Aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold based on 3D printing breathable steel material and manufacturing process

Abstract

The invention discloses an aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold based on a 3D printing breathable steel material and a manufacturing process. According to the aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold, cooling pipes are arranged in an upper mold body and a lower mold body correspondingly, an upper mold ejector rod is movably connected to the upper surface of the upper mold body, a sprue spreader is arranged in the upper mold body, and a fifth thermocouple is fixedly connected to the interior of the sprue spreader; a second thermocouple is fixedly connected into the upper die, a third thermocouple is fixedly connected into the upper die, and a fourth thermocouple is fixedly connected into the upper die. The upper mold is detachably connected with the lower mold, the upper surface of the lower mold is movably connected with a base plate, a sprue bush is arranged in the lower mold, and a sprue cup is arranged in the lower mold. The mold has excellent air permeability and complex shape processing capability. The micropore structure of the breathable steel material can effectively remove gas in the mold, and air holes and other defects of the casting are prevented. By means of the method, the high-precision die with the complex geometrical shape can be manufactured, and the design freedom degree of the die and the casting quality are remarkably improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of low-pressure casting, and in particular to an aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold and a manufacturing process based on 3D printed breathable steel materials. Background Art

[0002] In the field of aluminum alloy casting, especially in the production of automotive parts, the design and performance of the mold play a vital role in the quality of the casting. Aluminum alloys are widely used in the manufacture of various automotive parts due to their excellent strength-to-weight ratio, good thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance. Among these applications, the low-pressure casting process has become one of the mainstream methods for the manufacture of aluminum alloy parts due to its ability to produce high-quality and complex-shaped castings.

[0003] At present, the production of aluminum alloy castings mainly relies on low-pressure casting process. Low-pressure casting produces high-quality, complex-shaped castings by applying low pressure on the mold to smoothly inject molten metal into the mold and precisely controlling the filling speed and pressure. Compared with traditional gravity casting and high-pressure casting, low-pressure casting has significant advantages in the control of the forming process, which can effectively reduce defects such as pores and cold shuts in castings and improve the mechanical properties and appearance quality of castings.

[0004] However, in the low-pressure casting process, the design and manufacture of the mold has a profound impact on the quality of the casting. Traditional casting molds are usually made of high-strength steel or heat-resistant alloys. Although these materials have high mechanical strength and heat resistance, they have certain limitations in gas exhaust and the manufacture of complex geometric shapes. Traditional molds are prone to gas stagnation during the filling process, resulting in defects such as pores in the casting, affecting the density and mechanical properties of the casting.

[0005] In addition, the manufacture of traditional molds usually requires complex processing technology and a long production cycle, making it difficult to quickly respond to market demand for new product development. During the casting process, the exhaust problem of the mold has always been one of the key factors affecting the quality of castings. Although traditional molds can improve the exhaust effect to a certain extent by designing exhaust ducts and using exhaust plugs, these methods cannot completely eliminate the quality problems caused by gas retention. In order to solve the above problems, the present invention proposes an aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold and a manufacturing process based on 3D printed breathable steel materials. Summary of the invention

[0006] The purpose of the present invention is to solve at least one of the technical problems existing in the prior art, and to provide an aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold and manufacturing process based on 3D printed breathable steel material. The mold is made of breathable steel material through 3D printing technology, and has excellent permeability and complex shape processing capabilities. The microporous structure of the breathable steel material can effectively remove the gas inside the mold and prevent the casting from generating pores and other defects. Through 3D printing technology, the present invention can produce molds with complex geometric shapes and high precision, significantly improving the design freedom of the mold and the quality of the casting. 3D printing technology also allows the mold to be quickly customized according to the specific needs of the casting, greatly shortening the mold manufacturing cycle and reducing production costs.

[0007] The aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold based on 3D printed breathable steel material combines the exhaust function of breathable steel and the design flexibility of 3D printing. By rationally arranging the breathable area at the key position of the mold, the gas can be quickly discharged during the casting process, significantly reducing the generation of pore defects and improving the density and mechanical properties of the casting.

