Pressurized ammonia decomposition reactor and ammonia decomposition method

Abstract

The invention provides a pressurized ammonia decomposition reactor and an ammonia decomposition method, and relates to the field of ammonia decomposition. The reactor body comprises a reactor inner cylinder and a reactor outer cylinder, the reactor outer cylinder is sleeved outside the reactor inner cylinder, and a preheating space is formed between the reactor outer cylinder and the reactor inner cylinder; an electric heating rod is arranged in the reactor inner cylinder, and a wiring end of the electric heating rod penetrates through the reactor inner cylinder and extends out of the reactor body; the reactor inner cylinder is filled with a catalyst; one end of the reactor inner cylinder is provided with a reaction gas inlet extending to the outside of the reactor body, and the other end is provided with a generated gas outlet; a cold ammonia gas inlet communicated with the preheating space is formed in one end of the reactor outer cylinder, a cold ammonia gas outlet communicated with the preheating space is formed in the other end of the reactor outer cylinder, and the cold ammonia gas outlet is connected into the reaction gas inlet. The problem that a traditional ammonia decomposition reactor cannot bear high pressure can be solved, the energy utilization efficiency and the space-time yield are improved, and high-pressure ammonia-hydrogen mixed gas can be effectively produced to meet the requirements of various rear-end application scenes.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of ammonia decomposition, and in particular to a pressurized ammonia decomposition reactor and an ammonia decomposition method. Background Art

[0002] At present, the main ways to produce hydrogen in industry are coal-to-hydrogen, natural gas-to-hydrogen and industrial by-product purification. Coal-to-hydrogen will emit a large amount of CO2. The carbon emission level of coal-to-hydrogen reaches about 19kgCO2 / kgH2, which needs to be controlled by adding carbon capture, storage and utilization (CCUS) technology and equipment. Natural gas-to-hydrogen also has the problems of greenhouse gas emissions and high energy consumption. Industrial by-product hydrogen is limited by technology, the purity of hydrogen production is low and the output is unstable. Therefore, it is necessary to develop green hydrogen production and utilization technology. Green ammonia synthesized by wind-solar green electricity is an effective carrier of hydrogen. At the same time, ammonia storage and transportation technology is very mature and low-cost. It can be transported by pipelines, railways, ships, road tankers and other means. After arriving at the designated use site, hydrogen is output through ammonia decomposition reaction, which solves the problems of hydrogen storage and transportation in time and space.

[0003] At present, the operating pressure of the traditional ammonia decomposition reaction is less than 0.05 MPa, the efficiency of hydrogen production is low, and the hydrogen pressure cannot be directly adapted to downstream ammonia hydrogen engines and other equipment. The traditional ammonia decomposition reactor is a structure with a main head and multiple branches for external heating. It occupies a large area and has low heating efficiency. Affected by external heating, if the reactor wall is too thick, it will affect heat transfer, so it is difficult to make an ammonia decomposition reactor with higher pressure. In addition, the traditional ammonia decomposition catalyst generally uses a nickel-based catalyst z204 formed by powder, which has poor pressure resistance and will pulverize when the pressure is greater than 0.5 MPa. Summary of the invention

[0004] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a pressurized ammonia decomposition reactor and an ammonia decomposition method, which can solve the problem that traditional ammonia decomposition reactors cannot withstand high pressures, improve energy utilization efficiency and time-space yield, and effectively produce high-pressure ammonia-hydrogen mixed gas to match the needs of rear-end engines.

[0005] In order to solve the above technical problems, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is: A pressurized ammonia decomposition reactor comprises a reactor body, wherein the reactor body comprises a reactor inner cylinder and a reactor outer cylinder, wherein the reactor outer cylinder is sleeved outside the reactor inner cylinder and has a preheating space between the reactor inner cylinder and the reactor outer cylinder; An electric heating rod is arranged in the reactor inner tube, and the wiring end of the electric heating rod passes through the reactor inner tube and extends to the outside of the reactor body; the reactor inner tube is filled with a catalyst; one end of the reactor inner tube is provided with a reaction gas inlet extending to the outside of the reactor body, and the other end of the reactor inner tube is provided with a generated gas outlet extending to the outside of the reactor body; One end of the reactor outer tube is provided with a cold ammonia gas inlet connected to the preheating space, and the other end of the reactor outer tube is provided with a cold ammonia gas outlet connected to the preheating space, and the cold ammonia gas outlet is connected to the reaction gas inlet.

