Method for determining concentration of target molecule in sample using detection microspheres, computer-readable medium, and analysis device

Abstract

The invention provides a method for determining the concentration of a target molecule in a sample by using a detection microsphere, a computer readable medium and an analysis device. The method for determining the concentration of the target molecule comprises the following steps: providing a micropore; sealing the micropores to fluidly isolate each of the micropores; obtaining the total number of micropores; acquiring a first fluorescence picture according to a preset time interval; obtaining the micropore brightness sum of the at least two first fluorescent pictures; obtaining at least one difference value or an average value of a plurality of difference values between the sum of the micropore brightness of the first fluorescence picture; dividing the average value of the at least one difference value or the plurality of difference values by the total number of the micropores to obtain the average increment of the brightness value, and taking the average increment as a characteristic value; obtaining a standard curve of the characteristic value to the concentration; and measuring the concentration of the target molecule according to the standard curve. The method does not need to judge whether each microsphere is connected with a target molecule or not, so that the complexity of the method is simplified, and meanwhile, high detection accuracy is maintained.

Description

[0001] This application is a divisional application of the invention patent application with application number 202311383238.2, application date October 24, 2023, and invention name "Method for determining the concentration of target molecules in a sample using detection microspheres, computer-readable medium and analytical equipment". Technical Field

[0002] The present invention relates to a method for determining the concentration of a target molecule in a biological sample, in particular a method for determining the concentration of a target molecule at an extremely low concentration. The present invention also relates to a computer-readable medium storing instructions for executing the method and a corresponding analysis device. Background Art

[0003] The ability to measure low-abundance analytes from biological samples is of great importance in several fields, including clinical diagnostics. Many protein and nucleic acid diagnostic biomarkers are present at extremely low concentrations, which requires their analytical methods to have very low detection limits.

[0004] However, for target molecules with concentrations in the picomolar (pM), femtomolar (fM), attomole (aM) or even mesomolar (zM), accurate concentration determination is very challenging. A known solution uses antibody-labeled microspheres, adding thousands to millions of microspheres to each sample to capture target molecules in the sample, and labeling the target molecules with enzyme reporter molecules. This scheme disperses the microspheres into spatially isolated small holes and calculates the average number of enzymes on a single microsphere based on Poisson distribution. The scheme assumes that at low concentrations, most microspheres are not coupled to enzyme molecules ("off" balls), so the proportion of microspheres coupled to enzyme molecules ("on" balls) to all microspheres is used to characterize the average number of enzymes on a single microsphere. This algorithm is also called a digital algorithm. However, at high concentrations, most microspheres are bound to more than one enzyme molecule, and the digital algorithm is no longer applicable. Therefore, the average number of enzymes on a single microsphere is characterized by calculating the ratio of the average fluorescence intensity of the small holes containing microspheres coupled to enzyme molecules to the fluorescence intensity of a single enzyme. This algorithm is also called a simulation algorithm. In practical applications, 70% of the "on" balls are used as the threshold, below which the digital algorithm is used, and above which the analog algorithm is used.

[0005] However, the smooth transition between the digital and analog algorithms at 70% or other thresholds relies on a perfect Poisson distribution of molecules on the microspheres. The Poisson distribution assumes that all molecules and microspheres are identical, that molecules bind randomly to the microspheres without bias, that binding affinity remains constant when concentrations vary, and that the intensity detected is uniform. However, this is not achievable in reality, where various factors can cause the binding of microspheres and molecules to be non-randomly distributed or the detection signal to be non-uniform, including but not limited to uniformity of enzyme and substrate concentrations, uniformity of pore volumes, differences between instruments, non-uniformity of excitation light, non-uniformity of imaging quality, and so on. In fact, recent reports have confirmed the discontinuity between analog and digital algorithms.

[0006] In view of this, it is necessary to overcome the defects in the prior art and provide a new concentration determination method so that it has measurement continuity in all concentration ranges. Summary of the invention

[0007] One aspect of the present invention provides a method for determining the concentration of a target molecule in a sample using detection microspheres, comprising the following steps: (a) providing microwells, wherein a portion of the microwells contain a substrate and a detection microsphere, while another portion of the microwells contain a substrate but do not contain a detection microsphere, and the surface of at least one of the detection microspheres contains a sandwich structure formed by a first ligand-target molecule-reporter molecule, and the reporter molecule contains a catalyst capable of catalyzing the substrate to emit a first fluorescence; (b) sealing the microwells to isolate the fluid between each microwell; (c) obtaining a microsphere image of at least a portion of the detection microspheres, and counting the microwells containing microspheres in a selected area to obtain the total number of microwells; and (d) obtaining N first fluorescence images corresponding to the first fluorescence at predetermined time intervals, where N is greater than or equal to (e) aligning at least two first fluorescence images with microsphere images, obtaining the micropore brightness value of each micropore containing microspheres in the selected area in each of the at least two first fluorescence images, and summing the micropore brightness values ​​of each first fluorescence image to obtain the total micropore brightness of each first fluorescence image; (f) obtaining at least one difference between the total micropore brightness of the at least two first fluorescence images or an average value of multiple differences; (g) dividing the at least one difference or the average value of the multiple differences by the total number of micropores to obtain an average increase in brightness value as a characteristic value; (h) obtaining a standard curve of characteristic value versus concentration; and (i) determining the concentration of the target molecule in the sample according to the standard curve and the characteristic value of the target molecule.

[0008] In some embodiments, in step (f): when N is an even number, the first difference is obtained by subtracting the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the Nth first fluorescent picture from the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the N / 2th first fluorescent picture, the second difference is obtained by subtracting the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the (N / 2-1)th first fluorescent picture from the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the N-1th first fluorescent picture, and so on, until the N / 2th difference between the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the N / 2+1th first fluorescent picture and the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the 1st first fluorescent picture is obtained.

[0009] In some embodiments, in step (f): when N is an odd number, the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the Nth first fluorescent picture is subtracted from the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the (N+1) / 2th first fluorescent picture to obtain a first difference, the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the (N+1) / 2-1th first fluorescent picture is subtracted from the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the (N-1)th first fluorescent picture to obtain a second difference, and so on, until the (N-1) / 2th difference between the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the (N+1) / 2+1th first fluorescent picture and the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the 2nd first fluorescent picture is obtained.

