Using open mass spectrometer to locate mining sites

Abstract

A helium-3 detector apparatus generally includes a mass spectrometer having an entry funnel configured to receive (sniff) helium-3 directly from an open environment through an entry port. The entry funnel is configured to direct the helium-3 into the mass spectrometer. The apparatus also includes a heating element configured to release helium-3 from a surface soil layer by means of heat. A movable carrier is configured to position the entry port above the surface soil layer to acquire a sample of helium-3.

Description

[0001] Cross-reference to related applications

[0002] This application claims priority and interest in U.S. Patent Application No. 12 / 044,636, filed on December 13, 2023, entitled "LOCATING MINING SITES USING NEUTRON DETECTION", published on July 23, 2024, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] This invention generally relates to the use of helium-3 detection technology to identify mining sites in order to map areas with high concentrations of helium-3 to be mined. Background Technology

[0004] Identifying the concentration of target materials, such as helium-3 (He-3), before commencing mining operations is of immense value. A general understanding of the target element concentration at the mining site enables the development of more efficient extraction strategies, minimizing unnecessary losses of time and money. By conducting at least a rough assessment of the target material's concentration, mining companies can employ more targeted and efficient extraction techniques, reducing the need for large-scale excavation and processing. This approach not only conserves valuable resources used to extract the target material but also mitigates damage to the entire mining site.

[0005] Furthermore, understanding the concentration of the target substance in advance has a significant impact on the economic feasibility of a mining project. Accurate assessments allow for informed decisions about whether to mine, avoiding costly attempts where the target substance concentration may be too low to yield even the minimum return. By identifying areas with high target substance concentrations, mining operations can more effectively utilize their resource allocation, directing investment to locations with higher concentrations, thereby maximizing operational efficiency and profitability while minimizing time losses and unnecessary mining costs. Most importantly, the value of identifying the target substance concentration before mining lies in ensuring more efficient methods for its extraction.

[0006] The embodiments of the present invention are generally aimed at innovations related to this subject. Summary of the Invention

[0007] This invention generally relates to an apparatus for extracting and collecting helium-3 and other target gaseous elements from extraterrestrial bodies in an extremely low-pressure environment. The extremely low pressure is defined as below 7 millibars.

[0008] In this context, some embodiments of the invention envision a mass spectrometer apparatus comprising a mass spectrometer mounted on a movable carrier. The mass spectrometer includes a fundamental particle path defined from an inlet to a detector plate (the fundamental particle path traverses the mass spectrometer laterally). The mass spectrometer also includes an inlet funnel having a funnel-shaped outer shell extending from the inlet to an outlet, wherein the outlet is smaller than the inlet. The inlet is directly and unobstructedly connected to an open environment and is configured to communicate with the open environment during operation. The mass spectrometer also includes an ion generator adjacent to the outlet, wherein the ion generator of the mass spectrometer is configured to ionize fundamental particles (e.g., atoms or individual molecules) in a portion of the fundamental particle path. The mass spectrometer also includes a detector housing and an angled housing comprising a detector plate, the angled housing having a polarizing magnet configured to guide the fundamental particles along the fundamental particle path at an angle β+ / - a certain offset (depending on the mass of the fundamental particles), the offset being, for example, less than 10 degrees. The mass spectrometer apparatus, and in some embodiments the inlet funnel, has a particle surface disruptor configured to release the basic particles from the particle surface outside the mass spectrometer apparatus. The mass spectrometer apparatus also has a movable carrier that supports or otherwise holds the mass spectrometer. The movable carrier is configured to position the inlet above the external particle surface.

[0009] Another embodiment of the invention envisions a mass spectrometer system including a mass spectrometer, a heating element, and a movable carrier. The mass spectrometer may include a channel extending from an inlet through the mass spectrometer system to a detector. The mass spectrometer may also include an inlet funnel including an inlet configured to receive fundamental particles directly from an open environment. The inlet funnel is configured to guide the fundamental particles to an outlet. The mass spectrometer may also include an ion generator configured to ionize the fundamental particles from the outlet. The mass spectrometer also includes a polarizing magnet located within an angled housing between the ionizer and the detector. The heating element may be located within the mass spectrometer or elsewhere in the system, and is configured to release fundamental particles from a particle surface outside the mass spectrometer system by means of heat. The system envisions a movable carrier configured to position the inlet near the external particle surface.

[0010] The mass spectrometer apparatus is envisioned as comprising a mass spectrometer positioned and supported by a movable carrier. The mass spectrometer may have an inlet funnel configured to receive fundamental particles directly from the open environment through an inlet. The inlet funnel is configured to guide the fundamental particles into the mass spectrometer. The apparatus may also include a heating element configured to release the fundamental particles from a topsoil layer, which is not part of the open environment mass spectrometer apparatus, by means of heat. Some embodiments envision the mass spectrometer including a heating element. The apparatus also includes a movable carrier configured to position the inlet above the topsoil layer (within 12 inches of the topsoil surface).

[0011] In this context, other embodiments of the invention envision a helium-3 detection device comprising a thermal neutron source and a thermal neutron detector. More specifically, the thermal neutron source may include a thermal neutron transmitter encapsulated in a hydrogen-rich material, wherein the thermal neutron source is configured to emit thermal neutrons in various directions. The thermal neutron detector may be configured to detect the concentration of thermal neutrons. In this device, a neutron shield is placed between the thermal neutron source and the thermal neutron detector. The neutron shield is configured to block some of the thermal neutrons emitted from the thermal neutron source that are aimed at the thermal neutron detector (e.g., attenuating at least 90% of the neutrons between the shield and the thermal neutron detector). For example, a power source such as a battery or a solar power system is configured to power the thermal neutron source and the thermal neutron detector. A metal plate has a perimeter, i.e., the sidewall boundary of the metal plate as shown by its four sides. The thermal neutron source, the thermal neutron detector, and the neutron shield are disposed within the perimeter of the metal plate.

[0012] Optionally, another embodiment of the invention envisions a helium-3 detection system, which generally includes a thermal neutron detector for sensing the number of neutrons emitted from a thermal neutron source to assess the concentration of helium-3 in the topsoil or other granular soil. More specifically, this embodiment envisions the thermal neutron source being configured to emit thermal neutrons in various directions, wherein the thermal neutron detection system is configured to detect the neutron concentration of thermal neutrons backscattered from the granular soil. A neutron shield is placed between the thermal neutron source and the thermal neutron detector to isolate neutrons detected from the topsoil, thereby assessing the number or concentration of helium-3 in the topsoil. The system may include a power source, such as a battery, to power the thermal neutron source and the thermal neutron detection system. The neutron shield, thermal neutron source, and thermal neutron detection system are envisioned to be mounted on a metal plate configured to be placed within 10 centimeters of the surface of the granular soil.

