A method for determining the sealing thickness of complex lithologic layers based on temperature-stress field simulation

Abstract

The present invention discloses a method for determining the sealing thickness of a complex lithologic layer based on temperature-stress field simulation, comprising: determining the vertical superposition relationship and the total thickness of the siltstone layer and the mud shale layer according to the vertical distribution characteristics of the lithologic properties of the overlying strata within a set range; obtaining the respective formulas for preparing siltstone and mud shale through experimental fitting; preparing a top plate rock sample by integral molding; arranging multiple groups of temperature sensors and strain sensors on the side of the rock sample at set intervals; heating the rock sample to a set bottom temperature, applying stress to the bottom of the rock sample step by step from small to large to a set stress, and stabilizing at the temperature and stress until the sensor measurement values ​​stabilize; determining the lower limit of the top plate sealing thickness according to the measurement values ​​of each sensor and the vertical superposition relationship; and similarly determining the lower limit of the bottom plate sealing thickness. This method can reasonably quantify the lower limit of the top and bottom plate sealing thickness of a complex lithologic shale reservoir by simplifying the joint simulation of lithologic properties and temperature and stress fields.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical fields of petroleum geology and shale reservoir mining, and in particular to a method for determining the sealing thickness of a complex lithologic layer based on temperature-stress field simulation. Background Art

[0002] my country's medium- to low-maturity oil shale reserves hold enormous potential, and in-situ mining technology, as an effective approach to industrializing its production, is gaining increasing attention. In-situ mining involves directly heating the shale reservoir underground, causing it to crack underground. The resulting oil and gas is then extracted through production wells.

[0003] Within the same geological environment, the sealing strength of the caprock is highly correlated with its lithology. Various geological processes form caprocks of varying lithologies. Based on the caprocks that have been explored to date, gypsum, argillaceous rock, and dense carbonate are the predominant lithologies, with few examples of other lithologies being explored as caprocks.

[0004] Whether the overburden can effectively seal shale reservoirs during in-situ mining is one of the key factors in improving oil recovery. However, there is no effective means to evaluate the roof sealing performance during in-situ mining of shale reservoirs. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In order to at least partially solve the above-mentioned technical problems existing in the prior art, the inventors have made the present invention. Through specific implementation methods, a method for determining the sealing thickness of complex lithologic layers based on temperature-stress field simulation is provided. The method can reasonably quantify the lower limit of the shale reservoir roof sealing thickness by simplifying the joint simulation of lithology and temperature and stress fields.

[0006] An embodiment of the present invention provides a method for determining the sealing thickness of a complex lithologic layer based on temperature-stress field simulation, wherein the complex lithologic layer is an overlying stratum of a shale reservoir, and the complex lithologic layer is an interbedded layer of siltstone and mud shale. The method includes:

[0007] Determine the vertical superposition relationship of the siltstone layer and the mud shale layer, and the total thickness of the siltstone layer and the total thickness of the mud shale layer based on the lithologic vertical distribution characteristics of the overlying strata within a set range;

[0008] Based on the measured properties of multiple siltstone samples, a first formula for siltstone is prepared by experimental fitting; based on the measured properties of multiple shale samples, a second formula for shale is prepared by experimental fitting;

[0009] According to the upper and lower overlapping relationship, the total thickness of the siltstone layer and the total thickness of the shale layer, the first formula and the second formula, a roof rock sample is prepared by an integrated molding method;

[0010] A first heating device, a first stress device, a first temperature sensor and a first strain sensor are arranged on the bottom surface of the roof rock sample, and multiple groups of first temperature sensors and first strain sensors are arranged on the side of the roof rock sample at first set intervals; the first heating device is used to heat the roof rock sample until the measured temperature of the first temperature sensor at the bottom is the first set temperature, and the first stress device is used to apply stress to the bottom of the roof rock sample step by step from small to large to the first set stress, and stabilize at the temperature and the stress until the change amplitude of the measured value of each first temperature sensor and the first strain sensor is less than the set threshold value, and the lower limit of the roof sealing thickness is determined according to the measured values ​​of the first temperature sensor and the first strain sensor and the upper and lower overlapping relationship.

[0011] In some embodiments, preparing a first formula of siltstone by experimental fitting based on measured properties of a plurality of siltstone samples comprises:

[0012] Measuring the particle size distribution, mineral composition, fracture pressure, minimum initiation pressure, fracture critical damage strain value, and porosity of rock samples of each siltstone layer within the set range of the overlying stratum, and obtaining the average value of the corresponding parameters by thickness-weighted averaging;

[0013] Using the average values ​​of the grain size distribution and the average values ​​of the mineral composition of the siltstone layer as the current formula, a siltstone sample is prepared, and the current formula is adjusted until the errors between the porosity, fracture pressure, critical damage strain value, and minimum initiation pressure of the currently prepared siltstone sample and the corresponding average values ​​meet the error threshold, thereby obtaining a first formula for preparing siltstone;

[0014] Accordingly, the second formula for preparing shale by experimental fitting based on the measured properties of the plurality of shale samples includes:

[0015] Measuring the particle size distribution, mineral composition, TOC, kerogen initial hydrocarbon generation temperature, porosity, critical damage strain value, and fracture pressure of rock samples of each shale layer within the set range, and obtaining the average value of the corresponding parameters by thickness-weighted averaging;

[0016] A shale sample is prepared using the average values ​​of the particle size distribution and the average values ​​of the mineral composition of the shale layer as the current formula. The current formula is adjusted until the errors between the TOC, initial kerogen hydrocarbon production temperature, porosity, critical damage strain value, and fracture pressure of the currently prepared shale sample and the corresponding average values ​​meet the error threshold, thereby obtaining a second formula for preparing shale.

[0017] In some embodiments, the first set temperature is the lowest temperature at which the kerogen conversion rate in the shale reservoir reaches a set conversion rate threshold.

[0018] In some embodiments, the first set temperature is the lowest temperature at which the kerogen conversion rate in the shale reservoir reaches 90%.

[0019] In some embodiments, the first heating device is a one-way heating device;

[0020] The first heating device is located at the center of the bottom surface of the roof rock sample;

[0021] The area directly heated by the first heating device on the bottom surface of the roof rock sample does not exceed 1 / 4 of the bottom surface area.

[0022] In some embodiments, the first set stress is the maximum principal stress underground at the burial depth of the bottom surface of the roof rock sample.

[0023] In some embodiments,

[0024] If the upper and lower superposition relationship is that the siltstone layer is on top, the initial hydrocarbon production temperature of the kerogen in the shale layer in the roof rock sample is Tx, and the critical damage strain value of the fracture of the roof rock sample is εx, determining the lower limit of the roof sealing thickness based on the measurement values ​​of the first temperature sensor and the first strain sensor and the upper and lower superposition relationship includes:

[0025] If the temperature in the shale layer drops to Tx and the strain drops to εx, determine the higher position between the position where the temperature is Tx and the position where the strain is εx, and determine the distance from this position to the bottom surface of the roof rock sample as the lower limit of the roof plugging thickness;

[0026] If the temperature in the mudstone layer drops to Tx, the strain in the siltstone layer drops to εx, and the minimum triggering pressure of the siltstone layer is greater than the fracture pressure Pr of the shale reservoir, the distance from the position where the strain is εx to the bottom surface of the roof rock sample is determined as the lower limit of the roof plugging thickness; if the minimum triggering pressure of the siltstone layer is not greater than the fracture pressure Pr of the shale reservoir, it is determined that the roof rock sample cannot be plugged;

[0027] If the temperature in the shale layer is greater than Tx, the method is invalid.

[0028] In some embodiments, if the upper and lower superposition relationship is that the siltstone layer is at the bottom, the initial hydrocarbon production temperature of the kerogen of the shale layer in the roof rock sample is Tx,

[0029] The critical damage strain value of the roof rock sample is εx, and the determining of the lower limit of the roof plugging thickness according to the measured values ​​of the first temperature sensor and the first strain sensor and the upper and lower overlapping relationship includes:

[0030] If the temperature in the siltstone layer drops to Tx and the strain drops to εx, the thickness of the siltstone layer is determined to be the lower limit of the roof sealing thickness;

[0031] If the strain in the shale layer drops to εx, or the temperature drops to Tx, the higher position between the position where the temperature is Tx and the position where the strain is εx is determined, and the distance from this position to the bottom surface of the roof rock sample is determined as the lower limit of the roof sealing thickness.

