller may be an engine control unit (ECU) or linked (e.g., electrically connected) to the ECU.

[0242] The outlet of the dosing module may be substantially flush with the inner surface of the connection adapter (e.g., at least partially defining a portion of the turbine outlet passage). The outlet being substantially flush with the inner surface of the structure is intended to mean that the dosing module does not protrude into the turbine outlet passage beyond the assembly tolerance (e.g., approximately ±2 mm).

[0243] The connection adapter may include at least a portion of a wastegate device. For example, the connection adapter may include at least a portion of a wastegate passage. The connection adapter may include a wastegate passage outlet (e.g., an opening through which the wastegate passage connects to the connection adapter passage or a turbine outlet passage).

[0244] One or more of the first connection portion and the second connection portion may be a flange. The flange may be configured to receive a clamp (eg, a V-band clamp).

[0245] According to a thirteenth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of operating a connection adapter for dispensing an aftertreatment fluid to a turbine housing assembly, the connection adapter comprising:

[0246] a first connection portion, located at a first end of the connection adapter, configured to engage a turbine housing;

[0247] a second connection portion, located at a second end of the connection adapter, configured to engage a downstream pipeline; and

[0248] structure extending between the first and second ends of the connector adapter and defining a connector adapter channel, the connector adapter channel defining a flow axis;

[0249] wherein the structure comprises a dispensing module mounting seat, the dispensing module mounting seat being configured to receive a dispensing module; and

[0250] wherein the dispensing module mounting seat is inclined toward the flow axis so that the opening of the dispensing module mounting seat points in a downstream direction;

[0251] The method includes receiving exhaust gas from a turbine casing into the connector adapter passage.

[0252] According to a fourteenth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, the turbine dosing system comprising:

[0253] a turbine inlet passage configured to receive exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine;

[0254] a turbine wheel chamber configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage, the turbine wheel chamber configured to house a turbine wheel;

[0255] a turbine outlet passage located downstream of the turbine wheel chamber and configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber; and

[0256] A spray gun dosing module includes a conduit extending into the turbine outlet passage and configured to inject an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in a diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage via an outlet.

[0257] The spray gun distribution module refers to a distribution module that at least partially extends into the turbine outlet channel. Specifically, the pipeline of the distribution module at least partially extends into the turbine outlet channel. The pipeline can be described as an elongated groove or a tubular object. The pipeline can be at least partially curved. The pipeline can incorporate at least one direction change (for example, a non-linear pipeline). The (pipeline) outlet can also be generally described as the outlet of the spray gun distribution module. The outlet is preferably arranged at the end of the pipeline. The outlet may include one or more orifices. It can be said that the spray cone is defined by the spray gun distribution module in use, wherein the spray cone extends from the outlet.

[0258] The aftertreatment fluid may be a fluid required to support a chemical reaction in an exhaust aftertreatment process. For example, the aftertreatment fluid may be DEF for an SCR process. The aftertreatment fluid may include a reductant (i.e., a reducing agent). The spray gun dispensing module may be in fluid communication with a tank or reservoir storing a supply source (e.g., volume) of the aftertreatment fluid. The actuation (e.g., injection) of the dispensing module may be controlled by a controller. The controller may be an engine control unit (ECU) or linked (e.g., electrically connected) to the ECU.

[0259] Injecting the aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage is intended to mean that at least the outlet of the conduit is located within the diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage. In some embodiments, the entire conduit may be located within the diverging portion. The diverging portion may also be described as a diffuser or a diffuser.

[0260] "Injecting after-treatment fluid" is intended to encompass after-treatment fluid being atomized as it exits the conduit through the outlet. "Injecting after-treatment fluid" is intended to mean that the spray gun dosing module injects after-treatment fluid directly into at least the turbine bulk flow (eg, core exhaust flow).

[0261] The turbine wheel chamber may house a turbine wheel. The turbine wheel may be supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis. The turbine wheel may include an inducer defining an inducer diameter. The flow axis preferably extends from a downstream end of the turbine wheel.

[0262] Advantageously, by injecting the aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage, the aftertreatment fluid is injected into a region of high turbulence. This is at least in part due to the diffuser creating a recirculation zone within the turbine outlet passage.

[0263] The extension of the duct into the turbine outlet passage advantageously means that the aftertreatment fluid is injected closer to the flow axis.Given that the flow axis defines the region of highest recirculation (and therefore highest turbulence), it is desirable to inject the aftertreatment fluid into this region.

[0264] The aftertreatment fluid is injected into the exhaust gas in the diverging section through a duct extending into the turbine outlet passage, advantageously into a high recirculation zone. The high recirculation zone defines an area where the flow has a particularly high turbulence, which is advantageous because it provides sufficient time for the aftertreatment fluid to mix with the exhaust gas, and provides a high decomposition rate and reduces the risk of deposits / sediment accumulation.

[0265] The turbine inlet passage may be defined by a volute. The volute defines a generally helical geometry, the cross-section of which varies along its extent. The term "passage" refers to a volume defined or bounded by a surrounding structure, through which a fluid may flow.

[0266] The term "flow axis" refers to the axis about which the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet channel generally rotates when it flows through the turbine outlet channel (along the flow axis). The flow axis may be at least partially arcuate. The flow axis may be described as an imaginary line drawn along and through the turbine outlet channel, the line being located at the geometric center of the turbine outlet channel. The flow axis may vary depending on the geometry of the structure defining the turbine outlet channel. For example, if the turbine outlet channel includes a bend, the flow axis may also include a bend (e.g., at least partially arcuate) because the direction of the exhaust gas flow in the turbine outlet channel will be forced to change due to the bend in the turbine outlet channel. It can be said that the flow axis defines a fluid flow path, and once the turbine body flow flows downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller, the turbine body flow generally follows the fluid flow path. For at least a portion of the range of the flow axis, the flow axis may coincide with the turbine impeller axis. The flow axis may extend from the turbine impeller axis.

[0267] The term "turbine outlet passage" encompasses any flow path configured to receive exhaust gas that has passed through the turbine impeller at a downstream position of the turbine impeller chamber (preferably, immediately downstream of the turbine impeller chamber). The purpose of the turbine outlet passage is to process and / or regulate the exhaust flow in the area with the highest swirl and flow velocity. The term "turbine outlet passage" is not intended to encompass flow passages located significantly downstream of the turbine impeller chamber (e.g., once the swirl dissipates or the airflow slows down, the flow passage processes the exhaust flow). The turbine outlet passage can be considered to begin at the downstream end (e.g., the most downstream end or the outer end) of the turbine impeller or impeller chamber. The effective end of the turbine outlet passage can be defined by the point where the passage stops diverging (e.g., when the cross-sectional area of ​​the passage orthogonal to the flow axis becomes constant). This can be described as the end of a diffuser portion or a diverging portion. The turbine outlet passage can diverge along its entire range (e.g., along the axial length of the flow axis).

[0268] The turbine outlet passage may be described as being at least partially defined by a structure. The structure may include a turbine housing, a connection adapter or a duct.

[0269] The spray gun dosing module may be configured to inject the post-treatment fluid in a generally downstream direction relative to the flow axis.

[0270] The spray gun dosing module injecting the after-treatment fluid in a generally downstream direction includes injecting the after-treatment fluid coaxially with the flow axis. The generally downstream direction also includes a direction slightly offset from a completely coaxial direction, such as within a range of ±10° of the flow axis.

[0271] Advantageously, injecting the aftertreatment fluid in a generally downstream direction helps to expel the aftertreatment fluid from the duct outlet by the surrounding exhaust flow. In addition, the risk of the aftertreatment fluid blocking the duct is reduced. The risk of any debris (e.g., soot) being pushed into the outlet or impacting the orifice plate is also reduced. The risk of the aftertreatment fluid being injected into the turbine assembly is also reduced.

[0272] The duct may extend at least partially along said flow axis.

[0273] The duct extending at least partially along the flow axis is intended to mean that at least a portion of the duct is arranged in a plane orthogonal to the flow axis. In other words, a portion of the duct extends in the same direction as the flow axis (but not necessarily coaxially with the flow axis). In a preferred embodiment, at least a downstream portion of the duct extends along the flow axis. It will also be understood that since the duct extends into the turbine outlet passage, wherein the duct extends at least partially along the flow axis, the duct extends between the structure defining the relevant portion of the turbine outlet passage and the flow axis.

[0274] Advantageously, the conduit extending at least partially along the flow axis means that the aftertreatment fluid is injected into a region of high recirculation (generally located near the flow axis). This is where the highest decomposition rates and associated lower deposition rates are likely to be obtained.

[0275] The outlet of the spray gun dosing module is coaxial with the flow axis.

[0276] The outlet of the lance dosing module being coaxial with the flow axis is intended to mean that the outlet points in a downstream direction.By positioning the outlet of the lance dosing module coaxially with the flow axis, the after-treatment fluid is injected into the highest recirculation area, thereby achieving a high decomposition rate and a low deposition rate.

[0277] The turbine distribution system may further include a turbine wheel received by the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an inducer defining an inducer diameter; wherein

[0278] The outlet of the spray gun distribution module is located within a range of about 5 outlet inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel along the direction of the flow axis.

[0279] Advantageously, by positioning the outlet of the dosing module within about 5 outlet inducer diameters from the downstream end of the turbine wheel, the turbulence effect generated by the turbine wheel remains present in the exhaust flow. Thus, the aftertreatment fluid is injected into a highly turbulent flow field, thereby providing a high decomposition rate and a low deposition rate.

[0280] According to a fifteenth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of operating a turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, comprising:

[0281] receiving exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage;

[0282] receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber configured to house a turbine wheel;

[0283] receiving exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber into a turbine outlet passage downstream of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber; and

[0284] An aftertreatment fluid is injected into the exhaust gas in a diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage using a spray gun dosing module including a conduit extending into the turbine outlet passage.

[0285] The spray gun distribution module may inject the post-treatment fluid in a generally downstream direction relative to the flow axis. The conduit may extend at least partially along the flow axis. The outlet of the spray gun distribution module may be coaxial with the flow axis. The turbine distribution system may also include a turbine wheel received by the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine wheel supported for rotation about the turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter; wherein

[0286] The outlet of the spray gun distribution module may be located within about 5 inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel along the flow axis.

[0287] According to a sixteenth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a diffuser for a turbine distribution system, the diffuser comprising:

[0288] an inlet configured to receive a turbine body exhaust flow from the turbine wheel chamber, the inlet defining an inlet axis extending orthogonal to a geometric center of the inlet; and

[0289] an outlet in fluid communication with the inlet, the outlet being located downstream from the inlet and having a larger cross-sectional area than the inlet, the outlet defining an outlet axis extending orthogonal to a geometric center of the outlet; and

[0290] a structure extending between the inlet and the outlet and defining at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage, the structure including a distribution module mount configured to receive a distribution module, the distribution module mount defining an opening in fluid communication with at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage, the distribution module mount further defining a distribution module mount axis; and

[0291] Therein, the inlet axis and the outlet axis are offset from each other.

[0292] A diffuser refers to a component or part of a component that incorporates a diverging section (i.e., a region where the cross-sectional area increases from one section to another). A diffuser may be a separate component or part of another component. For example, a diffuser may be formed as part of an integral turbine housing or a connection adapter. Alternatively, a diffuser may form part of the downstream ducting.

[0293] The inlet may be a circular inlet. Alternatively, the inlet may have a different geometry. The cross-sectional area defined by the inlet lies in a plane through which the inlet axis extends.

[0294] The outlet may be a circular outlet. Alternatively, the outlet may have another geometry. The outlet may be defined at a point in the diffuser where the cross-sectional area stops increasing and becomes constant. This may be an outer end of a component defining the diffuser, or may be along a portion of the component (e.g. where the component also incorporates a constant cross-sectional area portion [to give an example]).

[0295] The structure may include a wall. The structure may form a portion of a turbine housing, a connection adapter, or a downstream conduit. The structure may define the entire turbine outlet passage (e.g., extending from the downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber). Alternatively, the structure may define only a portion of the turbine outlet passage (e.g., the turbine outlet passage may extend upstream and / or downstream of the at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage defined by the structure). The at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage may have a cross-sectional area that increases continuously between the inlet and the outlet. For example, the cross-sectional area may increase linearly (e.g., in the case of a conical diffuser) or nonlinearly (e.g., in the case where the external geometry of the turbine outlet passage is at least partially arc-shaped). Alternatively, a portion of the at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage may have a constant cross-sectional area (e.g., the cross-sectional area may not increase).

[0296] In a preferred embodiment the distribution module mount is located in a portion of the structure offset from the inlet.The distribution module mount is preferably located in a pocket defined by the structure whereby a change in direction and / or offset of the turbine outlet passage relative to the inlet defines the pocket.

[0297] The inlet axis and the outlet axis are offset from each other and are intended to mean that the inlet axis and the outlet axis are not coaxial with each other. For example, the inlet axis and the outlet axis can be offset from each other and parallel to each other, wherein the inlet and the outlet are concentrically offset. Alternatively or in combination, the inlet axis and the outlet axis can be offset by an angle, or angularly offset, wherein the diffuser incorporates a change in direction.

[0298] Advantageously, providing offset inlet and outlet axes defines a pocket in the structure in which the distribution module mounting seat can be located. This advantageously reduces the packaging size of the turbine distribution system incorporated into the diffuser by allowing the distribution module mounting seat to be placed closer to the inlet and / or outlet of the diffuser. In addition, due to the nature of the diffuser, the main exhaust flow of the turbine is slowed down and pushed to the outside of the turbine outlet channel, and the main flow of the turbine also provides a syringe end cleaning function for the distribution module received in the distribution module mounting seat. Due to the offset nature of the inlet and outlet axes, the post-treatment fluid injected by the distribution module also reduces the risk of sediment accumulation.

[0299] The term "turbine outlet passage" encompasses any flow path configured to receive exhaust gas that has passed through the turbine impeller at a downstream position of the turbine impeller chamber (preferably, immediately downstream of the turbine impeller chamber). The purpose of the turbine outlet passage is to process and / or regulate the exhaust flow in the area with the highest swirl and flow velocity. The term "turbine outlet passage" is not intended to encompass flow passages located downstream of the turbine impeller chamber (e.g., once the swirl dissipates or the airflow slows down, the flow passage processes the exhaust flow). The turbine outlet passage can be considered to begin at the downstream end (e.g., the most downstream end or the outer end) of the turbine impeller or impeller chamber. The effective end of the turbine outlet passage can be defined by the point where the passage stops diverging (e.g., the case where the cross-sectional area of ​​the passage orthogonal to the flow axis becomes constant). This can be described as the end of a diffuser portion or a diverging portion. The turbine outlet passage can diverge along its entire range (e.g., along the axial length of the flow axis).

[0300] The term "distribution module mounting seat" covers a structure configured to align with and support a distribution module. The distribution module mounting seat can be integrally formed with a structure that at least partially defines a turbine outlet passage, or can be attached to the structure by a joining process (e.g., welding or brazing). Given that the distribution module mounting seat is configured to receive a distribution module, it will be understood that the position of the distribution module mounting seat (e.g., its opening) indicates the position of the distribution module once the distribution module is received in the distribution module mounting seat. Therefore, the distribution module mounting seat position defines the position of the distribution module and the post-treatment fluid injection (e.g., the main impact zone defined by the spray cone of the distribution module) in the assembled distribution system.

[0301] The distribution module can be a self-atomizing distribution module. As known to those skilled in the art, distribution modules of self-atomizing and non-self-atomizing types for use in exhaust aftertreatment systems are available. As used herein, a "self-atomizing" distribution module covers a distribution module configured to produce a fine spray or mist of an aftertreatment fluid ejected from the outlet of the distribution module, which can be achieved by mixing compressed air with the aftertreatment liquid. In contrast, a "non-self-atomizing" distribution module covers a distribution module that introduces a uniform stream of aftertreatment fluid (mainly liquid), which is atomized after colliding with a moving object (e.g., a rotating cup mounted on a turbine impeller).

[0302] The inlet axis and the outlet axis may be substantially parallel to each other.

[0303] The inlet and outlet axes are substantially parallel and may also be described as the outlet being concentrically offset from the inlet. This is in contrast to arrangements where there is an angular offset between the inlet and outlet axes (ie the direction of the diffuser changes).

[0304] Advantageously, the inlet and outlet axes are substantially parallel to each other (and offset from each other), defining a pocket (i.e., a recessed portion) in which the distribution module may be located. This may reduce the risk of deposit buildup and provide the desired mixing characteristics as the turbine body flow passes through the diffuser (and through the pocket).

[0305] In the case where the inlet axis and the outlet axis are substantially parallel, the distribution module mounting seat axis may be substantially parallel to the outlet axis or coaxial with the outlet axis. In addition, this may be achieved when the distribution module mounting seat is relatively close to the inlet of the diffuser (thereby facilitating a compact turbine distribution system).

[0306] An angular offset may be provided between the inlet axis and the outlet axis.

[0307] Providing an angular offset between the inlet axis and the outlet axis is intended to mean that the inlet axis and the outlet axis are not parallel to each other. In other words, there is a change in direction of the diffuser. The diffuser may extend in a generally arcuate manner, or may extend in a generally linear manner (but still incorporating a change in direction, i.e. a bend with a 45° angle).

[0308] Providing an angular offset between the inlet and outlet axes may result in flexibility for incorporating the diffuser into a turbine distribution system. For example, for packaging / volume considerations, it may be desirable for the diffuser to incorporate a change in direction.

[0309] The distribution module mounting axis may be offset from the outlet axis by an angle of at least about 35°.

[0310] An angular offset of the dosing module mounting axis by at least about 35° from the outlet axis is intended to mean that the dosing module mounting axis passes through a cone extending around the outlet axis at an angle of at least about 35°.

[0311] The distribution module mounting axis may be substantially coaxial with the outlet axis.

[0312] The distribution module mounting seat axis is substantially coaxial with the outlet axis, which is intended to mean that the distribution module mounting seat axis substantially overlies the outlet axis. In other words, it can be said that the outlet (of the diffuser) extends around the distribution module mounting seat axis. This can also be described as pseudo-centerline distribution, where the aftertreatment fluid is injected substantially along the outlet axis. The offset of the diffuser helps to achieve this alignment, which may not be possible in a conventional diffuser (i.e., the entire diffuser extends around an axis coaxial with the turbine wheel axis).

[0313] The dosing module mount axis may point in a generally upstream direction (ie towards the inlet) or in a generally downstream direction (ie towards the outlet). Alternatively, the dosing module mount axis may extend through the diffuser (rather than along it).

[0314] Advantageously, pseudo centerline distribution results in a reduced package size for the turbine distribution system. It also promotes ideal mixing of the aftertreatment fluid in the exhaust stream as the turbine main body flow passes through the diffuser and expands. Advantageously, the outlet of the distribution module can also be cleaned when the turbine main body flow is close to the wall of the diffuser (i.e., when the flow is expanding). In this arrangement, the impact of the aftertreatment fluid on the inner wall of the diffuser is also reduced.

[0315] The dispensing module mounting may be inclined in a generally downstream direction.

[0316] The distribution module mounting seat is inclined in a generally downstream direction, which can also be described as the distribution module mounting seat pointing toward the outlet of the diffuser. In other words, the distribution module mounting seat extends in the same direction as the direction in which the turbine body flow travels.

[0317] It has been discovered that a distribution module mount angled in a generally downstream direction is beneficial in promoting dispersion of the aftertreatment fluid in the turbine body exhaust flow.

[0318] With the distribution module and distribution module mount (and axis) pointing in a generally downstream direction, the risk of deposit buildup in the diffuser is greatly reduced (due to the reduction or elimination of direct impact of the spray cone on the interior surface of the structure). Fewer, if any, features need to be addressed to deal with "wall wetting" (i.e., the presence of the after-treatment fluid on the interior surface of the structure). Due to the improved dispersion of the after-treatment fluid in the bulk turbine flow, the need for further mixing features may be eliminated (reducing system back pressure).

[0319] In other embodiments, the distribution module mount may extend in a generally upstream direction (ie, toward the inlet of the diffuser).

[0320] The structure may comprise one or more vortex generator fins extending into the at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage upstream of the dosing module mount.

[0321] The vortex generator fin is a protrusion that reduces the risk of flow separation. The vortex generator fin may also be referred to as a blade. In a preferred embodiment, a plurality of vortex generator fins may be provided. The plurality of vortex generator fins preferably form a vortex generator fin array. In a preferred arrangement, at least two, preferably four, vortex generator fins may be provided.

[0322] In a preferred arrangement, the one or more vortex generator fins are disposed around the circumferential extent of the diffuser occupied by the dosing module mount. In other words, it is desirable that the vortex generator fins extend around the diffuser, at least to the distance that the dosing module mount extends. This reduces the risk of flow separation occurring in the region extending beyond the vortex generator fins, which may otherwise affect the dispersion of the aftertreatment fluid in the turbine body flow.

[0323] Advantageously, the vortex generator fins reduce the risk of flow separation occurring in the turbine main body flow due to the presence of the dosing module mounting seat. In other words, by providing the vortex generator fins upstream of the dosing module mounting seat, the risk of the turbine main body flow separating near the dosing module mounting seat is reduced. Flow separation presents a risk of flow recirculation, which may also cause the aftertreatment fluid to accumulate at the outlet of the dosing module. Therefore, the incorporation of one or more vortex generator fins advantageously reduces or eliminates the occurrence of flow separation near the dosing module mounting seat, which is desirable because flow recirculation and / or stagnation near the dosing module may cause deposits to accumulate at the outlet of the dosing module, as well as deposits to accumulate on the inner surface within the diffuser.

[0324] According to a seventeenth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, the turbine dosing system comprising:

[0325] a turbine inlet passage configured to receive exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine;

[0326] a turbine wheel chamber configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter;

[0327] a turbine outlet passage located downstream of the turbine wheel chamber and configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel; and

[0328] a dosing module configured to inject an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage;

[0329] wherein the turbine outlet passage comprises a diverging portion, the diverging portion comprising an inlet and an outlet, the inlet defining an inlet axis extending orthogonally to a geometric center of the inlet, the outlet defining an outlet axis extending orthogonally to a geometric center of the outlet; and

[0330] Therein, the inlet axis and the outlet axis are offset from each other.

[0331] The turbine distribution system may include a radial turbine. The turbine distribution system may include an axial turbine. The turbine distribution system may form part of a turbocharger distribution system. The turbine distribution system may form part of a turbocompound system (e.g., a system in which a turbine delivers mechanical work to a crankshaft of an engine, either in place of or in addition to a compressor). In the absence of a distribution module, the turbine distribution system may be referred to as a turbine (e.g., a turbine for a turbine distribution system).