[0013] Another alternative embodiment of the invention envisions a device for detecting helium-3 in the lunar regolith. The device may include: a neutron source configured to emit thermal neutrons; a neutron detector configured to detect the concentration of neutrons backscattered from the regolith; and a neutron shield positioned between the neutron source and the neutron detector. The neutron shield is configured to block at least some neutrons in the line of sight between the neutron source and the neutron detector. The device may also include a power source configured to power the thermal neutron source, the thermal neutron detection system, and the transmitter. The transmitter is configured to transmit the neutron concentration to a remote receiver. The neutron shield, the thermal neutron source, and the thermal neutron detection system are envisioned to be mounted on a metal plate. The device is also envisioned to be moved to different locations on the lunar surface via a transport aircraft. Attached Figure Description

[0014] Figure 1A Line drawing of an embodiment of a transport aircraft and a helium-3 detector consistent with embodiments of the present invention;

[0015] Figure 1B This is a schematic diagram of using a helium-3 detector device carried on a jumper transport aircraft to map regions on the moon, consistent with embodiments of the present invention.

[0016] Figure 2A-2C This is a line drawing depicting a helium-3 detector device, consistent with embodiments of the present invention;

[0017] Figure 2D This is a block diagram depicting an embodiment of a thermal neutron source along the dividing line BB, consistent with embodiments of the present invention;

[0018] Figure 2E This is a line drawing of the cross-section of a helium-3 detector device along the dividing line AA, consistent with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0019] Figure 3 This is a line drawing of another embodiment of a helium-3 detector device with a handle, consistent with embodiments of the present invention.

[0020] Figures 4A-4C A helium-3 detector apparatus using an open-environment mass spectrometer embodiment consistent with the embodiments of the present invention is described;

[0021] Figures 5A-5D It is a line drawing depicting different views of a mass spectrometer embodiment 400 consistent with an embodiment of the present invention;

[0022] Figure 6A This is a line drawing depicting an embodiment of the components of the mass spectrometer 400 in operation;

[0023] Figure 6B This is a block diagram of a method using an open-environment mass spectrometer; and

[0024] Figure 7 This is an exemplary line drawing showing an orbital deployment vehicle for deploying a mass spectrometer dispersion module on the lunar surface, consistent with embodiments of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0025] First, this disclosure is given by way of example only and not by way of limitation. Therefore, although the embodiments described herein are for the purpose of explanation and are shown and described with reference to exemplary embodiments, it is understood that the principles of this document can be equally applied to other similar constructions relating to the subject matter within the scope of this invention. Phrases such as “in one embodiment”, “according to one embodiment”, etc., generally mean that the particular feature, structure, or characteristic following the phrase is included in at least one embodiment of the invention, and may be included in more than one embodiment of the invention. Importantly, these phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. If the specification indicates that a component or feature “may,” “can,” “may,” or “perhaps” include or have a certain characteristic, then that particular component or feature is not required to include or have that characteristic. The terms “having,” “with,” “comprising,” and “including” as used herein are considered open-ended language and are synonymous with the term “comprising.” Furthermore, the term “substantially” as used herein is intended to emphasize that the characteristics of something should be interpreted as conforming to typical normal world tolerances within acceptable tolerances known to those skilled in the art, and its meaning is similar to “more or less.” For example, substantially flat, substantially straight, substantially punctual, etc., all indicate that these characteristics are not perfect in their limiting sense. Therefore, if “substantially” does not specify a concrete + / - value, it is assumed to mean within a range of + / - 2.5% of the exact value. The term “connected to” as used herein should be interpreted as a physical link or attachment of a first element to a second element, not as an “additional means” as in “means plus function.” In fact, unless the term explicitly uses “means” followed by the gerund form of a verb, it should not be interpreted according to 35 U.S.SC §112(f). The same notation may be used below to identify similar or identical structures.

[0026] Regarding the accompanying drawings, it should be noted that the figures are not necessarily drawn to scale and are essentially schematic to illustrate the features of interest. Descriptive terms such as above / below, top / bottom, horizontal / vertical, left / right may be used for various views or conventions provided in the figures, as would be generally understood by an observer, to enhance the reader's understanding and are by no means intended to be limiting. All embodiments described herein are considered operable regardless of the overall physical orientation, unless otherwise specifically described, for example, elements that operate dependent on gravity.

[0027] This paper describes embodiments for identifying target substances under extremely low pressure and low gravity environments. Extremely low pressure environments are defined herein as below 7 millibars, while the pressure at sea level on Earth is approximately 1 bar. Low gravity is defined herein as at most 4 m / s. 2 Various aspects of this invention contemplate the mining of gaseous atoms and molecules on extraterrestrial bodies such as the Moon, asteroids, satellites orbiting other planets, and Mars. Many such extraterrestrial bodies have little or no environmental pressure at or within a few meters below their surface, and, depending on their size, they typically possess gravity significantly lower than that on Earth.

[0028] While embodiments of the invention can be used in conjunction with many different extraterrestrial bodies, one objective of the invention is to focus on the extraction of gaseous atoms and molecules (matter) from the Moon, with particular interest in helium-3 (He-3). The Moon's atmosphere (surface boundary exosphere) has a density of approximately 3 × 10⁻⁶. -15 The Moon possesses high pressure and a temperature range between 20°C and 400°K. To continue exploring the Moon and sustain long-term habitation, extracting or otherwise mining essential gaseous substances such as oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and helium from the Moon could reduce reliance on transporting these substances from Earth. Furthermore, helium-3 (He-3), a light and stable isotope of helium with two protons and one neutron, holds promise as a key component in fusion reactions, and its abundance on the Moon is far higher than on Earth. Some estimates suggest that the Moon contains over a thousand times more helium-3 than Earth, making it a better target for helium-3 extraction.

[0029] Some embodiments of the present invention envision identifying the concentration of target material on or a few feet below the lunar surface by detecting the concentration of neutrons backscattered from the lunar regolith (or simply "regolith"). An alternative embodiment uses an open-environment mass spectrometer to sample the concentration of helium-3 from the lunar regolith. In this way, the target material (e.g., He-3) to be mined can be mapped within the mining area of ​​interest to more efficiently mine the areas richest in the target material.

