Ceiling structure and method of installing the same

Abstract

The application discloses a suspended ceiling structure and a mounting method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of suspended ceiling mounting, which comprises a furring frame and a suspended ceiling plate assembly, the suspended ceiling plate assembly is installed below the furring frame, the furring frame is connected with a wall body, and a space is reserved between the suspended ceiling plate assembly and the wall body; the suspended ceiling plate assembly comprises, from left to right, a movable plate, a fixed plate, a first mounting plate and a second mounting plate, a crossbeam assembly is arranged in the furring frame, the crossbeam assembly is located at the connecting position of adjacent suspended ceiling plates, buckle connecting pieces are arranged on the two sides of the movable plate perpendicularly to the crossbeam assembly, and the movable plate is horizontally moved for dismounting through the buckle connecting pieces. The suspended ceiling forms a staggered structure, and the space is beautiful; meanwhile, the furring frame and the suspended ceiling plate are both made of honeycomb plates, and are modularly mounted through the buckle connecting pieces, so that the suspended ceiling can be consistent with the shape of furniture and the wall body.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of suspended ceiling installation, and in particular relates to a suspended ceiling structure and an installation method thereof. Background Art

[0002] Prefabricated ceilings are highly efficient and energy-saving, especially prefabricated aluminum honeycomb ceilings, which are suitable for different scenarios such as high and low ceilings and dropped ceilings, and have good thermal insulation and heat preservation properties.

[0003] At present, there are the following problems with prefabricated aluminum honeycomb ceilings:

[0004] 1. The edge treatment of the connection between the ceiling board and the wall is often done by pressing the edge or decorative strips. The shape is not beautiful enough and the treatment is more complicated.

[0005] 2. Generally, I-shaped or inverted T-shaped clips are used to fix the two sides of the ceiling panel. If the ceiling panel is overlapped between adjacent clips, part of the clips will be exposed outside the lower surface of the ceiling panel, reducing the decorative effect of the ceiling panel.

[0006] 3. The disassembly and assembly of large ceiling panels is cumbersome. The fixing screws need to be unscrewed, and then pushed inward or buckled outward to create a misalignment before the first ceiling panel can be removed. The whole process is time-consuming and labor-intensive, and is not conducive to the maintenance of electrical appliances inside the ceiling.

[0007] Therefore, there is an urgent need for a suspended ceiling structure that is easy to assemble and disassemble while ensuring beautiful appearance. Summary of the Invention

[0008] The object of the present invention is to provide a suspended ceiling structure and an installation method thereof to solve the problems existing in the background technology.

[0009] The object of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:

[0010] A ceiling structure comprises a keel frame and a ceiling panel assembly, wherein the ceiling panel assembly is installed below the keel frame, the keel frame is connected to a wall, and a space is left between the ceiling panel assembly and the wall;

[0011] The ceiling panel assembly includes a movable panel, a fixed panel, a first mounting panel and a second mounting panel from left to right, wherein the fixed panel is higher than the movable panel, and the movable panel, the first mounting panel and the second mounting panel are on the same horizontal plane.

[0012] A beam assembly is provided in the keel frame, and the beam assembly is located at the connection of adjacent ceiling panels. The movable plate is provided with snap connectors on both sides perpendicular to the beam assembly, and the movable plate is disassembled and assembled by horizontal movement of the snap connectors.

[0013] Furthermore, the beam assembly includes a first beam, a second beam and a third beam, the first beam is located at the connection between the movable plate and the fixed plate, the second beam is located at the connection between the fixed plate and the first mounting plate, and the third beam is located at the connection between the first mounting plate and the second mounting plate. The two sides of the movable plate are movably connected to the keel frame and the first beam through snap connectors respectively, the fixed plate is fixedly connected to the first beam and the second beam, one side of the second mounting plate is connected to the keel frame through a snap connector, the other side of the second mounting plate is fixedly connected to the third beam, one side of the first mounting plate is movably connected to the second beam through a snap connector, and the other side of the first mounting plate overlaps the second mounting plate.