[0332] The turbocharger (particularly its turbine) may be a fixed geometry turbine or a variable geometry turbine.The turbocharger (particularly its turbine) may incorporate a wastegate.

[0333] The turbine inlet passage may be defined by a volute. The volute defines a generally helical geometry, the cross-section of which varies along its extent. The term "passage" refers to a volume defined or bounded by a surrounding structure, through which a fluid may flow.

[0334] The turbine wheel chamber refers to the volume that accommodates the turbine wheel. The downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber may be located in the plane of the downstream end of the turbine wheel. The opposite end of the turbine wheel chamber may be located in the plane of the rear surface of the hub of the turbine wheel.

[0335] The term "exit inducer" refers to the portion of the turbine impeller from which the exhaust gas is discharged. In other words, the term "exit inducer" encompasses the portion of the turbine impeller that serves as the outlet of the turbine impeller (i.e., the distal end of the turbine impeller from the perspective of the turbine body flow traveling therethrough). The outlet inducer diameter refers to the diameter of the turbine impeller at the most downstream point of the blades. In other words, the term "exit inducer diameter" encompasses the diameter of the outlet inducer at the distalmost portion of the turbine impeller from the perspective of the turbine body flow. The turbine impeller may also include an inlet inducer through which the exhaust gas enters the turbine impeller.

[0336] The turbine impeller may be a radial turbine impeller including an inlet guide and an outlet guide. The radial turbine impeller may be configured to receive incident exhaust gas (at its inlet guide) in a radial direction relative to the turbine impeller axis. An "outlet guide" is not intended to refer to features of the turbine impeller that are not used to discharge exhaust gas into a turbine outlet passage (e.g., an impeller nut, an aftertreatment dosing cup, etc.). The turbine impeller may be a cupless turbine impeller (e.g., without a dosing cup into which the aftertreatment fluid is injected, which atomizes the aftertreatment fluid before it is dispersed into the exhaust). A turbine impeller including such a cup may be referred to as a radial suspension atomizer, a radial atomizer, a centrifugal atomizer, or a rotary atomizer.

[0337] The term "flow axis" refers to the axis about which the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet channel generally rotates when it flows through the turbine outlet channel (along the flow axis). It will be understood that the flow axis does not have to be a straight axis compared to the turbine impeller axis. The flow axis may be at least partially arcuate. The flow axis may be described as an imaginary line drawn along and through the turbine outlet channel, the line being located at the geometric center of the turbine outlet channel. The flow axis may vary according to the geometry of the structure defining the turbine outlet channel. For example, if the turbine outlet channel includes a bend, the flow axis may also include a bend (e.g., at least partially arcuate) because the direction of the exhaust gas flow in the turbine outlet channel will be forced to change due to the bend in the turbine outlet channel. It can be said that the flow axis defines a fluid flow path, along which the turbine body flow, once flowing downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller, generally flows. For at least a portion of the range of the flow axis, the flow axis may coincide with the turbine impeller axis. The flow axis may extend from the turbine impeller axis.

[0338] The term "turbine outlet passage" encompasses any flow path configured to receive exhaust gas that has passed through the turbine impeller at a downstream position of the turbine impeller chamber (preferably, immediately downstream of the turbine impeller chamber). The purpose of the turbine outlet passage is to process and / or regulate the exhaust flow in the area with the highest swirl and flow velocity. The term "turbine outlet passage" is not intended to encompass flow passages located significantly downstream of the turbine impeller chamber (e.g., once the swirl dissipates or the airflow slows down, the flow passage processes the exhaust flow). The turbine outlet passage can be considered to begin at the downstream end (e.g., the most downstream end or the outer end) of the turbine impeller or impeller chamber. The effective end of the turbine outlet passage can be defined by the point where the passage stops diverging (e.g., when the cross-sectional area of ​​the passage orthogonal to the flow axis becomes constant). This can be described as the end of a diffuser portion or a diverging portion. The turbine outlet passage can diverge along its entire range (e.g., along the axial length of the flow axis). The turbine outlet passage can diverge along at least a portion of its range.

[0339] The turbine outlet passage may be described as being at least partially defined by a structure. The structure may include a turbine housing, a connection adapter, or a conduit. Thus, the turbine housing may include a distribution module mounting seat. The connection adapter may include a distribution module mounting seat. Alternatively, the conduit may include a distribution module mounting seat. Thus, the distribution module may be mounted to the turbine housing, the connection adapter, or the conduit.

[0340] The term "dispensing module" covers any device configured to introduce an aftertreatment fluid into a turbine outlet passage. The aftertreatment fluid may be a fluid required to support a chemical reaction during exhaust aftertreatment. For example, the aftertreatment fluid may be DEF for an SCR process. The aftertreatment fluid may include a reductant (i.e., a reducing agent). The dispensing module may be in fluid communication with a tank or reservoir that stores a supply source (e.g., volume) of the aftertreatment fluid. Actuation (e.g., injection) of the dispensing module may be controlled by a controller. The controller may be an engine control unit (ECU) or linked (e.g., electrically connected) to the ECU.

[0341] The distribution module can be a self-atomizing distribution module. As known to those skilled in the art, distribution modules of self-atomizing and non-self-atomizing types for use in exhaust aftertreatment systems are available. As used herein, a "self-atomizing" distribution module covers a distribution module configured to produce a fine spray or mist of an aftertreatment fluid ejected from the outlet of the distribution module, which can be achieved by mixing compressed air with the aftertreatment liquid. In contrast, a "non-self-atomizing" distribution module covers a distribution module that introduces a uniform stream of aftertreatment fluid (mainly liquid), which is atomized after colliding with a moving object (e.g., a rotating cup mounted on a turbine impeller).

[0342] According to an eighteenth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a pipeline for an engine system, the pipeline comprising:

[0343] an inlet configured to receive a fluid;

[0344] an outlet in fluid communication with the inlet, the outlet being located downstream of the inlet; and

[0345] a wall extending between the inlet and the outlet and defining at least a portion of a fluid passage, the at least a portion of the fluid passage comprising a recessed portion or a bend;

[0346] Wherein, one or more vortex generator fins extending into the at least a portion of the fluid passage are arranged upstream of a recessed portion or a bend in the at least a portion of the fluid passage.

[0347] The duct may be a pipe. The duct may define a portion of a turbine outlet passage. The engine system may be an engine exhaust system, which may include one or more aftertreatment devices. The engine system may be a turbine distribution system. The duct may include a diffuser. The duct may define a diffuser of the turbine. The duct may be elongated. The duct may be linear.

[0348] The fluid received by the inlet may be exhaust gas. The fluid received by the inlet may be described as a turbine body exhaust flow. The inlet may be arranged in fluid communication with the turbine.

[0349] The recessed portion of at least a portion of the fluid channel can be described as a pocket. The pocket can be defined as being directly downstream of a point where the cross-section of at least a portion of the fluid channel increases and / or changes direction. In other words, the recessed portion can be defined by an offset diffuser. The recessed portion can also be described as an undercut (i.e., the volume to which the fluid expands through the fluid channel). The recessed portion can be more broadly described as an area where flow separation is prone to occur (e.g., an area where flow recirculation may occur). The distribution module mounting seat can be located in a pocket (e.g., a recessed portion). In the case where the fluid channel includes both a recessed portion and a bend, it may be desirable to provide the one or more fins upstream of the most upstream of the recessed portion and the bend. Otherwise, it may be desirable to place one or more fins upstream of each of the recessed portion and the bend (i.e., at least one fin is placed upstream of each area where flow separation is prone to occur).

[0350] Advantageously, the one or more vortex generator fins reduce the risk of separation of the fluid from the wall, in particular its inner surface, due to the recessed portion. In other words, the presence of the recessed portion increases the risk of flow separation occurring, which may lead to undesirable recirculation zones for various reasons. The incorporation of the one or more vortex generator fins reduces the risk of flow separation occurring and, therefore, the risk of the presence of recirculation zones due to the recessed portion. The vortex fins help the fluid to remain attached to the inner surface of the wall.

[0351] While the one or more swirl generator fins provide this advantageous function in any conduit, it has been found that they are particularly advantageous when incorporated as part of a turbine dosing system. In particular, where a dosing module is located just upstream of or at a recessed portion, flow separation may result in an increased risk of volume stagnation of the fluid (turbine body exhaust flow) within the recessed portion. This in turn may result in stagnant areas of aftertreatment fluid suspended in the turbine body flow, which risk blocking the dosing module.

[0352] The at least one portion of the fluid passage is preferably substantially unobstructed, except for the one or more vortex generator fins. That is, the at least one portion of the fluid passage preferably does not include any components extending into the passage. For example, preferably there are no mixers or other components extending through the fluid passage. Instead, the fluid passage is preferably defined by a smooth, substantially continuous wall, except for the one or more vortex generator fins extending therefrom.

[0353] The one or more vortex generator fins preferably extend from the inner surface of the wall.

[0354] According to a nineteenth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of operating a diffuser for a turbine distribution system, comprising:

[0355] receiving a turbine body exhaust flow from a turbine wheel chamber into an inlet defining an inlet axis extending orthogonal to a geometric center of the inlet;

[0356] receiving exhaust gas from the inlet into an outlet in fluid communication with the inlet, the outlet being downstream from the inlet and having a larger cross-sectional area than the inlet, the outlet defining an outlet axis extending orthogonal to a geometric center of the outlet; and

[0357] a structure extending between the inlet and the outlet and defining at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage, the structure comprising a distribution module mount configured to receive a distribution module, the distribution module mount defining an opening in fluid communication with the at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage, the distribution module mount further defining a distribution module mount axis; and

[0358] Therein, the inlet axis and the outlet axis are offset from each other.

[0359] The inlet axis and the outlet axis may be substantially parallel to each other. An angular offset may be provided between the inlet axis and the outlet axis. The distribution module mounting seat axis may be angularly offset from the outlet axis by at least about 35°. The distribution module mounting seat axis may be substantially coaxial with the outlet axis. The distribution module mounting may be inclined in a generally downstream direction. The structure may include one or more vortex generator fins extending into at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage upstream of the distribution module mounting.

[0360] According to a twentieth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of operating a turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, comprising:

[0361] receiving exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage;

[0362] receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter;

[0363] receiving exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber into a turbine outlet passage downstream of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel; and

[0364] injecting an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage using a dosing module;

[0365] wherein the turbine outlet passage comprises a diverging portion, the diverging portion comprising an inlet and an outlet, the inlet defining an inlet axis extending orthogonally to a geometric center of the inlet, the outlet defining an outlet axis extending orthogonally to a geometric center of the outlet; and

[0366] Therein, the inlet axis and the outlet axis are offset from each other.

[0367] According to a twenty-first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of using a conduit for an engine system, comprising:

[0368] receiving a fluid into an inlet;

[0369] receiving fluid from the inlet into an outlet in fluid communication with the inlet, the outlet being located downstream from the inlet; wherein

[0370] a wall extending between the inlet and the outlet defining at least a portion of a fluid passageway, the at least a portion of the fluid passageway comprising a recessed portion or a bend; and

[0371] Wherein, the one or more vortex generator fins extending into the at least a portion of the fluid passage are arranged upstream of a recessed portion or a bend of the at least a portion of the fluid passage.

[0372] According to a twenty-second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, the turbine dosing system comprising:

[0373] a turbine inlet passage configured to receive exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine;

[0374] a turbine wheel chamber configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage, the turbine wheel chamber configured to house a turbine wheel;

[0375] a turbine outlet passage located downstream of the turbine wheel chamber and configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber; and

[0376] a dosing module configured to inject an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage, the dosing module defining a dosing module axis;

[0377] Therein, the distribution module axis is substantially orthogonal to the flow axis.

[0378] The distribution module axis is substantially orthogonal to the flow axis and is intended to mean that the distribution module axis can be offset by up to about 5° relative to a precise orthogonal relationship to the flow axis (e.g. it can be tilted in an upstream or downstream direction). In other words, the distribution module axis can be offset by up to about 5° in any direction.

[0379] The turbine wheel chamber may house a turbine wheel. The turbine wheel may be supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis. The turbine wheel may include an inducer defining an inducer diameter. The flow axis preferably extends from a downstream end of the turbine wheel.

[0380] Providing a dosing module axis that is substantially orthogonal to the flow axis is advantageous in that the aftertreatment fluid is injected into a wider area of ​​the turbine outlet passage. Furthermore, this may facilitate the use of high turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) regions and high wall shear / high velocity regions (i.e., the aftertreatment fluid may advantageously be injected into these regions). Furthermore, it has been found that the incorporation of a dosing module mounting (to which the dosing module may be mounted) may be readily performed.

[0381] The turbine distribution system may include a radial turbine. The turbine distribution system may include an axial turbine. The turbine distribution system may form part of a turbocharger distribution system. The turbine distribution system may form part of a turbocompound system (e.g., a system in which a turbine delivers mechanical work to a crankshaft of an engine, either in place of or in addition to a compressor). In the absence of a distribution module, the turbine distribution system may be referred to as a turbine (e.g., a turbine for a turbine distribution system).

[0382] The turbocharger (particularly its turbine) may be a fixed geometry turbine or a variable geometry turbine.The turbocharger (particularly its turbine) may incorporate a wastegate.

[0383] The turbine inlet passage may be defined by a volute. The volute defines a generally helical geometry, the cross-section of which varies along its extent. The term "passage" refers to a volume defined or bounded by a surrounding structure, through which a fluid may flow.

[0384] The turbine wheel chamber refers to the volume that accommodates the turbine wheel. The downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber may be located in the plane of the downstream end of the turbine wheel. The opposite end of the turbine wheel chamber may be located in the plane of the rear surface of the hub of the turbine wheel.

[0385] The term "flow axis" refers to the axis about which the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet channel generally rotates when it flows through the turbine outlet channel (along the flow axis). It will be understood that, contrary to the turbine impeller axis, the flow axis does not have to be a straight axis. The flow axis may be at least partially arcuate. The flow axis may be described as an imaginary line drawn along and through the turbine outlet channel, the line being located at the geometric center of the turbine outlet channel. The flow axis may vary according to the geometry of the structure defining the turbine outlet channel. For example, if the turbine outlet channel includes a bend, the flow axis may also include a bend (e.g., at least partially arcuate) because the direction of the exhaust gas flow in the turbine outlet channel will be forced to change due to the bend in the turbine outlet channel. It can be said that the flow axis defines a fluid flow path, along which the turbine body flow generally flows once it flows downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller. For at least a portion of the range of the flow axis, the flow axis may coincide with the turbine impeller axis. The flow axis may extend from the turbine impeller axis.

[0386] The term "turbine outlet passage" encompasses any flow path configured to receive exhaust gas that has passed through the turbine impeller at a downstream position of the turbine impeller chamber (preferably, immediately downstream of the turbine impeller chamber). The purpose of the turbine outlet passage is to process and / or regulate the exhaust flow in the area with the highest swirl and flow velocity. The term "turbine outlet passage" is not intended to encompass flow passages located significantly downstream of the turbine impeller chamber (e.g., once the swirl dissipates or the airflow slows down, the flow passage processes the exhaust flow). The turbine outlet passage can be considered to begin at the downstream end of the turbine impeller or impeller chamber (e.g., the most downstream end or the outer end). The effective end of the turbine outlet passage can be defined by the point where the passage stops diverging (e.g., the cross-sectional area of ​​the passage orthogonal to the flow axis becomes constant). This can be described as the end of a diffuser portion or a diverging portion. The turbine outlet passage can diverge along its entire range (e.g., along the axial length of the flow axis). The turbine outlet passage can diverge along at least a portion of its range.

[0387] The turbine outlet passage may be described as being at least partially defined by a structure. The structure may include a turbine housing, a connection adapter, or a conduit. Thus, the turbine housing may include a distribution module mounting seat. The connection adapter may include a distribution module mounting seat. Alternatively, the conduit may include a distribution module mounting seat. Thus, the distribution module may be mounted to the turbine housing, the connection adapter, or the conduit.

[0388] The term "dispensing module" covers any device configured to introduce an aftertreatment fluid into a turbine outlet passage. The aftertreatment fluid may be a fluid required to support a chemical reaction during exhaust aftertreatment. For example, the aftertreatment fluid may be DEF for an SCR process. The aftertreatment fluid may include a reductant (i.e., a reducing agent). The dispensing module may be in fluid communication with a tank or reservoir that stores a supply source (e.g., volume) of the aftertreatment fluid. Actuation (e.g., injection) of the dispensing module may be controlled by a controller. The controller may be an engine control unit (ECU) or linked (e.g., electrically connected) to the ECU.

[0389] The distribution module can be a self-atomizing distribution module. As known to those skilled in the art, distribution modules of self-atomizing and non-self-atomizing types for use in exhaust aftertreatment systems are available. As used herein, a "self-atomizing" distribution module covers a distribution module configured to produce a fine spray or mist of an aftertreatment fluid ejected from the outlet of the distribution module, which can be achieved by mixing compressed air with the aftertreatment liquid. In contrast, a "non-self-atomizing" distribution module covers a distribution module that introduces a uniform stream of aftertreatment fluid (mainly liquid), which is atomized after colliding with a moving object (e.g., a rotating cup mounted on a turbine impeller).

[0390] According to a twenty-third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of operating a turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, comprising:

[0391] receiving exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage;

[0392] receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber configured to house a turbine wheel;

[0393] receiving exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber into a turbine outlet passage downstream of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber; and

[0394] injecting an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage using a dosing module, the dosing module defining a dosing module axis;

[0395] Therein, the distribution module axis is substantially orthogonal to the flow axis.

[0396] According to a twenty-fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, the turbine dosing system comprising:

[0397] a turbine inlet passage configured to receive exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine;

[0398] a turbine wheel chamber configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis in a first direction, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter;

[0399] a turbine outlet passage located downstream of the turbine wheel chamber and configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel; and

[0400] a dosing module configured to inject an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage, the dosing module defining a dosing module axis;

[0401] Therein, the dosing module is positioned to inject aftertreatment fluid along or against a nominal swirl direction of the exhaust gas, the nominal swirl direction of the exhaust gas being defined by the first direction about which the turbine wheel is rotatable.

[0402] When looking at the downstream end of the turbine impeller, the first direction can be described as clockwise or counterclockwise. The first direction refers to the direction in which the turbine impeller rotates during operation (i.e., the standard operating rotational direction). In other words, the first direction is the direction in which the turbine impeller rotates when the exhaust gas expands through the turbine impeller. The turbine impeller includes a plurality of blades. Each blade includes a concave surface. The concave surface of the blade is configured to "catch" the exhaust flow as the exhaust flow leaves the turbine inlet passage. Therefore, the gas pressure presses on the concave surface of the blade to drive the turbine impeller to rotate.

[0403] Positioning the dosing module to inject the aftertreatment fluid along or against the nominal swirl direction may also be described as positioning the dosing module to inject the aftertreatment fluid along or against the nominal swirl direction or tilting the dosing module to inject the aftertreatment fluid along or against the nominal swirl direction. Positioning the dosing module to inject the aftertreatment fluid along or against the nominal swirl direction of the exhaust gas actually means that the dosing module axis is not aligned with the radius (of the turbine outlet passage) or flow axis. In other words, the dosing module is tilted off-center from the flow axis and / or positioned off-center from the flow axis.

[0404] The nominal swirl direction of the exhaust gas refers to the direction in which the exhaust gas generally rotates once it has expanded through the turbine wheel and has passed downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel and into the turbine outlet passage. The nominal swirl direction is defined by the first direction about which the turbine wheel can rotate, and can also be described as the nominal swirl direction being the same as the first direction about which the turbine wheel rotates when in use.

[0405] In the case where the dosing module injects the aftertreatment fluid against the nominal swirl direction of the exhaust gas, the relative velocity between the aftertreatment fluid and the exhaust gas is relatively high. Therefore, the convective heat transfer to the aftertreatment fluid droplets is increased, which promotes the decomposition of the aftertreatment fluid. The drag of the droplets is also increased, which reduces the spray penetration distance. Due to the subsequent gas mixing and diffusion (which also occurs, the mechanical work of convection is less than that of mixing liquid with gas), the increased convective heat transfer in turn improves the uniformity index of the dispersion of the aftertreatment fluid in the exhaust gas flow. The increased drag on the droplets helps to reduce the impact of the reductant on the structure that defines the turbine outlet channel, thereby reducing the reductant deposits. Deposits are undesirable because they will cause an increase in system back pressure and / or require regeneration, which will increase the fuel consumption of the engine system.

[0406] The spray penetration distance is defined by the distance that the droplets move through the gas volume before changing direction or impacting the structure. The maximum penetration distance can be the diameter of the turbine outlet channel at the plane passing through the distribution module outlet (e.g., about 90 mm). The spray penetration distance is affected by the momentum exchange between the droplets and the exhaust. When the spray is countercurrent (e.g., against the nominal swirl direction), the drag on the droplet(s) will act as gas momentum in a direction generally opposite to the spray momentum, thereby "pushing back" the spray drop(s). This will reduce the spray penetration distance.

[0407] Another benefit of injecting the aftertreatment fluid against the nominal swirl direction of the exhaust gas is that the dosing module can be positioned closer to the turbine wheel, which in turn means that the corresponding catalyst can also be located closer to the turbine wheel (and therefore closer to the internal combustion engine and dosing module).

[0408] When the dosing module is positioned to inject the aftertreatment fluid along the nominal swirl direction of the exhaust gas, advantageously, the risk of deposit accumulation at the outlet of the dosing module is reduced. In addition, the aftertreatment fluid is more likely to be administered to the high flow area towards the radial outer edge of the turbine outlet channel. This reduces the amount of aftertreatment fluid suspended in any potential recirculation area (at least within the turbine outlet channel).

[0409] The turbine distribution system may include a radial turbine. The turbine distribution system may include an axial turbine. The turbine distribution system may form part of a turbocharger distribution system. The turbine distribution system may form part of a turbocompound system (e.g., a system in which a turbine delivers mechanical work to a crankshaft of an engine, either in place of or in addition to a compressor). In the absence of a distribution module, the turbine distribution system may be referred to as a turbine (e.g., a turbine for a turbine distribution system).

[0410] The turbocharger (particularly its turbine) may be a fixed geometry turbine or a variable geometry turbine.The turbocharger (particularly its turbine) may incorporate a wastegate.