[0010] In some embodiments, in step (f): when N is an odd number, the first difference is obtained by subtracting the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the (N-1) / 2th first fluorescent picture from the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the (N-1) / 2th first fluorescent picture, and the second difference is obtained by subtracting the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the (N-1) / 2-1th first fluorescent picture from the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the (N-2)th first fluorescent picture, and so on, until the (N-1) / 2th difference between the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the (N-1) / 2+1th first fluorescent picture and the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the 1st first fluorescent picture is obtained.

[0011] In some embodiments, step (a) comprises heating the substrate. For example, in some embodiments, the substrate is heated to 30-40° C. and maintained for 30 minutes.

[0012] In some embodiments, in step (c) and / or (d), an LED light source is used to illuminate the microwells to obtain corresponding images. For example, in some embodiments, the power of the LED light source is 0.1W to 10W.

[0013] In some embodiments, providing a microwell in step (a) comprises providing a microwell in a channel of a microfluidic device.

[0014] In some embodiments, the sealing in step (b) comprises sealing with oil.

[0015] In some embodiments, step (d) further comprises preprocessing the first fluorescence image to exclude abnormal light spots. For example, in some embodiments, the preprocessing comprises target detection based on deep learning.

[0016] In some embodiments, in step (c), the detection microspheres contain a fluorescent dye, and the fluorescent dye is excited to cause the detection microspheres to emit a second fluorescence, thereby obtaining the microsphere image, and the second fluorescence is different from the first fluorescence.

[0017] In some embodiments, in step (c), the selected area is the entire area of ​​the microsphere image.

[0018] In some embodiments, in step (e), the microwell brightness value of each microwell is the sum of brightness values ​​of individual microwells displayed in 9×9 pixels or the average brightness value of individual microwells displayed in 9×9 pixels.

[0019] In some embodiments, before step (e), a correction algorithm is applied to the first fluorescence image. For example, the correction algorithm is used to correct the difference in micropore images introduced by the aberration between the central field of view and the edge field of view of the optical system, and obtain a fluorescence image that is closer to the real sample. For example, in some embodiments, the correction algorithm includes: (i) for the central area of ​​the image, obtain the light intensity distribution matrix Ii (i is an integer corresponding to the micropore number) of each micropore 9×9 pixels, divide Ii by the maximum element value of the matrix, obtain the normalized light intensity distribution matrix IIi, average all elements of the normalized light intensity distribution matrix IIi of all micropores in the region, obtain Ia, and use this as the correction matrix for the light intensity distribution of each micropore; and (ii) for the edge area of ​​the image, obtain the light intensity distribution matrix IIIj (j is an integer corresponding to the micropore number) of each micropore 9×9 pixels, obtain the maximum intensity in each 9×9 pixel area, use the Ia correction matrix multiplied by the maximum intensity as the accurate light intensity distribution of each micropore, thereby correcting the edge area and obtaining a new image as the first fluorescence image.

[0020] In some embodiments, step (a) is performed at any constant temperature between 30 and 37°C.

[0021] In some embodiments, in step (a), the reporter molecule is composed of a second ligand that specifically binds to the target molecule and the catalyst, the second ligand is different from the first ligand, and step (a) includes: (i) providing a sample that may contain a target molecule; (ii) adding a detection microsphere, the surface of which is modified with the first ligand that specifically binds to the target molecule; (iii) adding a reporter molecule; (iv) adding a substrate; (v) introducing the detection microsphere into a microwell; wherein the order of execution of the steps is: i / ii / iii-iv-v or i / ii / iii / v-iv, wherein " / " indicates that the previous and next steps are interchangeable, and "-" indicates that the previous and next steps are executed in the order shown.

[0022] In some embodiments, in step (a), the reporter molecule consists of a first part and a second part that are independent of each other, the first part includes a second ligand that specifically binds to the target molecule and a first affinity element, the second part includes a second affinity element and the catalyst, the first affinity element and the second affinity element can be connected together through affinity, the second ligand is different from the first ligand, and step (a) includes: (i) providing a sample that may contain a target molecule; (ii) adding a detection microsphere, the surface of which is modified with the first ligand that specifically binds to the target molecule; (iii) adding the first part of the reporter molecule; (iv) adding the second part of the reporter molecule; (v) adding a substrate; (vi) introducing the detection microsphere into the microwell; wherein the steps are executed in the following order: i / ii / iii / iv-v-vi or i / ii / iii / iv / vi-v, wherein " / " indicates that the previous and next steps are interchangeable, and "-" indicates that the previous and next steps are executed in the order shown.

[0023] In some embodiments, in step (a), the reporter molecule is composed of a second ligand that specifically binds to the target molecule and the catalyst, the surface of the detection microsphere is modified with a first affinity element, the first ligand is coupled to the second affinity element, and the first ligand is bound to the first affinity element through the second affinity element, and step (a) includes: (i) providing a sample that may contain a target molecule; (ii) adding a detection microsphere; (iii) adding a first ligand coupled to a second affinity element; (iv) adding a reporter molecule; (v) adding a substrate; (vi) introducing the detection microsphere into a microwell; wherein the order of execution of the steps is: i / ii / iii / iv-v-vi or i / ii / iii / iv / vi-v, wherein " / " indicates that the previous and next steps are interchangeable, and "-" indicates that the previous and next steps are executed in the order shown.

[0024] In some embodiments, in step (a), the reporter molecule is composed of a first part and a second part that are independent of each other, the first part includes a second ligand that specifically binds to the target molecule and a first affinity element, the second part includes a second affinity element and the catalyst, the first affinity element and the second affinity element can be connected together by affinity, the second ligand is different from the first ligand, the surface of the detection microsphere is modified with a third affinity element, the first ligand is coupled with a fourth affinity element, the first ligand is bound to the third affinity element via the fourth affinity element, the third affinity element and the fourth affinity element can be connected together by affinity, and step (a) includes: (i) providing a (ii) adding a detection microsphere, a first ligand coupled to a fourth affinity element, and when there is a possibility of cross-reaction between the first and second affinity elements and the third and fourth affinity elements, adding a blocking agent, wherein the blocking agent blocks the third affinity element, and removing excess blocking agent before proceeding to the next step; (iii) adding the first part of the reporter molecule; (iv) adding the second part of the reporter molecule; (v) adding a substrate; (vi) introducing the detection microsphere into the microwell; wherein the order of execution of the steps is: i / ii / iii / iv-v-vi or i / ii / iii / iv / vi-v, wherein " / " indicates that the previous and next steps are interchangeable, and "-" indicates that the previous and next steps are executed in the order shown.