[0008] The mold can be used in conjunction with an advanced filling process monitoring system to further optimize the filling process parameters and ensure the consistency and stability of casting quality by real-time monitoring of temperature, pressure and gas flow during the casting process. This aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold based on 3D printed breathable steel material provides an innovative casting solution that can significantly improve the accuracy and efficiency of the casting process and meet the high quality requirements of modern aluminum alloy casting production.

[0009] The present invention also provides an aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold and a manufacturing process having the above-mentioned 3D printed breathable steel material, including: an upper mold and a lower mold, wherein the upper mold and the lower mold are both provided with cooling pipes, the upper surface of the upper mold is movably connected with an upper mold push rod, the upper mold is provided with a diverter cone, the diverter cone is fixedly connected with a thermocouple five, the upper mold is fixedly connected with a thermocouple two, the upper mold is fixedly connected with a thermocouple three, and the upper mold is fixedly connected with a thermocouple four; the upper mold is detachably connected to the lower mold, the upper surface of the lower mold is movably connected with a pad, the lower mold is provided with a sprue sleeve, the lower mold is provided with a sprue cup, and the upper and lower molds are both provided with a thermocouple one.

[0010] According to an aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold based on 3D printed breathable steel material provided by the present invention, the cooling pipes are provided in two groups of six in each group, wherein one group is provided in the upper mold and one group is provided in the lower mold and are symmetrically distributed left and right.

[0011] According to an aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold based on 3D printed breathable steel material provided by the present invention, the bottom of the gate sleeve is connected to the top of the gate cup, and the bottom of the diverter cone is connected to the top of the gate sleeve.

[0012] According to an aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold based on 3D printed breathable steel material provided by the present invention, three groups of thermocouples are provided, and the three groups of thermocouples are respectively located below the cooling pipe.

[0013] According to an aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold based on 3D printed breathable steel material provided by the present invention, six thermocouples 2 are provided, six thermocouples 3 are provided, and six thermocouples 4 are provided.

[0014] According to the aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold based on 3D printed breathable steel material provided by the present invention, the material of the upper mold and the lower mold are both breathable steel.

[0015] According to the present invention, a low-pressure casting process for aluminum alloy based on 3D printing breathable steel material includes the following steps:

[0016] S1. In the preparation stage, an aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold based on 3D printed breathable steel material is used to install and calibrate all temperature sensors and pressure sensors in the mold to ensure the accuracy of data collection and the reliability of the system, and to verify the exhaust performance of the breathable steel and the structural integrity of the mold;

[0017] S2. Experimental setup: set the experimental parameters, including casting temperature, filling pressure, cooling rate and mold preheating temperature, and explore the optimization effect of breathable steel mold in exhaust and cooling according to different casting conditions;

[0018] S3. Data collection and analysis: During the low-pressure casting process of aluminum alloy, the temperature-time curve and pressure-time curve of all sensors are recorded in real time to analyze the exhaust performance of the breathable steel mold under different conditions and the influence of the temperature field distribution on the casting quality;

[0019] S4. Performance testing and evaluation: standard specimens were cut from the aluminum alloy castings cast under each experimental condition, and mechanical properties tests were performed to test tensile strength, yield strength and elongation, and to evaluate the effects of 3D printed breathable steel molds on the mechanical properties and internal structure of the castings;

[0020] S5. Application and optimization of results. According to the experimental results, the process parameters of low-pressure casting of aluminum alloy based on 3D printed breathable steel material are adjusted and optimized to improve the mechanical properties and microstructural quality of the castings. The optimized parameters are fed back into the production process to improve product quality and production efficiency.

[0021] Compared with the prior art, the present invention is an aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold and manufacturing process based on 3D printed breathable steel material. The mold is made of breathable steel material through 3D printing technology, and has excellent permeability and complex shape processing capabilities. The microporous structure of the breathable steel material can effectively remove the gas inside the mold and prevent the casting from generating pores and other defects. Through 3D printing technology, the present invention can produce molds with complex geometric shapes and high precision, significantly improving the design freedom of the mold and the quality of the casting. 3D printing technology also allows the mold to be quickly customized according to the specific needs of the casting, greatly shortening the mold manufacturing cycle and reducing production costs.