[0032] In some embodiments, if the underlying rock formation of the shale reservoir is a mud shale formation, the method further includes performing the following step of determining the lower limit of the bottom plate plugging thickness:

[0033] A floor rock sample is prepared using a coring section of an underlying rock formation of a shale reservoir, and a side surface of the floor rock sample is wrapped with a heat-insulating material. A second heating device, a second stress device, a second temperature sensor, and a second strain sensor are arranged on a top surface of the floor rock sample. Multiple groups of second temperature sensors and second strain sensors are arranged on the side surface of the floor rock sample at second set intervals, with the measurement positions of each group of second temperature sensors and second strain sensors being consistent in the longitudinal direction.

[0034] The bottom plate rock sample is heated by the second heating device until the temperature measured by the second temperature sensor at the top is the first set temperature, and the second stress device is used to gradually apply stress to the top of the bottom plate rock sample from small to large to the second set stress, and stabilize at the temperature and stress until the change amplitude of the measured values ​​of each second temperature sensor and second strain sensor is less than the set threshold value, and the highest position at which the bottom plate rock sample temperature is not higher than the third set temperature and the strain is not higher than the second set strain is determined based on the measured values ​​of the second temperature sensor and the second strain sensor;

[0035] The lower limit of the bottom plate plugging thickness of the shale reservoir is determined based on the distance between the position and the top surface.

[0036] In some embodiments, if the underlying rock layer of the shale reservoir is an underlying siltstone layer, the method further includes determining whether the fracture pressure of the shale reservoir is less than the minimum starting pressure of the underlying siltstone layer; if so, performing the following steps to determine the lower limit of the bottom plate plugging thickness:

[0037] A floor rock sample is prepared using a coring section of an underlying rock formation, a side surface of the floor rock sample is wrapped with a heat-insulating material, a second heating device, a second stress device, a second temperature sensor, and a second strain sensor are arranged on a top surface of the floor rock sample, and a plurality of second strain sensors are arranged on the side surface of the floor rock sample at second set intervals;

[0038] The bottom plate rock sample is heated by the second heating device until the temperature measured by the second temperature sensor at the top is the set temperature, and the second stress device is used to gradually apply stress to the top of the bottom plate rock sample from small to large to a second set stress, and stabilize at this temperature and stress until the change amplitude of the measured value of each second strain sensor is less than the set threshold value, and the strain of the bottom plate rock sample is determined to be no higher than the highest position of the second set strain based on the measured value of the second strain sensor;

[0039] The lower limit of the bottom plate plugging thickness of the shale reservoir is determined based on the distance between the position and the top surface.

[0040] In some embodiments, the second set strain is the critical damage strain value of the underlying rock formation; and the second set stress is the maximum principal stress underground at the burial depth of the top surface of the bottom plate rock sample.

[0041] In some embodiments, if the underlying rock layer of the shale reservoir is an interbedded layer of siltstone and mud shale, the method further includes performing the following step of determining the lower limit of the bottom plate plugging thickness:

[0042] Determine the vertical superposition relationship of the siltstone layer and the mud shale layer, and the total thickness of the siltstone layer and the total thickness of the mud shale layer based on the lithologic vertical distribution characteristics of the underlying rock layer within a set range;

[0043] preparing a third formulation for siltstone by experimental fitting based on measured properties of a plurality of siltstone samples within a set range of the underlying rock formation, and preparing a fourth formulation for shale by experimental fitting based on measured properties of a plurality of shale samples within a set range of the underlying rock formation;

[0044] According to the upper and lower overlapping relationship of the siltstone layer and the mud shale layer of the underlying rock layer, the total thickness of the siltstone layer and the total thickness of the mud shale layer, and the third and fourth formulas, a bottom plate rock sample is prepared by an integrated molding method;

[0045] A second heating device, a second stress device, a second temperature sensor, and a second strain sensor are arranged on the top surface of the bottom plate rock sample, and multiple groups of second temperature sensors and second strain sensors are arranged on the side of the bottom plate rock sample at second set intervals; the second heating device is used to heat the bottom plate rock sample until the measured temperature of the second temperature sensor at the top is the first set temperature, and the second stress device is used to apply stress to the top of the bottom plate rock sample step by step from small to large to the second set stress, and stabilize at the temperature and stress until the change amplitude of the measured value of each second temperature sensor and second strain sensor is less than the set threshold value, and the lower limit of the bottom plate sealing thickness is determined according to the measured values ​​of the second temperature sensor and the second strain sensor and the upper and lower overlapping relationship of the siltstone layer and the shale layer of the bottom plate rock sample.

[0046] The beneficial effects of the above technical solutions provided by the embodiments of the present invention include at least:

[0047] (1) The method for determining the sealing thickness of a complex lithologic layer based on temperature-stress field simulation provided by an embodiment of the present invention comprises: preparing a roof rock sample by integral molding; heating the roof rock sample to a first set temperature by a first heating device; applying stress to the bottom of the roof rock sample in steps from small to large to a first set stress by a first stress device; and stabilizing the temperature and stress until the measurement values ​​of each sensor are stable; determining the lower limit of the sealing thickness of the roof rock sample based on the measurement values ​​of the first temperature sensor and the first strain sensor and the upper and lower overlapping relationship of the siltstone layer and the mud shale layer. By experimentally determining the lower limit of the roof sealing thickness of a shale reservoir based on temperature field and stress field simulation, the roof sealing conditions during the in-situ mining of a shale reservoir are specifically quantified, which can effectively guide production and improve the economic benefits of in-situ mining of shale oil and gas.

[0048] (2) The method provided in the embodiment of the present invention for determining the sealing thickness of a complex lithologic layer based on temperature-stress field simulation determines the vertical superposition relationship of the siltstone layer and the mudstone layer, as well as the total thickness of the siltstone layer and the total thickness of the mudstone layer, based on the lithologic vertical distribution characteristics of the overlying strata within a set range; obtains the formula for preparing siltstone and mudstone respectively through experimental fitting; and prepares a roof rock sample by integral molding. The prepared synthetic sample takes into account both the properties of mudstone and siltstone and the vertical superposition relationship between the two, rationally simplifies the sample, and thus enables the determination of the lower limit of the sealing thickness of a complex lithologic roof with interbedded mudstone and siltstone.

[0049] (3) It is currently generally believed that only mud shale can effectively seal shale reservoirs during in-situ mining. The method for determining the sealing thickness of complex lithologic layers based on temperature-stress field simulation provided in the embodiment of the present invention suggests that if the overlying rock layer of the shale reservoir is an interbedded layer of siltstone and mud shale, it may also produce a sealing effect during the in-situ mining of the shale reservoir, thereby broadening the exploration prospects of shale oil and gas.

[0050] (4) The method for determining the sealing thickness of a complex lithologic layer based on temperature-stress field simulation provided by the embodiment of the present invention is as follows: during the experiment, the temperature of the bottom of the roof is kept constant at the lowest temperature at which the kerogen conversion rate in the reservoir reaches 90%. At this temperature, the reservoir almost completes the conversion to hydrocarbon generation and reaches the maximum oil and gas production, that is, the temperature is the highest temperature at which the reservoir may be heated during the in-situ heating and mining process of an actual shale reservoir; stress is applied to the bottom of the roof rock sample step by step from small to large until it reaches the maximum principal stress underground at the bottom buried depth, and stabilized at this stress, that is, the maximum stress that may be experienced during the in-situ heating and mining process; on the basis that the temperature of the bottom of the roof is kept constant at the lowest temperature at which the kerogen conversion rate in the shale reservoir reaches 90% and the stress is kept constant at the maximum principal stress underground at the bottom buried depth, the lower limit of the roof sealing thickness is determined based on the measurement values ​​of the first temperature sensor and the first strain sensor and the upper and lower superposition relationship of the siltstone layer and the mud shale layer. Therefore, the above-mentioned settings of temperature, stress and strain ensure that the lower limit of the determined roof sealing thickness is reasonable and has strong production guidance significance.