[0030] Therefore, some embodiments of the present invention envision a helium-3 detector device, which generally comprises a neutron shield placed between a thermal neutron source and three thermal neutron detectors, all resting on a metal platform. In operation, when the helium-3 detector device is placed directly on or slightly above the ground (topsoil), thermal neutrons are emitted from the thermal neutron source. Some thermal neutrons from the neutron source are backscattered from the topsoil and detected by the thermal neutron detection system, thus recording a baseline count level. When helium-3 is present in the topsoil, some thermal neutrons are absorbed by helium-3, thereby reducing the detected count rate. When integrated into a probe vehicle, the device can be moved around and the count rate compared at each location, or the probe vehicle can slowly crawl along the ground. In this way, the levels of helium-3 in the topsoil can be mapped.

[0031] Other embodiments of the invention envision a He-3 detector device, generally comprising a mass spectrometer having an entry funnel configured to receive (sniff) helium-3 directly from an open environment through an inlet. The entry funnel is configured to guide helium-3 into the mass spectrometer. The device also includes a heating element configured to release helium-3 from the topsoil layer by means of heat. A movable carrier is configured to position the inlet above the topsoil layer to obtain a sample of helium-3.

[0032] Referring to the attached diagram, Figure 1A This is a line drawing of a transport aircraft and helium-3 probe embodiment consistent with an embodiment of the present invention. The transport aircraft and helium-3 probe embodiment 100 generally includes a helium-3 (He-3) probe 200, which is supported by or otherwise carried by a rover 102. The rover 102 includes a locomotive, which in this embodiment is wheels 106 mounted on a suspension system 105, but the locomotive could simply include tracks, robotic legs, or some other type of locomotive to transport the helium-3 probe 200 to different locations on the surface 112A of the Moon 122. As shown, the helium-3 probe 200 rests on top of a metal plate 110 and is substantially enclosed by a protective shield 108. An antenna 212 extending from the shield 108 is connected to transmitter electronics and can be connected to a transceiver (not shown) housed in a transmitter 214. The antenna 212 facilitates at least one-way communication with a receiver located remotely from the rover 102 via, for example, radio frequency (RF). Other embodiments are contemplated as follows... Figure 1BThe helium-3 probe 200 is integrated with a low-gravity jumper 120, which hops off the surface 112A of the Moon 122 and then lands at different locations on the Moon 122's surface. The low-gravity jumper 120 can hop off the surface 112A of the Moon 122 using either jet propulsion or a spring-loaded platform. The spring-loaded platform avoids damaging the surface 112A of the topsoil layer 112.

[0033] Figure 1B This is a schematic diagram consistent with embodiments of the present invention, illustrating the use of a helium-3 probe mounted on a jumper transport vehicle to map regions on Lunar 122. This embodiment envisions a jumper 120 capable of hopping from a first location 152 after assessing the helium-3 concentration there, landing at a second location 154 and assessing the helium-3 concentration there, and then hopping to a third location 156 to assess the helium-3 concentration there. In this way, the helium-3 concentration of a portion of the lunar surface 112A can be mapped to pinpoint the richest and most desirable locations for helium-3 mining. Since the gravity on Lunar 122 is approximately one-sixth that of Earth, the energy required for the jumper 120 to hop (and land) is significantly reduced. The jumper 120 can be a spring-loaded vehicle or pod and can use gyroscopes or jetpacks to maintain horizontal orientation (maintaining upright orientation during hopping). Alternatively, the jumper 120 can be equipped with rockets to hop from location 154 to location 156.

[0034] Figure 2A-2C This is a line drawing depicting a helium-3 detector device 200 (which may be used interchangeably with "helium-3 detector" or "device 200") consistent with embodiments of the present invention. Figure 2A This is an isometric bar diagram of the main components of the Helium-3 detector 200, such as... Figure 2AAs shown, the Helium-3 detector 200 includes a shield 206 positioned between a thermal neutron source 202 and three thermal neutron detectors 204. The shield 206 blocks the line of sight 218 of some of the thermal neutrons 222 emitted from the thermal neutron source 202, preventing them from affecting the thermal neutron detectors 204. The line of sight 218 is defined as a straight line along which an observer (in this case, the thermal neutron source 202) can unobstructedly “see” the thermal neutron detector assembly 204. In one embodiment, the shield 206 is envisioned as two 1-2 inch thick sheets of boronized HDPE (high-density polyethylene) manufactured by EMCO Industrial Plastics, LLC, headquartered in Cedar Grove, New Jersey. Boronized HDPE is specifically designed for nuclear shielding applications. This material uses 5% boron by weight to shield neutrons in a variety of applications, including high-intensity X-rays, cancer treatment facilities, hospitals, nuclear submarines, and nuclear power plants. A 1-inch thick plate should attenuate the flux of thermal neutrons 222 in line-of-sight 218 to approximately 5% on the other side of shield 206, while two 1-inch thick plates should attenuate the flux of thermal neutrons 222 in line-of-sight 218 to approximately 0.025% on the other side of shield 206. In other words, the two plates should attenuate or otherwise prevent 99.25% of neutrons from reaching the thermal neutron detector 204. In this embodiment, the two plates 206A and 206B are separated by a lead plate 207. As further shown, the neutron shield 206, thermal neutron source 202, thermal neutron detector 204, battery pack 210, antenna 212, and antenna connection cable 213 are all supported by a metal plate 110.

[0035] Figure 2B It is an example of a depiction Figure 2A The diagram shows a line drawing of the Helium-3 detector assembly 200, but the neutron shield 206 is not shown in order to show the line of sight 218 between the thermal neutron source 202 and the thermal neutron detector assembly 204. Line of sight 218 is a direct path between the thermal neutron source 202 and the three thermal neutron detectors 204, which essentially constitute the thermal neutron detector assembly 204.

[0036] The thermal neutron detector 204 is sensitive to the number of neutrons 222 encountered by the impact detector 204, thus providing information about the concentration of neutrons it encounters. Several commercially available thermal neutron detectors 204 exist, including the BF3 counter tube manufactured by Mirion Technologies, headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. This thermal neutron detector uses a boron trifluoride (BF3) neutron counter. The neutron sensitivity of these proportional counters is achieved by filling the tube with a boron trifluoride gas made from a high concentration of boron-10. Thermal neutrons react with the isotope boron-10, emitting alpha particles that ionize (electrons and gas ions) in the detector's gaseous filling. In the electric field between the electrodes, these charged particles are accelerated and undergo secondary ionization. This so-called "gas amplification" proportionally increases the amount of charge generated in the tube.