[0022] Compared with the prior art, the aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold and manufacturing process based on 3D printed breathable steel material of the present invention combines the exhaust function of breathable steel and the design flexibility of 3D printing. By rationally arranging the breathable area at the key position of the mold, the gas can be quickly discharged during the casting process, the generation of pore defects can be significantly reduced, and the density and mechanical properties of the casting can be improved.

[0023] Compared with the prior art, the aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold and manufacturing process based on 3D printed breathable steel material of the present invention can be used in combination with an advanced filling process monitoring system to further optimize the filling process parameters by real-time monitoring of the temperature, pressure and gas flow during the casting process to ensure the consistency and stability of the casting quality. This aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold based on 3D printed breathable steel material provides an innovative casting solution that can significantly improve the accuracy and efficiency of the casting process and meet the high quality requirements of modern aluminum alloy casting production. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0024] The present invention is further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments;

[0025] Figure 1 This is a structural diagram of an aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold and a manufacturing process based on 3D printing breathable steel material of the present invention;

[0026] Figure 2 This is a structural diagram of an aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold and a manufacturing process based on 3D printing breathable steel material of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 3 This is a structural diagram of an aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold and a manufacturing process based on 3D printing breathable steel material of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 4 This is a structural diagram of an aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold and a manufacturing process based on 3D printing breathable steel material of the present invention;

[0029] Figure 5 This is a structural diagram of an aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold and a manufacturing process based on 3D printed breathable steel material of the present invention.

[0030] Legend:

[0031] 1. Thermocouple 1; 2. Upper mold; 3. Cooling tube; 4. Upper mold ejector; 5. Thermocouple 2; 6. Thermocouple 3; 7. Thermocouple 4; 8. Diverter cone; 9. Thermocouple 5; 10. Gate sleeve; 11. Gate cup; 12. Lower mold; 13. Pad. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0032] This section will describe in detail the specific embodiments of the present invention. The preferred embodiments of the present invention are shown in the accompanying drawings. The purpose of the accompanying drawings is to supplement the description of the text part of the specification with graphics, so that people can intuitively and vividly understand each technical feature and the overall technical solution of the present invention, but it cannot be understood as a limitation on the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0033] Reference Figure 1 , the embodiment of the present invention is a low-pressure casting process for aluminum alloy based on 3D printed breathable steel material, which includes, S1, preparation stage, using an aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold based on 3D printed breathable steel material, installing and calibrating all temperature sensors and pressure sensors in the mold, ensuring the accuracy of data acquisition and the reliability of the system, and verifying the exhaust performance of the breathable steel and the structural integrity of the mold. S2, experimental setting, setting the parameters of the experiment, including casting temperature, filling pressure, cooling speed and mold preheating temperature according to different casting conditions, exploring the optimization effect of the breathable steel mold in exhaust and cooling. S3, data collection and analysis, in the process of aluminum alloy low-pressure casting, real-time recording of the temperature-time curve and pressure-time curve of all sensors, analyzing the exhaust performance and temperature field distribution of the breathable steel mold under different conditions on the quality of the casting. S4, performance testing and evaluation, cutting standard specimens from the aluminum alloy castings cast under each experimental condition, conducting mechanical property tests on tensile strength, yield strength and elongation, and evaluating the influence of 3D printed breathable steel molds on the mechanical properties and internal structure of the castings. S5. Application and optimization of results. According to the experimental results, the process parameters of low-pressure casting of aluminum alloy based on 3D printed breathable steel material are adjusted and optimized to improve the mechanical properties and microstructural quality of the castings. The optimized parameters are fed back into the production process to improve product quality and production efficiency.