[0051] (5) In the method for determining the sealing thickness of a complex lithologic layer based on temperature-stress field simulation provided by an embodiment of the present invention, the first heating device is a unidirectional heating device, which saves resources; the heating position is located at the center, and the direct heating area of ​​the bottom surface of the top plate rock sample does not exceed 1 / 4 of the bottom surface area, so that the heat source can be spread upward as much as possible.

[0052] (6) When studying the sealing properties of shale reservoirs, existing technologies often focus only on the sealing properties of the roof, while ignoring the sealing function of the floor. However, for in-situ heating and production of shale reservoirs, poor floor sealing performance will still lead to oil and gas loss, affecting the recovery rate. The method for determining the sealing thickness of complex lithologic layers based on temperature-stress field simulation provided by the embodiment of the present invention not only considers the sealing properties of the roof, but also fully considers the sealing properties of the floor, thus ensuring the reliability of the determination of the sealing performance and further providing a guarantee for improving the recovery rate.

[0053] Other features and advantages of the present invention will be described in the following description, and in part will become apparent from the description, or will be understood by practicing the present invention. The purposes and other advantages of the present invention can be realized and obtained by the structures particularly pointed out in the written description, claims, and drawings.

[0054] The technical solution of the present invention is further described in detail below through the accompanying drawings and embodiments. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0055] The accompanying drawings are used to provide a further understanding of the present invention and constitute a part of the specification. Together with the embodiments of the present invention, they are used to explain the present invention and do not constitute a limitation of the present invention. In the accompanying drawings:

[0056] Figure 1This is a flow chart of a method for determining the sealing thickness of a complex lithologic layer based on temperature-stress field simulation in Example 1 of the present invention;

[0057] Figure 2 This is a flow chart of a method for determining the sealing thickness of a complex lithologic layer based on temperature-stress field simulation in Example 2 of the present invention;

[0058] Figure 3 This is a flow chart of a method for determining the sealing thickness of a complex lithologic layer based on temperature-stress field simulation in Example 3 of the present invention;

[0059] Figure 4 This is a flow chart of a method for determining the sealing thickness of a complex lithologic layer based on temperature-stress field simulation in Example 4 of the present invention;

[0060] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the axial cross-section of the roof rock sample in Example 5 of the present invention;

[0061] Figure 6 This is a temperature field simulation diagram in Example 5 of the present invention;

[0062] Figure 7 This is a strain field simulation diagram in Example 5 of the present invention;

[0063] Figure 8 for Figure 6 Oil saturation variation diagram at the middle temperature line 200℃ and 220℃;

[0064] Figure 9 for Figure 7 Oil saturation variation diagram at the middle strain line of 10MPa and 20MPa. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0065] Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Although exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are shown in the accompanying drawings, it should be understood that the present disclosure can be implemented in various forms and should not be limited by the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided to enable a more thorough understanding of the present disclosure and to fully convey the scope of the present disclosure to those skilled in the art.

[0066] It should be understood that the terms described herein are intended only to describe particular embodiments and are not intended to limit the present invention. In addition, for numerical ranges herein, it should be understood that each intermediate value between the upper and lower limits of the range is also specifically disclosed. Each smaller range between any intermediate value within a stated value or stated range and any other stated value or intermediate value within the stated range is also encompassed by the present invention. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may be independently included or excluded within the scope.

[0067] Unless otherwise indicated, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which the invention belongs. Although the present invention describes only preferred methods and materials, any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may also be used in the implementation or testing of the present invention. All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated by reference to disclose and describe the methods and / or materials related to the documents. In the event of any conflict with any incorporated document, the content of this specification shall prevail.

[0068] In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the terms “include”, “including”, “have”, “contain”, etc. are all open terms, which mean including but not limited to.

[0069] During their work, the inventors discovered that the existing technology had the problem of difficulty in effectively evaluating the roof sealing performance during the heating and mining process of shale reservoirs. After further research and development, the inventors discovered that the different heat conduction conditions of the roof and floor of the shale reservoir during the in-situ heating and mining process of the shale reservoir affect the different sealing thicknesses. In addition, the roof and floor are subject to different stresses due to their different burial depths. Therefore, the sealing thicknesses of the roof and floor can be reasonably determined through simulation experiments of temperature and stress fields. In addition, it is currently generally believed that only mud shale can produce a sealing effect during the in-situ mining of shale reservoirs. The inventors discovered that the complex lithology of interbedded mud shale and siltstone may also produce a sealing effect during the in-situ mining of shale reservoirs. The embodiment of the present invention provides a method for determining the sealing thickness of complex lithology layers based on temperature-stress field simulation, which can reasonably quantify the lower limit of the shale reservoir roof sealing thickness by simplifying the lithology and temperature and stress field simulation methods.

[0070] Example 1

[0071] The first embodiment of the present invention provides a method for determining the sealing thickness of a complex lithologic layer based on temperature-stress field simulation, referring to Figure 1 As shown, the following steps are included:

[0072] Step S11: Determine the vertical superposition relationship of the siltstone layer and the mud shale layer, and the total thickness of the siltstone layer and the total thickness of the mud shale layer according to the vertical distribution characteristics of the lithology of the overlying strata within a set range.

[0073] The complex lithologic layer is the overlying stratum of the shale reservoir, which is composed of interbedded siltstone and mud shale.

[0074] Empirical data indicates that the roof seal thickness during in-situ mining of shale reservoirs is typically within 300-400 centimeters. Therefore, the length (thickness) of the roof rock sample should be no less than 500 cm. Any thicker increases experimental difficulty and cost; any thinner will easily fall below the actual lower limit of the roof seal thickness, resulting in experimental failure (unable to measure the required in-situ roof seal thickness for shale). This means that the overlying stratum should be within a 500 cm thickness range, preferably within 500 cm from the location closest to the top of the shale reservoir upward.

[0075] The set range is divided into an upper and a lower part by an averaging method. If the cumulative thickness of the lower shale layer exceeds the first set ratio (for example, more than 60%), the superposition relationship is determined to be the shale layer at the bottom and the siltstone layer at the top; if the cumulative thickness of the lower shale layer is lower than the second set ratio (for example, lower than 40%), the superposition relationship is determined to be the shale layer at the top and the siltstone layer at the bottom; if the cumulative thickness of the lower shale layer is within the set ratio range (for example, 40% to 60%), the lower part within the set range is further divided into an upper and a lower part by an averaging method, and the above method is repeated to determine the upper and lower superposition relationship of the siltstone layer and the shale layer.

[0076] Step S12: Based on the measured properties of multiple siltstone samples, a first formula of siltstone is prepared by experimental fitting; based on the measured properties of multiple shale samples, a second formula of shale is prepared by experimental fitting.

[0077] In some embodiments, fitting a first formula for preparing siltstone may include: measuring the particle size distribution, mineral composition, porosity, fracture pressure, critical damage strain value for fracture, and minimum starting pressure of rock samples of each siltstone layer within a set range of the overlying stratum, and obtaining the average value of the corresponding parameters by thickness-weighted averaging; preparing a siltstone sample using the average value of the particle size distribution and the average value of the mineral composition of the siltstone layer as the current formula, and adjusting the current formula until the errors between the porosity, fracture pressure, critical damage strain value for fracture, and minimum starting pressure of the currently prepared siltstone sample and the corresponding average values ​​meet an error threshold, thereby obtaining the first formula for preparing siltstone.

[0078] Small-sized samples can be synthesized first, the porosity of the synthesized samples can be measured, and the results can be calibrated with the measurement results of natural samples. Then, the current particle size distribution and mineral composition can be adjusted and optimized, and new artificial samples can be synthesized. Finally, the error between the measurement results of the synthetic samples and the natural samples does not exceed the error threshold (which can be set to 15%).

[0079] In some embodiments, fitting the second formula for preparing mud shale may include: measuring the particle size distribution, mineral composition, TOC, kerogen initial hydrocarbon production temperature, porosity, critical damage strain value for fracture, and fracture pressure of rock samples of each mud shale layer within a set range of the overlying formation, and obtaining the average value of the corresponding parameters by thickness weighting; preparing mud shale samples using the average value of the particle size distribution and the average value of the mineral composition of the mud shale layer as the current formula, and adjusting the current formula until the errors between the TOC, kerogen initial hydrocarbon production temperature, porosity, critical damage strain value for fracture, and fracture pressure of the currently prepared mud shale sample and the corresponding average values ​​all meet the error threshold, thereby obtaining the second formula for preparing mud shale.