[0006] Furthermore, in the present invention, the catalyst is a molten iron catalyst.

[0007] Furthermore, in the present invention, a pressure sensor is provided at the reaction gas inlet.

[0008] Furthermore, in the present invention, a temperature sensor is provided at the generated gas outlet.

[0009] Furthermore, in the present invention, the reactor inner tube and the reactor outer tube have the same length, and the ends of the reactor inner tube and the reactor outer tube are sealed by a sealing member.

[0010] Furthermore, in the present invention, the electrode wire of the electric heating plate is made of high temperature resistant pure nickel mica wire; the connection terminal of the electric heating rod is passed through and fixed to the sealing member.

[0011] Furthermore, in the present invention, the inner tube of the reactor and the electric heating rod are both made of high-temperature resistant metal materials, and the outer tube of the reactor is made of high-pressure resistant metal material.

[0012] An ammonia decomposition method based on the above-mentioned pressurized ammonia decomposition reactor comprises the following steps: Start the electric heating rod to heat to a predetermined temperature; Introducing cold ammonia gas pressurized to a predetermined pressure into the preheating space between the reactor outer cylinder and the reactor inner cylinder; The preheated cold ammonia gas is introduced into the inner cylinder of the reactor to undergo an ammonia decomposition reaction with the catalyst inside the inner cylinder of the reactor; and at the same time, the cold ammonia gas pressurized to the predetermined pressure is continuously introduced into the preheating space.

[0013] Furthermore, in the present invention, the electric heating rod is connected to direct current or high-frequency alternating current.

[0014] Furthermore, in the present invention, the predetermined temperature is 500°C to 800°C, and the predetermined pressure is 0.05MPa to 5MPa.

[0015] The present invention has at least the following advantages or beneficial effects: The pressurized ammonia decomposition reactor of the present invention is configured such that the reactor body is formed by an inner and outer arrangement of a reactor inner cylinder and a reactor outer cylinder, and a preheating space is provided between the two, so that the gas can be preheated; an electric heating rod is provided inside the reactor inner cylinder and a catalyst is filled, so that temperature conditions and catalytic conditions are provided for ammonia decomposition; a cold ammonia gas inlet and a cold ammonia gas outlet are provided at both ends respectively, and the cold ammonia gas outlet is connected to the reaction gas inlet, so that the raw cold ammonia gas can be introduced into the preheating space for preheating in advance, and then the preheated ammonia gas can be introduced into the reactor inner cylinder for ammonia decomposition. decomposition reaction; by adopting the method of inner and outer tube sandwich setting, the inner tube of the reactor where the ammonia decomposition reaction occurs can be made of only high-temperature resistant materials, and the outer tube of the reactor can be made of high-pressure resistant materials, so as to improve the pressure-bearing capacity of the pressurized ammonia decomposition process, and introduce pressurized cold ammonia into the preheating space, which can maintain the temperature of the outer wall of the reactor body at a low level while preheating the raw gas, thereby improving the energy utilization efficiency and time-space yield, and can effectively produce high-pressure ammonia-hydrogen mixed gas to meet the needs of various application scenarios such as back-end ammonia-hydrogen engines, hydrogen metallurgy, hydrogen fuel cells, high-temperature manufacturing kilns, and hydrogen-related chemical production.

[0016] The ammonia decomposition method of the present invention introduces cold ammonia gas pressurized to a predetermined pressure into the preheating space, uses the cold ammonia gas to continuously cool the pressure-bearing outer wall, and allows the preheated ammonia gas to enter the high-temperature resistant inner cylinder of the reactor for efficient ammonia decomposition reaction, which can not only solve the problems of high temperature and high pressure resistance, but also improve the ammonia decomposition efficiency. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings required for use in the embodiments are briefly introduced below. It should be understood that the following drawings only show certain embodiments of the present invention and therefore should not be regarded as limiting the scope. For ordinary technicians in this field, other related drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative work.