[0014] Furthermore, the snap connector includes a horizontal push snap and a reverse push snap, and both the horizontal push snap and the reverse push snap include a first connecting part and a second connecting part, the first connecting part includes a first mounting seat and a spring piece, the second connecting part includes a second mounting seat and an insert, the first mounting seat is connected to the keel frame, and the second mounting seat is connected to the ceiling panel.

[0015] Furthermore, the first connection part of the horizontal push buckle is L-shaped, and the second connection part of the horizontal push buckle is Z-shaped; the first connection part of the reverse push buckle is S-shaped, and the second connection part of the reverse push buckle is U-shaped. The connection between the movable plate and the keel frame adopts a horizontal push buckle, and the connection between the movable plate and the first crossbeam adopts a reverse push buckle. The insertion and removal directions of the horizontal push buckle and the reverse push buckle are the same.

[0016] Furthermore, a right angle bracket is provided at the connection between the first mounting plate and the second mounting plate, one end of the right angle bracket is fixed to the upper surface of the second mounting plate, and the right angle bracket extends out of the first mounting plate and overlaps the second mounting plate.

[0017] Furthermore, both sides of the fixing plate are fixedly connected to corresponding crossbeams via a three-in-one connecting piece.

[0018] Furthermore, a ceiling screw is provided on the top of the beam assembly, and the beam assembly is fixed to the keel frame by a right-angle bracket.

[0019] Furthermore, a light strip profile is provided around the bottom of the keel frame, and the light strip profile is located between the keel frame and the ceiling panel assembly.

[0020] A method for installing a ceiling panel comprises the following steps:

[0021] S1: Pre-installed connectors: The keel frame and ceiling panel components are pre-installed with fixings and snap connectors;

[0022] S2: Fix the keel frame: Use a spirit level to locate the installation position of the keel frame, apply a layer of glue between the keel frame and the wall, and then use self-tapping screws to fix the keel frame to the wall;

[0023] S3: Installation of crossbeam assembly: The first, second and third crossbeams are fixed to the keel frame through right-angle brackets, and the crossbeam assembly is connected to the ceiling through ceiling screws;

[0024] S4: Fixing plate installation: The fixing plate is fixed to the first beam and the second beam through three-in-one connectors respectively;

[0025] S5: Install the second mounting plate: One side of the second mounting plate is connected to the keel frame through a push buckle, and the other side of the second mounting plate is fixed to the third crossbeam through a three-in-one connector;

[0026] S6: Installing the first mounting plate: One side of the first mounting plate is placed on the second mounting plate via a right angle bracket, and the other side of the first mounting plate is movably connected to the second crossbeam via a reverse push buckle;

[0027] S7: Installation of the movable plate: The side of the movable plate close to the first crossbeam is connected by a reverse push buckle, and the side of the movable plate close to the keel frame is connected by a horizontal push buckle.

[0028] The beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0029] 1) The snap-on connectors utilize a sliding installation structure, allowing installation and removal with a simple push of the movable panel, simplifying installation and removal steps and improving efficiency. Furthermore, the connectors between adjacent ceiling panels are hidden above the ceiling panels, ensuring they remain beautiful.

[0030] 2) The fixed plate is higher than the movable plate, and the movable plate, the first mounting plate and the second mounting plate are on the same horizontal plane. The entire ceiling forms a staggered structure. The staggered ceiling makes the space more changeable and fluid, visually more open, giving people a spacious feeling, making the space more flexible and personalized. At the same time, the staggered arrangement also facilitates the movement of adjacent ceiling panels and facilitates disassembly and assembly.

[0031] 3) The light strip profile is fixed to the bottom of the keel frame in advance. At the same time, the height of the push buckle and the reverse push buckle are adjusted according to the height of the light strip profile, so that the ceiling panel assembly can be installed under the light strip profile. The light strip profile can be hidden to facilitate lighting and improve the decorative effect. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0032] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the installation of a suspended ceiling structure of the present invention;

[0033] Figure 2 This is a three-dimensional diagram of a suspended ceiling structure of the present invention;

[0034] Figure 3 A three-dimensional diagram of the flat push buckle of the present invention;

[0035] Figure 4 A three-dimensional diagram of the push-back buckle in the present invention;

[0036] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of a ceiling structure according to the present invention equipped with a light strip profile;