[0080] Optionally, in the process of fitting the first and second formulas, the parameters used for calibration may include not only the above parameters but also other parameters. Correspondingly, the measurement results of natural samples of these parameters are obtained by thickness-weighted averaging the measurement results of the corresponding rock samples.

[0081] Step S13: preparing a roof rock sample by integral molding according to the upper and lower overlapping relationship, the total thickness of the siltstone layer and the total thickness of the shale layer, the first formula and the second formula.

[0082] Roof rock samples of the same cross-sectional area (eg cylindrical with a diameter of 5 cm) can be prepared.

[0083] Taking the above setting range of 500 cm thickness as an example, the thickness of the roof rock sample is also 500 cm.

[0084] The sides of the roof rock sample are wrapped with heat-insulating material to prevent heat from being dissipated to the surroundings during heating. The pressure resistance of the heat-insulating sealing material must be no less than 80MPa.

[0085] Step S14: Arrange a first heating device, a first stress device, a first temperature sensor and a first strain sensor on the bottom surface of the roof rock sample, and arrange multiple groups of first temperature sensors and first strain sensors on the side of the roof rock sample at first set intervals; use the first heating device to heat the roof rock sample until the measurement temperature of the first temperature sensor at the bottom is the first set temperature, use the first stress device to apply stress to the bottom of the roof rock sample step by step from small to large to the first set stress, and stabilize at the temperature and the stress until the change amplitude of the measurement value of each first temperature sensor and the first strain sensor is less than the set threshold value, and determine the lower limit of the roof plugging thickness based on the measurement value of the first temperature sensor and the first strain sensor and the upper and lower overlapping relationship.

[0086] In the embodiment of the present application, from bottom to top corresponds to from bottom to top.

[0087] The measurement positions of each group of first temperature sensors and first strain sensors are consistent in the longitudinal direction.

[0088] The first stress device may be a triaxial stress test device.

[0089] In some embodiments, the first heating device is a one-way heating device to save resources.

[0090] The first heating device is located at the center of the bottom surface of the top plate rock sample. Further, the first heating device can directly heat an area of ​​the bottom surface of the top plate rock sample that does not exceed 1 / 4 of the bottom surface area, so that the heat source can be spread upward as much as possible.

[0091] The first temperature sensor and the first strain sensor are arranged axially on the side of the roof rock sample. The first set interval of the arrangement is set according to the measurement accuracy requirement, and is usually 10 cm.

[0092] In some embodiments, the first set temperature is the lowest temperature at which the kerogen conversion rate in the shale reservoir reaches a set conversion rate threshold.

[0093] The first set temperature can be determined by using a source rock thermal simulation experiment or a kerogen activation energy experiment.

[0094] For example, multiple samples of shale reservoirs are taken, and source rock thermal simulation experiments are conducted on each sample to measure the lowest temperature at which the kerogen conversion rate reaches a set conversion rate threshold, and the minimum value of the multiple measured minimum temperatures is determined as the first set temperature.

[0095] Furthermore, the first set temperature is the lowest temperature at which the kerogen conversion rate in the shale reservoir reaches 90%, which is usually 290-330°C.

[0096] The kerogen conversion rate reaches 90%. At this temperature, the reservoir is almost completely converted to hydrocarbons, achieving maximum oil and gas production. That is, this temperature is the highest temperature at which the reservoir can be heated during the in-situ heating and production process of actual shale reservoirs. Therefore, the setting of this temperature ensures the safety and rationality of the determined lower limit of the roof sealing thickness.

[0097] In some embodiments, the first set stress is the maximum principal stress underground at the depth of burial of the bottom surface of the roof rock sample, which is obtained by calculation.

[0098] The first set temperature, ie, the lowest temperature T0 at which the kerogen conversion rate in the shale reservoir reaches 90%, is determined in the above manner, and the maximum underground principal stress Ex at the burial depth of the bottom surface of the roof rock sample is determined.

[0099] Using the first heating device (heat source), slowly heat the sample (no more than 20°C / day), with the maximum temperature between 400°C and 650°C. Adjust the heat source power to maintain a constant temperature at the bottom of the roof sample at T0. Simultaneously, using the first stress device, gradually apply stress to the bottom of the roof sample, increasing by 1 MPa for 5 minutes, until the applied stress reaches a constant value of Ex. Furthermore, the stress and temperature should be achieved simultaneously. Maintaining constant temperature at T0 and constant stress at Ex for at least 30 minutes, until the measured values ​​of each sensor are less than the set threshold (i.e., after temperature and strain have stabilized), collect the measured values ​​of each first temperature sensor and first strain sensor. Since the temperature and strain of the roof sample gradually decrease from bottom to top, the measured values ​​of the first temperature and first strain sensors can be collected sequentially from bottom to top.

[0100] Before determining the lower limit of the roof plugging thickness, the following parameters need to be determined:

[0101] The initial hydrocarbon generation temperature Tx of kerogen in the shale layer of the roof rock sample is usually 200-250°C. It can be determined by thermal simulation experiments of hydrocarbon source rocks;

[0102] The critical damage strain value εx of the roof rock sample can be the average value of the thickness-weighted average of the critical damage strain values ​​of the siltstone layer and the shale layer;

[0103] The minimum starting pressure Ps for oil and gas migration in the siltstone layer in the roof rock sample.

[0104] In some embodiments, the lower limit of the roof rock sample plugging thickness is determined based on the measurement values ​​of the first temperature sensor and the first strain sensor and the vertical superposition relationship between the siltstone layer and the mudstone layer, to include the following two situations:

[0105] 1. The superposition relationship is that the siltstone layer is on top.

[0106] (1) If the temperature in the shale layer drops to Tx and the strain drops to εx, determine the higher position between the position where the temperature is Tx and the position where the strain is εx, and determine the distance from this position to the bottom surface of the roof rock sample as the lower limit of the roof plugging thickness;

[0107] (2) If the temperature in the mudstone layer drops to Tx, the strain in the siltstone layer drops to εx, and the minimum starting pressure of the siltstone layer is greater than the fracture pressure Pr of the shale reservoir, the distance from the position where the strain is εx to the bottom of the roof rock sample is determined as the lower limit of the roof plugging thickness; if the minimum starting pressure Ps of the siltstone layer is not greater than the fracture pressure Pr of the shale reservoir, it is determined that the roof rock sample cannot be plugged;

[0108] (3) If the temperature in the shale layer is greater than Tx, the method is invalid.

[0109] 2. The superposition relationship is that the siltstone layer is at the bottom.

[0110] (1) If the temperature in the siltstone layer drops to Tx and the strain drops to εx, the thickness of the siltstone layer is determined to be the lower limit of the roof sealing thickness;

[0111] (2) If the strain in the shale layer drops to εx, or the temperature drops to Tx, determine the higher position between the position where the temperature is Tx and the position where the strain is εx, and determine the distance from this position to the bottom surface of the roof rock sample as the lower limit of the roof sealing thickness.

[0112] In some embodiments, other factors affecting the plugging performance may be further considered to determine a safety correction factor (greater than 1), and the safety correction factor may be used to correct the lower limit of the roof plugging thickness determined above.

[0113] The method for determining the sealing thickness of a complex lithologic layer based on temperature-stress field simulation provided in Example 1 of the present invention comprises: preparing a roof rock sample by integral molding; heating the roof rock sample to a first set temperature using a first heating device; applying stress to the bottom of the roof rock sample in steps from small to large to a first set stress using a first stress device; and stabilizing at the temperature and stress until the measurement values ​​of each sensor are stable; determining the lower limit of the sealing thickness of the roof rock sample based on the measurement values ​​of the first temperature sensor and the first strain sensor and the upper and lower overlapping relationship of the siltstone layer and the mudstone layer. The lower limit of the roof sealing thickness of the shale reservoir is determined by experimental methods based on temperature field and stress field simulation, and the roof sealing conditions of the shale reservoir in situ process are specifically quantified, which can effectively guide production and improve the economic benefits of in-situ shale oil and gas mining.