[0025] In some embodiments, one or more washing steps are included between any two, three, four, or all of steps (i) to (vi).

[0026] In some embodiments, the first ligand and the second ligand are different antibodies against the target molecule.

[0027] In some embodiments, (a) the first affinity element is one of biotin and streptavidin, and the second affinity element is the other of biotin and streptavidin; or (b) the first affinity element is one of biotin and avidin, and the second affinity element is the other of biotin and avidin.

[0028] In some embodiments, the combination of the first affinity element and the second affinity element, and the combination of the third affinity element and the fourth affinity element, are independently selected from: (a) biotin and streptavidin; and (b) biotin and avidin.

[0029] In some embodiments, the catalyst is β-galactosidase and the substrate is resorufin-β-D-galactopyranoside.

[0030] In some embodiments, the step of introducing the detection microspheres into the microwells includes: driving the microspheres to repeatedly pass through the microwells to increase the probability of the microspheres falling into the microwells. In some embodiments, the step of introducing the detection microspheres into the microwells further includes arranging a magnet under the microwells to attract the microspheres to fall into the microwells by magnetic force.

[0031] In some embodiments, in step (d), the predetermined time interval is from 10 seconds to 5 minutes.

[0032] In some embodiments, in step (c), white light is used to illuminate at least a portion of the detection microspheres to obtain the microsphere image.

[0033] In some embodiments, the concentration of the target molecule is 0.1 zM to 100 pM.

[0034] In some embodiments, the target molecule is a protein or a nucleic acid.

[0035] In some embodiments, the microspheres are polymer microspheres or magnetic beads.

[0036] In some embodiments, the method does not include individually counting microspheres to which target molecules are attached.

[0037] In some embodiments, the target molecule includes multiple types, the detection microspheres also include corresponding multiple types, and the reporter molecules also include corresponding multiple types.

[0038] Another aspect of the present invention provides a computer-readable medium having computer-readable instructions stored thereon, and when the computer-readable instructions are executed, any method described in the present invention is performed.

[0039] Another aspect of the present invention provides an analytical device comprising a computer control system and a microfluidic device, wherein the computer control system comprises the computer readable medium of the present invention.

[0040] In some embodiments, the microfluidic device comprises a channel, wherein the channel includes a plurality of microwells, each microwell being used to accommodate one or more detection microspheres.

[0041] In some embodiments, the volume of each microwell is between 1 femtoliter and 1 picoliter.

[0042] The method provided by the present invention does not need to determine whether each microsphere is connected to a target molecule (i.e., "activated" or "on"), which simplifies the complexity of the method while maintaining high detection accuracy. In addition, the method provided by the present invention has excellent continuity in all measured concentration ranges, and most of the data CV is below 20%, which solves the problem of data discontinuity caused by using analog algorithms and digital algorithms at high concentrations and low concentrations in the prior art. In addition, for samples of different multiple concentrations, the characteristic values ​​obtained by the algorithm have greater discrimination in certain intervals and higher resolution for sample concentrations, thereby further improving the detection sensitivity. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0043] The present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be noted that the illustrated scheme is only a representative example of an embodiment of the present invention, and in order to more clearly explain the details of the exemplary embodiment, the elements in the drawings are not drawn in proportion to the actual size, the number of actual elements may vary, the relative positional relationship of the actual elements is basically consistent with the illustration, and some elements are not shown. In the case of multiple embodiments, when one or more features described in the previous embodiment can also be applied to another embodiment, for the sake of brevity, these reusable features will not be repeated in the following one or more embodiments, and the following one or more embodiments should be understood to have described these reusable features, unless otherwise stated. After reading the present invention, those skilled in the art will realize that one or more features shown in one figure can be combined with one or more features in another figure to construct one or more alternative embodiments not specifically shown in the drawings, and these alternative embodiments also constitute a part of the present invention.

[0044] Figure 1 is a schematic flow chart of a method according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0045] Figure 2 A microsphere fluorescence image and a partial schematic diagram thereof are shown by exciting a fluorescent dye in one embodiment of the present invention.

[0046] Figure 3 Multiple first fluorescence images and images after fluorescence subtraction obtained in one embodiment are shown.

[0047] Figure 4 A standard curve of characteristic values ​​versus concentration obtained according to one embodiment is shown.

[0048] Figure 5 Comparison of CV values ​​of characteristic values ​​obtained by the digital algorithm and the method of the present invention is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0049] The exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the scope of the present invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, and those skilled in the art may modify and change these exemplary embodiments based on the enlightenment of the present invention after reading the contents disclosed in the present invention without paying creative labor, and these modifications and changes are intended to be included in the scope of the appended claims.

[0050] Figure 1 A schematic flow diagram of an embodiment of a method according to the present invention is shown. Method 100 is a method for determining the concentration of a target molecule, which is generally contained in a sample (e.g., a biological sample). The method is used to detect whether the target molecule is present in a sample, and if so, at what concentration the target molecule is present. Therefore, method 100 can be used for qualitative and quantitative determination of target molecules. The target molecule can be a chemical or biological molecule, including but not limited to a protein molecule, such as a cytokine (e.g., IL-12, IL-6, etc.) or an antibody (e.g., PD-1 antibody, etc.); and a nucleic acid molecule, such as DNA or RNA. Other suitable target molecules are, for example, antigen molecules (e.g., Aβ1-42), gene fragments, or fusion proteins. The biological sample can be, for example, blood, serum, plasma, urine, saliva, tissue fluid, or other fluid derived from a human or animal body, or a culture fluid, cell or tissue processing fluid (e.g., a tissue homogenate or a cell lysate) derived from a laboratory. These biological samples may or may not contain target molecules.

[0051] Method 100 begins at step 102, which provides microwells, wherein a portion of the microwells contains a substrate and a detection microsphere, while another portion of the microwells contains a substrate but no detection microsphere, and the surface of at least one of the detection microspheres contains a sandwich structure formed by a first ligand-target molecule-reporter molecule, and the reporter molecule contains a catalyst that can catalyze the substrate to emit a first fluorescence.