[0411] The turbine inlet passage may be defined by a volute. The volute defines a generally helical geometry, the cross-section of which varies along its extent. The term "passage" refers to a volume defined or bounded by a surrounding structure, through which a fluid may flow.

[0412] The turbine wheel chamber refers to the volume that accommodates the turbine wheel. The downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber may be located in the plane of the downstream end of the turbine wheel. The opposite end of the turbine wheel chamber may be located in the plane of the rear surface of the hub of the turbine wheel.

[0413] The term "exit inducer" refers to the portion of the turbine impeller from which the exhaust gas is discharged. In other words, the term "exit inducer" encompasses the portion of the turbine impeller that serves as the outlet of the turbine impeller (i.e., the distal end of the turbine impeller from the perspective of the turbine body flow traveling therethrough). The outlet inducer diameter refers to the diameter of the turbine impeller at the most downstream point of the blades. In other words, the term "exit inducer diameter" encompasses the diameter of the outlet inducer at the distalmost portion of the turbine impeller from the perspective of the turbine body flow. The turbine impeller may also include an inlet inducer through which the exhaust gas enters the turbine impeller.

[0414] The turbine impeller may be a radial turbine impeller including an inlet guide and an outlet guide. The radial turbine impeller may be configured to receive incident exhaust gas (at its inlet guide) in a radial direction relative to the turbine impeller axis. An "outlet guide" is not intended to refer to features of the turbine impeller that are not used to discharge exhaust gas into a turbine outlet passage (e.g., an impeller nut, an aftertreatment dosing cup, etc.). The turbine impeller may be a cupless turbine impeller (e.g., without a dosing cup into which the aftertreatment fluid is injected, which atomizes the aftertreatment fluid before it is dispersed into the exhaust). A turbine impeller including such a cup may be referred to as a radial suspension atomizer, a radial atomizer, a centrifugal atomizer, or a rotary atomizer.

[0415] The term "flow axis" refers to the axis about which the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet channel generally rotates when flowing through the turbine outlet channel (along the flow axis). It will be understood that the flow axis does not have to be a straight axis compared to the turbine impeller axis. The flow axis may be at least partially arcuate. The flow axis may be described as an imaginary line drawn along and through the turbine outlet channel, the line being located at the geometric center of the turbine outlet channel. The flow axis may vary according to the geometry of the structure defining the turbine outlet channel. For example, if the turbine outlet channel includes a bend, the flow axis may also include a bend (e.g., at least partially arcuate) because the direction of the exhaust gas flow in the turbine outlet channel will be forced to change due to the bend in the turbine outlet channel. It can be said that the flow axis defines a fluid flow path, along which the turbine body flow generally flows once it flows downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller. For at least a portion of the range of the flow axis, the flow axis may coincide with the turbine impeller axis. The flow axis may extend from the turbine impeller axis.

[0416] The term "turbine outlet passage" encompasses any flow path configured to receive exhaust gas that has passed through the turbine impeller at a downstream position of the turbine impeller chamber (preferably, immediately downstream of the turbine impeller chamber). The purpose of the turbine outlet passage is to process and / or regulate the exhaust flow in the area with the highest swirl and flow velocity. The term "turbine outlet passage" is not intended to encompass flow passages located significantly downstream of the turbine impeller chamber (e.g., once the swirl dissipates or the airflow slows down, the flow passage processes the exhaust flow). The turbine outlet passage can be considered to begin at the downstream end (e.g., the most downstream end or the outer end) of the turbine impeller or impeller chamber. The effective end of the turbine outlet passage can be defined by the point where the passage stops diverging (e.g., when the cross-sectional area of ​​the passage orthogonal to the flow axis becomes constant). This can be described as the end of a diffuser portion or a diverging portion. The turbine outlet passage can diverge along its entire range (e.g., along the axial length of the flow axis). The turbine outlet passage can diverge along at least a portion of its range.

[0417] The turbine outlet passage may be described as being at least partially defined by a structure. The structure may include a turbine housing, a connection adapter, or a conduit. Thus, the turbine housing may include a distribution module mounting seat. The connection adapter may include a distribution module mounting seat. Alternatively, the conduit may include a distribution module mounting seat. Thus, the distribution module(s) may be mounted to the turbine housing, the connection adapter, or the conduit.

[0418] As used herein, the term "dispensing module" encompasses any device configured to introduce an aftertreatment fluid into a turbine outlet passage. The aftertreatment fluid may be a fluid required to support a chemical reaction during exhaust aftertreatment. For example, the aftertreatment fluid may be DEF for an SCR process. The aftertreatment fluid may include a reductant (i.e., a reducing agent). The dispensing module may be in fluid communication with a tank or reservoir that stores a supply source (e.g., volume) of the aftertreatment fluid. Actuation (e.g., injection) of the dispensing module may be controlled by a controller. The controller may be an engine control unit (ECU) or linked (e.g., electrically connected) to the ECU.

[0419] The distribution module can be a self-atomizing distribution module. As known to those skilled in the art, distribution modules of self-atomizing and non-self-atomizing types for use in exhaust aftertreatment systems are available. As used herein, a "self-atomizing" distribution module covers a distribution module configured to produce a fine spray or mist of an aftertreatment fluid ejected from the outlet of the distribution module, which can be achieved by mixing compressed air with the aftertreatment liquid. In contrast, a "non-self-atomizing" distribution module covers a distribution module that introduces a uniform stream of aftertreatment fluid (mainly liquid), which is atomized after colliding with a moving object (e.g., a rotating cup mounted on a turbine impeller).

[0420] The turbine outlet passage is preferably substantially unobstructed at least along the primary impact zone defined by the distribution module, and preferably is unobstructed along the entire turbine outlet passage. That is, the turbine outlet passage preferably does not include any components that extend into the passage. For example, preferably there are no mixers or other components extending through the turbine outlet passage. Instead, the turbine outlet passage is preferably defined by smooth, substantially continuous walls.

[0421] The dosing module is preferably located upstream of any aftertreatment components (eg SCR, DOC, etc.).

[0422] The dosing module may be mounted to the dosing module mounting seat. The integral turbine housing, the turbine housing, the connection adapter or the duct may comprise the dosing module mounting seat.

[0423] The distribution module can be located within about 10 times the outlet guide diameter, within about 7 times the outlet guide diameter, within about 5 times the outlet guide diameter, and within about 3 times the outlet guide diameter downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller. The distribution module can be located at least about 1 times the outlet guide diameter downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller. The distribution module is preferably located in a range between about 1 times the outlet guide diameter and about 3 times the outlet guide diameter downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller. The distribution module can be located at a diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage. The diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage can define a diffuser for the turbine.

[0424] The distribution module axis may be substantially perpendicular to the radius of the turbine outlet channel.

[0425] The distribution module axis being substantially perpendicular to the radius of the turbine outlet passage is intended to mean that the distribution module axis is disposed within a 30° range perpendicular to the radius of the turbine outlet passage. The 30° angular range may be within a plane orthogonal to the flow axis. Alternatively or in combination, the 30° angular range may include the distribution module being tilted (i.e., pointed) in an upstream or downstream direction relative to the flow axis.

[0426] As described above, since the distribution module is positioned to inject the after-treatment fluid along or against the nominal swirl direction of the exhaust gas, the substantially vertical alignment of the distribution module axis with the radius of the turbine outlet passage is still intended to preclude complete radial alignment of the distribution module axis (i.e., the after-treatment fluid is injected along the radius and through the flow axis).

[0427] Advantageously, by providing the distribution module axis to be substantially perpendicular to the radius of the turbine outlet passage, the aftertreatment fluid may be injected directly into an almost completely tangential flow field. That is, a maximum relative velocity may be experienced between the aftertreatment fluid and the exhaust gas.

[0428] The dosing module may be positioned within about 10 inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel.

[0429] It is advantageous for the dosing module to be positioned within a range of about 10 inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel, since it has been found that within this range, along the flow axis, the swirl of the exhaust gas is relatively high in size. Therefore, the advantageous effects associated with injection in the direction of the swirl or against the direction of the swirl are particularly pronounced when the dosing module is positioned within a range of about 10 inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel.

[0430] In a preferred embodiment, the dosing module may be positioned within about 5 inducer diameters or within about 3 inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel. Advantageously, such a position generates a greater magnitude of swirl, thereby increasing the beneficial effects obtained thereby.

[0431] In other embodiments, it may be preferred that the dosing module be positioned within the lesser of approximately 10 outlet guide diameters, approximately 5 outlet guide diameters, or approximately 3 outlet guide diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller and at the first bend or change in direction of the turbine outlet passage.

[0432] According to a twenty-fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of operating a turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, comprising:

[0433] receiving exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage;

[0434] receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis in a first direction, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter;

[0435] receiving exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber into a turbine outlet passage downstream of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel; and

[0436] injecting an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage using a dosing module, the dosing module defining a dosing module axis;

[0437] Therein, the dosing module is positioned to inject aftertreatment fluid along or against a nominal swirl direction of the exhaust gas, the nominal swirl direction of the exhaust gas being defined by the first direction about which the turbine wheel is rotatable.

[0438] The distribution module axis may be substantially perpendicular to the radius of the turbine outlet passage.The distribution module may be located within about 10 inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel.

[0439] According to a twenty-sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, the turbine dosing system comprising:

[0440] a turbine inlet passage configured to receive exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine;

[0441] a turbine wheel chamber configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage, the turbine wheel chamber configured to house a turbine wheel;

[0442] a turbine outlet passage located downstream of the turbine wheel chamber and configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage being at least partially defined by structure including a distribution module mounting seat configured to receive a distribution module, the structure defining an inner surface; and

[0443] a dosing module mounted to the dosing module mount and configured to inject an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage, the dosing module including an outlet defined in an outer end of the dosing module;

[0444] wherein the outer end of the dispensing module is substantially flush with the surrounding inner surface; and

[0445] Therein, the inner surface of the structure and the outer end of the dispensing module define a substantially uninterrupted channel surface at least along the flow axis along the extent occupied by the dispensing module mounting seat.

[0446] In particular, it is the inner surface of the structure that defines or delimits at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage. The inner surface may be described as an inner wall surface.

[0447] The outlet of the dosing module may be defined in a nozzle of the dosing module.The nozzle of the dosing module may define an outer end of the dosing module, the outlet being arranged in said outer end.

[0448] The outer end of the dosing module is substantially flush with the surrounding inner surface, which is intended to mean that the offset between the two surfaces is less than about 2 mm. In other words, the two surfaces are aligned closely enough that only a small tolerance offset separates them. The outer end of the dosing module may protrude from the surrounding inner surface by up to about 2 mm, or may be recessed relative to the surrounding inner surface by up to about 2 mm.

[0449] The channel surface refers to the surface defined by the combination of the inner surface of the structure and the outer end of the distribution module. In other words, the channel surface can refer to the surface that defines at least a portion of the turbine outlet channel (at least near the distribution module outlet). The channel surface is substantially uninterrupted and is intended to mean that the channel surface does not incorporate any features that may create a significant recirculation zone. For example, there are no protruding ledges or doghouse portions to which the distribution module is mounted. Similarly, there are no significant undercut surfaces or other features that may create a recirculation zone.

[0450] A substantially uninterrupted channel surface is intended to encompass a completely smooth channel surface. A substantially uninterrupted channel surface is also intended to encompass surfaces incorporating small interruptions in the order of about 2 mm. However, a substantially uninterrupted channel surface is intended to exclude embodiments that incorporate, for example, significant protruding flanges that define a recirculation zone.

[0451] A substantially uninterrupted channel surface along at least the extent of the flow axis occupied by the dispensing module mounting seat may also be described as a substantially uninterrupted channel surface along at least the axial length of the dispensing module mounting seat. In other words, if the dispensing module mounting seat extends along a first portion of the flow axis (i.e., in the length dimension), the channel surface is substantially uninterrupted at least over said same length. It will be appreciated that the uninterrupted channel surface may extend beyond said length in the upstream and / or downstream direction.

[0452] The turbine wheel chamber may house a turbine wheel. The turbine wheel may be supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis. The turbine wheel may include an inducer defining an inducer diameter. The flow axis preferably extends from a downstream end of the turbine wheel.

[0453] Advantageously, by eliminating protruding flange features (as an example), and instead providing a distribution module having an outer end that is substantially flush with the surrounding inner surface, and defining a substantially uninterrupted channel surface at least along the extent of the distribution module mounting seat, the risk of deposit accumulation is reduced. In addition, in the event that the exhaust flow has a tendency to move relatively quickly toward the outer edge of the turbine outlet channel, such a rapidly moving flow can also pass closely through the outlet of the distribution module, thereby facilitating end cleaning at the outlet of the distribution module. Recirculation zones associated with features such as protruding flanges (i.e., doghouses) may also result in undesirable recirculation zones near the outlet of the distribution module, which risk blockage at the outlet of the distribution module due to deposit accumulation. Therefore, it is desirable to eliminate or reduce such recirculation zones.

[0454] The turbine distribution system may include a radial turbine. The turbine distribution system may include an axial turbine. The turbine distribution system may form part of a turbocharger distribution system. The turbine distribution system may form part of a turbocompound system (e.g., a system in which a turbine delivers mechanical work to a crankshaft of an engine, either in place of or in addition to a compressor). In the absence of a distribution module, the turbine distribution system may be referred to as a turbine (e.g., a turbine for a turbine distribution system).

[0455] The turbocharger (particularly its turbine) may be a fixed geometry turbine or a variable geometry turbine.The turbocharger (particularly its turbine) may incorporate a wastegate.

[0456] The turbine inlet passage may be defined by a volute. The volute defines a generally helical geometry, the cross-section of which varies along its extent. The term "passage" refers to a volume defined or bounded by a surrounding structure, through which a fluid may flow.

[0457] The turbine wheel chamber refers to the volume that accommodates the turbine wheel. The downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber may be located in the plane of the downstream end of the turbine wheel. The opposite end of the turbine wheel chamber may be located in the plane of the rear surface of the hub of the turbine wheel.

[0458] The term "flow axis" refers to the axis about which the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet channel generally rotates when it flows through the turbine outlet channel (along the flow axis). It will be understood that the flow axis does not have to be a straight axis compared to the turbine impeller axis. The flow axis may be at least partially arcuate. The flow axis may be described as an imaginary line drawn along and through the turbine outlet channel, the line being located at the geometric center of the turbine outlet channel. The flow axis may vary according to the geometry of the structure defining the turbine outlet channel. For example, if the turbine outlet channel includes a bend, the flow axis may also include a bend (e.g., at least partially arcuate) because the direction of the exhaust gas flow in the turbine outlet channel will be forced to change due to the bend in the turbine outlet channel. It can be said that the flow axis defines a fluid flow path, along which the turbine body flow will generally flow once it flows downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller. For at least a portion of the range of the flow axis, the flow axis may coincide with the turbine impeller axis. The flow axis may extend from the turbine impeller axis.

[0459] The term "turbine outlet passage" encompasses any flow path configured to receive exhaust gas that has passed through the turbine impeller at a downstream position of the turbine impeller chamber (preferably, immediately downstream of the turbine impeller chamber). The purpose of the turbine outlet passage is to process and / or regulate the exhaust flow in the area with the highest swirl and flow velocity. The term "turbine outlet passage" is not intended to encompass flow passages located significantly downstream of the turbine impeller chamber (e.g., once the swirl dissipates or the airflow slows down, the flow passage processes the exhaust flow). The turbine outlet passage can be considered to begin at the downstream end (e.g., the most downstream end or the outer end) of the turbine impeller or impeller chamber. The effective end of the turbine outlet passage can be defined by the point where the passage stops diverging (e.g., when the cross-sectional area of ​​the passage orthogonal to the flow axis becomes constant). This can be described as the end of a diffuser portion or a diverging portion. The turbine outlet passage can diverge along its entire range (e.g., along the axial length of the flow axis). The turbine outlet passage can diverge along at least a portion of its range.

[0460] The structure may include a turbine housing, a connection adapter or a pipeline. Thus, the turbine housing may include a distribution module mounting seat. The connection adapter may include a distribution module mounting seat. Alternatively, the pipeline may include a distribution module mounting seat. Thus, the distribution module may be mounted to the turbine housing, the connection adapter or the pipeline.

[0461] The term "distribution module mounting seat" covers a structure configured to align with and support a distribution module. The distribution module mounting seat can be integrally formed with a structure that at least partially defines a turbine outlet passage, or can be attached to the structure by a joining process (e.g., welding or brazing). Given that the distribution module mounting seat is configured to receive a distribution module, it will be understood that the position of the distribution module mounting seat (e.g., its opening) indicates the position of the distribution module once the distribution module is received in the distribution module mounting seat. Therefore, the distribution module mounting seat position defines the position of the distribution module and the post-treatment fluid injection (e.g., the main impact zone defined by the spray cone of the distribution module) in the assembled distribution system.

[0462] The term "dispensing module" covers any device configured to introduce an aftertreatment fluid into a turbine outlet passage. The aftertreatment fluid may be a fluid required to support a chemical reaction during exhaust aftertreatment. For example, the aftertreatment fluid may be DEF for an SCR process. The aftertreatment fluid may include a reductant (i.e., a reducing agent). The dispensing module may be in fluid communication with a tank or reservoir that stores a supply source (e.g., volume) of the aftertreatment fluid. Actuation (e.g., injection) of the dispensing module may be controlled by a controller. The controller may be an engine control unit (ECU) or linked (e.g., electrically connected) to the ECU.

[0463] The distribution module can be a self-atomizing distribution module. As known to those skilled in the art, distribution modules of self-atomizing and non-self-atomizing types for use in exhaust aftertreatment systems are available. As used herein, a "self-atomizing" distribution module covers a distribution module configured to produce a fine spray or mist of an aftertreatment fluid ejected from the outlet of the distribution module, which can be achieved by mixing compressed air with the aftertreatment liquid. In contrast, a "non-self-atomizing" distribution module covers a distribution module that introduces a uniform stream of aftertreatment fluid (mainly liquid), which is atomized after colliding with a moving object (e.g., a rotating cup mounted on a turbine impeller).

[0464] The structure may comprise a diffuser and the dosing module mount may form part of the diffuser.

[0465] Advantageously, providing the dosing module mounting as part of the diffuser means that the advantages associated with diffusing the exhaust gas resulting from the diffuser geometry can still be achieved while avoiding the risk of defining a recirculation zone in the vicinity of the dosing module mounting.

[0466] According to a twenty-seventh aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of operating a turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, comprising:

[0467] receiving exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage;

[0468] receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber configured to house a turbine wheel;

[0469] receiving exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber into a turbine outlet passage downstream of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage being at least partially defined by a structure including a distribution module mounting seat configured to receive a distribution module, the structure defining an inner surface; and

[0470] injecting an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage using a dosing module mounted to the dosing module mount, the dosing module including an outlet defined in an outer end thereof;

[0471] wherein the outer end of the dispensing module is substantially flush with the surrounding inner surface; and

[0472] Therein, the inner surface of the structure and the outer end of the dispensing module define a substantially uninterrupted channel surface along the flow axis at least to the extent occupied by the dispensing module mounting seat.

[0473] The structure may comprise a diffuser and the dosing module mount may form part of the diffuser.

[0474] According to a twenty-eighth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, the turbine dosing system comprising:

[0475] a turbine inlet passage configured to receive exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine;

[0476] a turbine wheel chamber configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter;

[0477] a turbine outlet passage located downstream of the turbine wheel chamber and configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel; and

[0478] A plurality of dosing modules are configured to inject an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage.

[0479] The multiple distribution modules may include a pair of distribution modules. The multiple distribution modules may be composed of a pair of distribution modules. In use, the multiple distribution modules may be actuated simultaneously to inject the aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage at two different positions (i.e., one position for each distribution module). Alternatively, the distribution modules may be actuated individually so that only one distribution module injects the aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage at a time. In addition, alternatively, the multiple distribution modules may be operated across a combination of simultaneous and separate distribution schemes (e.g., in a hybrid scheme). For example, under certain operating conditions, all multiple distribution modules may be actuated, while under other operating conditions, only some of the multiple distribution modules may be actuated.

[0480] Each distribution module can be mounted to a structure defining a turbine outlet passage via a distribution module mounting seat. Thus, the distribution module mounting seat can form part of the structure. The structure can be one or more of a turbine housing, a connection adapter or a downstream pipeline. Each of the plurality of distribution modules can be mounted to the same component (for example, each of the plurality of distribution modules can be mounted to a turbine housing, a connection adapter or a downstream pipeline where appropriate). Alternatively, the distribution modules can be mounted to different structural components defining the turbine outlet passage.

[0481] Each distribution module can be mounted at the same axial position along the flow axis. In other words, each of the plurality of distribution modules can be located in the same plane. Alternatively, each or some of the plurality of distribution modules can be offset from each other so that one or more distribution modules are located at different axial positions. In other words, one or more distribution modules can be located upstream or downstream of one or more other distribution modules.

[0482] The dosing modules can be offset circumferentially from one another so that they occupy different points around the circumference of the flow axis.

[0483] Advantageously, the incorporation of multiple dosing modules facilitates improved regulation of aftertreatment fluid injection according to the flow conditions of the exhaust gas at the engine operating point or condition. For example, where a greater amount of aftertreatment fluid is required, each of the multiple dosing modules may be actuated to simultaneously inject aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage. This enables a greater amount or dose of aftertreatment fluid to be injected into the exhaust gas.

[0484] Furthermore, the incorporation of the plurality of distribution modules also means that the distribution modules can be selectively actuated, which is particularly interesting when they are at different positions along or around the flow axis, depending on the flow conditions. For example, it may be desirable to inject the aftertreatment fluid in the direction of the swirl of the exhaust flow or against the direction of the swirl of the exhaust flow. The swirl direction may be different based on the engine operating point and, for example, the mass flow of the exhaust gas. Therefore, the plurality of distribution modules can be positioned in a substantially opposite manner so that, in use, at least one distribution module always points in the (nominal) swirl direction of the flow, regardless of whether the swirl direction is clockwise or counterclockwise with respect to the flow axis.

[0485] The multiple dosing modules may be installed in series, parallel or a mixed arrangement.

[0486] The turbine distribution system may include a radial turbine. The turbine distribution system may include an axial turbine. The turbine distribution system may form part of a turbocharger distribution system. The turbine distribution system may form part of a turbocompound system (e.g., a system in which a turbine delivers mechanical work to a crankshaft of an engine, either in place of or in addition to a compressor). In the absence of a distribution module, the turbine distribution system may be referred to as a turbine (e.g., a turbine for a turbine distribution system).