[0114] The method provided in Example 1 of the present invention for determining the sealing thickness of complex lithologic layers based on temperature-stress field simulation determines the vertical superposition relationship of siltstone and mudstone layers, as well as the total thickness of the siltstone and mudstone layers, based on the vertical lithologic distribution characteristics of the overlying strata within a set range. Formulas for preparing siltstone and mudstone are obtained through experimental fitting, respectively. A roof rock sample is then prepared by integral molding. The prepared synthetic sample takes into account both the properties of mudstone and siltstone, as well as their vertical superposition relationship, rationally simplifying the sample and thereby enabling the determination of the lower limit of the sealing thickness of a complex lithologic roof interbedded with mudstone and siltstone.

[0115] It is generally believed that only mud shale can effectively seal shale reservoirs during in-situ mining. The method for determining the sealing thickness of complex lithologic layers based on temperature-stress field simulation provided in Example 1 of the present invention suggests that if the overlying rock layer of the shale reservoir is an interbedded layer of siltstone and mud shale, a sealing effect may also be produced during in-situ mining of the shale reservoir, thereby broadening the exploration prospects of shale oil and gas.

[0116] Example 2

[0117] Embodiment 2 of the present invention provides another method for determining the sealing thickness of complex lithologic layers based on temperature-stress field simulation, specifically a method for determining the lower limit of the bottom plate sealing thickness of a shale reservoir, where the underlying rock layer of the shale reservoir is a mudstone formation.

[0118] Specifically, refer to Figure 2 As shown, the following steps are included:

[0119] Step S21: Prepare a bottom plate rock sample using a coring section of the underlying rock formation of the shale reservoir, wrap the side of the bottom plate rock sample with a heat-insulating material, arrange a second heating device, a second stress device, a second temperature sensor, and a second strain sensor on the top surface of the bottom plate rock sample, and arrange multiple groups of second temperature sensors and second strain sensors on the side of the bottom plate rock sample at second set intervals.

[0120] The measurement positions of each group of second temperature sensors and second strain sensors are consistent in the longitudinal direction.

[0121] The second temperature sensor may be the same temperature sensor as the first temperature sensor. The "first" and "second" here are only used to distinguish whether the temperature sensor is set on the top plate rock sample or the bottom plate rock sample.

[0122] Similarly, the second strain sensor can be the same strain sensor as the first strain sensor. The "first" and "second" here are only used to distinguish whether the strain sensor is set in the top plate rock sample or the bottom plate rock sample.

[0123] A bottom rock sample of the same cross-sectional area (e.g., cylindrical with a diameter of 5 cm) is prepared from a cored section of the underlying strata of the shale reservoir. The length (thickness) of the bottom rock sample is not less than 500 cm.

[0124] The second heating device can be the same heating device as the first heating device. The "first" and "second" here are just to distinguish whether the heating device is set on the bottom surface of the top plate rock sample or the top surface of the bottom plate rock sample.

[0125] The second stress device can be a heating device that is the same as the first stress device. The "first" and "second" here are only used to distinguish whether the stress device is set on the bottom surface of the top plate rock sample or the top surface of the bottom plate rock sample.

[0126] The second heating device is located at the center of the top surface of the bottom plate rock sample. Further, the second heating device can directly heat the top surface of the bottom plate rock sample to an area not exceeding 1 / 4 of the top surface area, so that the heat source can be spread downward as much as possible.

[0127] Specifically, the top surface of the bottom plate rock sample refers to the side closest to the shale reservoir at the corresponding original underground position.

[0128] The second temperature sensor and the second strain sensor are arranged axially on the side of the bottom plate rock sample. The second set interval of each group is set according to the measurement accuracy requirement and can be consistent with the first set interval, usually 10 cm.

[0129] Step S22: Using the second heating device to heat the bottom plate rock sample until the measured temperature of the second temperature sensor at the top is the first set temperature, using the second stress device to gradually apply stress to the top of the bottom plate rock sample from small to large to the second set stress, and stabilize at this temperature and stress until the change amplitude of the measured values ​​of each second temperature sensor and second strain sensor is less than the set threshold value, and determine the highest position where the temperature of the bottom plate rock sample is not higher than the third set temperature and the strain is not higher than the second set strain based on the measured values ​​of the second temperature sensor and the second strain sensor.

[0130] In some embodiments, the third set temperature is the initial hydrocarbon production temperature of kerogen in the underlying rock formation, and its determination method can refer to the determination of the second set temperature.

[0131] This application is based on the premise that the overlying and underlying rock layers of the shale reservoir are both mudstone formations. Therefore, if the rock properties of the overlying and underlying rock layers are basically the same, the initial hydrocarbon production temperature of kerogen in the overlying rock layer can also be approximated as the initial hydrocarbon production temperature of kerogen in the underlying rock layer.

[0132] The second set stress is the maximum principal stress underground at the depth of burial of the top surface of the bottom plate rock sample, which is obtained by calculation.

[0133] The second set strain is the critical damage strain of the underlying rock stratum, which can also be determined through rock fracture experiments. Therefore, if the rock mechanical properties of the overburden and underlying rock strata are basically the same, the critical damage strain of the overburden stratum can also be approximated as the critical damage strain of the underlying rock stratum.

[0134] For example, with the third set temperature also being Tx, the second set stress also being Ex, and the second set strain also being εx, the second heating device (heat source) is used to slowly heat the sample (no more than 20°C / day), with the maximum temperature of the heat source between 400°C and 650°C. The heat source power is adjusted to maintain a constant temperature of T0 at the top of the bottom plate rock sample. Simultaneously, the second stress device is used to gradually apply stress to the top of the bottom plate rock sample, increasing by 1 MPa for 5 minutes until the final applied stress is constant at Ex. Furthermore, the stress Ex and the temperature T0 are achieved simultaneously, as much as possible. The temperature is kept constant at T0 and the stress is kept constant at Ex for at least 30 minutes until the variation of the measured values ​​of each sensor is less than the set threshold value. That is, after the temperature and strain are stable, the measured values ​​of each second temperature sensor and the second strain sensor are collected. Since the temperature of the bottom plate rock sample gradually decreases from the top to the bottom, the strain also gradually decreases from the top to the bottom. Therefore, the measured values ​​of the second temperature sensor and the second strain sensor can be collected in sequence from the top to the bottom until the currently collected temperature is not greater than Tx and the strain εx is not greater than Px. The highest position of the bottom plate rock sample where the temperature is not higher than Tx and the strain is not higher than εx is determined based on the position of the corresponding sensor.

[0135] If the currently collected temperature is Tx, the position of the corresponding second temperature sensor can be directly determined as the position where the bottom plate rock sample temperature begins to drop to Tx; if the currently collected temperature begins to be less than Tx (the first temperature less than Tx), based on the currently collected temperature and the previous collected temperature and the position of the current second temperature sensor and the position of the previous second temperature sensor, the first highest position where the bottom plate rock sample temperature is not higher than Tx is determined by the proportional method.

[0136] Similarly, if the currently collected strain is εx, the position of the corresponding second strain sensor can be directly determined as the position where the strain of the bottom plate rock sample begins to drop to εx; if the currently collected strain begins to be less than εx (the first strain less than εx), based on the currently collected strain and the previous collected strain and the position of the current second strain sensor and the position of the previous second strain sensor, the second highest position where the strain of the bottom plate rock sample is not higher than εx is determined by the proportional method.

[0137] The lower of the first highest position and the second highest position is used as the highest position where the bottom plate rock sample temperature is not higher than the third set temperature and the stress is not higher than the third set stress.

[0138] Step S23: determining the lower limit of the bottom plate plugging thickness of the shale reservoir according to the distance from the position to the top surface.

[0139] The distance from this position to the top surface can be directly determined as the lower limit of the bottom plate plugging thickness of the shale reservoir; other factors affecting the plugging performance can also be further considered to determine a safety correction factor (greater than 1), and the product of the safety correction factor and the determined distance can be used as the lower limit of the bottom plate plugging thickness of the shale reservoir.