[0052] In step 102, providing micropores can be achieved by providing a microfluidic device, which includes an inlet and an outlet and a channel for fluid communication between the inlet and the outlet. The channel can be provided with a plurality of micropores on its side or bottom, such as hundreds to tens of thousands of micropores, and the size of each micropore can accommodate one or more microspheres, thereby isolating the microspheres from each other in space. For example, the volume of each micropore can be about 1 femtoliter to about 1 picoliter. In the present invention, a substrate and a detection microsphere are contained in a portion of the micropores, while a substrate but no detection microsphere is contained in another portion of the micropores. Therefore, some micropores do not contain microspheres, while other micropores contain one or more microspheres. In the micropores containing microspheres, the microspheres may be coupled with a target molecule or may not be coupled with a target molecule. The method of the present invention does not involve counting microspheres coupled with target molecules separately, as described in detail later. In other embodiments, the size of each micropore can only accommodate one microsphere, so some micropores do not contain microspheres, while other micropores contain only one microsphere. The detection microsphere can be any microsphere commonly used in the art, such as polymer microspheres or magnetic beads. Examples of polymer microspheres can be found in the composite microspheres in CN111318238 B. As an example, the detection microspheres are coupled or encoded with fluorescent dyes, such as CY5 fluorescent dyes.

[0053] In the present invention, in the micropore, the surface of at least one of the detection microspheres comprises a sandwich structure formed by a first ligand-target molecule-reporter molecule, and the reporter molecule comprises a catalyst capable of catalyzing a substrate to emit a first fluorescence. The first ligand is, for example, a ligand that specifically binds to a target molecule, such as an antibody against a target molecule, and the first ligand is directly or indirectly coupled to the surface of the detection microsphere. In the present invention, the reporter molecule can specifically bind to the target molecule and is directly or indirectly coupled with a catalyst that can catalyze a substrate to emit a first fluorescence. For example, the reporter molecule comprises a second ligand that specifically binds to a target molecule, and the second ligand is, for example, an antibody against a target molecule that binds to a different epitope of the target molecule than the first ligand. Therefore, a "sandwich" structure (or sandwich structure) is formed between the first ligand, the target molecule and the reporter molecule (the second ligand), in which the target molecule is sandwiched between the first ligand and the reporter molecule.

[0054] There are many ways to form the sandwich structure. In some embodiments, the reporter molecule is composed of a second ligand that specifically binds to the target molecule and the catalyst, and the second ligand is different from the first ligand. Step 102 may include: (i) providing a sample that may contain a target molecule; (ii) adding a detection microsphere, the surface of which is modified with the first ligand that specifically binds to the target molecule; (iii) adding a reporter molecule; (iv) adding a substrate; (v) introducing the detection microsphere into the microwell. For the above steps, the execution order may be i / ii / iii-iv-v or i / ii / iii / v-iv, where " / " indicates that the previous and next steps are interchangeable, and "-" indicates that the previous and next steps are executed in the order shown. For example, in the sequence i / ii / iii-iv-v, the order of steps (i), (ii) and (iii) can be interchanged at will, and steps (iv) and (v) are performed in sequence after these three steps are completed.

[0055] In other embodiments, the reporter molecule is composed of a first part and a second part that are independent of each other, the first part includes a second ligand that specifically binds to the target molecule and a first affinity element, the second part includes a second affinity element and the catalyst, the first affinity element and the second affinity element can be connected together through affinity, and the second ligand is different from the first ligand, and step 102 may include: (i) providing a sample that may contain a target molecule; (ii) adding a detection microsphere, the surface of which is modified with the first ligand that specifically binds to the target molecule; (iii) adding the first part of the reporter molecule; (iv) adding the second part of the reporter molecule; (v) adding a substrate; (vi) introducing the detection microsphere into the microwell. For the above steps, the execution order can be i / ii / iii / iv-v-vi or i / ii / iii / iv / vi-v, where " / " indicates that the previous and next steps are interchangeable, and "-" indicates that the previous and next steps are executed in the order shown.

[0056] In other embodiments, the reporter molecule is composed of a second ligand that specifically binds to the target molecule and the catalyst, the surface of the detection microsphere is modified with a first affinity element, the first ligand is coupled to the second affinity element, and the first ligand is bound to the first affinity element through the second affinity element. Step 102 may include: (i) providing a sample that may contain a target molecule; (ii) adding a detection microsphere; (iii) adding a first ligand coupled to the second affinity element; (iv) adding a reporter molecule; (v) adding a substrate; (vi) introducing the detection microsphere into the microwell. For the above steps, the execution order may be: i / ii / iii / iv-v-vi or i / ii / iii / iv / vi-v, where " / " indicates that the previous and next steps are interchangeable, and "-" indicates that the previous and next steps are executed in the order shown.

[0057] In other embodiments, the reporter molecule is composed of a first part and a second part that are independent of each other, the first part includes a second ligand that specifically binds to the target molecule and a first affinity element, the second part includes a second affinity element and the catalyst, the first affinity element and the second affinity element can be connected together by affinity, the second ligand is different from the first ligand, the surface of the detection microsphere is modified with a third affinity element, the first ligand is coupled with a fourth affinity element, the first ligand is bound to the third affinity element through the fourth affinity element, and the third affinity element and the fourth affinity element can be connected together by affinity, and step 102 may include: (i) providing a sample that may contain a target molecule; (ii) adding the detection microsphere, the first ligand coupled with the fourth affinity element, and when there is a possibility of cross-reaction between the first and second affinity elements and the third and fourth affinity elements, adding a blocking agent, the blocking agent blocks the third affinity element, and removing excess blocking agent before proceeding to the next step; (iii) adding the first part of the reporter molecule; (iv) adding the second part of the reporter molecule; (v) adding a substrate; and (vi) introducing the detection microsphere into the microwell. For the above steps, the execution order can be: i / ii / iii / iv-v-vi or i / ii / iii / iv / vi-v, where " / " indicates that the previous and next steps are interchangeable, and "-" indicates that the previous and next steps are executed in the order shown.