[0034] Reference Figure 2-5The embodiment of the present invention is an aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold based on 3D printing breathable steel material, comprising: an upper mold 2, a lower mold 12, the upper mold 2, and the lower mold 12 are both provided with cooling pipes 3, the upper mold 2 is movably connected with an upper mold ejector 4 on the upper surface of the upper mold 2, a diverter cone 8 is provided inside the upper mold 2, a thermocouple 5 9 is fixedly connected inside the diverter cone 8, a thermocouple 2 5 is fixedly connected inside the upper mold 2, a thermocouple 3 6 is fixedly connected inside the upper mold 2, and a thermocouple 4 7 is fixedly connected inside the upper mold 2; six thermocouples 4 7 are located at a depth of seven millimeters from the surface of the aluminum liquid to monitor the temperature of the deeper casting. The upper mold 2 also includes six cooling pipes 3, which adjust the cooling rate of the casting by water or air cooling, and control the solidification rate of the casting. The adjustable range of the cooling rate is a minimum of 5.89K / min and a maximum of 80.12K / min. The upper mold ejector 4 helps exhaust and eject the casting during the die casting process, and the breathable steel material further optimizes the exhaust effect, making the casting more dense.

[0035] The upper mold 2 is detachably connected to the lower mold 12, and the upper surface of the lower mold 12 is movably connected with a pad 13. A sprue sleeve 10 is provided inside the lower mold 12, and a sprue cup 11 is provided inside the lower mold 12. The upper mold 2 and the lower mold 12 are both provided with a thermocouple 1. There are two groups of cooling pipes 3, each with six pipes, one group in each of the upper mold 2 and the lower mold 12, and they are symmetrically distributed. The lower mold 12 is also made of 3D printed breathable steel material. Three cooling pipes 3 are symmetrically arranged about the casting to ensure uniform cooling. Three thermocouples 1 are arranged under the cooling pipes 3 to monitor the cooling effect in real time. An adjustable pad 13 is designed in the lower mold 12, which can be inserted or removed as needed to adjust the thickness of the cavity to adapt to the casting specifications of 35mm or 25mm. The diverter cone 8 is used to stabilize the flow of aluminum liquid, and is equipped with a thermocouple 59 to monitor its temperature to ensure uniform filling of the aluminum liquid. The bottom of the sprue sleeve 10 is connected to the top of the sprue cup 11 , and the bottom of the diverter cone 8 is connected to the top of the sprue sleeve 10 .

[0036] The sprue sleeve 10 and the sprue cup 11 are used together to ensure that the temperature loss is reduced when the aluminum liquid enters the cavity from the melting furnace below the die casting machine. Before the casting begins, all thermocouples are well connected to the data acquisition system and calibrated. When the aluminum liquid is injected into the cavity, each monitoring point transmits the temperature data to the central control system in real time. The system automatically adjusts the cooling flow rate of the cooling system according to the real-time monitored temperature data to ensure the uniform distribution of the temperature field in the mold and the high-quality molding of the casting.

[0037] There are three groups of thermocouples 1, and the three groups of thermocouples 1 are respectively located below the cooling pipe 3. There are six thermocouples 2 5, six thermocouples 3 6, and six thermocouples 4 7. The upper mold 2 and the lower mold 12 are made of breathable steel.

[0038] The upper mold 2 and the lower mold 12 are made of 3D printed breathable steel material, which has excellent exhaust performance and thermal control capabilities. The upper mold 2 is equipped with 18 temperature measurement points to accurately monitor the temperature changes during the casting process. Six thermocouples 3 6 are located inside the mold and extend directly to the aluminum liquid to monitor the aluminum liquid temperature; six thermocouples 2 5 are located at a depth of one millimeter from the aluminum liquid surface to monitor the temperature near the casting surface;

[0039] Reference Figure 1 The specific implementation steps of an aluminum alloy low-pressure casting manufacturing process based on 3D printing breathable steel material in an embodiment of the present invention are as follows:

[0040] Step 1: Design and manufacture 3D printed breathable steel molds;

[0041] Step 2: Install the sensor and calibrate the system;

[0042] Step 3: Define experimental parameters and adjust casting conditions;

[0043] Step 4: Record data in real time and conduct analysis and evaluation;

[0044] Step 5: Verify casting quality and conduct mechanical property tests;

[0045] Step 6: Based on the experimental results, feedback is provided to production to optimize the casting process and improve product quality.