[0018] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the pressurized ammonia decomposition reactor provided in the application example.

[0019] Icons: 1-temperature sensor, 2-generated gas outlet, 3-cold ammonia outlet, 4-seal, 5-electric heating rod, 6-catalyst, 7-reactor inner tube, 8-reactor outer tube, 9-cold ammonia inlet, 10-reaction gas inlet, 11-pressure sensor. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] In order to make the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Generally, the components of the embodiments of the present invention described and shown in the drawings here can be arranged and designed in various different configurations.

[0021] Therefore, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention provided in the accompanying drawings is not intended to limit the scope of the invention claimed for protection, but merely represents selected embodiments of the present invention. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention. Example

[0022] Please refer to Figure 1 , which is a schematic structural diagram of a pressurized ammonia decomposition reactor according to an embodiment of the present invention; This embodiment provides a pressurized ammonia decomposition reactor, including a reactor body, the reactor body including a reactor inner tube 7 and a reactor outer tube 8, the reactor outer tube 8 is sleeved outside the reactor inner tube 7 and has a preheating space between the reactor inner tube 7; An electric heating rod 5 is arranged in the reactor inner tube 7, and the terminal of the electric heating rod 5 passes through the reactor inner tube 7 and extends to the outside of the reactor body; the reactor inner tube 7 is filled with a catalyst 6; one end of the reactor inner tube 7 is provided with a reaction gas inlet 10 extending to the outside of the reactor body, and the other end of the reactor inner tube 7 is provided with a generated gas outlet 2 extending to the outside of the reactor body; One end of the reactor outer tube 8 is provided with a cold ammonia gas inlet 9 connected to the preheating space, and the other end of the reactor outer tube 8 is provided with a cold ammonia gas outlet 3 connected to the preheating space, and the cold ammonia gas outlet 3 is connected to the reaction gas inlet 10.

[0023] Next, a pressurized ammonia decomposition reactor according to this exemplary embodiment will be further described.

[0024] In some embodiments of the present application, the reactor body includes a reactor inner tube 7 and a reactor outer tube 8, and the reactor inner tube 7 and the reactor outer tube 8 are both hollow cylindrical structures. The reactor outer tube 8 is sleeved outside the reactor inner tube 7 and has a preheating space between the reactor inner tube 7, that is, there is a gap between the reactor inner tube 7 and the reactor outer tube 8, which can be used to introduce cold raw ammonia gas during the ammonia decomposition reaction, cool the outer wall of the reactor body and preheat the ammonia gas.

[0025] The reactor inner tube 7 is provided with an electric heating rod 5, which adopts a resistance heating method, and the heating is efficient and easy to control. The terminal of the electric heating rod 5 passes through the reactor inner tube 7 and extends to the outside of the reactor body, so that the electric heating rod 5 can be connected to an external temperature control system, and the temperature control system can set a program to automatically increase the temperature or keep the temperature, and the temperature of the electric heating rod 5 can be controlled to maintain a stable heating temperature or increase the temperature.

[0026] One end of the reactor inner tube 7 is provided with a reaction gas inlet 10 extending to the outside of the reactor body, and the other end of the reactor inner tube 7 is provided with a generated gas outlet 2 extending to the outside of the reactor body. The reaction gas or preheated ammonia is introduced through the reaction gas inlet 10, and after the efficient ammonia decomposition reaction is carried out inside, the generated gas is discharged through the reaction gas outlet. The reactor inner tube 7 is filled with a catalyst 6, which is used to provide catalytic conditions for the ammonia decomposition reaction. Under the activation of the electromagnetic field generated by the catalyst 6 and the heating rod, the ammonia decomposition reaction can be promoted to proceed efficiently.

