A bamboo-wood composite board and preparation method thereof

Abstract

The invention discloses a bamboo-wood composite board and a preparation method, and relates to the field related to bamboo-wood composite boards, including a bamboo material layer, a functional decorative layer, a wood layer and a supporting structure layer. The invention effectively enhances the bonding force between the two by micro-wavy processing and rough surface processing, ensures the stability and long-term durability during the composite process, uses hydroxysafflor yellow A in the dyeing process, not only ensures the uniform color of the bamboo-wood composite board, but also gives it a unique decorative effect, increases the aesthetics of the product, and at the same time, adopts a high-temperature hot pressing process to ensure the close combination of bamboo and wood materials, enhances the strength and structural stability of the composite board, and in addition, the addition of the supporting structure layer further enhances the supporting capacity of the board, so that it has higher compression resistance and deformation resistance during use.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the field related to bamboo-wood composite boards, and in particular to a bamboo-wood composite board and a preparation method thereof. Background Art

[0002] Bamboo-wood composite board is a composite material that combines bamboo and wood by gluing or other processes, aiming to make full use of the advantages of bamboo and wood. Bamboo-wood composite board has good strength, durability and environmental performance, and is often used in furniture, construction and decoration. Through this composite method, bamboo-wood composite board can improve the stability and deformation resistance of the material, while taking advantage of the rapid growth characteristics of bamboo to enhance the sustainability of the material.

[0003] Chinese patent application number: CN201910525912.3 is a honeycomb bamboo-wood composite board preparation process, which specifically relates to the field of composite board preparation, and specifically includes the following steps: Step 1, the ratio of container bamboo-wood composite boards: combine and press wooden boards and bamboo boards into container bamboo-wood composite boards, and the combination order of wooden boards and bamboo boards is wooden boards, bamboo boards, wooden boards, bamboo boards and wooden boards, wherein the thickness of bamboo boards is set to 1-3㎜, and the thickness of wooden boards on the outside of two layers of bamboo boards is set to 18-34㎜. The present invention sets the ratio of container bamboo-wood composite boards, forms container bamboo-wood composite boards, processes bamboo tubes and fixes bamboo tubes, and fixes bamboo tubes as needed. The ordinary fixing method uses foam fillers to fill and fix the inside and edge positions of the bamboo tubes, which effectively reduces the overall weight, improves the load-bearing effect, improves the air permeability during use, and improves the overall bending and compression resistance.

[0004] The above patents and prior art have the following problems in actual use: most of the composite bonding surfaces of the composited panels are flat, with low friction, resulting in insufficient glue penetration and poor overall durability and stability; and the residual glue needs to be cleaned manually during the processing, which is labor-intensive and reduces work efficiency. Summary of the invention

[0005] Therefore, in order to solve the above-mentioned shortcomings, the present invention provides a bamboo-wood composite board and a preparation method thereof.

[0006] In order to achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme: a bamboo-wood composite board and a preparation method, comprising a bamboo layer, a functional decorative layer bonded to the top of the bamboo layer, a wood layer connected to the bottom of the bamboo layer, and a supporting structure layer arranged at the bottom of the wood layer; the bonding surface of the bamboo layer and the wood layer is slightly wavy, and a rough surface treatment is distributed in an area on the bonding surface, and the rough surface treatment is concentrated in the middle and surrounding positions of the bonding surface.

[0007] Preferably, the specific steps are as follows:

[0008] S1 Material preparation: The functional decorative layer is high-density fiberboard, the bamboo layer is degummed, cleaned and dried bamboo, the wood layer is birch to avoid too many natural cracks and defects, and the supporting structure layer is medium-density fiberboard;

[0009] S2 Pretreatment of bamboo and wood: First, the bamboo and wood materials are cut according to the required size, and then the micro-wavy treatment is started. A hot pressing mold with a microwave texture is used to put the bamboo layer and the wood layer into the pressing mold respectively, and heat and pressure are applied to produce a micro-wavy texture on the surface of the bamboo layer and the wood layer;

[0010] S3 rough surface treatment: Use 150-300 mesh sandpaper to mechanically polish the bonding surface of bamboo and wood, mainly focusing on the middle and surrounding areas of the bonding surface of bamboo and wood;

[0011] S4 dyeing step: using hydroxysafflor yellow A as dye, the dye dissolving ratio is 1g dye: 100ml water, soaking the bamboo and wood in the dye solution, ensuring that the material is completely soaked in the dye solution, and then drying the dyed bamboo and wood;

[0012] S5 composite process: using epoxy resin glue as adhesive, cooperating with hot press machine to begin composite the bamboo layer and wood layer, after composite, composite the functional decoration layer and supporting structure layer again, after composite, the composite board is transported to auxiliary pressing treatment device for residual glue treatment.