[0037] In the figure, 1-wall, 2-keel frame, 31-first beam, 32-second beam, 33-third beam, 4-movable plate, 5-fixed plate, 6-first mounting plate, 7-second mounting plate, 8-flat push buckle, 81-first mounting seat, 82-spring, 83-insert, 84-second mounting seat, 9-reverse push buckle, 10-flat angle code, 11-ceiling screw, 12-right angle code, 13-light strip profile. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0038] The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions of the present invention in conjunction with the embodiments. Obviously, the embodiments described are only some embodiments of the present invention, not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative work shall fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0039] Example 1

[0040] like Figure 1-Figure 4 As shown, a ceiling structure includes a keel frame 2 and a ceiling panel assembly, wherein the ceiling panel assembly is installed below the keel frame 2, the keel frame 2 is connected to the wall 1, and a space is left between the ceiling panel assembly and the wall 1;

[0041] The ceiling panel assembly includes a movable panel 4, a fixed panel 5, a first mounting panel 6 and a second mounting panel 7 from left to right. The fixed panel 5 is higher than the movable panel 4. The movable panel 4, the first mounting panel 6 and the second mounting panel 7 are on the same horizontal plane.

[0042] A crossbeam assembly is provided in the keel frame 2, and the crossbeam assembly is located at the connection between adjacent ceiling panels. The movable panel 4 is provided with snap connectors on both sides perpendicular to the crossbeam assembly, and the movable panel 4 is disassembled and assembled by horizontal movement through the snap connectors.

[0043] Through the above technical solution, select the appropriate keel frame 2 according to the needs, and then pre-install the snap connector on the keel frame 2 in advance to facilitate the subsequent installation of the ceiling board. Then fix the keel frame 2 to the wall 1, and then fix the beam assembly to the keel frame 2. At this time, the ceiling frame installation is completed;

[0044] The ceiling panel assembly is installed below the keel frame 2. At the same time, there is a certain distance between the ceiling panel assembly and the surrounding walls 1, so that the ceiling panel assembly does not need to be trimmed with the wall 1. At the same time, the design with the side seam is more beautiful and convenient for installing hidden light strips and lighting through the reserved space. At the same time, leaving a certain gap also facilitates the horizontal movement of the movable panel 4 in this solution for disassembly and assembly.

[0045] The fixed plate 5 is higher than the movable plate 4, and the movable plate 4, the first mounting plate 6 and the second mounting plate 7 are in the same horizontal plane. The entire ceiling forms a staggered structure. The staggered ceiling makes the space more changeable and fluid, visually more open, giving people a spacious feeling, making the space more flexible and personalized; at the same time, the staggered arrangement also facilitates the movement of adjacent ceiling panels and facilitates disassembly and assembly.

[0046] At the same time, the movable plate 4 is connected to the keel frame 2 and the beam assembly in the form of a snap connector. The snap connector adopts a translational sliding installation structure, which makes it convenient for the movable plate 4 to be installed and disassembled by pushing it horizontally, simplifying the disassembly and assembly steps and improving the disassembly and assembly efficiency.

[0047] At the same time, the keel frame 2 and the ceiling panel components in this solution are made of aluminum honeycomb panels, which ensure their own strength while allowing modular installation through snap-on connectors, and the installation process is simple and quick; due to the use of aluminum honeycomb panels, the panels themselves are edge-sealed, which can ensure a more beautiful appearance and form a borderless form; at the same time, the use of aluminum honeycomb panels can be consistent with the material form of the aluminum honeycomb panels' walls and aluminum honeycomb panels' furniture, maintaining the beauty of the overall space.

[0048] Specifically, the beam assembly includes a first beam 31, a second beam 32 and a third beam 33. The first beam 31 is located at the connection between the movable plate 4 and the fixed plate 5, the second beam 32 is located at the connection between the fixed plate 5 and the first mounting plate 6, and the third beam 33 is located at the connection between the first mounting plate 6 and the second mounting plate 7. The two sides of the movable plate 4 are movably connected to the keel frame 2 and the first beam 31 through snap connectors respectively, the fixed plate 5 is fixedly connected to the first beam 31 and the second beam 32, one side of the second mounting plate 7 is connected to the keel frame 2 through a snap connector, the other side of the second mounting plate 7 is fixedly connected to the third beam 33, one side of the first mounting plate 6 is movably connected to the second beam 32 through a snap connector, and the other side of the first mounting plate 6 is overlapped with the second mounting plate 7.