[0027] One end of the reactor outer tube 8 is provided with a cold ammonia gas inlet 9 connected to the preheating space, and the other end of the reactor outer tube 8 is provided with a cold ammonia gas outlet 3 connected to the preheating space, and the cold ammonia gas outlet 3 is connected to the reaction gas inlet 10. The cold ammonia gas inlet 9 and the cold ammonia gas outlet 3 can be located on different sides of the two ends, respectively, which can increase the circulation time of the cold ammonia gas in the preheating space, thereby improving the preheating time; the cold raw ammonia gas is introduced through the cold ammonia gas inlet 9, and after circulating inside the reactor outer tube 8, the preheated ammonia gas is discharged from the cold ammonia gas outlet 3, and introduced into the reaction gas inlet 10, and enters the reactor inner tube 7 for efficient reaction.

[0028] As a preferred embodiment, the catalyst 6 is a molten iron catalyst 6, which is an iron-based catalyst 6 prepared by a melting method. It replaces the traditional nickel-based catalyst 6 and can improve the pressure resistance. The pressure resistance of the molten iron catalyst 6 can reach 30MPa.

[0029] Specifically, the molten iron catalyst 6 includes Fe, K, Ca, Co, Ni, Al2O3, La, Ce and other elements, wherein Fe is the main component, and K, Ca, Co, Ni, Al2O3, La, Ce and other elements are used as electronic additives and structural additives. The electromagnetic field generated by the direct current or high-frequency alternating current of the electric heating rod 5 can regulate the electronic structure of the active site of the catalyst in real time, and then regulate the adsorption and desorption relationship between the reaction species and the active site in real time, thereby realizing efficient pressurized low-temperature ammonia decomposition.

[0030] As a preferred embodiment, a pressure sensor 11 is provided at the reaction gas inlet 10 to detect the pressure of ammonia gas fed into the reactor inner tube 7, thereby improving the safety of the reaction and ensuring efficient reaction.

[0031] As a preferred embodiment, a temperature sensor 1 is provided at the generated gas outlet 2, which can detect the temperature of the generated gas in real time to achieve heating control of the electric heating rod 5, further improving the reaction safety and ensuring efficient reaction.

[0032] As a preferred embodiment, the reactor inner tube 7 and the reactor outer tube 8 have the same length, and the ends of the reactor inner tube 7 and the reactor outer tube 8 are sealed by a seal 4. By setting the reactor inner tube 7 and the reactor outer tube 8 to be the same length, that is, the preheating space between the two is only between the side walls, the introduced cold ammonia gas circulates only between the side walls, avoiding the top and bottom being connected, resulting in the gas not being able to circulate, and uneven preheating. The seal 4 can be a sealing flange, and the end of the reactor body is sealed by the sealing flange, which can improve the sealing performance.

[0033] As a preferred implementation, the electrode wire of the above-mentioned electric heating plate adopts high-temperature resistant pure nickel mica wire, which can improve the high-temperature resistance of the electric heating rod 5; the wiring terminal of the electric heating rod 5 is passed through and fixed to the sealing member 4, and can be specifically fixed to the sealing flange by bolts.

[0034] As a preferred embodiment, the reactor inner tube 7 and the electric heating rod 5 are made of high-temperature resistant metal materials, and the reactor outer tube 8 is made of high-pressure resistant metal materials. Since the reactor inner tube 7 and the reactor outer tube 8 are layered structures arranged inside and outside, cold ammonia can be passed between the two, so the reactor outer tube 8 does not directly contact the high-temperature gas, and can use only high-pressure resistant metal materials to withstand the pressurized cold ammonia gas; and the reactor inner tube 7 is located inside the reactor outer tube 8. Under the pressure protection of the reactor outer tube 8, it only needs to use high-temperature resistant metal materials to withstand the heating high temperature of the electric heating rod 5, so as to realize the internal high-temperature and high-pressure ammonia decomposition reaction, avoiding the dangerous situation of excessive temperature of the outer wall of the reactor body and pressure on the inner wall; because the electric heating rod 5 is also in the heating center, it is also made of high-temperature resistant metal. Through the design of the above structure and material, the problem that the traditional ammonia decomposition reactor cannot withstand high pressure can be solved, resulting in low reaction efficiency and inability to directly adapt to downstream ammonia hydrogen engines and other equipment.

[0035] Specifically, the above-mentioned high-pressure resistant metal materials include 316L, Q345R, 16MnR, etc.; the above-mentioned high-temperature resistant metal materials include 316L, 15CrMoR, 12Cr2Mo1V, etc.