[0037] Figure 2C This is a top-view bar chart of the Helium-3 detector assembly 200, depicting the components relative to dividing lines AA and BB. For reference, a computer electronics housing 216 is shown, housing the computer electronics required to operate the various electrical components contained in the Helium-3 detector 200, and a transmitter 214 housing a communication transmitter or more likely a transceiver. An antenna 212 is connected to the communication circuitry in the transmitter 214. A battery 210, a thermal neutron source 202, a shield, and a thermal neutron detector assembly 204 are also shown. The thermal neutron detector assembly 204 includes three detectors in this embodiment, but may also have as few as one detector or more detectors as needed. Dividing line AA essentially bisects the metal plate 110, the thermal neutron source 202, the shield, and the thermal neutron detector assembly 204. Dividing line BB, orthogonal to dividing line AA, bisects the thermal neutron source 202.

[0038] Figure 2DThis is a block diagram depicting an embodiment of a thermal neutron source 202 along a partition line BB, consistent with embodiments of the present invention. This embodiment of the thermal neutron source 202 may include an americium-beryllium (AmBe) neutron source (core) 232 encapsulated within a hydrogen-rich housing 230, which is envisioned in this embodiment as a polyethylene housing. The polyethylene housing 230 thermalizes the neutrons by reducing their energy through collisions with hydrogen nuclei in the polyethylene. AmBe thermal neutron sources are commercially available from QSA Global, Inc., headquartered in Burlington, Massachusetts. An alternative thermal neutron source 202 includes an integrated moderated neutron generator, such as a deuterium-tritium or deuterium-deuterium neutron generator, which is commercially available from Adelphi Technology, Inc., headquartered in Redwood City, California. Therefore, some embodiments of the present invention envision the thermal neutron source 202 as an off-the-shelf, commercially available thermal neutron source.

[0039] Figure 2E This is a line drawing of a helium-3 detector device 200 consistent with an embodiment of the present invention, along section line AA. It is known that helium-3 absorbs neutrons. Therefore, the concentration of neutrons penetrating helium-3 is correspondingly reduced. In this device 200, some neutrons emitted from the thermal neutron source 202, as indicated by arrow 219, are backscattered from the topsoil layer 112 to the thermal neutron detector 204 (see narrow arrow 220), and some of these neutrons are absorbed by the helium-3 present in the topsoil layer 112. Therefore, the helium-3 concentration in the topsoil layer 112 will be inversely proportional to the concentration of neutrons detected by the thermal neutron detector 204 relative to the concentration of neutrons emitted by the thermal neutron source 202. In other words, the higher the helium-3 concentration in the topsoil layer 112, the fewer neutrons reach the thermal neutron detector 204, as indicated by narrow arrow 220. Neutron shield 206 blocks neutrons in the line of sight 218 of neutron detector 204, preventing them from striking neutron detector 204 and thus improving the resolution of the backscattered neutron concentration 220. The metal plate 110, in some embodiments, is made of aluminum and does not alter the number of neutrons (emitted by thermal neutron source 202) penetrating into the topsoil layer 112. According to the device 200, the neutron concentration detected by thermal neutron detector 204 is compared with the neutron concentration produced by thermal neutron source 202 to provide an indication of the helium-3 concentration within the topsoil layer 112. Although an accurate quantity of helium-3 may not be available, a relative quantity can be obtained, which is sufficient to identify and map areas of high interest for helium-3 extraction on Lunar 122 based on sampling of different regions / areas on Lunar 122. Data acquisition and computation can be performed via an electronic computer system 216 on the helium-3 detector device 200.

[0040] Figure 3This is a line drawing of another embodiment of the helium-3 detector device 200, including handle 224, which can be used to transport the helium-3 detector device 200 from one location to another manually or by means of a robot, or otherwise.

[0041] Figures 4A-4C A helium-3 detector apparatus using an open-environment mass spectrometer embodiment consistent with the embodiments of the present invention is depicted. Here, the mass spectrometer apparatus 300 is open to the environment 405, meaning that there is no pressure chamber surrounding the mass spectrometer 400; instead, the mass spectrometer 400 operates at the ambient pressure surrounding the mass spectrometer apparatus 300. The low pressure on Lunar 122 makes this possible. Currently, all conventional mass spectrometers operate in low-pressure chambers, which are an essential or associated part of conventional mass spectrometers. Figure 4A This is a frontal bar chart of the mass spectrometer device 300, which generally includes the rover 102 or other movable carriers, such as dispersion chambers (not shown, but multiple dispersion chambers can be deployed, which are scattered over a large area of ​​the Moon 122, for example, from hundreds of square meters to hundreds of square kilometers). Figure 1B Jumper 120, or Figure 3 The handheld carrier 224 and other movable carriers are all capable of holding the mass spectrometer 400. As shown, the rover 102 houses most of the mass spectrometer 400 within the rover housing 108 and the rover base 110. The rover 102 is configured to move to different locations on the surface 112A of the Moon 122 to collect helium-3 concentration samples at each location. An antenna 212 is connected to a transceiver (not shown) to transmit the helium-3 concentration data from each location to a data receiver, such as a central hub or other target receiver that wants to acquire data. The mass spectrometer 400 is accessed through an inlet 434 (see...). Figure 5C Helium-3 is inhaled (or sniffed) at the larger end of the inlet funnel 402. The inlet funnel 402 (inlet funnel edge 409) is located near the topsoil surface 112A at a close proximity distance 408. The close proximity distance 408 is here defined as less than 12 inches. In some embodiments, the distance 408 between the inlet funnel 402 and the topsoil surface 112A is preferably less than 6 inches, and the inlet funnel 402 may be placed directly on or in contact with the topsoil surface 112A. The wheels 106 and suspension 105 of the probe are shown for reference.

[0042] Figure 4BThis is a side view bar chart of the mass spectrometer assembly 300, with the probe hood 108 removed from the probe vehicle 102 to reveal components associated with the frame 302. The mass spectrometer 400 is shown mostly suspended from the probe vehicle floor 110, except for the entry funnel 402, which extends from the floor 110 to a height of less than 12 inches above the topsoil surface 112A. (See attached...) Figure 5A As shown in more detail, the inlet funnel 402 connects to the funnel connector 404, which is attached to the ion generator and accelerator housing 412, the angled magnet housing 414, and the detector housing 422. The suspension 105, wheel 106, and antenna 212 are shown for reference.