[0049] Through the above technical solution, the fixed plate 5 is installed between the first crossbeam 31 and the second crossbeam 32, one side of the second mounting plate 7 is plugged and fixed to the keel frame 2 through a snap connector, and the other side of the second mounting plate 7 is fixed to the third crossbeam 33; one side of the first mounting plate 6 is pre-installed with a snap connector, and the other side is pre-installed with a flat angle code 10, then the first mounting plate 6 is slightly tilted so that the flat angle code 10 is placed on the second mounting plate 7, and then the other side is connected to the second crossbeam 32 through a snap connector. At this time, the installation of the fixed plate 5, the first mounting plate 6 and the second mounting plate 7 has been completed, and finally the installation of the movable plate 4 can be completed through the snap connector. The ceiling board adopts a detachable connector, which is convenient for later dismantling and maintenance; at the same time, the use of screws is reduced, which can reduce the construction time at high places. At the same time, the connectors between adjacent ceiling boards are hidden above the ceiling board and do not leak out from under the ceiling board, ensuring the beauty of the ceiling board.

[0050] At the same time, the snap connectors and the ceiling panels are fixed with rivet screws to ensure the stability of the connection.

[0051] Furthermore, the snap connector includes a horizontal push snap 8 and a reverse push snap 9, and both the horizontal push snap 8 and the reverse push snap 9 include a first connecting part and a second connecting part, the first connecting part includes a first mounting seat 81 and a spring piece 82, the second connecting part includes a second mounting seat 84 and an insert 83, the first mounting seat 81 is connected to the keel frame 2, and the second mounting seat 84 is connected to the ceiling panel.

[0052] The first connection part of the horizontal push buckle 8 is L-shaped, and the second connection part of the horizontal push buckle 8 is Z-shaped; the first connection part of the reverse push buckle 9 is S-shaped, and the second connection part of the reverse push buckle 9 is U-shaped. The connection between the movable plate 4 and the keel frame 2 adopts the horizontal push buckle 8, and the connection between the movable plate 4 and the first crossbeam 31 adopts the reverse push buckle 9. The insertion and removal directions of the horizontal push buckle 8 and the reverse push buckle 9 are the same.

[0053] The snap-on connector utilizes the above-described technical solution by inserting the insert 83 of the second connector between the spring 82 of the first connector and the first mounting seat 81. The spring force of the spring 82 applies pressure to prevent the insert 83 from falling out. The first connector is fixed to the keel frame 2 and the crossbeam assembly, while the second connector is fixed to the ceiling panel assembly. The first and second connectors are connected to achieve securement.

[0054] At the same time, there are two options according to the installation orientation: a flat push buckle 8 and a reverse push buckle 9. The two sides of the movable plate 4 are respectively a flat push buckle 8 and a reverse push buckle 9. Since the plugging and unplugging directions of the flat push buckle 8 and the reverse push buckle 9 are consistent, the installation and disassembly of the movable plate 4 is convenient.

[0055] Furthermore, both sides of the fixing plate 5 are fixedly connected to the corresponding beams through a three-in-one connector. At the same time, the connection between the second mounting plate 7 and the third beam 33 also adopts a three-in-one connector, which is convenient for disassembly and assembly and has a good connection effect.

[0056] Furthermore, a ceiling screw rod 11 is provided on the top of the beam assembly, and the beam assembly and the keel frame 2 are fixed by a right-angle bracket 12.

[0057] Through the above technical solution, one end of the ceiling screw rod 11 is fixed to the wall 1, and then the other end of the ceiling screw rod 11 is connected to the beam assembly, thereby improving the supporting effect of the beam assembly on the ceiling panel assembly.

[0058] Example 2

[0059] Based on Example 1, see Figure 5 A light strip profile 13 is provided around the bottom of the keel frame 2. The light strip profile 13 is fixed to the bottom of the keel frame 2 in advance. At the same time, the height of the push buckle 8 and the push buckle 9 are adjusted according to the height of the light strip profile 13, so that the ceiling panel assembly can be installed under the light strip profile 13. At the same time, since the ceiling panel assembly is at a certain distance from the wall 1, the light after the light strip is passed through the light strip profile 13 can shine out from the gap, thereby improving the illumination effect of the light strip.