[0036] The present application also provides an ammonia decomposition method based on any one of the above-mentioned pressurized ammonia decomposition reactors, comprising the following steps: S110, start the electric heating rod 5 to heat to a predetermined temperature; wherein the predetermined temperature is specifically 500°C to 800°C.

[0037] S120, introducing cold ammonia gas pressurized to a predetermined pressure into the preheating space between the reactor outer tube 8 and the reactor inner tube 7; wherein the predetermined pressure is specifically 0.05 MPa~5 MPa.

[0038] S130, passing the preheated cold ammonia gas into the reactor inner tube 7, and reacting with the catalyst 6 inside the reactor inner tube 7 to cause ammonia decomposition reaction; at the same time, continuously passing the cold ammonia gas pressurized to a predetermined pressure into the preheating space.

[0039] As a preferred implementation, the electric heating rod 5 is connected to direct current or high-frequency alternating current, and the active sites of the catalyst 6 are activated in the magnetic field generated by the direct current or high-frequency alternating current, thereby promoting the ammonia decomposition reaction.

[0040] In a specific embodiment, cold ammonia enters the preheating space for preheating or directly enters the reaction gas inlet 10. Under the activation of the catalyst 6 and the electromagnetic field, the reaction gas is heated to 500~800℃ by the electric heating rod 5, and the reaction pressure is 0.05~5MPa for reaction. Under the action of the resistance heating of the heating rod, the temperature rises to the ammonia cracking reaction temperature. At the same time, under the action of the electromagnetic field attached to the heating rod, the ammonia decomposition catalyst 6 real-time regulates the electronic structure of the catalyst active site, and then real-time regulates the adsorption and desorption relationship between the reaction species and the active site, so that the reaction activity is further improved to promote the efficient ammonia decomposition reaction. Example

[0041] Start the heating rod in the inner tube 7 of the reactor of the embodiment of the present application and heat it to 650 ° C; pass the cold raw material ammonia gas pressurized at 1 MPa into the preheating space through the cold ammonia gas inlet 9 for preheating, and then enter the reactor inner tube 7 through the cold ammonia gas outlet 3 and the reaction gas inlet 10, and contact with the molten iron catalyst 6 (Fe, K, Ca, Co, Ni, Al2O3, La, Ce, etc.). At this time, the catalyst 6 and the raw material gas are in a highly activated state in the heated and pressurized reactor inner tube 7, and the ammonia gas undergoes an efficient ammonia decomposition reaction on the surface of the highly active catalyst 6. Under high temperature and high pressure conditions, the ammonia molecules are efficiently converted into nitrogen molecules and hydrogen molecules. Example

[0042] Start the heating rod in the inner tube 7 of the reactor of the embodiment of the present application and heat it to 650 ° C; pass the cold raw material ammonia gas pressurized at 5MPa into the preheating space through the cold ammonia gas inlet 9 for preheating, and then enter the reactor inner tube 7 through the cold ammonia gas outlet 3 and the reaction gas inlet 10, and contact with the molten iron catalyst 6 (Ni, Co, Fe loaded on Al2O3). At this time, the catalyst 6 and the raw material gas are in a highly activated state in the heated and pressurized reactor inner tube 7, and the ammonia gas undergoes an efficient ammonia decomposition reaction on the surface of the highly active catalyst 6. Under high temperature and high pressure conditions, the ammonia molecules are efficiently converted into nitrogen molecules and hydrogen molecules.

[0043] Beneficial effects of the embodiments of the present application: (1) The pressurized ammonia decomposition reactor provided in the present application solves the contradiction between high pressure and high temperature of the traditional ammonia decomposition reactor. The reactor inner cylinder 7 with poor pressure bearing capacity is placed inside the ammonia decomposition reactor, so that it only needs to withstand high temperature but not high pressure. Cold raw ammonia gas is introduced between the high-pressure resistant reactor outer cylinder 8 and the inner cylinder to keep the outer wall temperature low while preheating the raw gas. At the same time, the dangerous situation of excessive outer wall temperature and inner wall pressure is avoided, thereby improving energy utilization efficiency and time-space yield. It can effectively produce high-pressure ammonia-hydrogen mixed gas to meet the needs of various application scenarios such as back-end ammonia-hydrogen engines, hydrogen metallurgy, hydrogen fuel cells, high-temperature manufacturing kilns, and hydrogen-related chemical production.