[0013] Preferably, the auxiliary pressing and consolidation processing device includes an adjusting mechanism, a first motor arranged in the middle of the front end of the adjusting mechanism, connecting plates arranged at both ends of the adjusting mechanism at the front and rear positions, a lifting mechanism connecting the inner sides of the connecting plates at both ends, a second motor arranged on the left side of the left end lifting mechanism, a connecting disk arranged on the inner side of the lifting mechanism, a cleaning disk arranged on the inner side of the connecting disk, a pressing and consolidation cylinder installed on the inner side of the cleaning disk, a cleaning mechanism arranged at the lower end of the inner side of the lifting mechanism, and a supporting guide cylinder arranged on the inner side of the two groups of pressing and consolidation cylinders.

[0014] Preferably, the pressing cylinder comprises a sliding sleeve whose inner side is connected to the supporting guide cylinder, a filling layer arranged on the outer side of the sliding sleeve, a heating wire embedded in the filling layer, and a contact layer arranged on the outer side of the filling layer.

[0015] Preferably, the cleaning disc comprises a fixed disc connected to the outer side of the sliding sleeve, a through hole opened inside the fixed disc, and a supporting and guiding disc fixed on the left side of the fixed disc.

[0016] Preferably, a notch is provided in the support guide plate, and the position of the notch corresponds to the through hole.

[0017] Preferably, the cleaning mechanism comprises a fixed seat arranged inside the lifting mechanism, and the top of the fixed seat is open, a bottom cover arranged at the bottom of the fixed seat, two sets of heating plates arranged at the upper end of the inner side of the opening of the fixed seat, and a cleaning pad arranged inside the heating plate;

[0018] The heating plate comprises an outer shell connected to a fixing seat, a clamping hole arranged on the inner side of the outer shell for connecting with a cleaning pad, and an electric heating tube arranged on the inner side of the outer shell for heating.

[0019] Preferably, the adjustment mechanism includes a shell connected to the connecting plate, a driving bevel gear connected to the output shaft of the first motor at the front end of the middle part of the shell, a driven bevel gear meshing with the driving bevel gear, a threaded rod arranged in the middle of the driven bevel gear, two groups of sliding members arranged at the left and right positions outside the threaded rod, and a connecting plate connected to the outside of the sliding members, and a sliding groove is opened at the front and rear positions of the outer side of the shell, and the connecting plate is movably embedded in the sliding groove and connected to the connecting plate.

[0020] Preferably, opposite threads are formed at two ends of the outer side of the threaded rod, and a group of sliding members are threadedly connected to each end of the threaded rod.

[0021] Preferably, the lifting mechanism includes a bottom shell connected to a connecting plate on the outside, a cylinder arranged inside the bottom shell, a top plate connected to a push-out rod on the top of the cylinder, a support seat arranged on the top of the top plate, and a guide rod connected to the bottom of the support seat and the bottom of which is movably embedded in the bottom shell. The left side of the support seat at the left end is connected to a second motor, and the output shaft of the second motor passes through the support seat and is connected to the connecting disk. The right side of the connecting disk at the right end is connected to the support seat at the right end through an axis rod.

[0022] Beneficial effects of the present invention:

[0023] The present invention effectively enhances the adhesion between the two through micro-wavy treatment and rough surface treatment, ensures stability and long-term durability during the composite process, uses hydroxysafflor yellow A in the dyeing process, not only ensures the uniform color of the bamboo-wood composite board, but also gives it a unique decorative effect, increasing the aesthetics of the product, and at the same time, adopts a high-temperature hot pressing process to ensure the close combination of bamboo and wood materials, enhances the strength and structural stability of the composite board, and in addition, the addition of the supporting structure layer further enhances the supporting capacity of the board, so that it has higher compression resistance and deformation resistance during use.