[0043] Figure 4C This is an isometric view of the mass spectrometer apparatus 300, with the probe housing 108 removed from the probe vehicle 102 to reveal components associated with the frame 302. A top view of the mass spectrometer 400 is presented alongside the computer system 216 and transmitter 214, which includes an antenna 212 and antenna connection cable 213. In this embodiment, a battery pack 210 connected to the base plate 110 is configured to provide power to the probe vehicle 102 and its connected electronics. As previously mentioned, power supply can be enhanced by renewable energy sources, such as solar panels (not shown) on the probe housing 108. In this embodiment, a shock absorber 104 is connected between the suspension 105 and the wheels 106 to provide a smoother / more controllable ride for the equipment carried by the probe vehicle 102.

[0044] Figures 5A-5D It is a line drawing depicting different views of a mass spectrometer embodiment 400 consistent with the embodiments of the present invention. Figure 5A This is an isometric view of the mass spectrometer 400 showing the fundamental particle path 401, indicated by a thick arrow. The fundamental particle path 401 is called the fundamental particle path because it is the path through which fundamental particles 460, defined by atoms and individual molecules, flow from the mass spectrometer 400. The fundamental particle path 401 begins at the inlet 434 of the funnel 402, passes laterally through the funnel junction 404, enters the ion generator and accelerator housing 412, and then passes through the angled magnet housing 414 to reach the detector 464 in the detector housing 422 (see...). Figure 5D As shown in the figure, the inlet funnel 402 includes a funnel-shaped housing 403, which extends from the inlet 434 to the outlet 435 at the funnel joint 404 (see figure). Figure 6AIn this embodiment, the outlet 435 is smaller than the inlet 434 (approximately 20% of the size of the inlet 434). Some embodiments consider the area of ​​the inlet 434 to be at least twice that of the outlet 435. In this embodiment, the center angle of the angled magnet housing 414 is β, for example, its range can be between 10 and 90 degrees. The magnet device 416 is substantially located at the apex of the angled housing 414 to redirect the path of the fundamental particle 460 (in this case, helium-3) toward the detector 464. The redirection path of the fundamental particle 460 is β + / - a certain offset, the offset depending on the mass of the fundamental particle 460. The offset can be less than 10 degrees.

[0045] Figure 5B This is a bottom view of the mass spectrometer 400, highlighting the funnel inlet 434. As shown, the funnel 402 contains a heating element 430 or other particulate surface disruptor, such as a laser, ultrasonic transmitter, microwave transmitter, or other exciter capable of releasing helium-3 from the particulate soil / topsoil layer 112. The heating element 430 is powered by electrical leads 436. As shown, the funnel inlet 434 is defined by the funnel inlet edge 409. A filter 432, such as a HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) filter, is also shown disposed in the outlet 435. The filter 432 is disposed (or near) the outlet 435 to filter out topsoil or unwanted solid particles larger than the base particles sampled in the mass spectrometer 400. The ion generator and accelerator housing 412, the angled magnet housing 414, the detector housing 422, and the magnet assembly 416 are indicated herein for reference.

[0046] Figure 5C This is an isometric bar diagram of the funnel 402 and the funnel junction 404, showing the path 401 of the basic particles leading to the inlet 434 and exiting from the funnel junction 404. The funnel outlet 435 is concealed and is therefore indicated by a dashed line. The heating element 430 is shown as protruding slightly from the edge 409 of the funnel inlet.

[0047] Figure 5DThis is an exploded view of a mass spectrometer 400 consistent with an embodiment of the present invention. For the inlet funnel device 402, the heating element 430 and filter 432 extend from the inlet funnel device 402. On the left side of the figure, the ion generator 450 with ion generator leads 410A and 410B, the fundamental particle accelerator 452, the shielding plate 454, and the fundamental particle aperture 456 are shown extending from the ion generator and accelerator housing 412. The magnet device 416 is shown extending behind the angled magnet housing 414. The magnet device 416 generally includes a first polarity magnet 470 and a second polarity magnet 472, separated by a gap 474. In this embodiment, helium-3, as the fundamental particle 460, is targeted by the gap 474 and redirected by the polarity magnets 470 and 472 (with an angle β + / - a certain offset) as it passes through the rear magnet adjustment aperture 462. The redirected ionized fundamental particles 460B pass through the rear magnet adjustment aperture 462 in the rear magnet adjustment plate 461 along the path leading to the detector plate 464. The detector probe 420 picks up the helium-3 signal from the detector plate 464 and transmits the signal information to the computing system 216.

[0048] Figure 6A This is a line drawing depicting an embodiment of the components of a mass spectrometer 400 in operation. The described embodiments are a general explanation of the basic elements of the mass spectrometer 400, which may include more elements or exclude some elements to improve efficiency depending on the specific design, as will be understood by those skilled in the art. Figure 6A The general explanation is based on the diagram. Figure 6B The funnel inlet edge 409 is positioned at a distance 408 near the topsoil surface 112A, defined as less than 12 inches (step 480). As one embodiment of a particulate surface breaker, heater 430 radiatively heats 475 the topsoil layer 112, thereby releasing base particles 460 retained in or on the surface of the topsoil layer 112. Some embodiments envision a shield (not shown) with an edge 409 extending from the inlet funnel 402 to the topsoil surface 112A to shield and better collect higher concentrations of the released base particles 460.

[0049] Continue to refer to Figure 6ASome of the released fundamental particles 460 are excited by heat 475 and pass through the inlet funnel 402 and funnel junction 404 into the ion generator housing 412 (step 482). The fundamental particles 460 are guided to the ionization region in the ion generator 450, where electrons are emitted to bombard the fundamental particles 460, thereby producing ionized fundamental particles 460A (step 484). The ionized fundamental particles 460A are accelerated by the electric field generated by the accelerator 452 and guided through the accelerator aperture 456 located in the accelerator adjustment plate 454. The accelerated ionized fundamental particles 460A rush toward the gap 474 between the polarity magnets 470 and 472 (step 486). The polarizing magnets 470 and 472 redirect or otherwise bend the trajectory of the ionized fundamental particle 160A within the angled magnet housing 414 by a predictable angle β + / - a certain offset (depending on the mass of the ionized fundamental particle 160A) (step 488). This embodiment includes a rear magnet adjustment plate 461 with a rear magnet adjustment aperture 462 that separates the redirected ionized fundamental particle 160B (step 490). In the case of Helium-3, the rear magnet adjustment plate 461 has a rear magnet adjustment aperture 462 that separates the redirected ionized Helium-3 160B. The separated and redirected ionized fundamental particles 160B, such as Helium-3, are detected by a detector plate 464, which transmits the quantity / concentration of fundamental particles 160B at the sampling location in the topsoil layer 112 (step 492). As the probe 102 or other movable carrier supporting the mass spectrometer 400 moves from one location 152 to another location 154, for example, a relative / comparative concentration of the target fundamental particle 160 (such as helium-3) can be established, and these concentrations can be stored at least in the mass spectrometer apparatus 300 without being transmitted via antenna 212 to a remote receiver (not shown) (step 494). The comparative concentration does not require the exact quantity of the target fundamental particle 160 within the sampling area, but rather the corresponding concentration of the target fundamental particle 160, such as helium-3, to better locate high-yield areas for mining.