[0060] Example 3

[0061] A method for installing a ceiling panel, such as Figure 1-Figure 4 As shown, the following steps are included:

[0062] S1: Pre-installed connectors: The keel frame 2 and the ceiling panel assembly are pre-installed with fixings and snap connectors;

[0063] S2: Fix the keel frame 2: Use a spirit level to locate the installation position of the keel frame 2, apply a layer of glue between the keel frame 2 and the wall 1, and then use self-tapping screws to fix the keel frame 2 to the wall 1;

[0064] S3: Installation of the crossbeam assembly: The first crossbeam 31, the second crossbeam 32 and the third crossbeam 33 are fixed to the keel frame 2 through the right-angle brackets 12, and the crossbeam assembly is connected to the ceiling through the ceiling screw 11;

[0065] S4: Installing the fixing plate 5: The fixing plate 5 is fixed to the first crossbeam 31 and the second crossbeam 32 through three-in-one connectors;

[0066] S5: Install the second mounting plate 7: One side of the second mounting plate 7 is connected to the keel frame 2 via the push buckle 8, and the other side of the second mounting plate 7 is fixed to the third crossbeam 33 via a three-in-one connector;

[0067] S6: Installing the first mounting plate 6: One side of the first mounting plate 6 is placed on the second mounting plate 7 via the right angle bracket 10, and the other side of the first mounting plate 6 is movably connected to the second crossbeam 32 via the reverse push buckle 9;

[0068] S7: Installation of the movable plate 4: The side of the movable plate 4 close to the first crossbeam 31 is connected via a reverse push buckle 9 , and the side of the movable plate 4 close to the keel frame 2 is connected via a horizontal push buckle 8 .

[0069] The foregoing description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention. It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the form disclosed herein and should not be construed as excluding other embodiments. Rather, the present invention can be used in various other combinations, modifications, and environments and can be modified within the scope of the concept described herein through the above teachings or techniques or knowledge in the relevant field. Modifications and variations made by those skilled in the art that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention are intended to be protected by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A suspended ceiling structure, characterized in that: It comprises a keel frame (2) and a ceiling panel assembly, wherein the ceiling panel assembly is installed below the keel frame (2), the keel frame (2) is connected to the wall (1), and a space is left between the ceiling panel assembly and the wall (1); The ceiling panel assembly comprises, from left to right, a movable panel (4), a fixed panel (5), a first mounting panel (6) and a second mounting panel (7), wherein the fixed panel (5) is higher than the movable panel (4), and the movable panel (4), the first mounting panel (6) and the second mounting panel (7) are located on the same horizontal plane; A crossbeam assembly is provided in the keel frame (2), and the crossbeam assembly is located at the connection between adjacent ceiling panels. The movable panel (4) is provided with snap connectors on both sides perpendicular to the crossbeam assembly, and the movable panel (4) is disassembled and assembled by horizontal movement through the snap connectors. The crossbeam assembly comprises a first crossbeam (31), a second crossbeam (32) and a third crossbeam (33), wherein the first crossbeam (31) is located at the connection between the movable plate (4) and the fixed plate (5), the second crossbeam (32) is located at the connection between the fixed plate (5) and the first mounting plate (6), and the third crossbeam (33) is located at the connection between the first mounting plate (6) and the second mounting plate (7); both sides of the movable plate (4) are movably connected to the keel frame (2) and the first crossbeam (31) through snap connectors, the fixed plate (5) is fixedly connected to the first crossbeam (31) and the second crossbeam (32), one side of the second mounting plate (7) is connected to the keel frame (2) through a snap connector, the other side of the second mounting plate (7) is fixedly connected to the third crossbeam (33), one side of the first mounting plate (6) is movably connected to the second crossbeam (32) through a snap connector, and the other side of the first mounting plate (6) is overlapped with the second mounting plate (7); The buckle connector includes a horizontal push buckle (8) and a reverse push buckle (9), and the horizontal push buckle (8) and the reverse push buckle (9) both include a first connecting portion and a second connecting portion, the first connecting portion includes a first mounting seat (81) and a spring piece (82), the second connecting portion includes a second mounting seat (84) and an insert (83), the first mounting seat (81) is connected to the keel frame (2), and the second mounting seat (84) is connected to the ceiling plate; The first mounting seat (81) includes two groups of transverse plates and a connecting plate fixed to the transverse plates, the spring piece (82) is a side opening structure and is located between the two groups of transverse plates, the opening direction of the two groups of transverse plates of the first mounting seat is opposite to the opening direction of the spring piece (82), the upper end of the spring piece (82) is connected to the transverse plate above the first mounting seat (81), the lower end of the spring piece (82) is in contact with the transverse plate below the first mounting seat (81), and the insert (83) is inserted between the spring piece (82) and the transverse plate below the first mounting seat (81); The first connection portion of the horizontal push buckle (8) is L-shaped, and the second connection portion of the horizontal push buckle (8) is Z-shaped; the first connection portion of the reverse push buckle (9) is S-shaped, and the second connection portion of the reverse push buckle (9) is U-shaped; the horizontal push buckle (8) is used at the connection between the movable plate (4) and the keel frame (2); the first connection portion of the horizontal push buckle (8) is fixed on the keel frame (2), and the second connection portion of the horizontal push buckle (8) is fixed on the movable plate (4); the reverse push buckle (9) is used at the connection between the movable plate (4) and the first crossbeam (31); the first connection portion of the reverse push buckle (9) is fixed on the first crossbeam (31), and the second connection portion of the reverse push buckle (9) is fixed on the movable plate (4); the insertion and removal directions of the horizontal push buckle (8) and the reverse push buckle (9) are the same.