[0024] The present invention adopts an auxiliary pressing and consolidation processing device to assist in the hot pressing process, and has a built-in electric drive adjustment mechanism, which can accurately match the size of the processed plate and has strong applicability. A cleaning disc and a pressing and consolidation cylinder are installed in the device, which can hot-press the plate in the conveying process and clean and scrape the residual glue on the side thereof. The automation effect is good and manual operation is reduced. The cleaning disc after work can cooperate with the cleaning mechanism to clean the surface, effectively improving work efficiency. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the present invention;

[0026] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the top view of the wood layer structure of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 3 It is a structural schematic diagram of the auxiliary compaction processing device of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 4 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the compacting tube of the present invention;

[0029] Figure 5 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the cleaning disk of the present invention;

[0030] Figure 6 It is a schematic diagram of the cleaning mechanism structure of the present invention;

[0031] Figure 7 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the heating plate of the present invention;

[0032] Figure 8 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the regulating mechanism of the present invention;

[0033] Fig. 9 It is a structural schematic diagram of the jacking mechanism of the present invention.

[0034] Wherein: bamboo material layer-a, functional decoration layer-b, wood layer-c, supporting structure layer-d, auxiliary pressing and fixing processing device-e, adjusting mechanism-1, first motor-2, connecting plate-3, lifting mechanism-4, second motor-5, connecting plate-6, cleaning plate-7, pressing cylinder-8, cleaning mechanism-9, supporting guide cylinder-10, sliding sleeve-81, filling layer-82, electric heating wire-83, contact layer-84, fixing plate-71, through hole-72, supporting guide plate-73, fixing seat-91, bottom cover-92, heating plate-93, cleaning pad-94, shell-931, clamping hole-932, electric heating pipe-933, shell-11, driving bevel gear-12, driven bevel gear-13, threaded rod-14, sliding part-15, connecting plate-16, bottom shell-41, cylinder-42, top plate-43, supporting seat-44, guide rod-45. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0035] In order to further explain the technical solution of the present invention, it is described in detail below through specific embodiments.

[0036] See also Figure 1 and Figure 2The present invention provides a bamboo-wood composite board, which is stacked and hot-pressed according to a functional decorative layer b, a bamboo material layer a, a wood layer c and a supporting structure layer d, and the bonding surface of the bamboo material layer a and the wood layer c is slightly wavy, and the bonding surface is distributed with rough surface treatment, and the rough surface treatment is concentrated in the middle and surrounding positions of the bonding surface.

[0037] The invention provides a method for preparing a bamboo-wood composite board, comprising the following steps: S1 material preparation: a functional decorative layer b is a high-density fiberboard, a bamboo material layer a is a bamboo material after degumming, cleaning and drying, a wood layer c is a birch wood to avoid too many natural cracks and defects, and a supporting structure layer d is a medium-density fiberboard; S2 pretreatment of bamboo and wood: firstly, the bamboo and wood materials are cut according to the required size, and then micro-wavy treatment is started, a hot pressing mold with microwave texture is used, the bamboo layer and the wood layer are respectively placed in the pressing mold, heat and pressure are applied, so that micro-wavy texture is generated on the surface of the bamboo layer and the wood layer, the depth of the wavy texture is about 0.5-1mm, the width can be 3-5mm, the temperature is maintained at 100-150°C, the micro-wavy texture on the surface of the bamboo and wood materials is ensured to be clear and not excessively deformed, and the time is controlled within 10-20 minutes, the micro-wavy texture helps to enhance the surface contact area of ​​the bamboo and wood layers, thereby providing higher bonding strength during the composite process; S3 rough surface treatment: 150 -300 mesh sandpaper is used to mechanically polish the bonding surface of bamboo and wood, mainly focusing on the middle and surrounding areas of the bonding surface of bamboo and wood. The rough surface treatment is used to increase the friction between bamboo and wood, and enhance the stability and bonding strength in the subsequent composite process; S4 dyeing step: using hydroxysafflor yellow A as a dye, the dye dissolution ratio is 1g dye: 100ml water, and the bamboo and wood are immersed in the dye solution for 30-60 minutes. The depth of dyeing is adjusted by controlling the time to ensure that the material is completely infiltrated with the dye solution. After dyeing, the bamboo and wood are placed in a ventilated place to dry, and the drying temperature is controlled at 30-50°C to avoid deformation of the bamboo and wood materials caused by high temperature; S5 composite process: using epoxy resin glue as an adhesive, and cooperating with a hot press to start composite the bamboo layer a and the wood layer c, and after composite, the functional decorative layer b and the supporting structure layer d are composited again. After the composite is completed, the composite board is transported to the auxiliary pressing and solidification processing device e for residual glue treatment.