[0487] The turbocharger (particularly its turbine) may be a fixed geometry turbine or a variable geometry turbine.The turbocharger (particularly its turbine) may incorporate a wastegate.

[0488] The turbine inlet passage may be defined by a volute. The volute defines a generally helical geometry, the cross-section of which varies along its extent. The term "passage" refers to a volume defined or bounded by a surrounding structure, through which a fluid may flow.

[0489] The turbine wheel chamber refers to the volume that accommodates the turbine wheel. The downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber may be located in the plane of the downstream end of the turbine wheel. The opposite end of the turbine wheel chamber may be located in the plane of the rear surface of the hub of the turbine wheel.

[0490] The term "exit inducer" refers to the portion of the turbine impeller from which the exhaust gas is discharged. In other words, the term "exit inducer" encompasses the portion of the turbine impeller that serves as the outlet of the turbine impeller (i.e., the distal end of the turbine impeller from the perspective of the turbine body flow traveling therethrough). The outlet inducer diameter refers to the diameter of the turbine impeller at the most downstream point of the blades. In other words, the term "exit inducer diameter" encompasses the diameter of the outlet inducer at the distalmost portion of the turbine impeller from the perspective of the turbine body flow. The turbine impeller may also include an inlet inducer through which the exhaust gas enters the turbine impeller.

[0491] The turbine impeller may be a radial turbine impeller including an inlet guide and an outlet guide. The radial turbine impeller may be configured to receive incident exhaust gas (at its inlet guide) in a radial direction relative to the turbine impeller axis. An "outlet guide" is not intended to refer to features of the turbine impeller that are not used to discharge exhaust gas into a turbine outlet passage (e.g., an impeller nut, an aftertreatment dosing cup, etc.). The turbine impeller may be a cupless turbine impeller (e.g., without a dosing cup into which the aftertreatment fluid is injected, which atomizes the aftertreatment fluid before it is dispersed into the exhaust). A turbine impeller including such a cup may be referred to as a radial suspension atomizer, a radial atomizer, a centrifugal atomizer, or a rotary atomizer.

[0492] The term "flow axis" refers to the axis about which the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet channel generally rotates when it flows through the turbine outlet channel (along the flow axis). It will be understood that the flow axis does not have to be a straight axis compared to the turbine impeller axis. The flow axis may be at least partially arcuate. The flow axis may be described as an imaginary line drawn along and through the turbine outlet channel, the line being located at the geometric center of the turbine outlet channel. The flow axis may vary according to the geometry of the structure defining the turbine outlet channel. For example, if the turbine outlet channel includes a bend, the flow axis may also include a bend (e.g., at least partially arcuate) because the direction of the exhaust gas flow in the turbine outlet channel will be forced to change due to the bend in the turbine outlet channel. It can be said that the flow axis defines a fluid flow path, along which the turbine body flow will generally flow once it flows downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller. For at least a portion of the range of the flow axis, the flow axis may coincide with the turbine impeller axis. The flow axis may extend from the turbine impeller axis.

[0493] The term "turbine outlet passage" encompasses any flow path configured to receive exhaust gas that has passed through the turbine impeller at a downstream position of the turbine impeller chamber (preferably, immediately downstream of the turbine impeller chamber). The purpose of the turbine outlet passage is to process and / or regulate the exhaust flow in the area with the highest swirl and flow velocity. The term "turbine outlet passage" is not intended to encompass flow passages located significantly downstream of the turbine impeller chamber (e.g., once the swirl dissipates or the airflow slows down, the flow passage processes the exhaust flow). The turbine outlet passage can be considered to begin at the downstream end (e.g., the most downstream end or the outer end) of the turbine impeller or impeller chamber. The effective end of the turbine outlet passage can be defined by the point where the passage stops diverging (e.g., when the cross-sectional area of ​​the passage orthogonal to the flow axis becomes constant). This can be described as the end of a diffuser portion or a diverging portion. The turbine outlet passage can diverge along its entire range (e.g., along the axial length of the flow axis). The turbine outlet passage can diverge along at least a portion of its range.

[0494] The turbine outlet passage may be described as being at least partially defined by a structure. The structure may include a turbine housing, a connection adapter, or a conduit. Thus, the turbine housing may include a distribution module mounting seat. The connection adapter may include a distribution module mounting seat. Alternatively, the conduit may include a distribution module mounting seat. Thus, the distribution module(s) may be mounted to the turbine housing, the connection adapter, or the conduit.

[0495] The term "dispensing module" covers any device configured to introduce an aftertreatment fluid into a turbine outlet passage. The aftertreatment fluid may be a fluid required to support a chemical reaction during exhaust aftertreatment. For example, the aftertreatment fluid may be DEF for an SCR process. The aftertreatment fluid may include a reductant (i.e., a reducing agent). The dispensing module may be in fluid communication with a tank or reservoir that stores a supply source (e.g., volume) of the aftertreatment fluid. Actuation (e.g., injection) of the dispensing module may be controlled by a controller. The controller may be an engine control unit (ECU) or linked (e.g., electrically connected) to the ECU.

[0496] The dosing module can be a self-atomizing dosing module. As known to those skilled in the art, dosing modules of self-atomizing and non-self-atomizing types for use in exhaust aftertreatment systems are available. As used herein, a "self-atomizing" dosing module encompasses a dosing module configured to produce a fine spray or mist of an aftertreatment fluid from the outlet of the dosing module, which can be achieved by mixing compressed air with the aftertreatment liquid. In contrast, a "non-self-atomizing" dosing module encompasses a dosing module that introduces a uniform stream of aftertreatment fluid (primarily liquid), which is atomized after colliding with a moving object (e.g., a rotating cup mounted on a turbine impeller).

[0497] The dosing module is preferably located upstream of any aftertreatment components (eg SCR, DOC, etc.).

[0498] The dosing modules may be mounted to corresponding dosing module mounting seats. The integral turbine housing, the turbine housing, the connection adapter or the duct may comprise one or more dosing module mounting seats.

[0499] One or more distribution modules may be located within a range of about 10 times the diameter of the outlet guide downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller, within a range of about 7 times the diameter of the outlet guide, within a range of about 5 times the diameter of the outlet guide, and within a range of about 3 times the diameter of the outlet guide. The distribution module may be located at least about 1 times the diameter of the outlet guide downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller. One or more distribution modules are preferably located in a range between about 1 times the diameter of the outlet guide and about 3 times the diameter of the outlet guide downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller. One or more distribution modules may be located at a diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage. The diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage may define a diffuser of the turbine.

[0500] Each distribution module can be described as defining a respective main impact zone. The main impact zones preferably do not overlap each other. In other words, the distribution modules can be arranged parallel to each other or away from each other.

[0501] When the swirl direction changes during operation (e.g., due to engine operating conditions), it may be desirable to selectively actuate the multiple dosing modules, for example using a controller, so as to provide greater flexibility in dosing patterns (e.g., the dosing modules may be actuated individually, simultaneously, or in a mixed arrangement). For example, when the swirl direction is in a first direction, (only) the first dosing module may be actuated (e.g., to inject the aftertreatment fluid in the direction of the swirl or against the direction of the swirl). When the swirl direction is in a different, second direction, (only) the second dosing module may be actuated (e.g., to inject the aftertreatment fluid in the direction of the swirl or against the direction of the swirl). Thus, selective actuation of the first and second dosing modules may be used to inject the aftertreatment fluid in the direction of the swirl or against the direction of the swirl, even if the swirl direction changes during use (e.g., due to engine operating conditions). The swirl direction may be detected or determined directly or indirectly by a sensor, a virtual sensor, or an engine operating condition.

[0502] Two or more of the plurality of distribution modules may be circumferentially offset from one another about the flow axis.

[0503] Two or more of the plurality of distribution modules are circumferentially offset from one another, meaning that the distribution modules are arranged at different positions around the flow axis.

[0504] For example, each of the plurality of distribution modules may be diametrically opposed to each other such that they share a common distribution module axis.One or more of the distribution modules may have a distribution module axis that is offset from a radius defined by the flow axis.

[0505] Advantageously, by circumferentially offsetting the plurality of dosing modules, the modules may be actuated simultaneously or selectively to provide desired mixing characteristics of the aftertreatment fluid in the exhaust gas flow.

[0506] One or more of the plurality of distribution modules may be mounted tangentially about the flow axis.

[0507] Mounted tangentially about the flow axis is intended to mean that the distribution module axis is parallel to and offset from the radius defined by the flow axis. The distribution modules may share a common distribution module axis (they may be mounted separately but pointing toward each other), or alternatively, may have distribution module axes that are separate and parallel to each other. The latter arrangement may be more desirable in situations where the distribution modules are to operate in coordination to provide a greater amount of aftertreatment fluid to be mixed into the exhaust flow. All of the multiple distribution modules may be mounted tangentially about the flow axis.

[0508] Two or more of the plurality of distribution modules may be axially offset from one another along the flow axis.

[0509] Two or more of the plurality of dosing modules being axially offset from one another is intended to mean that two or more dosing modules are disposed at different locations downstream of the turbine impeller. For example, one dosing module may be disposed proximate to the turbine impeller, while another dosing module may be disposed away from the turbine impeller. As described above, the modules may be operated simultaneously (i.e., actuated to simultaneously inject post-treatment fluid), selectively (i.e., so that only one module is operated at a time), or in a hybrid manner.

[0510] It may be desirable to selectively actuate the dosing modules depending on engine operating conditions. For example, it may be desirable to actuate (only) the proximal dosing module under low exhaust output conditions, and to operate the distal dosing module (and optionally also the proximal dosing module) under high exhaust output conditions.

[0511] According to a twenty-ninth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, the turbine dosing system comprising:

[0512] a turbine inlet passage configured to receive exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine;

[0513] a turbine wheel chamber configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage; and

[0514] A turbine outlet passage is located downstream of the turbine wheel chamber and is configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage is at least partially defined by a structure including a plurality of distribution module mounting seats, each of the plurality of distribution module mounting seats is configured to receive a distribution module, and the turbine outlet passage defines a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber.

[0515] The turbine wheel chamber may house a turbine wheel. The turbine wheel may be supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis. The turbine wheel may include an inducer defining an inducer diameter. The flow axis preferably extends from a downstream end of the turbine wheel.

[0516] The dosing module mount is preferably located upstream of any aftertreatment components (eg, SCR, DOC, etc.).

[0517] The integral turbine housing, turbine housing, connection adapter or duct may include one or more distribution module mounts.

[0518] One or more distribution module mounting seats may be located within a range of about 10 times the diameter of the outlet guide valve, within a range of about 7 times the diameter of the outlet guide valve, within a range of about 5 times the diameter of the outlet guide valve, and within a range of about 3 times the diameter of the outlet guide valve downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller chamber. The distribution module mounting seat may be located at least about 1 times the diameter of the outlet guide valve downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller chamber. One or more distribution module mounting seats are preferably located in a range between about 1 times the diameter of the outlet guide valve and about 3 times the diameter of the outlet guide valve downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller chamber. One or more distribution module mounting seats may be located in a diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage. The diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage may define a diffuser for the turbine.

[0519] According to a thirtieth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of operating a turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, comprising:

[0520] receiving exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage;

[0521] receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter;

[0522] receiving exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber into a turbine outlet passage downstream of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel; and

[0523] An aftertreatment fluid is injected into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage using a plurality of dosing modules.

[0524] Two or more of the plurality of distribution modules may be offset from each other in a circumferential direction around the flow axis. One or more of the plurality of distribution modules may be mounted tangentially around the flow axis. Two or more of the plurality of distribution modules may be offset from each other axially along the flow axis.

[0525] According to a thirty-first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of operating a turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, comprising:

[0526] receiving exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage;

[0527] receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter;

[0528] receiving exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber into a turbine outlet passage downstream of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel; and

[0529] By selectively actuating one or more of the plurality of dosing modules, an aftertreatment fluid is injected into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage.

[0530] The selective actuation may include actuating one or more of the dosing modules, preferably individually. The selective actuation may be based on input data. The selective actuation of the dosing modules may include selectively actuating the dosing modules based on a detected or predicted exhaust swirl direction. Advantageously, by selectively actuating the dosing modules, the aftertreatment fluid may be injected in the direction of the swirl or against the direction of the swirl, even if the swirl direction changes during operation.

[0531] According to a thirty-second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of operating a turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, comprising:

[0532] receiving exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage;

[0533] receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber; and

[0534] Exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber is received in a turbine outlet passage downstream of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage being at least partially defined by a structure including a plurality of distribution module mounting seats, each of the plurality of distribution module mounting seats being configured to receive a distribution module, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber.

[0535] According to a thirty-third aspect of the present invention, there is provided a connection adapter for dispensing an aftertreatment fluid to a turbine housing assembly, the connection adapter comprising:

[0536] a first connection portion, located at a first end of the connection adapter, configured to engage a turbine housing;

[0537] a second connection portion, located at a second end of the connection adapter, configured to engage a downstream pipeline; and

[0538] structure extending between the first and second ends of the connector adapter and defining a connector adapter passage, the connector adapter passage being configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine housing, the connector adapter passage defining a flow axis;

[0539] wherein the structure comprises a dispensing module mounting seat, the dispensing module mounting seat being configured to receive a dispensing module; and

[0540] Wherein, the distribution module mounting seat is inclined toward the flow axis so that the opening of the distribution module mounting seat points to the upstream direction.

[0541] The term "connection adapter" refers to a component disposed between the turbine housing and the downstream conduit. For example, the connection adapter may be between the turbine housing and the exhaust manifold or conduit. Due to the incorporation of a dosing module mount, the connection adapter may be referred to as a dosing connection adapter or a reductant dosing connection adapter.

[0542] The connection adapter is generally a frustoconical body. In other arrangements, the connection adapter is generally a tubular body.

[0543] A distribution module mount pointing in an upstream direction may also be described as the distribution module mount being inclined toward the first end of the connection adapter. Thus, the aftertreatment fluid injected by the distribution module mounted on the distribution module mount is injected in an upstream direction (e.g., toward the turbine impeller and toward the first end of the connection adapter). In other words, the distribution module injects the aftertreatment fluid in a direction that is at least partially (optionally, completely) opposite to the direction in which the main flow of the turbine normally moves (e.g., opposite to the main flow of the turbine).

[0544] Advantageously, injecting the aftertreatment fluid in an upstream direction: 1) increases the relative velocity between the aftertreatment fluid droplets and the exhaust, thereby increasing decomposition of the reductant; and 2) facilitates utilization of the available volume in the passageway because the aftertreatment fluid can be injected upstream of the geometric reductant dosing location, which also increases decomposition due to increased residence time of the aftertreatment fluid droplets in the exhaust flow.

[0545] The term "flow axis" refers to the axis about which the exhaust gas in the connection adapter channel generally rotates when it flows through the connection adapter channel (along the flow axis). The flow axis can be at least partially arcuate. The flow axis can be described as an imaginary line drawn along and through the connection adapter channel, the line being located at the geometric center of the connection adapter channel. The flow axis can vary depending on the geometry of the structure defining the connection adapter channel. For example, if the connection adapter channel includes a bend, the flow axis can also include a bend (e.g., at least partially arcuate) because the direction of the exhaust flow in the connection adapter channel will be forced to change due to the bend in the turbine outlet channel. It can be said that the flow axis defines a fluid flow path, along which the turbine body flow, once it flows downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller, generally flows. For at least a portion of the range of the flow axis, the flow axis can coincide with the turbine impeller axis. The flow axis can extend from the turbine impeller axis.

[0546] The term "dispensing module mounting seat" encompasses a structure configured to align with and support a dispensing module. Given that the dispensing module mounting seat is configured to receive a dispensing module, it will be understood that the position of the dispensing module mounting seat (e.g., its opening) indicates the position of the dispensing module once the dispensing module is received in the dispensing module mounting seat. Therefore, the dispensing module mounting seat position defines the position of the dispensing module and the post-treatment fluid injection (e.g., the main impact zone defined by the spray cone of the dispensing module) in the assembled dispensing system. It will be understood that by virtue of the dispensing module mounting seat being tilted towards the flow axis so that the opening of the dispensing module mounting seat points in the downstream direction, once the dispensing module is mounted on the dispensing module mounting seat, the dispensing module will also be tilted in the same direction. In other words, once assembled, the dispensing module is tilted towards the flow axis so that the outlet of the dispensing module points in the downstream direction.

[0547] The term "dispensing module" covers any device configured to introduce an aftertreatment fluid into a turbine outlet passage. The aftertreatment fluid may be a fluid required to support a chemical reaction during exhaust aftertreatment. For example, the aftertreatment fluid may be DEF for an SCR process. The aftertreatment fluid may include a reductant (i.e., a reducing agent). The dispensing module may be in fluid communication with a tank or reservoir that stores a supply source (e.g., volume) of the aftertreatment fluid. Actuation (e.g., injection) of the dispensing module may be controlled by a controller. The controller may be an engine control unit (ECU) or linked (e.g., electrically connected) to the ECU.

[0548] The dosing module can be a self-atomizing dosing module. As known to those skilled in the art, dosing modules of self-atomizing and non-self-atomizing types for use in exhaust aftertreatment systems are available. As used herein, a "self-atomizing" dosing module encompasses a dosing module configured to produce a fine spray or mist of an aftertreatment fluid ejected from an outlet of the dosing module, which can be achieved by mixing compressed air with the aftertreatment liquid. In contrast, a "non-self-atomizing" dosing module encompasses a dosing module that introduces a uniform stream (primarily liquid) of aftertreatment fluid, the stream of which is atomized after colliding with a moving object (e.g., a rotating cup mounted on a turbine impeller).

[0549] According to a thirty-fourth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of operating a connection adapter for dispensing an aftertreatment fluid to a turbine housing assembly, the connection adapter comprising:

[0550] a first connection portion, located at a first end of the connection adapter, configured to engage a turbine housing;

[0551] a second connection portion, located at a second end of the connection adapter, configured to engage a downstream pipeline; and

[0552] structure extending between the first and second ends of the connector adapter and defining a connector adapter channel, the connector adapter channel defining a flow axis;

[0553] wherein the structure comprises a dispensing module mounting seat, the dispensing module mounting seat being configured to receive a dispensing module; and

[0554] wherein the dispensing module mounting seat is inclined toward the flow axis so that the opening of the dispensing module mounting seat points in an upstream direction;

[0555] The method includes receiving exhaust gas from a turbine casing into the connector adapter passage.

[0556] According to a thirty-fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a turbocharger, comprising:

[0557] a compressor, the compressor comprising a compressor housing and a compressor impeller;

[0558] a bearing housing configured to support a shaft for rotation about a turbine wheel axis; and

[0559] A turbine dosing system according to any one of the second to fourth, ninth, tenth, twelfth, fourteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, twenty-second, twenty-fourth, twenty-sixth, twenty-eighth or twenty-ninth aspects of the present invention;

[0560] Therein, the compressor impeller and the turbine impeller are connected to the shaft in a manner that is in power communication with each other.

[0561] A turbocharger may be used in an engine arrangement. A turbocharger may be described as a turbocharger that distributes an aftertreatment fluid.

[0562] The compressor and / or turbine are connected to the shaft in power communication with each other, which is intended to mean that as exhaust gas expands across the turbine wheel so as to drivingly rotate the turbine wheel, the compressor wheel will also rotate due to the expansion of the exhaust gas.

[0563] According to a thirty-sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided an engine device, comprising:

[0564] Engine; and

[0565] The turbocharger according to the thirty-fifth aspect of the present invention;

[0566] Wherein, the turbocharger is configured to receive exhaust gas from the engine.

[0567] The engine device may be used in a vehicle. The engine device may be used in a pump. The engine device may be used in a generator.

[0568] The optional and / or preferred features described herein may be used alone or in combination with each other where appropriate, particularly in combination as described in the accompanying claims. The optional and / or preferred features of each aspect of the invention described herein may also be applicable to any other aspect of the invention where appropriate.

[0569] Specific embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0570] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a known turbocharged diesel engine system;

[0571] Figure 2 is a perspective view generally from above of a turbocharger including a turbine metering system according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0572] Figure 3 yes Figure 2 An alternative perspective view of a turbocharger;

[0573] Figure 4 yes Figure 2 and Figure 3 A side cross-sectional view of a turbocharger;

[0574] Figure 5 yes Figures 2 to 4 An enlarged view of a distribution module and a distribution module mounting seat of a turbocharger;

[0575] Figure 6 yes Figures 2 to 5 An end view of a turbocharger;

[0576] Figure 7 yes Figures 2 to 6 The turbocharger Figure 4 A cross-sectional end view taken along plane AA;

[0577] Figure 8 is a perspective view of a turbocharger including a wastegate turbine metering system according to another embodiment;

[0578] Fig. 9 yes Figure 8 A perspective cross-sectional view of a turbocharger;

[0579] Fig.10 yes Figure 8 and Fig. 9 a cross-sectional side view of a portion of a turbocharger;

[0580] Fig.11 and Fig.12 is an image showing results of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) from a CFD simulation according to an embodiment;

[0581] Fig.13 is a side cross-sectional view of a turbine distribution system according to an embodiment;

[0582] Fig.14 shows a portion of a turbine dosing system according to another embodiment;

[0583] Fig.15 yes Fig.14 a side view of a portion of a turbine distribution system;

[0584] Fig.16 yes Fig.14 and Fig.15 a cross-sectional side view of a portion of a turbine distribution system;

[0585] Fig.17 and Fig.18 It is shown Figures 14 to 16 A diagram of the TKE of the exhaust flow in a system of FIG. 1 , obtained using CFD simulation with the wastegate closed;

[0586] Fig.19 and Fig. 20 is a relationship diagram of TKE versus the downstream position (expressed as the outlet inducer diameter) of the downstream end of the turbine impeller under the conditions of the wastegate closed and the wastegate opened respectively according to an embodiment of the present invention for three different turbine dosing systems;

[0587] Fig.21 and Fig. 22 yes Figures 14 to 18 A diagram of the TKE of the exhaust flow in the system of FIG. 1 , which is obtained using CFD simulation with the wastegate open;

[0588] Back to Fig.23 , provides a graph of relative TKE levels downstream of a turbine wheel for another embodiment of a turbine metering system;

[0589] Fig.24 and Fig.25 The CFD simulation was performed with the wastegate closed. Figures 14 to 18 a diagram of the velocity distribution of the exhaust flow in the system;

[0590] Fig.26 and Fig. 27 is a graph showing the relationship between the exhaust flow rate and the downstream position of the downstream end of the turbine impeller (expressed in terms of the outlet guide diameter) under the conditions of the wastegate closed and the wastegate open, respectively, for three different turbine dosing systems according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0591] Fig.28 and Fig.29 The CFD simulation was performed with the wastegate closed. Figures 14 to 18 as well as Fig.24 and Fig.25 a diagram of the velocity distribution of the exhaust flow in the system;

[0592] Fig.30 Yes Display Fig.23 Diagram of the velocity distribution of the exhaust flow in the turbine feed system.