[0058] In any of the above embodiments, one or more washing steps are included between any two, three, four or all of the steps of steps (i) to (v) or steps (i) to (vi). In some embodiments, one or more washing steps may be performed between each of steps (i) to (v) or steps (i) to (vi). In some embodiments, one or more washing steps may be performed between two of the steps in steps (i) to (v) or steps (i) to (vi). The washing step may be performed by introducing a buffer (e.g., PBS or saline) that is compatible with the sample to wash the microspheres and / or micropores to remove components that are non-specifically bound to or not bound to the ligand coupled to the microspheres and / or non-specifically bound to or not bound to the reporter molecules, so as to exclude interference with the determination caused by components other than non-specific binding or target molecules as much as possible. For example, in the case of using magnetic beads, after the magnetic beads are mixed with the sample, a magnetic field may be applied to fix the magnetic beads (thereby fixing the target molecule that specifically binds to the first ligand on the magnetic beads), and PBS buffer may be introduced to remove components in the sample that are not specifically bound to the ligand on the magnetic beads (e.g., non-target molecule proteins in plasma).

[0059] In any of the above embodiments, the first ligand and the second ligand may be different antibodies against the target molecule. For example, when the target molecule is an IL-15 molecule, the first ligand is a first antibody against IL-15, and the second ligand is a second antibody against IL-15, and the first antibody and the second antibody bind to different epitopes of IL-15.

[0060] In any of the above embodiments, the first affinity element may be one of biotin and streptavidin, and the second affinity element is the other of biotin and streptavidin. In any of the above embodiments, the first affinity element is one of biotin and avidin, and the second affinity element is the other of biotin and avidin. In any of the above embodiments, the third affinity element may be one of biotin and streptavidin, and the fourth affinity element is the other of biotin and streptavidin. In any of the above embodiments, the third affinity element is one of biotin and avidin, and the fourth affinity element is the other of biotin and avidin. In one embodiment, the combination of the first affinity element and the second affinity element, and the combination of the third affinity element and the fourth affinity element, are independently selected from: (a) biotin and streptavidin; and (b) biotin and avidin.

[0061] In some embodiments, the blocking agent is an avidin blocking agent, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) or polyethylene glycol (PEG) coupled to biotin. In some embodiments, the blocking agent is a biotin blocking agent, such as BSA or PEG coupled to avidin or streptavidin.

[0062] In step 102, the catalyst is β-galactosidase, and the substrate is resorufin-β-D-pyranogalactoside (CAS No.: 95079-19-9). As described above, other suitable catalyst and substrate pairs include the catalyst being β-galactosidase, the substrate being fluorescein-di-β-D-pyranogalactoside (FDG, CAS No.: 17817-20-8), or the catalyst being β-galactosidase, the substrate being 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-galactoside (CAS No.: 6160-78-7), and the like.

[0063] In the presence of a target molecule, the catalyst to which the reporter molecule is connected will catalyze the substrate to emit fluorescence. Within a certain range, the greater the concentration of the connected reporter molecule (that is, the greater the concentration of the target molecule), the more substrate is catalyzed, and thus the intensity and / or brightness of the fluorescence is greater. When the reporter molecule reaches saturation concentration, in the case of an excess of substrate, the fluorescence brightness of the microspheres reaches a maximum value. In one embodiment, due to differences in micropore size, in order to ensure uniform substrate concentration, given that the substrate is stored at 2-8°C, aggregation may occur, and the substrate is heated at 30 to 40°C (e.g., 35 to 37°C, e.g., 35°C, 36°C, or 37°C) for 30 minutes before use to ensure that the substrate is fully dissolved.

[0064] In addition, in some embodiments, taking into account the inconsistent catalytic efficiency of individual enzymes in different microwells in the same batch of enzymes in the same experiment, it is ensured that the enzyme catalyzed reaction is carried out under any constant temperature condition of 30°C to 37°C (e.g., 30°C, 31°C, 32°C, 33°C, 34°C, 35°C, 36°C or 37°C).

[0065] In other embodiments, the present invention is committed to improving the hole-falling rate of microspheres, ensuring sufficient sampling base, and reducing the deviation caused by individual enzyme differences by averaging. In one example, the step of introducing the detection microspheres into the micropores includes driving the microspheres repeatedly through the micropores by external force (e.g., suctioning the microspheres) to increase the hole-falling probability of the microspheres. In another example, the microspheres are repeatedly driven through the micropores by the external force, and a magnet is arranged below the micropores.

[0066] In step 104, the micropores are sealed to isolate the fluid between each micropore. Sealing can include sealing each of the above-mentioned individual micropores, so that the fluid isolates each micropore, so that the buffer in the micropore and the microspheres are isolated from each other to shield the fluorescence contamination between the micropores / microspheres as much as possible. In certain embodiments, sealing can include introducing a sealing oil into the microfluidic device, which, on the one hand, removes the residual microspheres and / or reporter molecules in the channel, and on the other hand, seals each micropore because it is immiscible with the buffer in the micropore. Suitable sealing oils can be mineral oils, fluorinated oils, or silicone oils.

[0067] In method 100, step 106 includes obtaining a microsphere image of at least a portion of the detection microspheres, and counting the micropores containing microspheres in the selected area to obtain the total number of micropores. In one embodiment, the detection microspheres are encoded or coupled with fluorescent dyes, and the fluorescent dyes can be excited to emit fluorescence. For example, a fluorescent camera can collect fluorescent signals to form a fluorescent image for locating fluorescent microspheres, for example, using a laser light source to excite the fluorescent dye (such as CY5 fluorescent dye) to obtain a microsphere fluorescent image, and locate each micropore containing microspheres based on the fluorescent image. In another embodiment, an LED light source can be used to excite the fluorescent dye (such as CY5 fluorescent dye) to obtain a microsphere fluorescent image, and locate each microsphere based on the microsphere fluorescent image. For example, the power of the LED light source can be 0.1 to 10W, such as 0.1 to 5W or 1 to 5W, such as 1W, 2W, 3W, 4W or 5W. In addition, as an option, a commercial large numerical aperture NA 0.28, achromatic objective lens can be used.

[0068] In another embodiment, the detection microspheres are not encoded or coupled with fluorescent dyes, white light is used to illuminate the microspheres, a conventional camera is used to obtain a microsphere image, and each microwell containing a microsphere is located based on the microsphere image.

[0069] In some embodiments, the CY5 fluorescence image can be subjected to Gaussian blur processing to analyze its contour and obtain the coordinate position of each microwell. In some embodiments, the processing of the CY5 fluorescence image can be implemented by computer software, such as OpenCV 2.0 and above. In this article, for the convenience of expression, in the case of detecting microspheres coupled or encoded fluorescent dyes, the fluorescence emitted by the microspheres when excited is called the second fluorescence, and the fluorescence emitted by the reporter molecule catalyzed substrate is called the first fluorescence, and the second fluorescence is different from the first fluorescence.