[0038] See also Figure 3The auxiliary pressing and consolidation processing device e includes an adjusting mechanism 1 for adjusting the relative position to the left and right. A first motor 2 is arranged in the middle of the front end surface of the adjusting mechanism 1. A group of connecting plates 3 are respectively arranged at the left and right positions of the front and rear ends of the adjusting mechanism 1. The inner side of the connecting plate 3 is connected to a lifting mechanism 4 at the outer end. The lifting mechanism 4 is used for height position adjustment. A second motor 5 is arranged at the upper left end of the left lifting mechanism 4. The upper inner end of the lifting mechanism 4 is connected to a cleaning disk 7 through a connecting disk 6. The inner side of the cleaning disk 7 is connected to a pressing and consolidation cylinder 8. A group of supporting guide cylinders 10 are commonly embedded in the inner sides of the two groups of pressing and consolidation cylinders 8. A group of cleaning mechanisms 9 corresponding to the bottom of the cleaning disk 7 are arranged at the lower inner end of the lifting mechanism 4. The cleaning mechanism 9 is used to clean the outer side of the cleaning disk 7.

[0039] See also Figure 4 The pressing cylinder 8 includes a sliding sleeve 81 whose inner side is connected to the supporting guide cylinder 10. Four groups of notches are provided on the inner side of the sliding sleeve 81. Four groups of protrusions corresponding to the four groups of notches are provided on the outer side of the supporting guide cylinder 10. A filling layer 82 is fixed on the outer side of the sliding sleeve 81. Heating wires 83 are evenly arranged in the filling layer 82. A contact layer 84 of a contact plate is attached to the outer side of the filling layer 82.

[0040] See also Figure 5 The cleaning plate 7 includes a fixed plate 71 fixed to the outside of the sliding sleeve 81, and twelve groups of three longitudinally arranged through holes 72 are opened in the fixed plate 71. A support guide plate 73 is welded on the outside of the fixed plate 71, and a square notch is opened in the support guide plate 73 at the position corresponding to the through hole 72. The left side of the support guide plate 73 is fixed to the connecting plate 6, and the inner side of the fixed plate 71 is frosted, which is convenient for grinding and cleaning the side of the plate.

[0041] See also Figure 6 and Figure 7 The cleaning mechanism 9 includes a fixing seat 91 fixed to the inner side of the lifting mechanism 4, a bottom cover 92 is embedded in the bottom of the fixing seat 91, the upper end of the fixing seat 91 is open, and the opening position corresponds to the bottom of the cleaning plate 7, a heating plate 93 is installed at the upper end of the inner side of the fixing seat 91, and a cleaning pad 94 is clamped on the inner side of the heating plate 93, and the cleaning pad 94 can clean the outer side of the fixing plate 71 and the support guide plate 73;

[0042] The heating plate 93 includes a shell 931 fixed to the upper end of the inner side of the fixing seat 91 , a card hole 932 for connecting the cleaning pad 94 is formed inside the shell 931 , and an electric heating pipe 933 for heating is arranged inside the shell 931 .