[0593] Fig.31 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of a portion of a turbine dosing system 450 according to another embodiment;

[0594] Fig.32 is a cross-sectional side view of a portion of a turbine dosing system according to another embodiment;

[0595] Fig.33 yes Fig.32 a perspective view of a portion of a turbine distribution system shown;

[0596] Fig.34 yes Fig.32 and Fig.33 A close-up perspective view of an outlet of a pipe of a system;

[0597] Fig.35 is an end view of a turbine housing according to another embodiment;

[0598] Fig.36 yes Fig.35 A schematic side view of a turbine housing with a dosing module mounted thereon;

[0599] Fig.37 is a perspective view of a connection adapter according to an embodiment as viewed from a generally upstream end;

[0600] Fig.38 yes Fig.37 a cross-sectional side view of a connection adapter;

[0601] Fig.39 is a perspective view of a turbocharger and downstream piping according to another embodiment;

[0602] Fig.40 yes Fig.39 A cross-sectional side view of a turbocharger and downstream piping;

[0603] Fig.41 is a perspective view of a turbocharger and downstream piping according to another embodiment;

[0604] Fig.42 is a perspective view of a turbocharger according to an embodiment;

[0605] Fig.43 is a cross-sectional side view of a turbine distribution system according to another embodiment;

[0606] Fig.44 is a schematic cross-section of a diffuser and a portion of a downstream conduit according to another embodiment;

[0607] Fig.45 It is shown Fig.44 A diagram of the velocity distribution of the exhaust flow from the CFD simulation of the system;

[0608] Fig.46 is a graph of velocity distribution of exhaust flow from a CFD simulation over an improved diffuser according to another embodiment;

[0609] Fig.47 yes Fig.46an enlarged perspective view of an exterior portion of a diffuser;

[0610] Fig.48 yes Fig.46 and Fig.47 A plan view of the diffuser;

[0611] Fig.49 is a perspective view of an exterior of a turbine distribution system according to another embodiment;

[0612] Fig.50 yes Fig.49 A cross-sectional side view of a system;

[0613] Fig.51 yes Fig.50 Schematic cross-sectional view of the flow field and spray cone of the turbine distribution system;

[0614] Fig.52 shows an alternative alignment of the dosing module mount axis according to one embodiment;

[0615] Fig.53 shows a further alternative alignment of the dosing module mounting axis according to an embodiment;

[0616] Fig.54 is a diagram showing (partial) results from a CFD simulation of a turbine distribution system according to an embodiment;

[0617] Fig.55 is a graph of results from a CFD simulation of a turbine distribution system according to another embodiment;

[0618] Fig.56 is a cross-sectional end view of a portion of a turbine distribution system according to another embodiment;

[0619] Fig.57 is a cross-sectional side view of a turbine distribution system according to another embodiment;

[0620] Fig.58 yes Fig.57 A cross-sectional plan view of a turbine distribution system;

[0621] Fig.59 yes Fig.57 and Fig.58 a cross-sectional end view of a turbine distribution system in taken from an axial position of a distribution module;

[0622] Fig.60 yes Figure 57 to Figure 59 A cross-sectional side view of a turbine metering system in FIG. 1 taken through a sensing channel;

[0623] Fig.61is a cross-sectional side view of a turbine distribution system according to another embodiment;

[0624] Fig.62 yes Fig.61 a cross-sectional end view of a turbine distribution system in FIG. 1 taken along an axial position of a distribution module and a sensing passage; and

[0625] Fig.63 yes Fig.61 Alternative cross-sectional side view shown.

[0626] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of a known turbocharged diesel engine system 2. The system 2 includes a diesel internal combustion engine 4, a turbocharger 6 and an exhaust aftertreatment system 8.

[0627] The turbocharger 6 includes a compressor 10 and a turbine 12, each of which includes a corresponding one of a compressor impeller and a turbine impeller. The compressor impeller and the turbine impeller are mounted on a common turbocharger shaft 14 so that they rotate synchronously.

[0628] The compressor 10 receives intake air from a low-pressure intake duct 16 connected to the atmosphere. The low-pressure intake duct 16 may include a particulate filter to clean the intake air. The compressor 10 compresses the intake air using the power provided by the turbine 12 (via the turbocharger shaft 14) and supplies the compressed intake air to the engine 4 through the high-pressure intake duct 18 and the intake manifold 20. Although not shown, the high-pressure intake duct 18 may include an intercooler configured to cool the intake air before the intake air reaches the engine 4.

[0629] Inside the engine 4, an internal combustion process takes place and produces useful work. As a result of the internal combustion process, the engine 4 produces exhaust gas. The engine 4 is fluidly connected to an exhaust manifold 22, which in turn is connected to the turbine 12 via a high-pressure exhaust pipe 24. The turbine 12 (particularly its turbine wheel) extracts energy from the exhaust gas to drive the turbocharger shaft 14, thereby providing power for the compressor 10. The exhaust gas leaving the turbocharger 12 is supplied to the exhaust aftertreatment system 8 via a downpipe 26. The length of the downpipe 26 is relatively long, for example at least 2 meters long, such as Figure 1 As shown by the dotted line in .

[0630] The exhaust aftertreatment system 8 includes a decomposition chamber 28 having a diameter greater than the diameter of the drop tube 26. The decomposition chamber 28 includes a mixing element 30 disposed therein. The mixing element 30 typically includes a plurality of baffles configured to deflect the flow through the decomposition chamber 28 to induce turbulence within the decomposition chamber 28. The exhaust aftertreatment system 8 includes a dosing module 32 configured to inject an exhaust aftertreatment fluid, particularly diesel exhaust fluid (DEF), into the decomposition chamber 28, downstream of the mixing element 30 in the region where the exhaust gas is most turbulent. The heat exchange between the DEF and the exhaust gas in the decomposition chamber 28 decomposes the urea contained in the DEF into a reducing agent ammonia (NH3) and isocyanic acid (HNCO). The mixture of the reducing agent and the exhaust gas is then delivered to a selective catalytic reducer (SCR) 34 and a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) 36. Finally, the exhaust gas is delivered to an outlet pipe 38 and continues to a muffler (not shown) before being discharged into the atmosphere.

[0631] Figure 2 1 is a perspective view, generally viewed from above, of a turbocharger 100 including a turbine metering system 105 according to an embodiment of the present invention. The turbocharger 100 includes a turbine 101 and a compressor 103, which are interconnected via a bearing housing 106. Due to the incorporation of a wastegate (described in detail later herein), the turbocharger 100 may be described as a wastegate turbocharger, and the turbine metering system may be described as a wastegate turbine metering system.

[0632] In the illustrated embodiment, the turbine 101 forms part of a turbine dosing system 105. This is due to the incorporation of a dosing module 126. This will be described in detail later in this document.

[0633] The turbine 101, and more generally, the turbine distribution system 105, includes a turbine housing assembly 102. The turbine housing assembly 102 includes a turbine housing 108 and a connection adapter 110. The turbine housing assembly 102 is different from, for example, a one-piece turbine housing, because the turbine housing 108 and the connection adapter 110 are assembled in multiple parts (compared to the one-piece turbine housing structure of the one-piece turbine housing). The turbine housing 108 is the portion of the turbine housing assembly 102 that is adjacent to the bearing housing 106. The turbine housing 108 is configured to engage the bearing housing 106. The connection adapter 110 is spaced from the bearing housing 106 by at least the extent of the turbine housing 108. In other words, the connection adapter 110 is disposed downstream of the turbine housing 108.

[0634] In the illustrated embodiment, the turbine housing 108 defines a turbine inlet passage 112, a turbine wheel chamber ( Figure 2The turbine housing 108 defines an upstream portion of the turbine outlet passage 116 (not visible in FIG. 1 ). Figure 2 The turbine inlet passage 112 is defined by a volute 113 (which may also be referred to as a scroll) and is configured to receive exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine (not shown). Thus, the volute 113 is a structure that defines the turbine inlet passage 112. The turbine inlet passage 112 forces the exhaust gas to rotate about the turbine wheel axis ( Figure 2 Not shown, but in Figure 4 In other words, the geometry of the turbine inlet passage 112 causes the exhaust gas flow to swirl around the turbine wheel ( Figure 2 Not visible in , but in Figure 4 The turbine inlet passage 112 may also impart an axial component to the exhaust flow (e.g., in the case of a mixed-flow turbine wheel, but this is not the case in the illustrated embodiment). The turbine inlet passage 112 may be described as extending in at least a circumferential and radial direction to the turbine wheel axis. As the exhaust gas expands across the turbine wheel, the swirl of the exhaust gas changes and may even reverse depending on flow conditions and surrounding geometry.

[0635] The connection adapter 110 defines a downstream portion 116b of the turbine outlet passage 116. The downstream portion 116b may be referred to as a connection adapter passage. The first end 118 of the connection adapter 110 is engaged with the turbine housing 108 (via the insertion of a gasket 117). Thus, the downstream portion 116b of the turbine outlet passage 116 defined by the connection adapter 110 is coupled to the upstream portion 116a of the turbine outlet passage 116 (defined by the turbine housing 108, at Figure 2 Not visible in , but in Figure 4 It will be appreciated that the insert gasket 117 is an optional feature and may not be present in other embodiments.

[0636] In the illustrated embodiment (and from Figure 4 As can be understood in the connection adapter 110, the connection adapter 110 defines a diffuser (e.g., a diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage 116). Therefore, the exhaust gas expands when passing through the connection adapter 110. It can therefore be said that the connection adapter 110 defines a diffuser cone, an outlet diffuser, or a turbine stage outlet diffuser. In other words, the connection adapter 110 defines at least a portion of the diffuser of the turbine 102, and optionally defines the entire diffuser of the turbine 102.

[0637] Defining a portion of the turbine outlet passage 116 by the connection adapter 110 is advantageous because different connection adapters may be secured or attached to the same turbine housing 108 design. Different connection adapters may incorporate different features for different applications.

[0638] return Figure 2 , the connection adapter 110 includes an inner surface 111. The connection adapter 110 also includes a dosing module mount 122 and a NOx sensor mount 124. The dosing module mount 122 engages with a dosing module 126. Therefore, the dosing module mount 122 is aligned with and supports the dosing module 126. The dosing module 126 is configured to inject the aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage 116. The dosing module mount 122 and the dosing module 124 will be described in more detail below. The dosing module 126 is configured to be in fluid communication with a tank or reservoir storing a certain amount (e.g., a certain volume) of aftertreatment fluid.

[0639] The turbine dosing system 105 also includes an exhaust gas sensor, which in this embodiment is a NOx sensor 128. The turbine dosing system 105 also includes a NOx sensor mount 124. The NOx sensor mount 124 interfaces with the NOx sensor 128. The NOx sensor 128 is not of particular interest to the present application.

[0640] at last, Figure 2 Also shown is a wastegate passage outlet 138. The wastegate passage outlet 138 is an aperture defined in the inner surface 111 (e.g., a wall) of the connection adapter 110. In use, (bypass) exhaust gas may bypass the turbine wheel, pass through the wastegate passage 136 and enter the turbine outlet passage 116 via the wastegate passage outlet 138.

[0641] Back to Figure 3 , an alternative perspective view of the turbocharger 100 is provided.

[0642] Figure 3 The turbocharger 100 is shown as a wastegate turbocharger, which includes a wastegate device 132. The wastegate device 132 forms part of the turbine dosing system 105. The wastegate device 132 includes a valve assembly ( Figure 3The exhaust gas inlet passage 112 is not visible in the figure and the exhaust gas outlet passage 116 is not visible in the figure. As described above, the exhaust gas outlet passage 112 defines a fluid path from the turbine inlet passage 112 directly to the turbine outlet passage 116. In the illustrated embodiment, the exhaust gas outlet passage 136 is partially defined by the turbine housing 108 and partially defined by the connection adapter 110. That is, neither the turbine housing 108 nor the connection adapter 110 defines the "entire" exhaust gas outlet passage. The exhaust gas outlet passage 136 provides selective fluid communication between the turbine inlet passage 112 and the turbine outlet passage 116, thereby bypassing the turbine impeller chamber and the turbine impeller. In this way, the (bypassed) exhaust gas in the turbine inlet passage 112 can flow through the exhaust gas outlet passage 136 to the turbine outlet passage 116 without passing through the turbine impeller 118 or through the turbine impeller 118 for expansion. This is desirable at least for the reason of being able to control the rotational speed of the turbine impeller.

[0643] The wastegate passage 136 includes a wastegate passage inlet and a wastegate passage outlet ( Figure 3 The wastegate passage inlet is defined by an opening in the wall of the turbine housing 108 that defines the turbine inlet passage. Thus, the exhaust gas flow enters the wastegate passage 136 through the wastegate passage opening and exits through the wastegate passage outlet ( Figure 3 The (bypass) exhaust gas (not visible in FIG. 1 ) exits the wastegate passage 136. When the (bypass) exhaust gas exits the wastegate passage 136, the (bypass) exhaust gas mixes with the (turbine main flow) exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage 116.

[0644] According to the terminology used throughout this document, the wastegate passage 136 refers to the volume through which the (bypass) exhaust gas flows. The wastegate passage 136 can be described as being formed by a wastegate groove (the wastegate groove is specifically located at Figure 3 136). In the illustrated embodiment, the wastegate groove is defined by an upstream portion 133 and a downstream portion 135. The upstream portion 133 of the wastegate groove is defined by the turbine housing. The downstream portion 135 of the wastegate groove is defined by the connection adapter 110. Therefore, the connection adapter 110 can be described as including at least a portion of the wastegate groove and / or at least a portion of the wastegate passage 136. The combination of the upstream portion 133 and the downstream portion 135 can be the entire wastegate groove / the entire wastegate passage.

[0645] The bypass exhaust gas flowing through the outlet of the wastegate passage is a high-energy exhaust gas flow that has not yet expanded through the turbine impeller. Therefore, a region where two high-speed air flows (e.g., the main turbine flow and the bypass flow) converge is defined near the outlet of the wastegate passage. A high level of mixing can be achieved in this region, and the mixing level is affected by the momentum exchange of the two air flows. For reasons described in detail below, by positioning the dosing module 126 near the outlet of the wastegate passage, a high level of mixing can be advantageously utilized.

[0646] The wastegate assembly includes a valve member that can be rotated by an actuating rod 142. In use, the actuating rod 142 is configured to rotate the valve member so that the valve member contacts or does not contact a corresponding valve seat defined by the turbine housing 108. The valve member is used to selectively and sealingly engage the valve seat to selectively open and close the wastegate passage 136, thereby allowing or substantially preventing exhaust gas from flowing through the wastegate passage 136. When the valve member is sealingly engaged with the valve seat, the wastegate passage 136 is effectively closed, and all exhaust gas passing through the turbine inlet passage is expanded through the turbine impeller. When the valve member is not sealingly engaged with the valve seat, the wastegate passage 136 is at least partially open, and at least a portion of the exhaust gas passing through the turbine inlet passage does not expand through the turbine impeller, but bypasses the turbine impeller via the wastegate passage 136. Therefore, the valve seat can be described as defining the inlet of the wastegate passage 136, and specifically defining the cross-sectional area of ​​the inlet of the wastegate passage 136.

[0647] The actuator rod 142 is a pneumatic actuator in the illustrated embodiment. In other embodiments, the actuator may be a hydraulic actuator or an electric actuator. The actuator may be active or passive.

[0648] The turbine 101 is a wastegate turbine (as indicated by the actuation rod 142). However, in some embodiments described throughout this document, the turbine may not incorporate a wastegate assembly. The turbine may be a variable geometry turbine.

[0649] Figure 4 is a side cross-sectional view of turbocharger 100 . Figure 4 Further features of a turbine dosing system 105 forming part of the turbocharger 100 are shown.

[0650] The connection adapter 110 includes a generally conical inner surface 111 (e.g., a conical wall) at which the cross-sectional area of ​​the interior of the connection adapter 110 increases along the axial extent of the connection adapter 110 from the first end 115 to the opposite second end 120. Therefore, it can be said that the cross-sectional area of ​​the turbine outlet passage 116 diverges along the connection adapter 110. The second end 120 is the end of the connection adapter 110 farthest from the turbine housing 108. The increased cross-sectional area defines a diffuser. As the exhaust gas travels through the connection adapter 110 from the first end 118 to the second end 120, the velocity of the exhaust gas decreases and the static pressure of the exhaust gas increases due to the increased cross-sectional area of ​​the turbine outlet passage 116. Increasing the static pressure of the exhaust gas in the connection adapter 110 improves the efficiency of the turbine impeller 101 because the pressure recovery achieved by the connection adapter 110 allows a larger pressure ratio across the turbine impeller and thus improves the efficiency of the turbine impeller.

[0651] like Figure 4 As shown, the turbine wheel chamber 114 houses a turbine wheel 118. The turbine wheel 118 is configured to rotate about a turbine wheel axis 144. The turbine inlet passage 112 is in fluid communication with the turbine wheel chamber 114. The turbine wheel chamber 114 is in fluid communication with the turbine outlet passage 116.

[0652] In use, the exhaust gas passes through the turbine inlet passage 112 and enters the turbine wheel chamber 114. The exhaust gas then expands across the turbine wheel 118 (i.e., performs work on the turbine wheel 118), which in turn drives the turbine wheel 118 to rotate about the turbine wheel axis 144. As the exhaust gas passes over the turbine wheel 118, the swirl size and / or swirl direction of the exhaust gas changes. The turbine wheel 118 is a radial turbine wheel, wherein the exhaust gas flow from the turbine inlet passage 112 strikes the turbine wheel 118 in a generally radial direction relative to the turbine wheel axis and leaves the turbine wheel 118 in a generally axial direction relative to the turbine wheel axis 144. When the exhaust gas leaves the turbine wheel 118 and leaves the wheel chamber 114, it enters the upstream portion 116a of the turbine outlet passage 116. In other embodiments, the turbine may be an axial turbine, whereby the exhaust gas enters the turbine wheel in a generally axial direction and leaves the turbine wheel in a generally axial direction.

[0653] The turbine wheel 118 is supported by a shaft 146 for rotation about a turbine wheel axis 144. The shaft 146 extends from the turbine housing 108 through the bearing housing 106 to the compressor housing 104. The turbine wheel 118 is mounted on one end of the shaft 146, while the compressor wheel 148 is mounted on the other end of the shaft 146. The turbine wheel 118 can be mounted to the end of the shaft 146 by friction welding, laser welding, electron beam welding, or any other suitable method. Therefore, the turbine wheel 118 and the compressor wheel 150 are in power communication with each other. The shaft 146 rotates about the turbine wheel axis 144 on a bearing assembly 150 located in the bearing housing 106.

[0654] In the illustrated embodiment, the turbine outlet passage 116 is defined by the turbine housing 108 and the connection adapter 110. The cross-sectional area of ​​the turbine outlet passage 116 increases linearly from the most upstream end of the passage (i.e., proximate the turbine wheel 118) to the most downstream end of the passage (i.e., away from the turbine wheel 118), thereby defining a diffuser.

[0655] The flow axis 145 is defined by the turbine outlet passage 116. The flow axis 145 is the (nominal) geometric centerline of the turbine outlet passage 116 defined by the turbine housing 108 and the connection adapter 110. In this embodiment, and as will be seen from Figure 6 As understood in , the flow axis 145 coincides with the turbine axis 144. However, in other embodiments where the turbine outlet passage 116 is not a straight passage, ie, the turbine outlet passage 116 may include a bend, the flow axis 145 will deviate from the turbine wheel axis 144.

[0656] The turbine impeller 118 is Figure 4 , and includes a plurality of turbine blades 119. The turbine impeller 118 includes an inlet guide 172 configured to receive an exhaust flow 152a from the turbine inlet passage 112. The exhaust gas 152a is received in a radial direction relative to the turbine impeller axis 144. The turbine impeller 118 also includes an outlet guide 174 configured to discharge the exhaust flow from the turbine impeller 118. The exhaust flow is discharged along the flow axis 145. The outlet guide 174 defines an outlet guide diameter 176. The outlet guide diameter 176 is the distance across the turbine impeller 118 in a plane perpendicular to the turbine impeller axis 144 at the downstream end of the blades 119. The downstream end or end of the turbine impeller 118 is at Figure 4178. In some embodiments, the downstream end of the turbine impeller 118 can be defined by an impeller nut, with the downstream end of the turbine impeller located in the plane of the impeller nut. As described later herein, the outlet guide diameter 176 can be used as a measure for defining the position of the dosing module 126 relative to the wastegate passage outlet 138. In the illustrated embodiment, the outlet guide diameter 176 is approximately 60 mm (e.g., 58 mm). The outlet guide diameter is preferably between approximately 30 mm and approximately 200 mm.

[0657] The cross-sectional area of ​​the upstream portion 116a of the turbine outlet passage 116 increases from the downstream end 178 of the turbine impeller 118. The cross-sectional area increases linearly (i.e., the inner wall surface diverges at a constant angle). In other embodiments, the turbine outlet passage or a portion thereof may have a constant cross-sectional area. In further embodiments, the turbine outlet passage may have a constant cross-sectional area, and then the cross-sectional area increases after a specific point along the flow axis. For example, the upstream portion of the turbine outlet passage (defined by the turbine housing) may be constant, while the downstream portion of the turbine outlet passage (defined by the connection adapter) may have a cross-sectional area that increases linearly.

[0658] In the illustrated embodiment, the inner surface 111 of the connection adapter 110 diverges linearly along the flow axis 145. In other embodiments, the inner surface 111 may diverge in a nonlinear manner. The angle of divergence may vary according to the design conditions of each turbocharger. The divergence may be defined by the angle 121 at which the inner wall surfaces 162a, 162b of the wall 162 of the connection adapter 110 are inclined relative to each other. Angle 121 may be described as a diffuser angle. In the illustrated embodiment, angle 121 is approximately 7.5°. Angle 121 is preferably between about 5° and about 20°. Angle 121 is preferably between about 6° and about 15°. Angle 121 is preferably between about 7° and about 10°. Wall 162 is an example of a structure that defines at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage 116. In other embodiments, the connection adapter 110 may define a constant cross-sectional area before linearly diverging along the flow axis 145.