[0050] Figure 7This is an exemplary line drawing depicting an orbital deployment vehicle for deploying a mass spectrometer dispersion module 330 consistent with embodiments of the present invention. Some embodiments envision a deployment vehicle 440 orbiting the Moon 122 or some other extraterrestrial body, deploying multiple mass spectrometer dispersion modules 330 at multiple locations on the Moon 122. The mass spectrometer dispersion module 330 may, but is not necessarily, be a single-use device capable of transmitting the concentration of a target fundamental particle (such as helium-3) back to the deployment vehicle 440 or other target locations. The mass spectrometer dispersion module 330 is further envisioned to be kept horizontal (and upright upon landing) by means of a gyroscope or jetpack (not shown). Optionally, the mass spectrometer dispersion module 330 may be equipped with mechanical linkages (e.g., arms) configured to upright the mass spectrometer dispersion module 330 once it reaches the lunar surface 112A.

[0051] In light of the present description, the following are examples of embodiments that exemplarily supplement the apparatus embodiments discussed above and illustrated in the figures to aid the reader's understanding. Therefore, the elements mentioned below are examples provided to aid in understanding the invention and should not be considered limiting. The reader will understand that the elements and constructions below are interchangeable within the scope and spirit of the invention. Exemplary embodiments may include the elements shown in the figures.

[0052] In this context, some embodiments of the present invention envision a mass spectrometer device 300 (e.g. Figures 4A-4C As shown), the mass spectrometer apparatus 300 includes a mass spectrometer 400 mounted on a movable carrier 102. The mass spectrometer 400 (as shown) Figures 5A-5D(As shown) includes a fundamental particle path 401 that begins at an inlet 434 and terminates at a detector plate 464. The particle path 401 extends laterally through the mass spectrometer 400. The mass spectrometer 400 also includes an inlet funnel 402 having a funnel-shaped outer shell 403 extending from the inlet 434 to an outlet 435, wherein the outlet 435 is smaller than the inlet 434. The inlet 434 is directly and unobstructedly connected to the open environment 405 and is configured to communicate with the open environment 405 during operation. The mass spectrometer 400 also includes an ion generator 450 adjacent to the outlet 435, wherein the ion generator 450 of the mass spectrometer is configured to ionize fundamental particles 460 in a portion of the fundamental particle path 401. The mass spectrometer 400 also includes a detector housing 422 and an angled housing 418. The detector housing 422 includes a detector plate 464, and the angled housing 418 has polarity magnets 470 and 472 configured to guide the fundamental particle 460 along the fundamental particle path 401 at an angle β + / - a certain offset (e.g., less than 10 degrees). The mass spectrometer device 300 and, in some embodiments, the inlet funnel 402 have a granular surface disruptor 430 configured to release the fundamental particle 460 from a granular surface 112 outside the mass spectrometer device 300. The mass spectrometer device 300 includes a movable support 102 supporting the mass spectrometer 400. The movable support 102 is configured to position the inlet 434 above the external granular surface 112.

[0053] The mass spectrometer device 300 is conceived as a mass spectrometer device 300 without a pressure chamber, the pressure chamber being adapted to maintain a pressure below the open environment 405.

[0054] One embodiment of the mass spectrometer device 300 envisions the particulate surface disruptor 430 as a heating element.

[0055] One embodiment of the mass spectrometer device 300 envisions that the area of ​​the outlet 435 is at least half that of the inlet 434.

[0056] One embodiment of the mass spectrometer device 300 envisions an open environment 405 below 7 millitor.

[0057] One embodiment of the mass spectrometer device 300 envisions that the fundamental particle 460 includes helium-3, and that the mass spectrometer 400 is tuned for helium-3.

[0058] One embodiment of the mass spectrometer device 300 envisions a movable carrier selected from a group consisting of a probe vehicle 102, a dispersion chamber 440, a jumper 120, or a handheld transporter 224.

[0059] One embodiment of the mass spectrometer device 300 envisions a movable carrier configured to position the inlet 434 within 6 inches of the external particulate surface 112A.

[0060] One embodiment of the mass spectrometer device 300 envisions the mass spectrometer device 300 being configured to determine the concentration of helium-3 in particulate soil 112 at a first location 152 and a second location 154. This may also include a wireless communication device comprising an antenna 212 and a transmitter 214 configured to transmit the concentration to a receiver (not shown).

[0061] Another embodiment of the invention envisions a mass spectrometer system 300, which includes a mass spectrometer 400, a heating element 430, and a movable carrier 102. The mass spectrometer 400 may include a path 401 extending from an inlet 434 through the mass spectrometer system 400 to a detector 464. The mass spectrometer 400 may also include an inlet funnel 402 including an inlet 434 configured to receive fundamental particles 460 directly from an open environment 405, and the inlet funnel 402 configured to guide the fundamental particles 460 to an outlet 435. The mass spectrometer 400 may also include an ion generator 450 configured to ionize the fundamental particles 460 received from the outlet 435. The mass spectrometer 400 also includes polarizing magnets 470 and 472 located within an angled housing 418 between the ion generator 450 and the detector 464. The heating element 430 may be located within the mass spectrometer 400 or elsewhere in the system 300, and is configured to release the fundamental particles 460 from the particulate surface 112 by means of heat. The particulate surface is not part of the mass spectrometer system 300. The system 300 envisions a movable carrier 102 configured to position the inlet 434 near the external particulate surface 112.

[0062] Some embodiments of the mass spectrometer system 300 also envision an outlet 435 smaller than an inlet 434.

[0063] Some embodiments of the mass spectrometer system 300 also envision inlet 434 communicating with an open environment 405 during operation, in which there is no pressure chamber associated with the mass spectrometer system 300. “Associated” is hereby defined as being part of or having a direct cooperative relationship with the system 300.

[0064] Some embodiments of the mass spectrometer system 300 envision the mass spectrometer 400 also including an accelerator located between the ion generator 450 and the polarization magnets 470 and 472.

[0065] Some embodiments of the mass spectrometer system 300 also envision polar magnets 470 and 472 being configured to guide fundamental particles 460 along the fundamental particle path 401 with an angle β + / - a certain offset (limited to less than 10 degrees).