[0044] (2) The internally heated electric heating rod 5 provided in the present application can adjust the internal temperature at any time through the regulation of direct current or high-frequency alternating current, which greatly improves the heating efficiency of the reactor and reduces energy consumption. At the same time, the start-and-stop heating system and relatively mild reaction conditions can couple the reaction with renewable energy power generation such as wind and solar power, thereby reducing carbon emissions.

[0045] (3) The new molten iron ammonia decomposition catalyst 6 used in the present application has a pressure resistance of up to 30 MPa and can be well adapted to high-pressure ammonia decomposition reactions. Catalyst 6 is mainly composed of Fe, and K, Ca, Co, Ni, Al2O3, La, Ce, etc. are used as electronic additives and structural additives. The electromagnetic field generated by direct current or high-frequency alternating current can be used to control the electronic structure of the catalyst active site in real time, thereby controlling the adsorption and desorption relationship between the reaction species and the active site in real time, thereby achieving efficient pressurized low-temperature ammonia decomposition.

[0046] The above are only preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. For those skilled in the art, the present invention may have various modifications and variations. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A pressurized ammonia decomposition reactor, characterized in that: The reactor body comprises a reactor inner cylinder and a reactor outer cylinder, wherein the reactor outer cylinder is sleeved outside the reactor inner cylinder and has a preheating space between the reactor inner cylinder; An electric heating rod is arranged in the reactor inner tube, and the wiring end of the electric heating rod passes through the reactor inner tube and extends to the outside of the reactor body; the reactor inner tube is filled with a catalyst; one end of the reactor inner tube is provided with a reaction gas inlet extending to the outside of the reactor body, and the other end of the reactor inner tube is provided with a generated gas outlet extending to the outside of the reactor body; One end of the reactor outer tube is provided with a cold ammonia gas inlet connected to the preheating space, and the other end of the reactor outer tube is provided with a cold ammonia gas outlet connected to the preheating space, and the cold ammonia gas outlet is connected to the reaction gas inlet.

2. The pressurized ammonia decomposition reactor according to claim 1, characterized in that: The catalyst is a molten iron catalyst.

3. The pressurized ammonia decomposition reactor according to claim 1, characterized in that: A pressure sensor is provided at the reaction gas inlet.

4. The pressurized ammonia decomposition reactor according to claim 1 or 3, characterized in that: A temperature sensor is provided at the generated gas outlet.

5. The pressurized ammonia decomposition reactor according to claim 1, characterized in that: The reactor inner cylinder and the reactor outer cylinder have the same length, and ends of the reactor inner cylinder and the reactor outer cylinder are sealed by a sealing member.

6. The pressurized ammonia decomposition reactor according to claim 5, characterized in that: The electrode wire of the electric heating plate is made of high temperature resistant pure nickel mica wire; the connection terminal of the electric heating rod is passed through and fixed to the sealing member.

7. The pressurized ammonia decomposition reactor according to claim 1, characterized in that Made of high pressure resistant metal.

8. An ammonia decomposition method based on the pressurized ammonia decomposition reactor according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that: The steps include: Start the electric heating rod to heat to a predetermined temperature; Introducing cold ammonia gas pressurized to a predetermined pressure into the preheating space between the reactor outer cylinder and the reactor inner cylinder; The preheated cold ammonia gas is introduced into the inner cylinder of the reactor to undergo an ammonia decomposition reaction with the catalyst inside the inner cylinder of the reactor; and at the same time, the cold ammonia gas pressurized to the predetermined pressure is continuously introduced into the preheating space.

9. The pressurized ammonia decomposition reactor according to claim 8, characterized in that: The electric heating rod is connected to direct current or high-frequency alternating current.

10. The ammonia decomposition method according to claim 9, characterized in that: The predetermined temperature is 500°C to 800°C, and the predetermined pressure is 0.05 MPa to 5 MPa.

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