[0659] Thus, the angle 121 defines the diffuser angle of the turbine outlet passage 116. In the illustrated embodiment, the diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage 116 extends continuously through the upstream portion 116a and the downstream portion 116b of the turbine outlet passage 116 (e.g., defined by the turbine housing 102 and the connection adapter 110). In other words, the turbine outlet passage 116 diverges at a constant angle from an upstream point of the turbine outlet passage 116 (at the downstream end 178 of the turbine impeller 118) to at least the second end 335 of the connection adapter 110. The diverging portion also extends upstream of the downstream end 178 of the turbine impeller 118 into the impeller chamber 114. Thus, a portion of the impeller chamber 114 diverges. In other embodiments, the diverging portion may be constrained by the connection adapter 110 (e.g., not extend beyond the connection adapter 110).

[0660] As described above, the connection adapter 110 includes a distribution module mounting seat 122. In the illustrated embodiment, the distribution module mounting seat 122 is formed integrally with the connection adapter 110. In other words, the distribution module mounting seat 122 and the connection adapter 110 are a single structure. Therefore, the distribution module mounting seat 122 and the connection adapter 110 can be manufactured by casting a single combined structure. The distribution module mounting seat 122 defines an opening 164 in the inner surface 111 of the connection adapter 110. The opening 164 can be described as a distribution hole. The aftertreatment fluid is injected into the exhaust through the opening 164. The position of the opening 164 relative to the exhaust gate passage outlet 138 is a special concern of the present invention. For completeness, the distribution module mounting seat 122 can be incorporated as a part of the turbine housing (e.g., an integral turbine housing), a connection adapter or a pipeline.

[0661] The dosing module 126 is a self-atomizing dosing module that is configured to inject the after-treatment fluid in the form of a fine spray from an outlet 166 of the dosing module 126. The dosing module 126 is configured to inject the after-treatment fluid into the main exhaust flow 152b in the turbine outlet passage 116 downstream of the turbine impeller 118. Since the after-treatment fluid is injected in the form of a fine spray, it is not necessary to inject the after-treatment fluid into a structure that promotes atomization of the after-treatment fluid, such as a rotating dosing cup provided in the turbine impeller, and then mix it with the main exhaust flow 152b. The dosing module 126 injects the after-treatment fluid in the form of a fine spray from the outlet 166 in a generally conical manner. The spray cone (of the atomized treatment fluid) is labeled 139.

[0662] Where the spray 139 meets the inner surface 111, a primary impact zone is defined. Due to the risk of corrosion from byproducts of the post-treatment fluid, it is desirable that at least the primary impact zone of the inner surface 111 has some corrosion resistance. For example, a sleeve made of a corrosion-resistant material may be incorporated. Alternatively or in combination, the connection adapter 110 may be made of a corrosion-resistant material. Stainless steel is an example of a corrosion-resistant material. The entire inner surface 111 may be covered or made of a corrosion-resistant material (e.g., stainless steel). Other equally corrosion-resistant materials may be used instead of or in combination with stainless steel.

[0663] In the illustrated embodiment, the dosing module 126 is tilted toward the flow axis 145 so that the dosing module 126 (specifically, its outlet 166) points in the downstream direction (e.g., toward the second end 120 of the connection adapter 120 and away from the turbine wheel 118). As a result, the aftertreatment fluid discharged by the dosing module 126 is injected (slightly) in the flow direction. Given that the direction of the dosing module 126 is defined by the dosing module mounting seat 122, the dosing module mounting seat 122 is also tilted toward the flow axis 145 so that the opening 164 of the dosing module mounting seat 122 points in the downstream direction. Such an orientation is desirable for reasons of a more predictable spray distribution over a wider range of engine operating conditions.

[0664] However, it will be appreciated that in other embodiments, the dosing module 126 and dosing module mount 122 may be tilted such that the after-treatment fluid is injected in a perpendicular direction (e.g., radially) relative to the flow axis 145. In further embodiments, the dosing module 126 and dosing module mount 122 may be tilted such that the after-treatment fluid is injected in an upstream direction (i.e., toward the turbine wheel 118).

[0665] The minimum distance 180 between the centroid of the outlet 166 of the dosing module 126 (and, due to concentric alignment, the centroid of the opening 164 of the dosing module mount 122) and the flow axis 145 defines an outlet intersection 182 along the flow axis 145. The outlet intersection 182 marks the axial position of the opening 164 and the outlet 166 along the flow axis 145.

[0666] Similarly, the minimum distance between the centroids 139 of the wastegate passage outlets 138 defines a wastegate passage intersection 183 along the flow axis 145 . The wastegate passage intersection 183 marks the axial position of the wastegate passage outlet 138 along the flow axis 145 .

[0667] An axial distance 185 along flow axis 145 between outlet intersection 182 and wastegate passage intersection 183 defines the position of dosing module 126 relative to wastegate passage outlet 138. The inventors have discovered that positioning dosing module 126 near wastegate passage outlet 138 has a number of advantages.

[0668] By positioning the dosing module 126 within a range of about 3 turbine outlet passage diameters from the wastegate passage outlet 138 along the flow axis 145, the position at which the aftertreatment fluid is injected into the turbine outlet passage 116 is positioned relatively close to the wastegate passage outlet 138. Therefore, the aftertreatment fluid is injected into a relatively high energy exhaust flow that has not yet expanded through the turbine impeller 118. The aftertreatment fluid is also injected into the region where two high-speed airflows (e.g., the turbine main flow 152b and the bypass flow 152c) converge. Therefore, a high level of mixing is achieved, and the mixing level is affected by the momentum exchange of the two airflows. By injecting the aftertreatment fluid near the wastegate passage outlet 138, the increase in the mixing level in the above-mentioned region contributes to the dispersion of the aftertreatment fluid (especially its reductant) in the entire exhaust flow. The aftertreatment fluid is also affected by the high level of relative velocity (i.e., gas velocity and reductant droplet velocity), which increases the convective heat transfer to the droplets, thereby increasing the decomposition. As a droplet passes through the high mixing region, it is exposed to many different local velocities that will push, pull, and shear the droplet in different directions. This chaotic flow field, which can be indicated by the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) index, aids in mixing. The bypass flow 152c is also relatively hotter than the turbine body flow 152b because the bypass flow 152c has not yet expanded through the turbine impeller 118. The higher exhaust temperature promotes the decomposition of the injected aftertreatment fluid by promoting the evaporation of the deionized water and the thermal decomposition of the urea into the constituent reductants.

[0669] Removal of harmful gases from the bulk exhaust flow 152b is thereby facilitated.

[0670] The inventors have discovered that the above advantages can be achieved by positioning the dosing module 126 along the flow axis 145 at the outlet intersection 182 of the wastegate passage outlet 138 within about 3 turbine outlet passage diameters of the turbine outlet passage 116 .

[0671] The distance between the downstream end 178 of the turbine impeller 118 and the intersection 182 is about 2.4 times the diameter of the outlet inducer measured along the flow axis 145 (i.e., about 2.4 times the distance indicated by the reference numeral 176). The intersection 182 is preferably located downstream of the downstream end 178 of the turbine impeller 118 measured along the flow axis 145 up to about 3 times the diameter of the outlet inducer. The intersection 182 may be located in a range between about 3 times the diameter of the outlet inducer and about 7 times the diameter of the outlet inducer downstream of the downstream end 178 of the turbine impeller 118 measured along the flow axis 145. In other embodiments, the distance between the downstream end 178 of the turbine impeller 118 and the outlet intersection 182 may be different. However, the distance is preferably no more than about 10 times the diameter of the outlet inducer. The intersection 182 may be located at least 1 times the diameter of the outlet inducer downstream of the downstream end 178 of the turbine impeller 118.

[0672] By positioning the dosing module 126 and the dosing module outlet 166 relatively close to the turbine impeller 118, the injected aftertreatment fluid can be encouraged to decompose into reductants (e.g., ammonia (NH3) and isocyanic acid (HNCO) to support the downstream SCR reaction). This is because the distance between the location where the aftertreatment fluid is injected and the downstream selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst is increased, so the time available for decomposition before reaching the SCR catalyst is also increased, thereby increasing the amount of decomposition of the injected aftertreatment fluid. This is particularly beneficial when operating at relatively low exhaust temperatures, such as at engine start-up.

[0673] Decomposition is facilitated, at least in part, because the swirl of the main exhaust flow 152b after exiting the turbine impeller 118 is greater than, for example, the exhaust gas significantly downstream of the turbine impeller (e.g., in a decomposition chamber). As a result, there are regions of high turbulent kinetic energy within the exhaust flow (which facilitates mixing of the aftertreatment fluid with the main exhaust flow due to increased momentum exchange between the aftertreatment fluid and the main exhaust flow), and their magnitude is greater due to proximity to the turbine impeller 118. The higher turbulent kinetic energy of the main exhaust flow also facilitates droplet breakup of the injected aftertreatment fluid. Increasing droplet breakup of the aftertreatment fluid can improve the uniformity of mixing of the aftertreatment fluid with the main exhaust flow, thereby increasing decomposition of the aftertreatment fluid.

[0674] The temperature of the bulk exhaust stream 152b is also relatively high near the turbine wheel 118. The higher exhaust temperature promotes decomposition of the injected aftertreatment fluid by promoting evaporation of deionized water and thermal decomposition of urea into constituent reductants. Higher convective heat transfer from the bulk turbine stream to the aftertreatment fluid droplets also promotes decomposition.

[0675] The velocity of the bulk exhaust flow at the walls of the turbine outlet passage 116 is also higher near the turbine wheel 118 than at locations further downstream. The higher velocity creates relatively high shear forces in these regions and reduces the risk of aftertreatment fluid settling on, for example, the inner surface 111 defining the turbine outlet passage 116. Thus, the risk of undesirable deposit accumulation within the turbine outlet passage 116 is also reduced. The relatively high velocity of the bulk turbine flow also helps to improve convective heat transfer to the aftertreatment fluid droplets.

[0676] Removal of harmful gases from the bulk exhaust flow 152b (eg, detoxification of the exhaust) is thereby facilitated.

[0677] Thus, placing the dosing module 126 near the downstream end 178 of the turbine impeller 118 is advantageous in overcoming problems associated with: i) poor decomposition of the aftertreatment fluid due to low exhaust temperatures and / or low turbulent kinetic energy of the exhaust flow; ii) packaging considerations / packaging limitations when positioning the dosing module significantly downstream of the engine; iii) undesirable system backpressure due to the use of a conventional downstream decomposition chamber, which can reduce the efficiency of the upstream engine; iv) aftertreatment deposit formation on any near-interior surfaces; and v) the high thermal mass of the downstream aftertreatment components (e.g., the decomposition chamber) of conventional systems.

[0678] It is also noted that in the illustrated embodiment, the bypass flow 152c is discharged directly into the same region of the turbine outlet channel 116 through the wastegate passage outlet 138, and the aftertreatment fluid is injected into the region. This region can be referred to as a mixing zone, which is directly disposed downstream of the turbine impeller 118. The mixing zone can extend through the entire turbine outlet channel 116, orthogonal to the flow axis 145. This is in contrast to an embodiment in which, for example, a diffuser insert (e.g., an internal diffuser tube or a secondary wall) can separate the main impact zone of the aftertreatment fluid from the bypass flow 152c (axially) (at least initially). For example, in such an embodiment, the bypass flow may initially flow around the diffuser insert and only mix with the aftertreatment fluid injected into the interior of the diffuser insert downstream of the diffuser insert. In the illustrated embodiment, the bypass flow 152c and the aftertreatment fluid are directly introduced into the mixing zone just downstream of the turbine impeller 118. This can also be described as a single-layer (e.g., single-wall) arrangement (i.e., there is no secondary wall or diffuser insert).

[0679] In the illustrated embodiment, the dosing module 126 is positioned such that the outlet 166 overlaps the wastegate passage outlet 138 along the flow axis 145. Furthermore, in the illustrated embodiment, the centroid of the outlet 166 is located within the axial extent 137 of the wastegate passage outlet 138. Thus, the outlet intersection point 182 (indicating the location of the outlet 166 of the dosing module 126) is located within the axial extent 137 of the wastegate passage outlet 138. In the illustrated embodiment, the centroid of the outlet 166 is also generally axially aligned with the centroid 181 of the wastegate passage outlet 138. It will be appreciated that in other embodiments, the axial offset 185 between the centroid of the dosing module 126 and the wastegate passage outlet 138 may be greater and up to within about 3 turbine outlet passage diameters along the flow axis 145.

[0680] Throughout the above description, it will be understood that references to the location of the outlet 166 of the dispensing module 126 also apply to the opening 164 of the dispensing module mount 122. This is due to the dispensing module 126 being concentrically mounted to the dispensing module mount 122. Due to the concentric alignment between the components, the outlet 166 and the opening 164 can be said to share a centroid.

[0681] Wastegate passage outlet 138 is spaced apart from outlet 166 in a circumferential direction about flow axis 145. Figure 6 As shown, wastegate passage outlet 138 is spaced approximately 90 degrees circumferentially about flow axis 145 from outlet 166 of dosing module 126. In a preferred embodiment, wastegate passage outlet 138 is spaced approximately 30 degrees to approximately 110 degrees circumferentially about flow axis 145 from outlet 166 of dosing module 126.

[0682] return Figure 4 , the wastegate passage 136 is aligned so that the wastegate passage exhaust flow 152c (i.e., the bypass flow) exits the wastegate passage outlet 138 and enters the turbine outlet passage 116 (particularly the downstream portion 116b thereof) at a velocity that is generally tangential to the flow axis 145. This is also Figure 6 Shown in.

[0683] return Figure 5 , showing Figure 4 A close-up view of a portion of the turbine distribution system 102 in FIG. Figure 4 compared to, Figure 5 Some annotations have been removed to aid understanding of the relative alignment of the dosing module 126 (eg, its outlet 166 , or the opening 164 of the dosing module mount 122 ) and the wastegate passage outlet 138 .

[0684] In short, Figure 5The minimum distance 180 between the centroid of outlet 166 and / or opening 164 and flow axis 145 is shown. This defines and shows an outlet intersection point 182. The minimum distance between the centroid 181 of wastegate passage outlet 138 and flow axis 145 defines a wastegate passage intersection point 183.

[0685] An axial distance 185 along flow axis 145 between outlet intersection 182 and wastegate passage intersection 183 defines the position of dosing module 126 (particularly outlet 166 thereof, and opening 164 of dosing module mount 122 ) relative to wastegate passage outlet 138 .

[0686] Outlet 166 is shown overlapping axial extent 137 of wastegate passage outlet 138. Because axial distance 185 is less than approximately a major dimension (eg, diameter) of opening 164, outlet 166 is also substantially axially aligned with centroid 181 of wastegate passage outlet 138.

[0687] The elongated geometry of the wastegate passage outlet 138 in the direction of the flow axis 145 (e.g., the hole is letterboxed) and the tangential introduction of the wastegate passage exhaust flow advantageously generate relatively high shear forces in the exhaust passage exhaust flow. The shear forces are generated by a layer of relatively high velocity exhaust gas near the inner surface 111. Such shear forces are desirable because they improve mixing of the aftertreatment fluid with the exhaust gas and reduce the risk of deposits accumulating on the inner surface 111, particularly near the primary impact zone (e.g., Figure 4 The wastegate passage outlet 138 is located approximately opposite the outlet 166 of the dosing module 126 and is bounded by the spray cone 139. The letterbox-shaped wastegate passage outlet 138 also means that shear forces are generated over a relatively large surface area (eg, along the flow axis 145).

[0688] although Figure 5 The outlet 166 of the distribution module 126 is shown to be substantially aligned with the inner surface 111, but in other embodiments, the outlet 166 (optionally, a nozzle of the distribution module 126 in which the outlet 166 is disposed) may protrude into the turbine outlet passage 116 (e.g., protrude beyond the opening 164). Substantially aligned (i.e., substantially flush) is intended to mean that the outlet 166 is located within about ±2 mm of the opening 164 in the inner surface 111 along the distribution module axis 167. This advantageously reduces the risk of exhaust gas recirculation near the outlet 166 of the distribution module 126.

[0689] Figure 6 is an end view of the turbocharger 100 viewed from the end of the turbine housing assembly 102 .

[0690] In the illustrated embodiment, the angle 311 between the dosing module axis 167 and the center axis 302 of the NOx sensor 128 (i.e., the circumferential offset between the dosing module 126 and the NOx sensor 128) is about 90 degrees (about the flow axis 145). The angle 311 is preferably between about 30 degrees and about 90 degrees. Similarly, in the illustrated embodiment, the angle 313 between the wastegate passage outlet axis 309 passing through the centroid of the wastegate passage outlet 138 and the dosing module axis 167 (i.e., the circumferential offset between the centroid of the wastegate passage outlet 138 and the dosing module 126) is also about 90 degrees about the flow axis 145. The angle 313 is preferably between about 45 degrees and about 110 degrees. In the illustrated embodiment, the angle 315 between the wastegate passage outlet axis 309 and the center axis 302 of the NOx sensor 128 (i.e., the circumferential offset between the centroid of the wastegate passage outlet 138 and the NOx sensor 128) is approximately 180 degrees. The angle 315 is preferably between approximately 75 degrees and approximately 180 degrees. In the illustrated embodiment, the dosing module 126 is circumferentially interposed between the wastegate passage outlet 138 and the NOx sensor 128.

[0691] Figure 6 Also shown is wastegate passage exhaust flow 152c entering turbine outlet passage 116 in a generally tangential direction. Figure 6 As shown, when viewed from the outer end of the connection adapter 110, the wastegate channel exhaust flow 152c swirls in a generally counterclockwise direction. The swirl direction is the same as the direction of the swirl of the main exhaust flow 152b when it expands through the turbine impeller 118. Therefore, the wastegate channel exhaust flow 152c can be considered to swirl in the same direction as the main exhaust flow 152b. The swirl direction can be described relative to the direction extending toward the impeller chamber around the turbine impeller axis (in the illustrated embodiment, coinciding with the flow axis 145) of the volute 113. Specifically, the exhaust flow swirls in the same direction as the direction in which the volute 113 extends. The swirl direction of the main exhaust flow 152b may vary with the engine operating conditions. For example, under certain operating conditions, the main exhaust flow or a portion of the main exhaust flow may swirl in a direction opposite to the direction in which the volute 113 extends. For example, under operating conditions where the turbine achieves peak power output, the main exhaust flow may swirl in a direction substantially the same as the direction in which the volute 113 extends. However, if the turbine is operated under lower load conditions, part or all of the main exhaust flow may swirl in a direction opposite to the direction in which the volute 113 extends. However, for the purposes of this document, the swirl direction of the turbine main exhaust flow is referred to as the nominal swirl direction. The nominal swirl direction is the same as the direction in which the volute 113 extends and the same as the direction in which the turbine impeller 118 rotates (or can rotate when in use).

[0692] Figure 7is from Figure 4 1 is a cross-sectional end view of the turbocharger 100 taken along plane AA shown in FIG.

[0693] Figure 7 The NOx sensor 128 is shown axially upstream of the dosing module 126 (ie, closer to the turbine wheel 118 ). This is to reduce the risk of aftertreatment fluid impinging on the NOx sensor 128 .

[0694] Figure 7 It is shown how both the dosing module mount 122 and the NOx sensor mount 124 are integrated with the connection adapter 110. In other words, the dosing module mount 122 and the NOx sensor mount 124 form a unitary structure with the connection adapter 110. In other embodiments, the dosing module mount 122 and / or the NOx sensor mount 124 may be formed of separate components that are subsequently connected to the connection adapter 110.

[0695] Figure 7 Also shown are a portion of wastegate passage 136 , valve member 140 , and further portions of the path taken by wastegate passage exhaust flow 152 c . In the illustrated embodiment, valve member 140 is mounted within the turbine housing, but may be mounted within connection adapter 110 in other embodiments.

[0696] Figure 8 is a perspective view of a turbocharger 200 incorporating a wastegate turbine dosing system 202 according to another embodiment.

[0697] Turbocharger 200 includes compressor 204, bearing housing 206, and turbine distribution system 202. Bearing housing 206 is interposed between compressor 204 and turbine distribution system 202 such that each of compressor 204 and turbine distribution system 202 may be described as being engaged with bearing housing 206.

[0698] Turbocharger 200 combined with Figures 2 to 7 The turbochargers 100 described in 1 share many common features. Therefore, only the differences will be described in detail.

[0699] The wastegate turbine dosing system 202 includes an integral turbine housing 208. Thus, there is no Figure 2 The separate connection adapter described for the turbocharger 100 is shown. In contrast, the integral turbine housing 208 includes a turbine inlet passage 210, an impeller chamber ( Figure 8 208). In addition, each of the inlet passage 210, the impeller chamber, and the turbine outlet passage 212 is defined by the same component (ie, the integral turbine housing 208).

[0700] The turbine inlet passage 210 is defined by a volute 214 which forms part of the integral turbine housing 208. The turbine outlet passage 212 is defined by an inner surface 216 of the integral turbine housing 208. Figure 8 will be understood, and as combined Fig. 9 and Fig.10 As described in detail, the turbine outlet passage 212 diverges to define a diffuser.

[0701] The wastegate turbine dosing system 202 also includes a wastegate arrangement 218. The wastegate arrangement 218 includes a valve assembly (not visible) and a wastegate passage 220. In use, the valve assembly is actuated by an actuation rod 222. The actuation rod 222 may more appropriately be described as an actuator. Figure 8 Of particular relevance is wastegate passage 220 .

[0702] As the terminology is used herein, wastegate passage 220 refers to an enclosed volume through which bypass exhaust gas may flow. Figure 8 The specific components visible in the figure can be more accurately described as wastegate grooves, which define wastegate passages 220. Figure 8 It will be appreciated that the wastegate passage 220 extends between the turbine inlet passage 210 and the turbine outlet passage 212. Thus, the unitary turbine housing 208 may be described as defining the entire wastegate passage 220. It will be appreciated that exhaust gas may be bypassed around the turbine wheel chamber by selectively opening the wastegate passage 220 to control the speed of the turbine wheel, thereby directing the bypass flow from the turbine inlet passage 210 directly to the turbine outlet passage 212.