[0066] Some embodiments of the mass spectrometer system 300 also envision the mass spectrometer 400 being calibrated to determine the concentration of helium-3 in the external particulate surface 112 at a first location 152 and a second location 154.

[0067] Some embodiments of the mass spectrometer system 300 envision a group of movable carriers selected from the probe vehicle 102, dispersion chamber 490, jumper 120, or handheld transporter 224.

[0068] Some embodiments of the mass spectrometer system 300 envision an open environment 405 with a pressure below 7 millitor.

[0069] In another embodiment of the invention, an open-environment mass spectrometer device 300 is envisioned to include a mass spectrometer 400, which is positioned and supported by a movable carrier 102. The mass spectrometer 400 may have an inlet funnel 402 configured to receive fundamental particles 460 directly from an open environment 405 through an inlet 434. The inlet funnel 402 is configured to guide the fundamental particles 460 into the mass spectrometer 400. The device 300 may also include a heating element 430 configured to release the fundamental particles 460 from a topsoil layer 112, which is not part of the open-environment mass spectrometer device 300, by means of heat. Some embodiments envision the mass spectrometer 400 including a heating element. The device 300 also includes a movable carrier 102 configured to position the inlet 434 above the topsoil layer 112 at a height typically less than 12 inches.

[0070] One embodiment of the open environment mass spectrometer device 300 envisions the mass spectrometer 400 being maintained at a pressure substantially equal to that of the open environment 405.

[0071] In this context, other embodiments of the invention envision such as Figures 2A-2E The helium-3 detection device 200 shown includes a thermal neutron source 202 and a thermal neutron detector 204. More specifically, the thermal neutron source 202 may include a thermal neutron transmitter 232 encapsulated in a hydrogen-rich material 230, wherein the thermal neutron source 202 is configured to emit thermal neutrons 222 in various directions (see [reference]). Figure 2EThe thermal neutron detector 204 can be configured to detect the concentration 220 of thermal neutrons 222. In the device 200, a neutron shield 206 is placed between the thermal neutron source 202 and the thermal neutron detector 204. The neutron shield 206 is configured to block some of the thermal neutrons 222 emitted from the thermal neutron source 202 that are aimed at the thermal neutron detector 204 (e.g., attenuating at least 90% of the neutrons 222 located between the shield 206 and the thermal neutron detector 204). A power source 210, such as a battery or a solar energy system, is configured to power the thermal neutron source 202 and the thermal neutron detector 204. The metal plate 110 has a perimeter 114, i.e., the sidewall boundary of the metal plate 110 shown by its four sides 114. The thermal neutron source 202, the thermal neutron detector 204, and the neutron shield 206 are disposed within the perimeter 114 of the metal plate 110.

[0072] In another embodiment, the probe 102 is conceived to support the helium-3 detection device 200, wherein the probe 102 positions a metal plate within 10 centimeters of the surface 112A of the granular soil 112. The helium-3 detection device 200 is conceived to have a concentration 220 influenced by the helium-3 concentration in the granular soil 112.

[0073] In another embodiment of the helium-3 detection device 200, the metal plate 110 is made of aluminum.

[0074] The Helium-3 detection device 200 may also include wireless communication units 212 and 214 configured to transmit concentration 220 to a receiver, such as a receiver at a remote hub or remote site, which evaluates each sampling location (from 152 and 154 to 156, etc.). Figure 1B The concentration 220 (as shown). In some embodiments, the concentration 220 may be determined relative to time.

[0075] In another embodiment of the helium-3 detection device 200, the metal plate 110 is at least a part of the base of the detection vehicle 102.

[0076] The Helium-3 detection device 200 also envisions that when the thermal neutron source 202 is emitting neutrons 222, the metal plate 110 is located at a distance of less than 10 centimeters from the granular surface 112A.

[0077] The Helium-3 detection device 200 envisions an embodiment in which the metal plate 110 includes a handle 224 configured to be carried by at least one person or robot.

[0078] The Helium-3 detection device 200 envisions one embodiment in which a metal plate 110 is attached to a low-gravity jumper 120.

[0079] Another embodiment of the invention envisions a helium-3 detection system 200, which generally includes a thermal neutron detector 204 for sensing the quantity of neutrons 222 emitted from a thermal neutron source 202 to assess the helium-3 concentration in a topsoil layer 112 or other granular soil. More specifically, this embodiment envisions the thermal neutron source 202 being configured to emit thermal neutrons 222 in various directions, wherein the thermal neutron detection system 204 is configured to detect the neutron concentration 220 of the thermal neutrons 222 backscattered from the granular soil 112. A neutron shield 206 is placed between the thermal neutron source 202 and the thermal neutron detector 204 to isolate neutrons detected from the topsoil layer 112, thereby assessing the quantity or concentration of helium-3 in the topsoil layer 112. The system may include a power source 210, such as a battery, to power the thermal neutron source 202 and the thermal neutron detection system 204. Neutron shield 206, thermal neutron source 202 and thermal neutron detection system 204 are envisioned to be mounted on metal plate 110, which is configured to be placed within 10 centimeters of the surface 112A of granular soil 112.

[0080] The Helium-3 detection system 200 also envisions a neutron shield 206 configured to block at least 90% of thermal neutrons 222 emitted from the thermal neutron source 202, which are aimed at the thermal neutron detection system 204 along a line of sight 218.

[0081] The helium-3 detection system 200 also envisions that the neutron concentration 220 detected by the thermal neutron detection system 204 is inversely proportional to the helium-3 concentration in the particulate soil 112.

[0082] One embodiment of the Helium-3 detection system 200 is envisioned, in which the neutron shield 206 is a boronized shield.

[0083] The Helium-3 detection system embodiment 200 may also include a transmitter 214 configured to transmit a neutron concentration 220 to a remote receiver.

[0084] The Helium-3 detection system 200 envisions moving it via transport aircraft to different locations on the surface 112A of celestial body 122 (from 152 and 154 to 156, as...). Figure 1B As shown, a helium-3 detection system 200 is used to map areas of helium-3 concentration. The transport vehicle is selected from a group consisting of a probe vehicle 102, a low-gravity jumper 120, or a robot (not shown).

[0085] The Helium-3 detection system 200 envisions a neutron shield 206 that is 1 to 4 inches thick, depending on the amount of neutron attenuation required on the thermal neutron detection system side of the neutron shield 206.