[0046] The specific implementation methods of each step are as follows:

[0047] The specific implementation method of step one is as follows:

[0048] Mold design

[0049] Use CAD software to design the mold, and design a 3D printed mold with ventilation function according to the shape and size of the casting. The design of the mold needs to take into account the microporous structure of the breathable steel to optimize the exhaust path, ensure that the gas can be effectively discharged during the casting process, and reduce the generation of pores and defects.

[0050] 3D Printing Manufacturing

[0051] Selective laser sintering (SLS) or direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) 3D printing technology is used to sinter the breathable steel material layer by layer to manufacture the designed mold. After printing, the mold is post-processed as necessary, such as removing excess powder and heat treatment, to ensure that the mechanical strength and surface quality of the mold meet the casting requirements.

[0052] The specific implementation method of step 2 is as follows:

[0053] Installing the sensor

[0054] Multiple temperature sensors and pressure sensors are pre-installed at key locations of the 3D printed breathable steel mold to ensure that these sensors can monitor changes in temperature and pressure during the casting process in real time and help analyze the thermodynamic behavior of the casting during the filling process.

[0055] Calibrate sensors and systems

[0056] Calibrate all temperature sensors and pressure sensors in the mold to ensure the accuracy of data acquisition and the reliability of the system. Perform preliminary tests to verify the functionality of the sensors and ensure the stable operation of the data acquisition system.

[0057] The specific implementation method of step three is as follows:

[0058] Setting the Experiment Parameters

[0059] Define the experimental parameters, including casting temperature, filling pressure, cooling rate, and mold preheating temperature. Explore the effects of these parameters on filling behavior and casting quality according to different casting conditions. In particular, adjust the permeability of the permeable steel mold to study its effect on gas emission during casting and casting density.

[0060] Adjusting the cooling system

[0061] According to the geometry of the casting and the heat conduction characteristics of the mold, the cooling system, such as the flow rate of cooling water and cooling time, is adjusted to control the temperature field distribution of the mold during the casting process. Ensure that the cooling system can work in coordination with the microporous structure of the breathable steel to optimize the cooling rate and solidification process of the casting.

[0062] The specific implementation method of step 4 is as follows:

[0063] Real-time data logging

[0064] During the low-pressure casting process of aluminum alloys, the temperature, time curves and pressure, time curves of all sensors are recorded in real time. The data is analyzed to understand the changes in the temperature and pressure fields in the mold under different conditions, and how these changes affect the molding quality and internal structure of the casting.

[0065] Data analysis and evaluation

[0066] The collected temperature and pressure data are analyzed to evaluate the exhaust effect and cooling performance of the breathable steel mold and determine the best casting parameter combination. Based on the analysis results, suggestions for improving mold design and casting process are put forward.

[0067] The specific implementation method of step five is as follows:

[0068] Quality verification and mechanical properties testing

[0069] Standard specimens were cut from aluminum alloy castings cast under each experimental condition and subjected to mechanical property tests of tensile strength, yield strength and elongation to evaluate the effects of different casting conditions on the mechanical properties of castings. At the same time, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the microstructure of the specimens, observe the grain size, micro defects and pore distribution, and evaluate the internal quality of the castings.

[0070] Feedback and Optimization

[0071] According to the experimental results, the aluminum alloy low-pressure casting process parameters are adjusted and optimized to improve the mechanical properties and microstructure quality of the castings. This includes adjusting the filling speed, pressure, mold preheating temperature and cooling system settings to ensure the stability and consistency of the casting process. The optimized parameters and designs are fed back into the production process to improve the overall quality of castings and production efficiency.

[0072] The specific implementation method of step six is ​​as follows:

[0073] Prepare lab report

[0074] Write a detailed experimental report to analyze and summarize the specific effects of various parameters on the performance and quality of castings during the low-pressure casting process of aluminum alloys based on 3D printed breathable steel molds. The report should include data analysis results, optimization suggestions, and improvement plans.