[0703] For completeness, the wastegate turbine dosing system 202 also includes a dosing module 222 received in a dosing module mount 224. The dosing module mount 224 forms part of the integral turbine housing 208.

[0704] The downstream end of the wastegate passage 220 opens outwardly into the turbine outlet passage 216 through the wastegate passage outlet 226. Figure 8 It will be appreciated that the wastegate passage outlet 226 in the illustrated embodiment is elongated in a circumferential direction (eg, extending around a portion of the inner surface 216 of the integral turbine housing 208 ).

[0705] The turbine dosing system 202 also includes a NOx sensor 228 which is not the focus of the present invention.

[0706] Steering Fig. 9, provides a perspective cross-sectional view of the turbocharger 200. The subject matter description related to the relative alignment of the dosing module 222 and the wastegate passage outlet 226 will be combined with Fig.10 However, Fig. 9 A portion of the geometry of wastegate passage outlet 226 is shown in FIG.

[0707] Fig. 9 A cross section of a turbocharger 200 is shown with a turbine metering system 202 and a compressor 204 engaged with a bearing housing 206. Extending through the bearing housing 206 is a shaft 230, which is supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis 232. A turbine wheel 234 is mounted at a first end of the shaft 230, and a compressor wheel 236 is mounted at the other end of the shaft 230. In use, exhaust gas expands across the turbine wheel 234 to drive rotation of the compressor wheel 236.

[0708] The flow axis 238 extends from the downstream end of the turbine wheel 234 and occupies the geometric centerline of the turbine outlet passage 212 . Fig. 9 It is also shown that the turbine inlet passage 210 is disposed upstream of the impeller chamber 239. The impeller chamber 239 is in turn in fluid communication with the turbine outlet passage 212.

[0709] Fig. 9 The wastegate passage outlet 226 is shown to be generally rectangular and extends in an elongated manner in a circumferential direction about the flow axis 238 .

[0710] Fig. 9 Also shown is a dosing module 222 mounted to a dosing module mount 2242. The dosing module 222 includes a nozzle 240. The nozzle 240 defines an outlet 242 of the dosing module 222. In the illustrated embodiment, the nozzle 240 protrudes through an opening 244 defined in the inner surface 216 that defines the turbine outlet passage 212. Thus, the outlet 242 of the dosing module 222 protrudes into the turbine outlet passage 212. Fig. 9 Also schematically shown is a spray cone 246 generated by the dosing module 222. The spray cone 246 illustrates the geometry of the after-treatment fluid as it is ejected from the dosing module 222. The area on the inner surface 216 defined by the spray cone 246 may be described as a primary impact zone, i.e., the area that would come into contact with the after-treatment fluid spray in use and without being deformed by the exhaust gas. Fig. 9 It will be appreciated that the schematically indicated spray cone 246 surrounds at least a portion of the wastegate passage outlet 226 (and preferably surrounds the entirety of the wastegate passage outlet 226 ).

[0711] As above combined Figure 4As described, due to the risk of corrosion from byproducts of the post-treatment fluid, it is desirable that at least the main impact zone 246 of the inner surface 216 has a certain corrosion resistance. For example, a sleeve made of a corrosion-resistant material can be incorporated. Alternatively or in combination, the turbine housing 208 can be made of a corrosion-resistant material. Stainless steel is an example of a corrosion-resistant material. The entire inner surface 216 can be covered or made of a corrosion-resistant material (e.g., stainless steel). Other equally corrosion-resistant materials can be used instead of stainless steel or in combination with stainless steel. Coatings and / or surface treatments can also be used to improve corrosion resistance.

[0712] Parameters defining the spray cone 246 include the cone angle, the velocity of the after-treatment fluid being injected, and the mass of the after-treatment fluid droplets (controlled at least in part by the diameter of the droplets).

[0713] Steering Fig.10 , provides a cross-sectional side view of a portion of a turbocharger 200, with focus on the turbine metering system 202. Fig.10 The compressor is hidden from view as are portions of the bearing housing 206 and shaft 230. The turbine wheel 234, turbine wheel chamber 239 and turbine wheel axis 232 are all visible.

[0714] supply Fig.10 to show more detail about the respective alignment of the dosing module 222 and the wastegate passage outlet 226. As described previously herein, because the dosing module 222 is concentrically mounted within the dosing module mount 224, the location of the outlet 242 of the dosing module 222, or specifically, its centroid, occupies the same axial location along the flow axis 238 as the opening 244 (specifically, its centroid). Thus, references to the alignment / location of the opening 244 apply equally to the outlet 242, and vice versa.

[0715] First, the centroid 248 of the wastegate passage outlet 246 is marked. Fig. 9 and Fig.10 It will be appreciated that centroid 248 is located on inner surface 216 (specifically, a portion of inner surface 216 that is omitted due to the presence of wastegate passage outlet 226 ). Fig.10 Also indicated is the axial extent 250 of the wastegate passage outlet 226. The minimum distance 252 between the centroid 248 of the wastegate passage outlet 226 and the flow axis 238 intersects the flow axis at a wastegate passage intersection 254. The wastegate passage intersection 254 indicates the axial position of the wastegate passage outlet 226 along the flow axis 238.

[0716] Similarly, the minimum distance 256 between the outlet 242 (optionally, its centroid) and the flow axis 238 intersects the flow axis 238 at an outlet intersection 258. The outlet intersection 258 indicates the axial position of the outlet 242, and therefore the axial position of the dosing module 222 and / or the opening 244 along the flow axis 238. For the reasons previously described, it will also be understood that the outlet intersection 258 also indicates the axial position of the opening 244 (specifically, its centroid), as defined by the dosing module mount 224 along the flow axis 238.

[0717] exist Fig.10 The axial distance 260 between the outlet intersection 258 and the wastegate passage intersection 254 is shown in FIG. Figure 4 For reasons described in detail in , it is advantageous to position the dosing module 222 along the flow axis 238 of the wastegate passage outlet 226 within a range of about 3 turbine outlet passage diameters at the outlet intersection 258. These advantages will be combined with Figure 4 For the sake of brevity, the detailed description is not repeated here. As described above, an alternative method of defining the relative distance 260 is to locate the dosing module 222 within a range of about 3 outlet guide diameters from the wastegate passage outlet 226 .

[0718] exist Fig.10 In the illustrated embodiment, it will be appreciated that the axial distance 260 between the intersection points 258, 254 is greater than Figure 4 The axial distance 260 is less than about half of the diameter of the turbine outlet passage 212 when measured at the intersection 258. In addition, the outlet 242 and the opening 244 are disposed upstream of the wastegate passage outlet 226 along the flow axis 238. The outlet 242 and / or the opening 244 also do not axially overlap with the wastegate passage outlet 226. Therefore, the outlet 242 and / or the opening 244 are not located within the axial extent 250 of the wastegate passage outlet 226.

[0719] although Figure 4 and Fig.10 The illustrated embodiment shows the dosing module being located in the same component as the wastegate passage outlet (connection adapter and integral turbine housing, respectively), but it will also be appreciated that the dosing module and wastegate passage outlet may be provided across different (e.g. adjacent) components. Furthermore, one or more of the dosing module and wastegate passage outlet may be provided as part of a downstream conduit that engages with an outer end of the connection adapter or integral turbine housing. It will be appreciated that the advantages derived from the relative axial position of the wastegate passage outlet and dosing module may be obtained regardless of which particular component the dosing module (mount) and / or wastegate passage outlet is provided as part of.

[0720] and Figure 4 Similar to the embodiment shown, Fig.10 In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 , the dosing module 222 and the dosing module mount 224 are tilted toward the flow axis 238 so that the after-treatment fluid is injected in a downstream direction (e.g., away from the turbine wheel 234). However, in other embodiments, the dosing module 222 and the dosing module mount 224 may be positioned perpendicular to the flow axis 238 (e.g., radially to the flow axis 238), or tilted toward the flow axis 238 so that the after-treatment fluid is injected in an upstream direction (e.g., toward the turbine wheel 234).

[0721] See also Fig.11 and Fig.12 , two images showing results from CFD simulations are provided. These images indicate that in a turbine system the wastegate passage is closed ( Fig.11 ) and open ( Fig.12 ) is the change of turbulent kinetic energy.

[0722] Fig.11 and Fig.12 is a cross-sectional side view through turbine system 300 .

[0723] The turbine system 300 includes a turbine inlet passage 302, a wheel chamber 304, and an outlet passage 306. Also shown is a wastegate passage 308, which is in fluid communication with the outlet passage 306 via a wastegate passage outlet 310.

[0724] exist Fig.11 In the image of FIG. 3 , the wastegate passage 308 is closed. Therefore, all exhaust gas flow entering the turbine system 300 through the turbine inlet passage 302 flows out through the outlet passage 306 . Fig.11 The engine system is indicated to be operating at low speed and low load conditions (eg, steady state conditions). Fig.11 It may also be described as showing nominal engine system operating conditions / points.

[0725] Fig.11 Indicated: Downstream of the impeller chamber 304, the turbulent kinetic energy is relatively low (e.g., region 312) until a region of higher turbulent kinetic energy begins to appear at region 314. It will be recalled that it is desirable to inject the aftertreatment fluid into a region of relatively higher turbulent kinetic energy to improve mixing of the reductant with the exhaust gas flow, among other benefits.

[0726] See also Fig.12 , the wastegate passage 308 is in an open state, that is, a portion of the exhaust gas flowing through the turbine inlet passage 308 bypasses the impeller chamber 304 and enters the outlet passage 306 through the wastegate passage outlet 310 . Fig.12 Indicates that the engine system is operating at high speed and high load conditions.

[0727] Fig.12 Indication: Since the wastegate passage 308 is open, the turbulent kinetic energy is higher the closer to the impeller chamber 304. The region of high turbulent kinetic energy exists from region 316, substantially in line with the wastegate passage outlet 310, and extends downstream for a long distance. By injecting the aftertreatment fluid into the region of high turbulent kinetic energy, the high turbulent kinetic energy of the existing wastegate exhaust flow can be utilized to easily obtain the advantages described elsewhere in this document. The inventors have discovered that the region (high turbulent kinetic energy region) exists within about 3 times the outlet passage diameter from the wastegate passage outlet 310. As mentioned above, an alternative metric for defining this distance is within 3 times the outlet guide diameter from the wastegate passage outlet 310.

[0728] Beyond this distance, exhaust flow begins to stabilize and the overall TKE decreases (reducing the efficiency of aftertreatment fluid mixing with the exhaust, among other effects). Additionally, any space requirements within the engine system become more complicated the further the dosing module is from the turbine.

[0729] Fig.13 is a side cross-sectional view of a turbine dosing system 320 according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0730] The turbine metering system 320 includes a metering module 322 mounted to a metering module mount 324, and a wastegate passage outlet 326 located at the downstream end of a wastegate passage 328. A flow axis 330 extending from a downstream end 332 of a turbine wheel 334 is also indicated. The flow axis 330 defines a geometric centerline of a turbine outlet passage 335.

[0731] A distance 336 is indicated along the flow axis 330 by which the proximal edge of the wastegate passage outlet 326 and the opening 323 of the dosing module mounting seat 324 are offset from each other. A distance 338 is also indicated along the flow axis 330 by which the centroid of the wastegate passage outlet 326 and the opening 323 of the dosing module mounting seat 324 are offset from each other. It will be appreciated that the position of the dosing module 322 is determined by the position of the dosing module mounting seat 324, and thus, the above references to the opening 323 of the dosing module mounting seat 324 also apply to the outlet of the dosing module 322 (e.g., the distance 338 also represents the spacing distance between the centroid of the wastegate passage outlet 328 and the centroid of the outlet of the dosing module 322).

[0732] from Fig.13It will be appreciated that the opening 323 of the dosing module mount 324 and the outlet of the dosing module 322 are arranged within about 3 turbine outlet passage diameters 340 and within about 3 outlet inducer diameters 342 from the wastegate passage outlet 328 along the flow axis 330. Thus, the beneficial effect of injecting the aftertreatment fluid near the wastegate passage outlet 328 is achieved.

[0733] Fig.13 Also shown is a spray cone 344 defined by the aftertreatment fluid discharged from the distribution module 322. The spray cone 344 and the distribution module 322 also define a main impact zone 346 (e.g., where the spray cone 344 meets a generally opposing wall). The main impact zone 346 is also advantageously located at least partially within about 3 turbine outlet passage diameters 340 and about 3 outlet inducer diameters 342 from the wastegate passage outlet 328 along the flow axis 330.

[0734] Fig.13 The bypass flow (ie, exhaust gas passing through the wastegate passage outlet 326) and the aftertreatment fluid (ie, spray cone 346) are shown entering the turbine outlet passage 335 in substantially the same direction. In other words, they form an acute angle therebetween.

[0735] Due to the risk of corrosion from byproducts of the post-treatment fluid, it is desirable that at least the primary impact zone 346 has some corrosion resistance. For example, a sleeve made of a corrosion resistant material may be incorporated. The sleeve is preferably incorporated to span or cover the joint line between the turbine housing and the downstream conduit. Alternatively or in combination, the turbine housing and / or the downstream conduit shown may be made of a corrosion resistant material. Stainless steel is an example of a corrosion resistant material. Other equally corrosion resistant materials may be used in place of or in combination with stainless steel. Coatings and / or surface treatments may also be used to improve corrosion resistance.

[0736] Steering Fig.14 , shows a portion of a turbine dosing system 350 according to another embodiment. Fig.14 The view is along Fig.15 A cross-sectional view taken along the plane designated 352 in FIG.

[0737] Fig.14 A portion of a unitary turbine housing 354 is shown with the outlet inducer diameter 356 schematically indicated and a portion of a wastegate passage 358 also visible. Fig.14 A portion of the dispensing module mounting 316 can also be seen.

[0738] The turbine distribution system 300 also includes a downstream conduit 362 connected to the integral turbine housing 354. The downstream conduit 362 includes a plurality of bends including a first bend (at Fig.14 Not visible in , but in Fig.16 The term "bend" indicates that the downstream conduit changes direction. Due to the presence of the wastegate passage 358, the turbine distribution system 300 can be described as a wastegate turbine distribution system. However, it will be understood that the advantages described below can also be obtained in a turbine distribution system that does not incorporate a wastegate (such as a fixed geometry turbine). It may be desirable to incorporate a corrosion-resistant sleeve (e.g., made of stainless steel) at least at the first bend 364 (and preferably at the second bend 366) to reduce the risk of corrosion of the downstream conduit 362 due to byproducts of the aftertreatment fluid. Alternatively or in combination, the turbine housing 354 and / or the downstream conduit 362 can be made of stainless steel. Other equally corrosion-resistant materials can be used instead of stainless steel or in combination with stainless steel. Coatings and / or surface treatments can also be used to improve corrosion resistance.

[0739] refer to Fig.15 , a side view of a portion of a turbine distribution system 350 is provided.

[0740] Fig.15 A dosing module mount 360 is shown forming part of the integral turbine housing 354 . Fig.15 Also shown is a wastegate groove 368 that defines a wastegate passage. In the illustrated embodiment, the integral turbine housing 354 includes a diverging portion 370. The diverging portion 370 can be described as a diffuser due to the increase in cross-sectional area. Fig.15 As will be appreciated in the drawings, the dosing module mount is defined in the diverging portion 370. Similarly, the wastegate passage 368 has a downstream end disposed at the diverging portion 370. Fig.15 A portion of the downstream conduit 362 can also be seen.

[0741] For the avoidance of doubt, many features of the turbine distribution system 350 correspond to the turbine distribution systems described previously herein. Accordingly, only the differences will be described in detail in this section.

[0742] exist Fig.15 The plane 372 in the drawing indicates the location of the centroid of the opening of the dispensing module mounting seat 360. For the sake of completeness, the dispensing module mounting seat 360 is not shown as having an opening, but, in reality, the dispensing module mounting seat 360 does incorporate an opening. Therefore, the plane 372 also indicates the location of the centroid of the associated outlet of the dispensing module when it is installed in the dispensing module mounting seat 360 (the dispensing module is not installed in the dispensing module mounting seat 360). Fig.15). In the illustrated embodiment, the position of the plane 372 is located within a range of about two outlet guide diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller along the flow axis. This will be described in more detail below.

[0743] Fig.16 is a cross-sectional side view of a portion of a turbine distribution system 350. Although Fig.16 The turbine wheel is not shown in the figure, but is located just out of view on the left side of the figure. Fig.16 The left side flange of begins at the downstream end of the turbine impeller.

[0744] Fig.16 A flow axis 374 is shown extending from the downstream end of the turbine wheel. The flow axis 374 represents the geometric center point of the turbine outlet passage 376. In the illustrated embodiment, the turbine outlet passage 376 is defined by the combination of the integral turbine housing 354 and the downstream conduit 362. As described above, the centroid of the opening of the distribution module mount 360 is disposed approximately two inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel. Fig.16 Also shown is a first bend 364 defined by the downstream conduit 362. Thus, it will be appreciated that in this embodiment, the dosing module mount 316 is arranged upstream of the first bend 364.

[0745] Fig.16 Also shown is the increase in the cross-sectional area of ​​the turbine outlet passage 376 in the diverging portion 370. Downstream of the diverging portion 370, the cross-sectional area of ​​the turbine outlet passage 376 becomes constant.

[0746] The integral turbine housing 354 may be connected to the downstream conduit 362 by, for examp...

Claims

1. A turbine metering system for a turbocharger, the turbine metering system comprising: a turbine inlet passage configured to receive exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine; a turbine wheel chamber configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter; a turbine outlet passage located downstream of the turbine wheel chamber and configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel; as well as A plurality of dosing modules are configured to inject an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage.

2. The turbine distribution system according to claim 1, wherein: Two or more of the plurality of distribution modules are circumferentially offset from one another about the flow axis.

3. The turbine distribution system according to claim 2, wherein: One or more of the plurality of distribution modules are mounted tangentially about the flow axis.

4. A turbine distribution system according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: Two or more of the plurality of distribution modules are axially offset from one another along the flow axis.

5. A turbine metering system for a turbocharger, the turbine metering system comprising: a turbine inlet passage configured to receive exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine; a turbine wheel chamber configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage; as well as A turbine outlet passage, the turbine outlet passage being located downstream of the turbine wheel chamber and the turbine outlet passage being configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage being at least partially defined by a structure including a plurality of distribution module mounting seats, each of the plurality of distribution module mounting seats being configured to receive a distribution module, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber.

6. A method of operating a turbine metering system for a turbocharger, comprising: receiving exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage; receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter; receiving exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber into a turbine outlet passage downstream of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel; as well as An aftertreatment fluid is injected into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage using a plurality of dosing modules.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein: Two or more of the plurality of distribution modules are circumferentially offset from one another about the flow axis.

8. The method according to claim 7, wherein: One or more of the plurality of distribution modules are mounted tangentially about the flow axis.

9. The method according to any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein: Two or more of the plurality of distribution modules are axially offset from one another along the flow axis.

10. A method of operating a turbine metering system for a turbocharger, comprising: receiving exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage; receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter; receiving exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber into a turbine outlet passage downstream of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel; as well as By selectively actuating one or more of a plurality of dosing modules, aftertreatment fluid is injected into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage.

11. A method of operating a turbine metering system for a turbocharger, comprising: receiving exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage; receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber; as well as Exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber is received in a turbine outlet passage downstream of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage being at least partially defined by a structure including a plurality of distribution module mounting seats, each of the plurality of distribution module mounting seats being configured to receive a distribution module, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber.

12. A turbine housing component for a wastegate turbine dosing system, the turbine housing component comprising: a turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending therethrough, the turbine outlet passage being configured to receive a turbine body exhaust flow; as well as at least a portion of a wastegate passage configured to receive the bypass exhaust flow and disposed in fluid communication with the turbine outlet passage via a wastegate passage outlet; wherein the turbine housing element further comprises a distribution module mounting seat configured to receive a distribution module, the distribution module mounting seat defining an opening in fluid communication with the turbine outlet passage; and The opening of the distribution module mounting seat is arranged within a range of about 3 times the diameter of the turbine outlet channel from the outlet of the wastegate channel along the flow axis.

13. The turbine housing element according to claim 12, wherein: The centroid of the opening of the dosing module mounting is located within about 3 turbine outlet passage diameters from the centroid of the wastegate passage outlet along the flow axis.

14. A turbine housing element according to claim 12 or 13, wherein: The opening is located downstream of an outlet of the wastegate passage.

15. A turbine housing element according to claim 12 or 13, wherein: The opening at least partially overlaps the wastegate passage outlet along the flow axis.

16. A turbine housing element according to claim 15, when dependent on claim 15, wherein: The centroid of the opening of the dosing module mounting is disposed at an axial position along the flow axis within the axial extent of the wastegate passage outlet along the flow axis.

17. The turbine housing element according to claim 16, wherein: The centroid of the opening of the dosing module mount is substantially axially aligned with the centroid of the wastegate passage outlet.

18. A turbine housing element according to any one of claims 12 to 17, wherein The distribution module mounting seat is inclined towards the flow axis so that the opening of the distribution module mounting seat points in the downstream direction.

19. A turbine housing element according to any one of claims 12 to 18, wherein: The turbine housing element is a one-piece turbine housing, the turbine housing comprising: a turbine inlet passage configured to receive exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine; a turbine wheel chamber configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage; wherein the turbine outlet passage is configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber; wherein the flow axis extends from a downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber; and The at least a portion of the wastegate passage includes the entire wastegate passage extending between the turbine inlet passage and the turbine outlet passage, the wastegate passage bypassing the turbine wheel chamber.

20. A wastegate turbine metering system for a turbocharger, the turbine metering system comprising: The turbine housing element of claim 19, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an inducer defining an inducer diameter; said flow axis extending from a downstream end of said turbine wheel; as well as A dosing module is mounted on the dosing module mount and is configured to inject aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage via the opening of the dosing module mount.

21. The wastegate turbine dosing system of claim 20, wherein: The opening of the dosing module mount is disposed within about 3 outlet guide diameters of the wastegate passage outlet along the flow axis.

22. A turbine housing element according to any one of claims 12 to 18, wherein The turbine housing element is a connection adapter, which comprises: a first connection portion located at a first end of the connection adapter, the first connection portion being configured to engage a turbine housing; a second connection portion at a second end of the connection adapter, the second connection portion being configured to engage a downstream conduit; and A structure extends between the first and second ends of the connection adapter and defines at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage, the at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage defining at least a portion of the flow axis, and the structure also defines at least a portion of the wastegate passage.