[0070] Figure 2 Part A of the CY5 fluorescence image obtained by the above method covers 80% to 90% of all microwells. In other embodiments, the image can cover 100% of all microwells. In other embodiments, the image can cover less than 80% of all microwells. Figure 2 Part B is Figure 2 A partial enlarged view of the dotted part in part A of FIG. 1 , a white bright spot indicates the presence of a microsphere (i.e., the corresponding micropore, the same below), and a position where no bright spot is shown indicates that there is no microsphere in the corresponding micropore. Figure 2 The C part is Figure 2 A further enlarged view of part B.

[0071] In the present invention, software is used to count microwells, regardless of whether the microspheres in the microwells are coupled with target molecules. In some embodiments, the microwells containing microspheres in the entire area of ​​the microsphere image (e.g., microsphere fluorescence image) are counted. In other embodiments, the microwells containing microspheres in 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or more of the area of ​​the microsphere image are counted.

[0072] In step 108, N first fluorescence images corresponding to the first fluorescence are obtained at a predetermined time interval, where N is an integer greater than or equal to 2, for example, an integer from 2 to 1000. The time interval can be determined according to the usual reaction rate of the catalyst and the substrate, and a slower reaction rate usually requires a longer time, while a faster reaction rate requires a shorter time. In some embodiments, a catalyst with a higher catalytic efficiency is preferably used, thereby shortening the entire test process. In some embodiments, the predetermined time interval can be, for example, 10 seconds to 5 minutes, for example, 30 seconds to 3 minutes, 40 seconds to 2 minutes, 50 seconds to 90 seconds, or 60 seconds to 90 seconds. In a preferred embodiment, the predetermined time interval is 30 seconds to 90 seconds, for example, 30 seconds, 40 seconds, 50 seconds, 60 seconds, 70 seconds, 80 seconds or 90 seconds. In other embodiments, longer or shorter time intervals can be used. In the present invention, the number of first fluorescence images can be reasonably determined as needed. A preliminary experiment can be performed to determine the number of images that best meets the requirements. The number of pictures is usually considered in conjunction with the predetermined time interval, and the number of fluorescence pictures is also designed based on the fluorescence growth curve corresponding to the first fluorescence. In some embodiments, the present invention obtains 2 to 1000 first fluorescence pictures, such as 100 to 1000, 500 to 1000, 10 to 100, 20 to 50, 50 to 100, 2 to 50, 2 to 20, 2 to 10, 5 to 10, or more or less first fluorescence pictures. In an embodiment of the present invention, the number of first pictures obtained may be an odd number or an even number, but preferably an even number. In a specific embodiment, 10 first fluorescence pictures are obtained at a time interval of 1 minute within 10 minutes. In some embodiments, step 108 may further include preprocessing the first fluorescence picture to exclude abnormal light spots, such as abnormal light spots caused by bubbles, impurities, etc. The preprocessing may include target detection based on deep learning.

[0073] In some embodiments, the order of steps 106 and 108 may be reversed. For example, the method may first perform step 108 after performing step 104, and perform step 106 before starting step 110.

[0074] In step 110, at least two first fluorescence images are aligned with the microsphere image, the micropore brightness value of each micropore containing microspheres in the selected area in each of the at least two first fluorescence images is obtained, and the micropore brightness value of each first fluorescence image is summed to obtain the sum of the micropore brightness of each first fluorescence image. It can be understood by those skilled in the art that the micropore brightness value obtained from the micropore position is formed by the fluorescence emitted by all catalyzed substrates in the single micropore where the microsphere is located.

[0075] Figure 3 Part A is the maximum pixel magnification of a single micropore (bright spot). Figure 3 In part A of FIG. 1 , a single microwell is displayed with 9×9 pixels. It is contemplated that using cameras with different resolutions may allow a single microwell to be displayed with higher or lower pixels. In one embodiment of the present invention, for a single microwell, the average brightness of 9×9 pixels is used as its fluorescence brightness. For example, for Figure 3 For a single micropore shown in part A of the image, the sum of the brightness values ​​of 9×9 pixels is divided by 81 to obtain the average brightness of the single micropore. The average brightness of all micropores containing microspheres in the selected area of ​​the image can be obtained in the same way. For example, for all micropores containing microspheres in the selected area, the average brightness of each micropore containing microspheres is calculated according to the above method, and then the average brightness of all micropores containing microspheres in the selected area is summed and divided by the number of all micropores containing microspheres in the selected area to obtain the average brightness of the micropores containing microspheres in the selected area. In other embodiments of the present invention, for a single micropore, the sum of the brightness values ​​of 9×9 pixels is used as its fluorescence brightness. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the selected area covers the entire area of ​​the image. In other embodiments, the selected area may occupy at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90% or more of the entire area of ​​the image. In other embodiments, the selected area may occupy less than 50%, less than 40%, less than 30% or less of the entire area of ​​the image.

[0076] In a preferred embodiment, before step 110, a correction algorithm is used for the entire first fluorescence image to correct the micropore image difference introduced by the aberration between the central field of view and the edge field of view of the optical system, so as to obtain a fluorescence image closer to the real sample. For example, the correction algorithm may include: (i) selecting the central area of ​​the first fluorescent image, obtaining the light intensity distribution matrix Ii of 9×9 pixels for each micropore (i is an integer corresponding to the micropore number; the matrix size is 9×9), dividing Ii by the maximum element value of the matrix to obtain the normalized light intensity distribution matrix IIi, averaging all elements of the normalized light intensity distribution matrix IIi of all micropores in the area (i.e., averaging all elements of all normalized light intensity distribution matrices IIi together), obtaining Ia (the matrix size is 9×9, and the matrix elements are all the average values ​​obtained previously), and using this as the correction matrix for the light intensity distribution of each micropore; and (ii) for the edge area of ​​the first fluorescent image, obtaining the light intensity distribution matrix IIIj of 9×9 pixels for each micropore (j is an integer corresponding to the micropore number; the matrix size is 9×9), obtaining the maximum intensity value in each 9×9 pixel area, multiplying the maximum intensity value by the correction matrix Ia to obtain the accurate light intensity distribution of each micropore, thereby correcting the edge area and obtaining a new image as the first fluorescent image. In some embodiments, the selected central region may be a region of 100×100 micropores with the central coordinate as the center of the circle; in some embodiments, the selected edge region may be a region extending one-fifth of the four edges in the first fluorescent image to the center. In some embodiments, the selected central region may be a region of 100×100 micropores with the central coordinate as the center of the circle, and the selected edge region may be a region extending one-fifth of the four edges in the first fluorescent image to the center.