[0075] Process optimization and production implementation

[0076] According to the experimental analysis and report recommendations, the production process is adjusted and the casting process is optimized. During the production process, the process parameters optimized based on the experimental results are implemented, the stability of the casting process and the quality of the castings are monitored to ensure that the products meet the design and quality requirements.

[0077] The embodiments of the present invention are described in detail above with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments. Various changes can be made within the knowledge scope of ordinary technicians in the technical field without departing from the purpose of the present invention.

Claims

1. A low-pressure casting mold for aluminum alloy based on 3D printed breathable steel material, characterized in that: include: An upper mold (2) and a lower mold (12), wherein the upper mold (2) and the lower mold (12) are both provided with cooling pipes (3), the upper surface of the upper mold (2) is movably connected to an upper mold ejector rod (4), a diverter cone (8) is provided inside the upper mold (2), a thermocouple five (9) is fixedly connected inside the diverter cone (8), a thermocouple two (5) is fixedly connected inside the upper mold (2), a thermocouple three (6) is fixedly connected inside the upper mold (2), and a thermocouple four (7) is fixedly connected inside the upper mold (2); The upper mold (2) and the lower mold (12) are detachably connected, the upper surface of the lower mold (12) is movably connected with a pad (13), the interior of the lower mold (12) is provided with a sprue sleeve (10), the interior of the lower mold (12) is provided with a sprue cup (11), and the interiors of the upper mold (2) and the lower mold (12) are both provided with a thermocouple 1 (1).

2. The aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold based on 3D printed breathable steel material according to claim 1, characterized in that: The cooling tubes (3) are provided in two groups, each group having six tubes, wherein one group is provided in the upper mold (2) and one group is provided in the lower mold (12) and the two groups are symmetrically distributed on the left and right.

3. The aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold based on 3D printed breathable steel material according to claim 1, characterized in that: The bottom of the sprue sleeve (10) is connected to the top of the sprue cup (11), and the bottom of the diverter cone (8) is connected to the top of the sprue sleeve (10).

4. The aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold based on 3D printed breathable steel material according to claim 1, characterized in that: The thermocouple one (1) is provided with three groups, and the three groups of thermocouple one (1) are respectively located below the cooling pipe (3).

5. The aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold based on 3D printed breathable steel material according to claim 1, characterized in that: There are six thermocouples 2 (5), six thermocouples 3 (6), and six thermocouples 4 (7).

6. The aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold based on 3D printed breathable steel material according to claim 1, characterized in that: The upper mold (2) and the lower mold (12) are both made of breathable steel.

7. A low-pressure casting process for aluminum alloy based on 3D printed breathable steel material, as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 6. A low-pressure casting mold for aluminum alloy based on 3D printed breathable steel material, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: S1. In the preparation stage, an aluminum alloy low-pressure casting mold based on 3D printed breathable steel material is used to install and calibrate all temperature sensors and pressure sensors in the mold to ensure the accuracy of data collection and the reliability of the system, and to verify the exhaust performance of the breathable steel and the structural integrity of the mold; S2. Experimental setup: set the experimental parameters, including casting temperature, filling pressure, cooling rate and mold preheating temperature, and explore the optimization effect of breathable steel mold in exhaust and cooling according to different casting conditions; S3. Data collection and analysis: During the low-pressure casting process of aluminum alloy, the temperature-time curve and pressure-time curve of all sensors are recorded in real time to analyze the exhaust performance of the breathable steel mold under different conditions and the influence of the temperature field distribution on the casting quality; S4. Performance testing and evaluation: standard specimens were cut from the aluminum alloy castings cast under each experimental condition, and mechanical properties tests were performed to test tensile strength, yield strength and elongation, and to evaluate the effects of 3D printed breathable steel molds on the mechanical properties and internal structure of the castings; S5. Application and optimization of results. According to the experimental results, the process parameters of low-pressure casting of aluminum alloy based on 3D printed breathable steel material are adjusted and optimized to improve the mechanical properties and microstructural quality of the castings. The optimized parameters are fed back into the production process to improve product quality and production efficiency.

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