23. A wastegate turbine metering system for a turbocharger, the turbine metering system comprising: Turbine housing; The turbine housing element according to claim 22; as well as Distribution module; Wherein, the turbine housing comprises: a turbine inlet passage configured to receive exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine; a turbine wheel chamber configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter; wherein the turbine housing element is connected to the turbine housing, the turbine outlet passage being disposed downstream of the turbine wheel chamber and configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber; Wherein the dosing module is mounted to the dosing module mount, and the dosing module is configured to inject aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage via the opening of the dosing module mount.

24. The wastegate turbine dosing system of claim 23, wherein: The opening of the dosing module mount is disposed within about 3 outlet guide diameters of the wastegate passage outlet along the flow axis.

25. A wastegate turbine metering system for a turbocharger, the turbine metering system comprising: a turbine inlet passage configured to receive exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine; a turbine wheel chamber configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter; a turbine outlet passage located downstream of the turbine wheel chamber and configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel; a wastegate passage configured to receive the bypass exhaust flow, the wastegate passage extending around the turbine wheel chamber between the turbine inlet passage and the turbine outlet passage, the wastegate passage being disposed in fluid communication with the turbine outlet passage via a wastegate passage outlet; as well as a dosing module configured to inject an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage via an outlet of the dosing module; The distribution module is arranged along the flow axis within a range of about 3 times the diameter of the outlet guide from the outlet of the wastegate channel.

26. A method of operating a turbine housing component for a wastegate turbine dosing system, comprising: receiving a turbine body exhaust flow into a turbine outlet passage, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending through the turbine outlet passage; as well as receiving a bypass exhaust flow into at least a portion of a wastegate passage, the at least a portion of the wastegate passage being in fluid communication with the turbine outlet passage via a wastegate passage outlet; wherein the turbine housing element further comprises a distribution module mounting seat configured to receive a distribution module, the distribution module mounting seat defining an opening in fluid communication with the turbine outlet passage; and The opening of the distribution module mounting seat is arranged within a range of about 3 times the diameter of the turbine outlet channel from the outlet of the wastegate channel along the flow axis.

27. The method according to claim 26, wherein: The centroid of the opening of the dosing module mounting is located within about 3 turbine outlet passage diameters from the centroid of the wastegate passage outlet along the flow axis.

28. The method according to claim 26 or 27, wherein: The opening is located downstream of an outlet of the wastegate passage.

29. The method according to claim 26 or 27, wherein: The opening at least partially overlaps the wastegate passage outlet along the flow axis.

30. A method according to claim 29 when dependent on claim 27, wherein: The centroid of the opening of the dosing module mounting is disposed at an axial position along the flow axis within the axial extent of the wastegate passage outlet along the flow axis.

31. The method according to claim 30, wherein: The centroid of the opening of the dosing module mount is substantially axially aligned with the centroid of the wastegate passage outlet.

32. The method according to any one of claims 26 to 31, wherein: The distribution module mounting seat is inclined towards the flow axis so that the opening of the distribution module mounting seat points in the downstream direction.

33. The method according to any one of claims 26 to 32, wherein: The turbine housing element is a one-piece turbine housing, and the method comprises: receiving exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage of the integral turbine housing; receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber; receiving exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber into the turbine outlet passage; wherein the flow axis extends from a downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber; and The at least a portion of the wastegate passage includes the entire wastegate passage extending between the turbine inlet passage and the turbine outlet passage, the wastegate passage bypassing the turbine wheel chamber.

34. A method of operating a wastegate turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, comprising: The method of claim 33, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an inducer defining an inducer diameter, the flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel; and Using a dosing module mounted to the dosing module mount, an aftertreatment fluid is injected into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage via the opening of the dosing module mount.

35. The method of claim 34, wherein: The opening of the dosing module mount is disposed within about 3 outlet guide diameters of the wastegate passage outlet along the flow axis.

36. The method according to any one of claims 26 to 32, wherein: The turbine housing element is a connection adapter, which comprises: a first connection portion located at a first end of the connection adapter, the first connection portion being configured to engage a turbine housing; a second connection portion at a second end of the connection adapter, the second connection portion being configured to engage a downstream conduit; and A structure extends between the first and second ends of the connection adapter and defines at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage, the at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage defining at least a portion of the flow axis, and the structure also defines at least a portion of the wastegate passage.

37. A method of operating a wastegate turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, comprising: receiving exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage of the turbine housing; receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber of the turbine housing, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter; The exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber is received The turbine outlet passage according to the method of claim 36, wherein the turbine housing element is connected to the turbine housing; as well as Using a dosing module mounted to the dosing module mount, an aftertreatment fluid is injected into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage via the opening of the dosing module mount.

38. The method of claim 37, wherein: The opening of the dosing module mount is disposed within about 3 outlet guide diameters of the wastegate passage outlet along the flow axis.

39. A method of operating a wastegate turbine dosing system for a turbocharger, the method comprising: receiving exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage; receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber configured such that: the turbine wheel chamber houses a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter; receiving exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber into a turbine outlet passage downstream of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel; receiving a bypass exhaust flow into a wastegate passage extending around the turbine wheel chamber between the turbine inlet passage and the turbine outlet passage, the wastegate passage being disposed in fluid communication with the turbine outlet passage via a wastegate passage outlet; as well as injecting an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage via an outlet of the dosing module using a dosing module; The distribution module is arranged along the flow axis within a range of about 3 times the diameter of the outlet guide from the outlet of the wastegate channel.

40. A turbine metering system for a turbocharger, the turbine metering system comprising: a turbine inlet passage configured to receive exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine; a turbine wheel chamber configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter; a turbine outlet passage located downstream of the turbine wheel chamber and configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage being at least partially defined by structure including a distribution module mount configured to receive a distribution module, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel; The distribution module mounting seat is located within a range of about 5 outlet guide diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller along the flow axis.

41. The turbine dosing system of claim 40, further comprising a dosing module configured to inject an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage.

42. A turbine dosing system according to claim 40 or 41, wherein: The distribution module mount is located within a range between about 0.5 inducer diameters and about 5 inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel along the flow axis.

43. A turbine distribution system according to claim 42, wherein: The distribution module mount is located within a range between about 1 inducer diameter and about 3 inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel along the flow axis.

44. The turbine distribution system of claim 42, wherein: The distribution module mount is located within about 3 inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel along the flow axis.

45. A turbine dosing system according to any one of claims 40 to 44, wherein: The distribution module mount is located upstream of the first bend in the turbine outlet passage.

46. ​​A turbine dosing system according to claim 41 or any one of claims 42 to 45 when directly or indirectly dependent upon claim 41, wherein: The dosing module is configured to inject an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in a diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage.

47. A method of operating a turbine metering system for a turbocharger, comprising: receiving exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage; receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter; receiving exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber into a turbine outlet passage downstream of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage being at least partially defined by structure including a distribution module mount configured to receive a distribution module, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel; The distribution module mounting seat is located within a range of about 5 outlet guide diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine impeller along the flow axis.

48. The method of claim 47, further comprising injecting an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage using a dosing module.

49. The method according to claim 47 or 48, wherein: The distribution module mount is located within a range between about 0.5 inducer diameters and about 5 inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel along the flow axis.

50. The method of claim 49, wherein: The distribution module mount is located within a range between about 1 inducer diameter and about 3 inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel along the flow axis.

51. The method of claim 49, wherein: The distribution module mount is located within about 3 inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel along the flow axis.

52. The method of any one of claims 47 to 51, wherein: The distribution module mount is located upstream of the first bend in the turbine outlet passage.

53. A method according to claim 48 or any one of claims 49 to 52 when directly or indirectly dependent upon claim 48, wherein: The dosing module injects an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in a diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage.

54. A connection adapter for dispensing an aftertreatment fluid to a turbine housing assembly, the connection adapter comprising: a first connection portion located at a first end of the connection adapter, the first connection portion being configured to engage a turbine housing; a second connection portion located at a second end of the connection adapter, the second connection portion being configured to engage a downstream conduit; as well as structure extending between the first end and the second end of the connector adapter and defining a connector adapter passage, the connector adapter passage being configured to receive exhaust gas from a turbine housing, the connector adapter passage defining a flow axis; wherein the structure comprises a dispensing module mounting seat, the dispensing module mounting seat being configured to receive a dispensing module; and Wherein, the distribution module mounting seat is inclined toward the flow axis so that the opening of the distribution module mounting seat points to the downstream direction.

55. A method of operating a connection adapter for dispensing an aftertreatment fluid to a turbine housing assembly, the connection adapter comprising: a first connection portion located at a first end of the connection adapter, the first connection portion being configured to engage a turbine housing; a second connection portion located at a second end of the connection adapter, the second connection portion being configured to engage a downstream conduit; as well as structure extending between the first end and the second end of the connector adapter and defining a connector adapter channel, the connector adapter channel defining a flow axis; wherein the structure comprises a dispensing module mounting seat, the dispensing module mounting seat being configured to receive a dispensing module; and wherein the dispensing module mounting seat is inclined toward the flow axis so that the opening of the dispensing module mounting seat points in a downstream direction; The method includes receiving exhaust gas from a turbine casing into the connector adapter passage.

56. A turbine metering system for a turbocharger, the turbine metering system comprising: a turbine inlet passage configured to receive exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine; a turbine wheel chamber configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage, the turbine wheel chamber configured to house a turbine wheel; a turbine outlet passage located downstream of the turbine wheel chamber and configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber; as well as A spray gun distribution module includes a conduit extending into a conduit in the turbine outlet passage and configured to inject an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in a diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage via an outlet.

57. The turbine distribution system of claim 56, wherein: The spray gun dosing module is configured to inject a post-treatment fluid in a generally downstream direction relative to the flow axis.

58. A turbine dosing system according to claim 56 or 57, wherein: The conduit extends at least partially along the flow axis.

59. The turbine distribution system of claim 58, wherein: The outlet of the spray gun dosing module is coaxial with the flow axis.

60. A turbine dosing system according to any one of claims 56 to 59, wherein: The turbine distribution system also includes a turbine wheel received by the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an inducer defining an inducer diameter; and wherein The outlet of the spray gun distribution module is located within about 5 inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel along the flow axis.

61. A method of operating a turbine metering system for a turbocharger, comprising: receiving exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage; receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber configured to house a turbine wheel; receiving exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber into a turbine outlet passage downstream of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber; as well as An aftertreatment fluid is injected into the exhaust gas in a diverging portion of the turbine outlet passage using a spray gun dosing module including a conduit extending into the turbine outlet passage.

62. The method of claim 61, wherein: The spray gun distribution module injects post-treatment fluid in a generally downstream direction relative to the flow axis.

63. The method according to claim 61 or 62, wherein: The conduit extends at least partially along the flow axis.

64. The method of claim 63, wherein: The outlet of the spray gun dosing module is coaxial with the flow axis.

65. The method according to any one of claims 61 to 64, wherein: The turbine distribution system also includes a turbine wheel received by the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an inducer defining an inducer diameter; and wherein The outlet of the spray gun distribution module is located within about 5 inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel along the flow axis.

66. A diffuser for a turbine distribution system, the diffuser comprising: an inlet configured to receive a turbine body exhaust flow from a turbine wheel chamber, the inlet defining an inlet axis extending orthogonal to a geometric center of the inlet; as well as an outlet in fluid communication with the inlet, the outlet being located downstream from the inlet and having a larger cross-sectional area than the inlet, the outlet defining an outlet axis extending orthogonal to a geometric center of the outlet; as well as a structure extending between the inlet and the outlet and defining at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage, the structure comprising a distribution module mount, the distribution module mount being configured to receive a distribution module, the distribution module mount defining an opening in fluid communication with the at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage, the distribution module mount further defining a distribution module mount axis; and Therein, the inlet axis and the outlet axis are offset from each other.

67. The diffuser of claim 66, wherein: The inlet axis and the outlet axis are substantially parallel to each other.

68. The diffuser of claim 66, wherein: An angular offset is provided between the inlet axis and the outlet axis.

69. A diffuser according to any one of claims 66 to 68, wherein The distribution module mounting axis is angularly offset from the outlet axis by at least about 35°.

70. A diffuser according to any one of claims 66 to 68, wherein The distribution module mounting axis is substantially coaxial with the outlet axis.

71. A diffuser according to any one of claims 66 to 70, wherein The dispensing module mounting seat is inclined in a generally downstream direction.

72. A diffuser according to any one of claims 66 to 71, wherein The structure comprises one or more vortex generator fins extending into the at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage upstream of the dosing module mount.

73. A turbine metering system for a turbocharger, the turbine metering system comprising: a turbine inlet passage configured to receive exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine; a turbine wheel chamber configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter; a turbine outlet passage located downstream of the turbine wheel chamber and configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel; as well as a dosing module configured to inject an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage; wherein the turbine outlet passage comprises a diverging portion, the diverging portion comprising an inlet and an outlet, the inlet defining an inlet axis extending orthogonally to a geometric center of the inlet, the outlet defining an outlet axis extending orthogonally to a geometric center of the outlet; and Therein, the inlet axis and the outlet axis are offset from each other.

74. A conduit for an engine system, the conduit comprising: an inlet configured to receive a fluid; an outlet in fluid communication with the inlet, the outlet being located downstream of the inlet; as well as a wall extending between the inlet and the outlet and defining at least a portion of a fluid passage, the at least a portion of the fluid passage comprising a recessed portion or a bend; Wherein, one or more vortex generator fins extending into the at least a portion of the fluid passage are arranged upstream of the recessed portion or the bend of the at least a portion of the fluid passage.

75. A method of operating a diffuser for a turbine distribution system, comprising: receiving a turbine body exhaust flow from a turbine wheel chamber into an inlet defining an inlet axis extending orthogonal to a geometric center of the inlet; receiving the exhaust gas from the inlet into an outlet in fluid communication with the inlet, the outlet being downstream from the inlet and having a larger cross-sectional area than the inlet, the outlet defining an outlet axis extending orthogonal to a geometric center of the outlet; as well as a structure extending between the inlet and the outlet and defining at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage, the structure comprising a distribution module mount, the distribution module mount being configured to receive a distribution module, the distribution module mount defining an opening in fluid communication with the at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage, the distribution module mount further defining a distribution module mount axis; and Therein, the inlet axis and the outlet axis are offset from each other.

76. The method of claim 75, wherein: The inlet axis and the outlet axis are substantially parallel to each other.

77. The method of claim 75, wherein: An angular offset is provided between the inlet axis and the outlet axis.

78. The method of any one of claims 75 to 77, wherein: The distribution module mounting axis is angularly offset from the outlet axis by at least about 35°.

79. The method of any one of claims 75 to 77, wherein: The distribution module mounting axis is substantially coaxial with the outlet axis.

80. The method of any one of claims 75 to 79, wherein: The dispensing module mounting seat is inclined in a generally downstream direction.

81. The method of any one of claims 75 to 80, wherein: The structure comprises one or more vortex generator fins extending into the at least a portion of the turbine outlet passage upstream of the dosing module mount.

82. A method of operating a turbine metering system for a turbocharger, comprising: receiving exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage; receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter; receiving exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber into a turbine outlet passage downstream of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel; as well as injecting an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage using a dosing module; wherein the turbine outlet passage comprises a diverging portion, the diverging portion comprising an inlet and an outlet, the inlet defining an inlet axis extending orthogonally to a geometric center of the inlet, the outlet defining an outlet axis extending orthogonally to a geometric center of the outlet; and Therein, the inlet axis and the outlet axis are offset from each other.

83. A method of using a conduit for an engine system, comprising: receiving a fluid into an inlet; receiving fluid from the inlet into an outlet in fluid communication with the inlet, the outlet being located downstream from the inlet; in a wall extending between the inlet and the outlet defining at least a portion of a fluid passage, the at least a portion of the fluid passage comprising a recessed portion or a bend; and Wherein, one or more vortex generator fins extending into the at least a portion of the fluid passage are arranged upstream of the recessed portion or the bend of the at least a portion of the fluid passage.

84. A turbine metering system for a turbocharger, the turbine metering system comprising: a turbine inlet passage configured to receive exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine; a turbine wheel chamber configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage, the turbine wheel chamber configured to house a turbine wheel; a turbine outlet passage located downstream of the turbine wheel chamber and configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber; as well as a dosing module configured to inject an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage, the dosing module defining a dosing module axis; Therein, the distribution module axis is substantially orthogonal to the flow axis.

85. A method of operating a turbine metering system for a turbocharger, comprising: receiving exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage; receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber configured to house a turbine wheel; receiving exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber into a turbine outlet passage downstream of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber; as well as injecting an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage using a dosing module, the dosing module defining a dosing module axis; Therein, the distribution module axis is substantially orthogonal to the flow axis.

86. A turbine metering system for a turbocharger, the turbine metering system comprising: a turbine inlet passage configured to receive exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine; a turbine wheel chamber configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis in a first direction, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter; a turbine outlet passage located downstream of the turbine wheel chamber and configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel; as well as a dosing module configured to inject an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage, the dosing module defining a dosing module axis; Therein, the dosing module is positioned to inject aftertreatment fluid along or against a nominal swirl direction of the exhaust gas, the nominal swirl direction of the exhaust gas being defined by the first direction about which the turbine wheel is rotatable.

87. The turbine distribution system of claim 86, wherein: The distribution module axis is substantially perpendicular to the radius of the turbine outlet passage.

88. A turbine dosing system according to claim 86 or 87, wherein: The dosing module is positioned within about 10 inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel.

89. A method of operating a turbine metering system for a turbocharger, comprising: receiving exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage; receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber, the turbine wheel chamber housing a turbine wheel supported for rotation about a turbine wheel axis in a first direction, the turbine wheel including an outlet inducer defining an outlet inducer diameter; receiving exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber into a turbine outlet passage downstream of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel; as well as injecting an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage using a dosing module, the dosing module defining a dosing module axis; Therein, the dosing module is positioned to inject aftertreatment fluid along or against a nominal swirl direction of the exhaust gas, the nominal swirl direction of the exhaust gas being defined by the first direction about which the turbine wheel is rotatable.

90. The method of claim 89, wherein: The distribution module axis is substantially perpendicular to the radius of the turbine outlet passage.

91. The method of claim 89 or 90, wherein: The dosing module is positioned within about 10 inducer diameters downstream of the downstream end of the turbine wheel.

92. A turbine metering system for a turbocharger, the turbine metering system comprising: a turbine inlet passage configured to receive exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine; a turbine wheel chamber configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage, the turbine wheel chamber configured to house a turbine wheel; a turbine outlet passage located downstream of the turbine wheel chamber and configured to receive exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage being at least partially defined by structure including a distribution module mount configured to receive a distribution module, the structure defining an inner surface; as well as a dosing module mounted to a dosing module mount and configured to inject an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage, the dosing module including an outlet defined in an outer end of the dosing module; wherein the outer end of the dispensing module is substantially flush with the surrounding inner surface; and Therein, the inner surface of the structure and the outer end of the dosing module define a substantially uninterrupted channel surface along the flow axis at least to the extent occupied by the dosing module mounting seat.

93. The turbine distribution system of claim 92, wherein: The structure comprises a diffuser, and wherein the dosing module mount forms part of the diffuser.

94. A method of operating a turbine metering system for a turbocharger, comprising: receiving exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine into a turbine inlet passage; receiving exhaust gas from the turbine inlet passage into a turbine wheel chamber configured to house a turbine wheel; receiving exhaust gas from the turbine wheel chamber into a turbine outlet passage downstream of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage defining a flow axis extending from a downstream end of the turbine wheel chamber, the turbine outlet passage being at least partially defined by a structure including a distribution module mount, the distribution module mount being configured to receive a distribution module, the structure defining an inner surface; as well as injecting an aftertreatment fluid into the exhaust gas in the turbine outlet passage using a dosing module mounted to the dosing module mount, the dosing module including an outlet defined in an outer end of the dosing module; wherein the outer end of the dispensing module is substantially flush with the surrounding inner surface; and Therein, the inner surface of the structure and the outer end of the dosing module define a substantially uninterrupted channel surface along the flow axis at least to the extent occupied by the dosing module mounting seat.

95. The method of claim 94, wherein: The structure comprises a diffuser, and wherein the dosing module mount forms part of the diffuser.

96. A connection adapter for dispensing an aftertreatment fluid to a turbine housing assembly, the connection adapter comprising: a first connection portion located at a first end of the connection adapter, the first connection portion being configured to engage a turbine housing; a second connection portion located at a second end of the connection adapter, the second connection portion being configured to engage a downstream conduit; as well as structure extending between the first end and the second end of the connector adapter and defining a connector adapter passage, the connector adapter passage being configured to receive exhaust gas from a turbine housing, the connector adapter passage defining a flow axis; wherein the structure comprises a dispensing module mounting seat, the dispensing module mounting seat being configured to receive a dispensing module; and Wherein, the distribution module mounting seat is inclined toward the flow axis so that the opening of the distribution module mounting seat points to the upstream direction.

97. A method of operating a connection adapter for an aftertreatment fluid metering turbine housing assembly, the connection adapter comprising: a first connection portion located at a first end of the connection adapter, the first connection portion being configured to engage a turbine housing; a second connection portion located at a second end of the connection adapter, the second connection portion being configured to engage a downstream conduit; as well as structure extending between the first end and the second end of the connector adapter and defining a connector adapter channel, the connector adapter channel defining a flow axis; wherein the structure comprises a dispensing module mounting seat, the dispensing module mounting seat being configured to receive a dispensing module; and wherein the dispensing module mounting seat is inclined toward the flow axis so that the opening of the dispensing module mounting seat points in an upstream direction; The method includes receiving exhaust gas from a turbine casing into the connector adapter passage.

98. A turbocharger comprising: a compressor, the compressor comprising a compressor housing and a compressor impeller; a bearing housing configured to support a shaft for rotation about a turbine wheel axis; as well as A turbine distribution system according to any one of claims 1 to 5, 20 to 21, 23 to 25, 40 to 46, 56 to 60, 73, 84, 86 to 88, or 92 to 93; Therein, the compressor impeller and the turbine impeller are connected to the shaft in a manner that is in power communication with each other.

99. An engine device, comprising: engine; as well as The turbocharger according to claim 98; Wherein, the turbocharger is configured to receive exhaust gas from the engine.

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