[0043] See also Figure 8The adjusting mechanism 1 includes a shell 11, a driving bevel gear 12 connected to the output shaft of the first motor 2 is arranged at the front end of the middle part of the shell 11, the left end of the back side of the driving bevel gear 12 is meshed with the driven bevel gear 13, a threaded rod 14 is arranged in the middle part of the driven bevel gear 13, opposite threads are arranged at the two ends of the outer side of the threaded rod 14, and a group of sliding members 15 are threadedly connected at each end of the threaded rod 14, and connecting plates 16 are arranged at the front and rear ends of the sliding member 15, and sliding grooves are arranged at the left and right positions of the front and rear ends of the shell 11, and the connecting plate 16 is movably embedded in the sliding groove, and the outer side of the connecting plate 16 is connected to the connecting plate 3.

[0044] See also Fig. 9 The lifting mechanism 4 includes a bottom shell 41 whose lower outer end is connected to the connecting plate 3, a cylinder 42 is arranged in the middle of the bottom shell 41, a push rod at the top of the cylinder 42 is connected to the top plate 43, the top of the top plate 43 is fixed to the support seat 44, guide rods 45 are movably embedded at both ends of the bottom shell 41, the top of the guide rod 45 is connected to the bottom of the support seat 44, the left side of the left end support seat 44 is connected to the second motor 5, the output shaft of the second motor 5 passes through the support seat 44 and is connected to the connecting disk 6, and the right side of the connecting disk 6 at the right end is connected to the support seat 44 at the right end through a shaft rod.

[0045] The specific implementation process is as follows:

[0046] When the auxiliary pressing and consolidation processing device e needs to be used, the auxiliary pressing and consolidation processing device e is first installed in the middle of the plate conveying line. The plate passes through the auxiliary pressing and consolidation processing device e during the conveying process, and then the position is adjusted according to the size of the plate;

[0047] The cylinder 42 is started to lift the top plate 43, so that the support seat 44 and the connecting plate 6 connected to the inside are lifted up, and the cleaning plate 7 and the pressing cylinder 8 connected to the inside of the connecting plate 6 move with it, and then the first motor 2 is started to work, and the first motor 2 drives the active bevel gear 12 to work, and the active bevel gear 12 rotates to drive the driven bevel gear 13 to rotate the threaded rod 14. During the rotation of the threaded rod 14, the sliding members 15 at both ends can be driven to move relative to each other, and the sliding member 15 moves the lifting mechanism 4 through the connecting plate 16, so that the inner side of the cleaning plate 7 contacts the side of the plate;

[0048] During the sheet conveying process, the second motor 5 is started to work, the second motor 5 starts to rotate with the connecting disk 6, the cleaning disk 7 and the pressing cylinder 8 rotate accordingly, the electric heating wire 83 arranged inside the pressing cylinder 8 starts to heat up, hot presses the sheet, and presses out the excess glue inside it, which overflows from the side, and during the rotation of the cleaning disk 7, the supporting guide disk 73 inside it cooperates with the through hole 72 to scrape off the excess glue;

[0049] After the treatment is completed, when the cleaning disc 7 needs to be cleaned, the lifting mechanism 4 is moved downward to place the cleaning disc 7 on the upper end of the fixed seat 91. In conjunction with the rotation of the cleaning disc 7, the heating disc 93 inside the fixed seat 91 heats the cleaning pad 94. The heated cleaning pad 94 contacts the cleaning disc 7 to scrape off the remaining glue on the surface of the cleaning disc 7 and enters the fixed seat 91 for collection.