[0140] Example 3

[0141] A third embodiment of the present invention provides another method for determining the sealing thickness of complex lithologic layers based on temperature-stress field simulation. Specifically, this method is for determining the lower limit of the floor sealing thickness in a shale reservoir, where the underlying stratum is a siltstone formation. The method determines whether the shale reservoir fracture pressure is less than the minimum triggering pressure of the underlying siltstone formation. If so, the following steps for determining the lower limit of the floor sealing thickness are performed. If not, the underlying stratum is determined to be non-sealing during in-situ mining of the shale reservoir.

[0142] For details, see Figure 3 As shown, the steps for determining the lower limit of the bottom plate sealing thickness include:

[0143] Step S31: Prepare a bottom plate rock sample using the coring section of the underlying rock formation of the shale reservoir, wrap the side of the bottom plate rock sample with an insulating material, arrange a second heating device, a second stress device, a second temperature sensor, and a second strain sensor on the top surface of the bottom plate rock sample, and arrange multiple second strain sensors on the side of the bottom plate rock sample at a second set interval.

[0144] A bottom rock sample of the same cross-sectional area (e.g., cylindrical with a diameter of 5 cm) is prepared from a cored section of the underlying strata of the shale reservoir. The length (thickness) of the bottom rock sample is not less than 500 cm.

[0145] The second heating device is located at the center of the top surface of the bottom plate rock sample. Further, the second heating device can directly heat the top surface of the bottom plate rock sample to an area not exceeding 1 / 4 of the top surface area, so that the heat source can be spread downward as much as possible.

[0146] Specifically, the top surface of the bottom plate rock sample refers to the side closest to the shale reservoir at the corresponding original underground position.

[0147] The second strain sensors are arranged axially on the side of the bottom plate rock sample. The second set interval is set according to the measurement accuracy requirement and can be consistent with the first set interval, usually 10 cm.

[0148] Step S32: Using the second heating device to heat the bottom plate rock sample until the measurement temperature of the second temperature sensor at the top is the first set temperature, using the second stress device to gradually apply stress to the top of the bottom plate rock sample from small to large to the second set stress, and stabilize at this temperature and stress until the change amplitude of the measurement value of each second strain sensor is less than the set threshold, and determine based on the measurement value of the second strain sensor that the strain of the bottom plate rock sample is not higher than the highest position of the second set strain.

[0149] In some embodiments, the second set stress is the maximum principal stress underground at the burial depth of the top surface of the bottom plate rock sample, which is obtained by calculation.

[0150] The second set strain is the critical damage strain of the underlying rock stratum, which can also be determined through rock fracture experiments. Therefore, if the rock mechanical properties of the overburden and underlying rock strata are basically the same, the critical damage strain of the overburden stratum can also be approximated as the critical damage strain of the underlying rock stratum.

[0151] For example, with a set temperature of T0, a second set stress of Ex, and a second set strain of εx, the second heating device (heat source) is used to slowly heat the sample (no more than 20°C / day), with the maximum temperature between 400°C and 650°C. The heat source power is adjusted to maintain a constant temperature of T0 at the top of the bottom plate sample. Simultaneously, the second stress device applies stress to the top of the bottom plate sample in steps, increasing by 1 MPa for 5 minutes, until the final applied stress is constant at Ex. Furthermore, efforts are made to achieve both the stress and the temperature simultaneously. The temperature, T0, and the stress, Ex, are maintained constant for at least 30 minutes, until the amplitude of the measured values ​​of each sensor is less than the set threshold. This means that once the strain is stable, the measured values ​​of each second strain sensor are collected. Since the strain of the bottom plate sample gradually decreases from the top to the bottom, the measured values ​​of the second strain sensors are collected sequentially from the top to the bottom until the currently collected strain, εx, is no greater than Px. The highest position of the bottom plate sample where the strain does not exceed εx is determined based on the position of the corresponding sensor.

[0152] If the currently collected strain is εx, the position of the corresponding second strain sensor can be directly determined as the position where the strain of the bottom plate rock sample begins to drop to εx; if the currently collected strain begins to be less than εx (the first strain less than εx), the highest position where the strain of the bottom plate rock sample is not higher than εx is determined by the proportional method based on the currently collected strain, the previous collected strain, the position of the current second strain sensor, and the position of the previous second strain sensor.

[0153] Step S33: determining the lower limit of the bottom plate plugging thickness of the shale reservoir according to the distance from the position to the top surface.

[0154] The distance from this position to the top surface can be directly determined as the lower limit of the bottom plate plugging thickness of the shale reservoir; other factors affecting the plugging performance can also be further considered to determine a safety correction factor (greater than 1), and the product of the safety correction factor and the determined distance can be used as the lower limit of the bottom plate plugging thickness of the shale reservoir.

[0155] Example 4

[0156] Embodiment 4 of the present invention provides another method for determining the lower limit of the sealing thickness of complex lithologic layers based on stress field simulation, specifically a method for determining the lower limit of the bottom plate sealing thickness of a shale reservoir, which is applicable to the case where the underlying rock layer of the shale reservoir is an interlayer of siltstone and mud shale. The method for determining the lower limit of the top plate sealing thickness of the shale reservoir in the above embodiment 1 is still applicable here.

[0157] Specifically, refer to Figure 4 As shown, the following steps are included:

[0158] Step S41: Determine the vertical superposition relationship of the siltstone layer and the mud shale layer, and the total thickness of the siltstone layer and the total thickness of the mud shale layer based on the lithologic vertical distribution characteristics of the underlying rock layer within a set range.

[0159] The setting range of the underlying rock layer can be within a thickness range of 500 cm, preferably, within a thickness range of 500 cm downward from a position closest to the top surface of the shale reservoir.

[0160] Step S42: Based on the measured properties of multiple siltstone samples within the set range of the underlying rock formation, a third formula for siltstone is prepared by experimental fitting; based on the measured properties of multiple shale samples within the set range of the underlying rock formation, a fourth formula for shale is prepared by experimental fitting.

[0161] Step S43: preparing a bottom plate rock sample by integral molding according to the upper and lower overlapping relationship of the siltstone layer and the mud shale layer of the underlying rock layer, the total thickness of the siltstone layer and the total thickness of the mud shale layer, the third formula and the fourth formula.

[0162] Step S44: a second heating device, a second stress device, a second temperature sensor, and a second strain sensor are arranged on the top surface of the bottom plate rock sample, and multiple groups of second temperature sensors and second strain sensors are arranged on the side of the bottom plate rock sample at second set intervals; the second heating device is used to heat the bottom plate rock sample until the measurement temperature of the second temperature sensor at the top is the first set temperature, and the second stress device is used to apply stress to the top of the bottom plate rock sample step by step from small to large to the second set stress, and stabilize at the temperature and stress until the change amplitude of the measurement value of each second temperature sensor and second strain sensor is less than the set threshold value, and the lower limit of the bottom plate plugging thickness is determined based on the measurement values ​​of the second temperature sensor and the second strain sensor and the upper and lower overlapping relationship of the siltstone layer and the shale layer of the bottom plate rock sample.

[0163] The execution process of step S44 can refer to the execution process of step S14, which will not be repeated here.

[0164] Existing research on the sealing properties of shale reservoirs often focuses solely on the sealing properties of the roof, while ignoring the role of the floor. However, for in-situ mining of shale reservoirs, poor floor sealing performance can still lead to oil and gas loss, impacting recovery rates. The methods for determining the sealing thickness of complex lithologic layers based on temperature-stress field simulation, provided in Examples 2, 3, and 4 of the present invention, fully consider the sealing properties of the floor, ensuring the reliability of the sealing performance determination and further guaranteeing improved recovery rates.

[0165] The above three embodiments can be applied individually; embodiment one can also be applied in combination with embodiment two, or embodiment one can be applied in combination with embodiment three, or embodiment one can be applied in combination with embodiment four, to determine both the lower limit of the top plate plugging thickness of the shale reservoir and the lower limit of the bottom plate plugging thickness of the shale reservoir. Only when the top and bottom plate thicknesses of the shale reservoir both meet the corresponding lower limits of the plugging thickness can it be determined that the plugging requirements are met.

[0166] Example 5

[0167] A fifth embodiment of the present invention provides a specific application of a method for determining a lower limit of the roof plugging thickness of a shale reservoir, and verifies its accuracy through numerical simulation, including the following steps:

[0168] 1) Count the total thickness of the siltstone layer and the total thickness of the shale layer in the overlying strata within the set range.