2. The ceiling structure according to claim 1, wherein: A flat corner bracket (10) is provided at the connection between the first mounting plate (6) and the second mounting plate (7), one end of the flat corner bracket (10) is fixed to the upper surface of the second mounting plate (7), and the flat corner bracket (10) extends out of the first mounting plate (6) and overlaps the second mounting plate (7).

3. The ceiling structure according to claim 1, wherein: Both sides of the fixed plate (5) are fixedly connected to corresponding crossbeams via three-in-one connecting pieces.

4. The ceiling structure according to claim 1, wherein: A ceiling screw (11) is provided on the top of the crossbeam assembly, and the crossbeam assembly and the keel frame (2) are fixed via right-angle brackets (12).

5. The suspended ceiling structure according to claim 1, wherein: A light strip profile is provided around the bottom of the keel frame, and the light strip profile is located between the keel frame and the ceiling panel assembly.

6. The method for installing a suspended ceiling structure according to claim 1, wherein: The following steps are involved: S1: Pre-installed connectors: The keel frame (2) and the ceiling panel assembly are pre-installed with fixings and snap connectors; S2: Fix the keel frame (2): Use a spirit level to locate the installation position of the keel frame (2), apply a layer of glue between the keel frame (2) and the wall (1), and then use self-tapping screws to fix the keel frame (2) to the wall (1); S3: Installation of the crossbeam assembly: The first crossbeam (31), the second crossbeam (32) and the third crossbeam (33) are fixed to the keel frame (2) through the right-angle bracket (12), and the crossbeam assembly is connected to the top surface through the ceiling screw (11); S4: Mounting of the fixing plate (5): The fixing plate (5) is fixed to the first crossbeam (31) and the second crossbeam (32) respectively through three-in-one connectors; S5: Installation of the second mounting plate (7): one side of the second mounting plate (7) is connected to the keel frame (2) via a flat push buckle (8), and the other side of the second mounting plate (7) is fixed to the third crossbeam (33) via a three-in-one connector; S6: Installation of the first mounting plate (6): one side of the first mounting plate (6) is placed on the second mounting plate (7) via a flat angle bracket (10), and the other side of the first mounting plate (6) is movably connected to the second crossbeam (32) via a reverse push buckle (9); S7: Installation of the movable plate (4): The side of the movable plate (4) close to the first crossbeam (31) is connected via a reverse push buckle (9), and the side of the movable plate (4) close to the keel frame (2) is connected via a horizontal push buckle (8).

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