[0086] Another embodiment of the invention envisions an apparatus 200 for detecting helium-3 in the regolith 112 on the Moon 122. Apparatus 200 may include: a neutron source 202 configured to emit thermal neutrons 222; a neutron detector 204 configured to detect the neutron concentration 220 of neutrons 222 backscattered 220 from the regolith 112; and a neutron shield 206 disposed between the neutron source 202 and the neutron detector 204. The neutron shield 206 is configured to block at least some of the neutrons 222 in the line of sight 218 between the neutron source 202 and the neutron detector 204. Apparatus 200 may also include a power source 210 configured to power the thermal neutron source 202, the thermal neutron detection system 204, and a transmitter 214. The transmitter 214 is configured to transmit the neutron concentration 220 to a remote receiver. Neutron shield 206, thermal neutron source 202, and thermal neutron detection system 204 are envisioned to be mounted on metal plate 110. The device 200 is also envisioned to be moved via transport aircraft 102 or 120 to different locations on the surface 112A of the moon 122 (from 152 and 154 to 156, etc.). Figure 1B (As shown).

[0087] In the device 200, the neutron shield 206 is conceived to be thick enough and to contain sufficient attenuating material, such as boron, to attenuate at least 95% of the neutrons 222.

[0088] In the device 200, the neutron concentration 220 detected by the neutron detector 204 is inversely proportional to the helium-3 concentration in the topsoil layer 112.

[0089] These exemplary embodiments are not exhaustive of the embodiments presented throughout the description, but are merely examples of a chain of contemplated embodiments consistent with those of the present invention. In other words, many other embodiments are described herein that are not necessarily shown in the apparatus embodiments presented above.

[0090] It should be understood that although numerous features and advantages of various embodiments of the invention, as well as details of the structure and function of various embodiments of the invention, have been set forth in the foregoing description, this disclosure is merely exemplary and changes may be made in detail, particularly in terms of the structure and arrangement of components, as long as they fall within the principles indicated by the broad general meaning of the terms expressed in the appended embodiments. For example, the orientation of elements and plates may include other geometries not explicitly shown in the above embodiments, but which can maintain substantially the same function without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Similarly, the materials and structures of neutron shields may differ, but can still achieve the same purpose without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. It should be further recognized that the basic construction of mass spectrometers is well known in the art, and modifications can be made to the existing embodiments discussed once those skilled in the art have grasped the concepts disclosed herein. Furthermore, electronic and computing devices capable of realizing the function of a helium-3 detection system are not described in detail, as they either already exist or can be easily constructed by those skilled in the art.

[0091] Clearly, the present invention is well suited to the stated objects and advantages, as well as those inherent thereto. While presently preferred embodiments have been described for the purposes of this disclosure, many modifications are possible and readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and are embodied in the spirit of the disclosed invention.

Claims

1. A mass spectrometer apparatus, comprising: Entrance; The detector housing includes a detector plate; exit; A basic particle path, which is defined between the inlet and the detector plate, traverses laterally through the mass spectrometer apparatus. An inlet funnel includes a funnel-shaped outer shell extending from the inlet to the outlet, the outlet being smaller than the inlet, the inlet being directly and unobstructedly connected to the open environment, and the inlet being configured to communicate with the open environment during operation; An ion generator, located adjacent to the outlet, is configured to ionize the fundamental particles in a portion of the fundamental particle path. An angled shell comprising a polarization magnet configured to guide the fundamental particle along its path by an angle β+ / - a certain offset. as well as A particulate surface disruptor is configured to release the basic particles from a particulate surface outside the mass spectrometer apparatus. The mass spectrometer apparatus is configured for use in an open environment with extremely low pressure and low gravity, and the mass spectrometer apparatus does not contain a pressure chamber suitable for maintaining pressures below those of the open environment. The granular surface breaker is configured to transfer heat to the granular surface to release unionized basic particles.

2. The mass spectrometer apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the particulate surface disruptor is a heating element.

3. The mass spectrometer apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the outlet area is at least half the inlet area of ​​the inlet.

4. The mass spectrometer apparatus of claim 1, wherein the fundamental particle comprises helium-3, and the mass spectrometer is tuned for helium-3.

5. The mass spectrometer apparatus of claim 1 further includes a movable carrier configured to support the mass spectrometer apparatus, the movable carrier being selected from the group consisting of a probe vehicle, a dispersion chamber, a jumper, or a handheld transporter.

6. The mass spectrometer apparatus of claim 5, wherein the movable carrier is configured to position the inlet within 6 inches of the particulate surface.

7. A mass spectrometer system, comprising: exit; An inlet funnel includes an inlet configured to receive unionized fundamental particles directly from an open environment, and the inlet funnel is configured to guide the fundamental particles to the outlet. detector; A channel that extends from the inlet through the mass spectrometer to the detector; An ion generator configured to ionize the basic particles from the outlet; Angled shell; A polarizing magnet is located within the angled housing between the ion generator and the detector; A heating element is configured to release the fundamental particles from a particulate surface outside the mass spectrometer system by means of heat; as well as A movable carrier is configured to position the inlet near the granular surface. The mass spectrometer is configured for use in an open environment with extremely low pressure and low gravity, and the mass spectrometer does not contain a pressure chamber suitable for maintaining pressures below those of the open environment. The heating element is configured to transfer heat to the particulate surface to release the unionized basic particles.

8. The mass spectrometer system of claim 7, wherein the outlet is smaller than the inlet.

9. The mass spectrometer system according to claim 7, wherein the inlet is in communication with the open environment during operation.

10. The mass spectrometer system according to claim 7 further includes an accelerator located between the ion generator and the polarization magnet.

11. The mass spectrometer system of claim 7, wherein the polarization magnet is configured to guide the fundamental particles along the channel at an angle β + / - a certain offset.

12. The mass spectrometer system of claim 7, wherein the mass spectrometer system is calibrated to determine the concentration of helium-3 in the particulate surface at a first location and a second location.

13. The mass spectrometer system of claim 7, wherein the movable carrier is selected from the group consisting of a probe vehicle, a dispersion chamber, a jumper, or a handheld transporter.

14. An open-environment mass spectrometer device, comprising: A mass spectrometer having an inlet and an inlet funnel, the inlet funnel being configured to receive unionized fundamental particles directly from an open environment through the inlet, the inlet funnel being configured to guide the fundamental particles into the mass spectrometer; Heating element configured to release the basic particles from the topsoil layer by means of heat, the topsoil layer being not part of the open environment mass spectrometer device; as well as A movable support structure is configured to position the inlet within 12 inches of the topsoil layer. The mass spectrometer is configured for use in an open environment with extremely low pressure and low gravity, and the mass spectrometer does not contain a pressure chamber suitable for maintaining pressures below those of the open environment. The heating element is configured to transfer heat to the topsoil layer to release the unionized base particles.

Images