[0169] 2) The particle size distribution, mineral composition, initial kerogen hydrocarbon generation temperature Tx, TOC, porosity Φ, fracture pressure Px, and critical damage strain value εx of different shale layer samples were measured respectively, and the average values ​​of the above parameters of the shale layer were calculated using the thickness-weighted average method.

[0170] 3) The particle size distribution, mineral composition, porosity Φ, fracture pressure Px, and critical damage strain value εx of different siltstone layer samples were measured respectively, and the average values ​​of the above parameters of the siltstone layer were calculated using the thickness weighted average method.

[0171] 4) According to the geological conditions, the artificial samples in this experiment were determined to have a siltstone layer at the bottom and a shale layer at the top.

[0172] 5) According to the averaged parameter results, based on the superposition relationship and thickness, a roof rock sample containing a homogeneous siltstone layer and a homogeneous mudstone layer is synthesized at one time (the mudstone layer thickness is equal to 400 cm, the siltstone layer thickness is equal to 100 cm, and the cumulative deviation of the above parameters from the design value does not exceed 15%, and the sample preparation is qualified. The roof rock sample is a cylinder with a diameter of 5 cm, see Figure 5 The figure shows a schematic cross-sectional view of the roof rock sample along the axial direction.

[0173] 6) Determine the T0 (90% conversion temperature of kerogen) of the reservoir rock sample at 300℃.

[0174] 7) The Tx (initial hydrocarbon generation temperature of kerogen) of the mudstone roof rock sample was determined to be 200°C.

[0175] 9) The maximum stress Ex (maximum axial stress) of the reservoir rock sample was measured to be 30 MPa.

[0176] 10) The critical damage strain εx of the roof mudstone sample was determined to be 12 MPa, and the critical damage strain εx of the siltstone sample was 10 MPa. The critical damage strain εx of the entire roof rock sample was approximated to be 10 MPa.

[0177] 6) Wrap the roof rock sample with a pressure-resistant steel sleeve with a pressure resistance of not less than 80 MPa, then wrap it with rock wool as a thermal insulation material, and then place the roof rock sample into the experimental device.

[0178] 7) Place a unidirectional heat source point at the bottom of the roof rock sample, arrange temperature sensors and strain sensors starting from the bottom, and arrange several groups of temperature sensors and strain sensors along the axial direction of the roof rock sample at intervals of 10 cm.

[0179] 8) Heat the bottom of the roof rock sample with a unidirectional point heat source at a rate of 20°C / day, with a peak temperature of 300°C (T0). Apply a rigid stress at a rate of 1 MPa / 5 minutes to the bottom of the roof rock sample, with a peak stress of 30 MPa (Ex).

[0180] 9) After the bottom temperature of the roof rock sample is kept constant at T0 and the stress is kept constant at Ex for 30 minutes (when the measurement values ​​of each sensor are stable), the temperature sensor and strain sensor data of the roof rock sample are continuously collected.

[0181] 10) The distance from the location where the temperature Tx is measured to the bottom of the roof rock sample is 140 cm, and the distance from the location where the strain εx is measured to the bottom of the roof rock sample is 170 cm, that is, the lower limit of the roof sealing thickness is 170 cm.

[0182] 11) Develop a numerical model consistent with the samples and experimental conditions. The mudstone is 400 cm thick, with the same TOC, porosity, T0, Tx, P0, Px, Pr, εx, and mineral composition as the artificial samples used in the experiment. The siltstone is 100 cm thick, with the same porosity, P0, Px, Ps, εx, and mineral composition as the artificial samples used in the experiment. The kerogen activation energy parameters for the mudstone are set so that the Tx (initial kerogen hydrocarbon production temperature) of the roof rock sample is 200°C. The critical damage strain εx for the mudstone is set to 12 MPa. The critical damage strain εx for the siltstone is set to 10 MPa.

[0183] 12) Keep the temperature at the bottom of the roof rock sample constant at T0 (300°C) and the stress constant at Ex (30 MPa), complete the numerical simulation of the temperature field and stress field, and wait for the grid temperature and pressure deformation to stabilize.

[0184] 13) See Figure 6 and Figure 7 As shown in Figure 2, they are the simulated temperature field and simulated strain field of the roof rock sample. Figure 6 Oil saturation at the Tx temperature line (200°C) (see Figure 8 There was no change during the entire simulation period, indicating that oil and gas were blocked at this location. Figure 7 Oil saturation at the medium strain line (10 MPa) (see Figure 9 There was no change during the entire simulation period, indicating that oil and gas were blocked at this location.

[0185] 14) Observation Figure 6 Oil saturation at 220°C (see Figure 8 (As shown), obvious changes occurred during the entire simulation period, indicating that oil and gas were not blocked at this location. Figure 7 Oil saturation at the median strain line of 20 MPa (see Figure 9 During the entire simulation period, there are obvious changes, indicating that the oil and gas are not blocked at this location.

[0186] 15) The thickness of the Tx temperature line is 141 cm, and the thickness of the εx strain line is 171 cm. A comprehensive comparison shows that a roof thickness of 171 cm meets the plugging requirements. The error between the numerical simulation results and the experimental results is approximately 0.6%, thus verifying the reliability of the experimental results.

[0187] It should be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the disclosed processes is an example of an exemplary method. Based on design preferences, it should be understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the process can be rearranged without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various steps in an exemplary order and are not intended to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy described.

[0188] In the foregoing detailed description, various features are grouped together in a single embodiment to simplify the disclosure. This method of disclosure should not be interpreted as reflecting an intention that embodiments of the claimed subject matter require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. On the contrary, as reflected in the appended claims, the invention comprises less than all the features of any individual disclosed embodiment. The appended claims are therefore hereby expressly incorporated into the detailed description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate preferred embodiment of the invention.

[0189] The above description includes examples of one or more embodiments. Of course, it is impossible to describe all possible combinations of components or methods for the purpose of describing the above embodiments, but it should be recognized by those skilled in the art that the various embodiments may be further combined and arranged. Therefore, the embodiments described herein are intended to cover all such changes, modifications and variations that fall within the scope of protection of the appended claims. In addition, with respect to the term "comprising" used in the specification or claims, the word is encompassed in a manner similar to the term "including," as explained in terms of "including," used as a transitional word in the claims. In addition, any term "or" used in the specification of the claims is intended to mean "non-exclusive or." The terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes and are not to be understood as indicating or implying relative importance.

Claims

1. A method for determining the sealing thickness of a complex lithologic layer based on temperature-stress field simulation, wherein the complex lithologic layer is an overlying stratum of a shale reservoir, and the complex lithologic layer is an interbedded layer of siltstone and mud shale, characterized in that: include: Determine the vertical superposition relationship of the siltstone layer and the mud shale layer, and the total thickness of the siltstone layer and the total thickness of the mud shale layer based on the lithologic vertical distribution characteristics of the overlying strata within a set range; Based on the measured properties of multiple siltstone samples, a first formula for siltstone is prepared by experimental fitting; based on the measured properties of multiple shale samples, a second formula for shale is prepared by experimental fitting; According to the upper and lower overlapping relationship, the total thickness of the siltstone layer and the total thickness of the shale layer, the first formula and the second formula, a roof rock sample is prepared by an integrated molding method; A first heating device, a first stress device, a first temperature sensor and a first strain sensor are arranged on the bottom surface of the roof rock sample, and multiple groups of first temperature sensors and first strain sensors are arranged on the side of the roof rock sample at first set intervals; the first heating device is used to heat the roof rock sample until the measured temperature of the first temperature sensor at the bottom is the first set temperature, and the first stress device is used to apply stress to the bottom of the roof rock sample step by step from small to large to the first set stress, and stabilize at the temperature and the stress until the change amplitude of the measured values ​​of each first temperature sensor and the first strain sensor is less than the set threshold value, and the lower limit of the roof sealing thickness is determined according to the measured values ​​of the first temperature sensor and the first strain sensor and the upper and lower overlapping relationship.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein The method of preparing a first formula of siltstone by experimental fitting based on measured properties of a plurality of siltstone samples comprises: Measuring the particle size distribution, mineral composition, fracture pressure, minimum initiation pressure, fracture critical damage strain value, and porosity of rock samples of each siltstone layer within the set range of the overlying stratum, and obtaining the average value of the corresponding parameters by thickness-weighted averaging; Using the average values ​​of the grain size distribution and the average values ​​of the mineral composition of the siltstone layer as the current formula, a siltstone sample is prepared, and the current formula is adjusted until the errors between the porosity, fracture pressure, critical damage strain value, and minimum initiation pressure of the currently prepared siltstone sample and the corresponding average values ​​meet the error threshold, thereby obtaining a first formula for preparing siltstone; Accordingly, the second formula for preparing shale by experimental fitting based on the measured properties of the plurality of shale samples includes: Measuring the particle size distribution, mineral composition, TOC, kerogen initial hydrocarbon generation temperature, porosity, critical damage strain value, and fracture pressure of rock samples of each shale layer within the set range, and obtaining the average value of the corresponding parameters by thickness-weighted averaging; A shale sample is prepared using the average values ​​of the particle size distribution and the average values ​​of the mineral composition of the shale layer as the current formula. The current formula is adjusted until the errors between the TOC, initial kerogen hydrocarbon production temperature, porosity, critical damage strain value, and fracture pressure of the currently prepared shale sample and the corresponding average values ​​meet the error threshold, thereby obtaining a second formula for preparing shale.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein The first set temperature is the lowest temperature at which the kerogen conversion rate in the shale reservoir reaches a set conversion rate threshold.