[0050] The above description is only a preferred example of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Although the present invention is described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art can still modify the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments or replace some of the technical features therein by equivalents. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a bamboo-wood composite board, characterized in that: The specific steps are as follows: S1 Material preparation: The functional decorative layer is high-density fiberboard, the bamboo layer is degummed, cleaned and dried bamboo, the wood layer is birch to avoid too many natural cracks and defects, and the supporting structure layer is medium-density fiberboard; S2 Pretreatment of bamboo and wood: First, the bamboo and wood materials are cut according to the required size, and then the micro-wavy treatment is started. A hot pressing mold with a microwave texture is used to put the bamboo layer and the wood layer into the pressing mold respectively, and heat and pressure are applied to produce a micro-wavy texture on the surface of the bamboo layer and the wood layer; S3 rough surface treatment: Use 150-300 mesh sandpaper to mechanically polish the bonding surface of bamboo and wood, mainly focusing on the middle and surrounding areas of the bonding surface of bamboo and wood; S4 dyeing step: using hydroxysafflor yellow A as dye, the dye dissolving ratio is 1g dye: 100ml water, soaking the bamboo and wood in the dye solution, ensuring that the material is completely soaked in the dye solution, and then drying the dyed bamboo and wood; S5 composite process: using epoxy resin glue as adhesive, cooperating with hot press machine to begin composite the bamboo layer and wood layer, and then composite the functional decorative layer and supporting structure layer again. After composite, the composite board is transported to auxiliary pressing treatment device for residual glue treatment; The auxiliary pressing and consolidation processing device includes an adjustment mechanism, a first motor arranged at the middle of the front end of the adjustment mechanism, connecting plates arranged at both ends of the adjustment mechanism, a lifting mechanism connected to the inner side of the connecting plates at both ends, a second motor arranged on the left side of the left end lifting mechanism, a connecting plate arranged on the inner side of the lifting mechanism, a cleaning plate arranged on the inner side of the connecting plate, a pressing and consolidation cylinder installed on the inner side of the cleaning plate, a cleaning mechanism arranged at the lower end of the inner side of the lifting mechanism, and a supporting guide cylinder arranged on the inner side of the two sets of pressing and consolidation cylinders; The pressing cylinder comprises a sliding sleeve connected to the supporting guide cylinder on the inside, a filling layer arranged on the outside of the sliding sleeve, a heating wire embedded in the filling layer, and a contact layer arranged on the outside of the filling layer; The cleaning disc comprises a fixed disc connected to the outside of the sliding sleeve, a through hole opened inside the fixed disc, and a supporting and leading disc fixed on the left side of the fixed disc; The cleaning mechanism comprises a fixed seat arranged inside the lifting mechanism, and the top of the fixed seat is open, a bottom cover arranged at the bottom of the fixed seat, two sets of heating plates arranged at the upper end of the inner side of the opening of the fixed seat, and a cleaning pad arranged inside the heating plate; The heating plate comprises a shell connected to a fixing seat, a clamping hole provided on the inner side of the shell for connecting a cleaning pad, and an electric heating tube provided on the inner side of the shell for heating; The adjusting mechanism includes a shell connected to the connecting plate, a driving bevel gear connected to the output shaft of the first motor at the front end of the middle part of the shell, a driven bevel gear meshing with the driving bevel gear, a threaded rod arranged in the middle part of the driven bevel gear, two sets of sliding members arranged at the left and right positions outside the threaded rod, and a connecting plate connected to the outside of the sliding members, and a sliding groove is opened at the front and rear positions of the outer side of the shell, and the connecting plate is movably embedded in the sliding groove and connected to the connecting plate.

2. The method for preparing a bamboo-wood composite board according to claim 1, characterized in that: A notch is provided in the support lead-out plate, and the position of the notch corresponds to the through hole.

3. The method for preparing a bamboo-wood composite board according to claim 1, characterized in that: The two ends of the outer side of the threaded rod are provided with opposite threads, and the two ends of the threaded rod are respectively threadedly connected with a group of sliding parts.

4. The method for preparing a bamboo-wood composite board according to claim 1, characterized in that: The lifting mechanism includes a bottom shell connected to a connecting plate on the outside, a cylinder arranged inside the bottom shell, a top plate connected to a push-out rod on the top of the cylinder, a support seat arranged on the top of the top plate, and a guide rod connected to the bottom of the support seat and the bottom of which is movably embedded in the bottom shell. The left side of the support seat at the left end is connected to a second motor, and the output shaft of the second motor passes through the support seat and is connected to the connecting disk. The right side of the connecting disk at the right end is connected to the support seat at the right end through an axle rod.

5. A bamboo-wood composite board, prepared by the method for preparing a bamboo-wood composite board according to claim 1, characterized in that: It comprises a bamboo layer, a functional decoration layer is bonded to the top of the bamboo layer, the bottom of the bamboo layer is connected to the wood layer, and a supporting structure layer is arranged at the bottom of the wood layer; the bonding surface of the bamboo layer and the wood layer is slightly wavy, and a rough surface treatment is distributed in an area on the bonding surface, and the rough surface treatment is concentrated in the middle and surrounding positions of the bonding surface.

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