[0077] In addition, commercial high-concentration solid fluorescent slices can be used as correction plates, and the solid fluorescent slice images can be corrected by algorithms to further correct the unevenness of the illumination light path. For example, the algorithm correction steps are as follows: first, the illumination light intensity of the illumination light path is appropriately adjusted to obtain a non-overexposed fluorescence image of the high-concentration solid fluorescent slice under the illumination light path, and the grayscale matrix I1 of the non-overexposed fluorescence image is obtained; the maximum grayscale value MAXI1 of the grayscale matrix I1 is found, and the maximum grayscale value MAXI1 is divided by each element value of the grayscale matrix I1 to obtain a new matrix I2, which is the correction matrix; for each first fluorescent image, after dot multiplication of the correction matrix I2, it is a first fluorescent image that is corrected uniformly.

[0078] In one embodiment, in step 110, it should be noted that the microsphere image and at least two first fluorescence images should be aligned so that the analysis area in the first fluorescence image is the same as the analysis area of ​​the microsphere image. After step 110, each micropore position obtains a corresponding plurality of fluorescence brightness values, each fluorescence brightness value corresponding to a first fluorescence image, for example, each micropore position may have 10 fluorescence brightness values. For some of the micropore positions, each fluorescence brightness value is the same or substantially the same, and for other micropore positions, each fluorescence brightness value is different and increases over time. For different micropore positions, the amplitude of the fluorescence brightness value that increases over time is the same or different.

[0079] In step 110, the fluorescence brightness values ​​of all microwells containing microspheres in at least two first fluorescence images are summed to obtain the sum of microwell brightness in each first fluorescence image. The sum of microsphere brightness can be obtained by adding the fluorescence brightness values ​​of each microwell containing microspheres.

[0080] In step 112, at least one difference between the sums of the brightness of the microspheres of the first fluorescent pictures is obtained, or an average value of multiple differences between the sums of the brightness of the microspheres of the first fluorescent pictures is obtained when N is greater than 2. When N is an even number, the sum of the brightness of the micropores of the N / 2th first fluorescent picture is subtracted from the sum of the brightness of the micropores of the Nth first fluorescent picture to obtain a first difference, the sum of the brightness of the micropores of the N-1th first fluorescent picture is subtracted from the sum of the brightness of the micropores of the (N / 2-1)th first fluorescent picture to obtain a second difference, and so on, until the N / 2th difference between the sum of the brightness of the micropores of the N / 2+1th first fluorescent picture and the sum of the brightness of the micropores of the 1st first fluorescent picture is obtained. For example, when 10 (N=10) first fluorescence images are collected in step 108, in step 110, for each microwell containing microspheres, the sum of the microwell brightness values ​​of the 5th, 4th, 3rd, 2nd, and 1st images is subtracted from the sum of the microwell brightness values ​​of the 10th, 9th, 8th, 7th, and 6th images, respectively, to obtain 5 difference values. The above images are numbered in the order of the time of collection. Figure 3 Part B of shows the fifth picture obtained in one embodiment, Figure 3 Part C of shows the 10th picture obtained in the same example, the two pictures have the same field of view and both show hundreds of microwells containing microspheres. Figure 3 The D section shows that Figure 3 The picture of part C is Figure 3 The image obtained by subtracting the image of part B from the image of part B is Figure 3 The sum of the micropore brightness values ​​in part D is the first difference obtained by subtracting the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​in the 10th picture from the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​in the 5th picture.

[0081] When N is an odd number, the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the Nth first fluorescent picture can be subtracted from the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the (N+1) / 2th first fluorescent picture to obtain the first difference, and the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the (N+1) / 2-1th first fluorescent picture can be subtracted from the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the (N-1)th first fluorescent picture to obtain the second difference, and so on, until the (N-1) / 2th difference between the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the (N+1) / 2+1th first fluorescent picture and the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the 2nd first fluorescent picture is obtained. For example, when 11 (N=11) first fluorescent pictures are collected in step 108, in step 110, the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the 11th, 10th, 9th, 8th, and 7th pictures is subtracted from the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the 6th, 5th, 4th, 3rd, and 2nd pictures, respectively, to obtain 5 differences. The above pictures are numbered in the order of time of collection. In other embodiments, step 110 may be performed using a greater or lesser number of first fluorescent images.

[0082] Alternatively, when N is an odd number, the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the (N-1) / 2 first fluorescent picture may be subtracted from the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the (N-1) / 2 first fluorescent picture to obtain a first difference, and the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the (N-1) / 2-1 first fluorescent picture may be subtracted from the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the (N-2) first fluorescent picture to obtain a second difference, and so on, until the (N-1) / 2th difference between the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the (N-1) / 2+1 first fluorescent picture and the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the 1st first fluorescent picture is obtained. For example, when 11 (N=11) first fluorescent pictures are collected in step 108, in step 110, the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the 10th, 9th, 8th, 7th, and 6th pictures may be subtracted from the sum of the micropore brightness values ​​of the 5th, 4th, 3rd, 2nd, and 1st pictures, respectively, to obtain 5 differences.

[0083] Then, in step 114 , at least one difference value obtained in step 112 , or an average value of multiple differences when more than one difference value is obtained, is divided by the total number of micropores obtained in step 106 to obtain an average increase in brightness value as a characteristic value.

[0084] In other embodiments, the brightness value of each micropore position containing microspheres may be calculated only for local areas in at least two first fluorescent images, for example, the brightness value of each micropore position containing microspheres may be calculated only for 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% of the area in the first fluorescent image. However, it should be noted that in this case, the difference or the average difference obtained in step 112 needs to be divided by the total number of micropores counted in the microsphere image in the corresponding local area to obtain the characteristic value. For example, when the brightness value of each micropore position containing microspheres is calculated in 50% of the area in the microsphere image to obtain the sum of the brightness of the micropores in the corresponding image, and based on this, the difference is obtained in step 112, the difference or the average difference should be divided by the total number of micropores counted in the corresponding 50% area in the microsphere image to obtain the characteristic value.