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein The first set temperature is the lowest temperature at which the kerogen conversion rate in the shale reservoir reaches 90%.

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein The first heating device is a one-way heating device; The first heating device is located at the center of the bottom surface of the roof rock sample; The area of ​​the bottom surface of the roof rock sample directly heated by the first heating device does not exceed 1 / 4 of the bottom surface area.

6. The method according to claim 4, wherein The first set stress is the maximum underground principal stress at the buried depth of the bottom surface of the roof rock sample.

7. The method according to claim 1, wherein If the upper and lower superposition relationship is that the siltstone layer is on top, the initial hydrocarbon production temperature of the kerogen in the shale layer in the roof rock sample is Tx, and the critical damage strain value of the fracture of the roof rock sample is εx, determining the lower limit of the roof sealing thickness based on the measurement values ​​of the first temperature sensor and the first strain sensor and the upper and lower superposition relationship includes: If the temperature in the shale layer drops to Tx and the strain drops to εx, determine the higher position between the position where the temperature is Tx and the position where the strain is εx, and determine the distance from this position to the bottom surface of the roof rock sample as the lower limit of the roof plugging thickness; If the temperature in the mudstone layer drops to Tx, the strain in the siltstone layer drops to εx, and the minimum triggering pressure of the siltstone layer is greater than the fracture pressure Pr of the shale reservoir, the distance from the position where the strain is εx to the bottom surface of the roof rock sample is determined as the lower limit of the roof plugging thickness; if the minimum triggering pressure of the siltstone layer is not greater than the fracture pressure Pr of the shale reservoir, it is determined that the roof rock sample cannot be plugged; If the temperature in the shale layer is greater than Tx, the method is invalid.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein If the upper and lower superposition relationship is that the siltstone layer is at the bottom, the initial hydrocarbon production temperature of the kerogen in the shale layer in the roof rock sample is Tx, and the critical damage strain value of the fracture of the roof rock sample is εx, determining the lower limit of the roof sealing thickness based on the measurement values ​​of the first temperature sensor and the first strain sensor and the upper and lower superposition relationship includes: If the temperature in the siltstone layer drops to Tx and the strain drops to εx, the thickness of the siltstone layer is determined to be the lower limit of the roof sealing thickness; If the strain in the shale layer drops to εx, or the temperature drops to Tx, the higher position between the position where the temperature is Tx and the position where the strain is εx is determined, and the distance from this position to the bottom surface of the roof rock sample is determined as the lower limit of the roof sealing thickness.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein If the underlying rock layer of the shale reservoir is a mud shale formation, the method further includes performing the following steps of determining the lower limit of the bottom plate plugging thickness: A floor rock sample is prepared using a coring section of an underlying rock formation of a shale reservoir, and a side surface of the floor rock sample is wrapped with a heat-insulating material. A second heating device, a second stress device, a second temperature sensor, and a second strain sensor are arranged on a top surface of the floor rock sample. Multiple groups of second temperature sensors and second strain sensors are arranged on the side surface of the floor rock sample at second set intervals, with the measurement positions of each group of second temperature sensors and second strain sensors being consistent in the longitudinal direction. The bottom plate rock sample is heated by the second heating device until the temperature measured by the second temperature sensor at the top is the first set temperature, and the second stress device is used to gradually apply stress to the top of the bottom plate rock sample from small to large to the second set stress, and stabilize at the temperature and stress until the change amplitude of the measured values ​​of each second temperature sensor and second strain sensor is less than the set threshold value, and the highest position at which the bottom plate rock sample temperature is not higher than the third set temperature and the strain is not higher than the second set strain is determined based on the measured values ​​of the second temperature sensor and the second strain sensor; The lower limit of the bottom plate sealing thickness of the shale reservoir is determined according to the distance between the position and the top surface.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein If the underlying rock layer of the shale reservoir is an underlying siltstone layer, the method further includes determining whether the fracture pressure of the shale reservoir is less than the minimum starting pressure of the underlying siltstone layer; if so, executing the following steps to determine the lower limit of the bottom plate plugging thickness: A floor rock sample is prepared using a coring section of an underlying rock formation, a side surface of the floor rock sample is wrapped with a heat-insulating material, a second heating device, a second stress device, a second temperature sensor, and a second strain sensor are arranged on a top surface of the floor rock sample, and a plurality of second strain sensors are arranged on the side surface of the floor rock sample at second set intervals; The bottom plate rock sample is heated by the second heating device until the temperature measured by the second temperature sensor at the top is the set temperature, and the second stress device is used to gradually apply stress to the top of the bottom plate rock sample from small to large to a second set stress, and stabilize at this temperature and stress until the change amplitude of the measured value of each second strain sensor is less than the set threshold value, and the strain of the bottom plate rock sample is determined to be no higher than the highest position of the second set strain based on the measured value of the second strain sensor; The lower limit of the bottom plate sealing thickness of the shale reservoir is determined according to the distance between the position and the top surface.

11. The method according to claim 9 or 10, wherein: The second set strain is a critical damage strain value of the underlying rock formation; The second set stress is the maximum underground principal stress at the burial depth of the top surface of the bottom plate rock sample.

12. The method according to claim 1, wherein If the underlying rock layer of the shale reservoir is an interbed of siltstone and mud shale, the method further includes performing the following step of determining the lower limit of the bottom plate plugging thickness: Determine the vertical superposition relationship of the siltstone layer and the mud shale layer, and the total thickness of the siltstone layer and the total thickness of the mud shale layer based on the lithologic vertical distribution characteristics of the underlying rock layer within a set range; preparing a third formulation for siltstone by experimental fitting based on measured properties of a plurality of siltstone samples within a set range of the underlying rock formation, and preparing a fourth formulation for shale by experimental fitting based on measured properties of a plurality of shale samples within a set range of the underlying rock formation; According to the upper and lower overlapping relationship of the siltstone layer and the mud shale layer of the underlying rock layer, the total thickness of the siltstone layer and the total thickness of the mud shale layer, and the third and fourth formulas, a bottom plate rock sample is prepared by an integrated molding method; A second heating device, a second stress device, a second temperature sensor, and a second strain sensor are arranged on the top surface of the bottom plate rock sample, and multiple groups of second temperature sensors and second strain sensors are arranged on the side of the bottom plate rock sample at second set intervals; the second heating device is used to heat the bottom plate rock sample until the measured temperature of the second temperature sensor at the top is the first set temperature, and the second stress device is used to apply stress to the top of the bottom plate rock sample step by step from small to large to the second set stress, and stabilize at the temperature and stress until the change amplitude of the measured value of each second temperature sensor and second strain sensor is less than the set threshold value, and the lower limit of the bottom plate sealing thickness is determined according to the measured values ​​of the second temperature sensor and the second strain sensor and the upper and lower overlapping relationship of the siltstone layer and the shale layer of the bottom plate rock sample.

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