[0085] In step 116, a standard curve of the characteristic value versus concentration is obtained. The standard curve can be established in advance using target molecules or other molecules with known concentrations according to the methods described in steps 102 to 114.

[0086] After obtaining the standard curve, step 118 is performed to determine the concentration of the target molecule in the sample according to the standard curve and the characteristic value of the target molecule. In some embodiments, the concentration of the target molecule in the sample is at an extremely low level, such as 0.1zM to 100pM, such as 1zM to 100fM, or even lower.

[0087] According to the method described in method 100, a standard curve was established using 6 different concentrations of Aβ1-42 molecule samples, and the characteristic values ​​and concentrations are shown in Table 1 below.

[0088] Table 1. Aβ1-42 test results (6 concentrations, unit pg / mL, 8 replicates per well)

[0089] Table 2. Evaluation of the characteristic values ​​of the standard curve concentration Eigenvalue Sn+1 / Sn S0 0 3.8819 - S1 0.75 5.9605 1.54 S2 1.5 10.5690 1.77 S3 3 20.9243 1.98 S4 6 60.9896 2.91 S5 12 260.5080 4.27 S5 / S0 67.11

[0090] The standard curve is established with 6 gradually increasing concentrations, 8 replicate wells for each concentration, and a protein molecule (such as Aβ1-42) is used as the target molecule. In the above embodiment, the coefficient of variation (CV) of the data of the standard curve is less than 15% except for the group (S0) with a concentration of 0. In the above embodiment, there is a clear distinction between two adjacent concentrations, and the ratio is above 1.5. Figure 4The standard curve of characteristic value versus concentration obtained according to this embodiment is shown. It can be seen that the characteristic value is proportional to the concentration, and the greater the concentration, the greater the characteristic value. In addition, the range of characteristic values ​​in the standard curve established by this method is larger, which increases the sensitivity of the signal response; and it has good continuity at high and low concentrations.

[0091] In another embodiment, samples of different concentrations were used to test the eigenvalue algorithm provided by the present invention. The results are shown in Table 3.

[0092] Table 3. Tests of the method of the present invention for samples of different concentrations

[0093] From the results in Table 3, it can be seen that the characteristic value repeatability of the method of the present invention is good, and the CV of the characteristic value of the method of the present invention is within 25%, wherein the CV of the characteristic values ​​of the last three concentration samples are all within 15%.

[0094] Figure 5 A scatter plot showing the relationship between the CV of the characteristic values ​​obtained by the digital algorithm and the method of the present invention based on some test data (not listed). From the scatter plot, it can be seen that for the test results of the blood sample (Part A) and the calibrator (Part B), the characteristic value CV of the digital algorithm is close to the characteristic value CV of the method of the present invention. Most of the scatter points of the characteristic value CV of the two algorithms are located in the area of ​​<20%. For very few scatter points with CV>20%, the CV of the characteristic value obtained by the method of the present invention is better than the CV of the characteristic value obtained by the digital algorithm.

[0095] In some embodiments, the method of the present invention can simultaneously analyze two or more different types of target molecules that may be present in a sample, such as IL-12 and IL-10. In such an embodiment, the method can use different types of microspheres and different types of fluorescent dyes corresponding to different types of target molecules, as well as different types of reporter molecules and different types of substrates and enzyme combinations, to identify each microsphere and reporter molecule via different fluorescent channels. The method for preparing two different fluorescently encoded microspheres can be found in CN 111218498A.

[0096] Another aspect of the present invention provides a computer-readable medium having computer-readable instructions stored thereon, wherein when the computer-readable instructions are executed, any of the methods described above in the present invention is performed. The computer-readable medium may include a removable medium as a packaged medium including a magnetic disk (including a floppy disk), an optical disk (including a CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) and a DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)), a magneto-optical disk (including an MD (Mini Disk)), or a semiconductor memory.

[0097] Another aspect of the present invention provides an analytical device comprising a computer control system and a microfluidic device, wherein the computer control system comprises the computer readable medium of the present invention.

[0098] In one embodiment, the microfluidic device comprises a channel, the channel comprising a plurality of microwells, each microwell being used to accommodate at most one microsphere. In some embodiments, the volume of each microwell is 1 femtoliter to 1 picoliter. The analytical device is configured to perform any of the methods described in the present invention.

[0099] The above are all representative examples of embodiments of the present invention and are provided for illustrative purposes only. The present invention contemplates that one or more technical features used in one embodiment may be added to another embodiment to form an improved or alternative embodiment without violating the purpose of the embodiment. Similarly, one or more technical features used in one embodiment may be omitted or replaced to form an alternative or simplified embodiment without violating the purpose of the embodiment. In addition, one or more technical features used in one embodiment may be combined with one or more technical features in another embodiment to form an improved or alternative embodiment without violating the purpose of the embodiment. The present invention is intended to include all of the above improved, alternative, and simplified technical solutions.

Claims

1. A method for determining the concentration of a target molecule in a sample using a detection microsphere, comprising the following steps: (a) providing microwells, wherein a portion of the microwells contains a substrate and a detection microsphere, and another portion of the microwells contains a substrate but does not contain a detection microsphere, and a surface of at least one of the detection microspheres contains a sandwich structure formed by a first ligand-target molecule-reporter molecule, and the reporter molecule contains a catalyst that can catalyze the substrate to emit a first fluorescence; (b) sealing the microwells to isolate the fluid between each microwell; (c) obtaining a microsphere image of at least a portion of the detection microspheres, and counting the micropores containing the microspheres in the selected area to obtain a total number of micropores; (d) acquiring N first fluorescence images corresponding to the first fluorescence at predetermined time intervals, where N is an integer greater than or equal to 2; (e) aligning at least two first fluorescent images with the microsphere image, obtaining the micropore brightness value of each micropore containing microspheres in the selected area in each of the at least two first fluorescent images, and summing the micropore brightness values ​​of each first fluorescent image to obtain the sum of the micropore brightness of each first fluorescent image; (f) obtaining at least one difference value or an average value of multiple differences between the sums of the micropore brightness of the at least two first fluorescent images; (g) dividing the at least one difference or the average of the plurality of differences by the total number of micropores to obtain an average increase in brightness as a characteristic value; (h) obtaining a standard curve of characteristic value versus concentration; and (i) determining the concentration of the target molecule in the sample according to the standard curve and the characteristic value of the target molecule.

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