Electroless panel articles with multi-layer optical structures and related methods

Abstract

Described herein are electroless panel assemblies configured to exhibit variable transmissive and reflective performance attributes. The electroless panel assembly described herein includes a first ink layer, an intermediate layer, and a second ink layer. The intermediate layer is disposed between the first ink layer and the second ink layer and is configured to reflect light transmitted through the first ink layer back through the first ink layer such that one or more colors of the ink in the first ink layer are visible in the reflected light. The second ink layer is configured to counteract a light transmittance deviation caused by the first ink layer such that light transmitted through the electroless panel assembly does not perceptually change in color. The overlapping region of the first ink layer and the second ink layer includes inverse appearance properties such that light output from a light source and transmitted through the electroless panel assembly has a desired appearance.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 411,963 filed on September 30, 2022 under the Patent Law. This application relies on the contents of the U.S. Provisional Application and the contents of the U.S. Provisional Application are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0002] The present disclosure relates to display articles including deadfront assemblies having improved color distortion performance and methods related thereto. Background Art

[0003] In various applications involving displays, it is desirable for the display surface or functional surface to have the appearance of a dead panel, i.e., there is a seamless transition between the display area and the non-display area. For example, dead panel technology can be used to hide the edge of a display panel or the like when the article is viewed from a cover surface (such as a cover surface having a plastic or glass display cover material). From an aesthetic or design standpoint, it is desirable to have a dead panel appearance such that when the display is turned off, the display area and the non-display area are indistinguishable from each other and the cover surface presents a uniform appearance. Applications requiring the dead panel appearance include automotive interiors (including on-board displays or touch interfaces) and other applications in consumer mobile electronics or home electronics (including mobile devices and home appliances).

[0004] Existing non-electrical panel technology typically involves the application of a film or layer that reduces the overall light transmittance of the entire assembly (e.g., including a display panel and a cover material). By applying such existing films or layers, an article having a sufficiently low light transmittance can be provided to hide the various components of the assembly, while also providing a uniform appearance by blending the pattern exhibited by the article with the surrounding materials (e.g., the article can be patterned to exhibit a wood grain or fabric pattern when reflected). However, certain existing assemblies may not provide the desired appearance when reflected without significantly adversely affecting the light transmission properties of the article. For example, due to the way the layers absorb light emitted by the display panel, certain existing non-electrical panel assemblies may change the appearance of an image rendered by the display panel. Various portions of the layers may absorb light emitted by the display in different ways, resulting in color distortion of the displayed image.

[0005] Therefore, there is a need for an alternative electroless panel approach that provides the appearance of a uniform or electroless panel in reflection and improves color distortion performance in transmission. Summary of the invention

[0006] Aspect (1) of the present disclosure relates to an electroless panel product, the electroless panel product comprising: a substrate comprising a first major surface and a second major surface opposite to the first major surface; and an electroless panel assembly disposed on the second major surface, the electroless panel assembly comprising: a first ink layer disposed near the second major surface; an intermediate layer positioned so that the first ink layer is disposed between the intermediate layer and the second major surface; and a second ink layer positioned so that the intermediate layer is disposed between the second ink layer and the first ink layer, wherein: for light initially incident on a surface of the intermediate layer closest to the substrate, the intermediate layer exhibits an average reflectivity greater than or equal to 1.0% in a wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm, and the first ink layer comprises a first plurality of regions, the second ink layer comprises a second plurality of regions, each of the second plurality of regions being configured to suppress the appearance of overlapping regions of the first plurality of regions from deviating from a target optical appearance in transmission.

[0007] Aspect (2) of the present disclosure relates to the non-electrical panel product as described in aspect (1), wherein each of the second plurality of regions includes X, Y, and Z tristimulus values ​​according to the CIE 1931 color space, and the X, Y, and Z tristimulus values ​​are calculated as a ratio of a target value to the X, Y, and Z tristimulus values ​​of the overlapping area of ​​the first plurality of regions, wherein the target values ​​are each greater than or equal to 0.30 and less than or equal to 0.50.

[0008] Aspect (3) of the present disclosure relates to the non-electrical panel product of aspect (1), wherein when light from a D65 light source is transmitted through the non-electrical panel product, the light exhibits a maximum L* value greater than or equal to 50 and less than or equal to 80.

[0009] Aspect (4) of the present disclosure relates to the non-electrical panel product as described in aspect (3), wherein when the light from the D65 light source is transmitted through the non-electrical panel product, the light exhibits a maximum a* value greater than or equal to -5 and less than or equal to 5, and the light exhibits a maximum b* value greater than or equal to -5 and less than or equal to 5.

[0010] Aspect (5) of the present disclosure relates to the non-electrical panel product as described in any one of aspects (3)-(4), wherein when the light from the D65 light source is transmitted through the non-electrical panel product, the light exhibits a maximum ΔE value less than or equal to 5.0, and the maximum ΔE value is calculated using the CIE76 formula and between two different locations on the non-electrical panel product.

[0011] Aspect (6) of the present disclosure relates to the non-electrical panel product as described in aspect (5), wherein the maximum ΔE value is less than or equal to 2.0.

[0012] Aspect (7) of the present disclosure relates to a non-electrical panel product as described in any one of aspects (1)-(6), wherein each pair of overlapping regions includes one of the first plurality of regions, and when light from a light source is transmitted through the non-electrical panel assembly, one of the second plurality of regions exhibits a Y tristimulus value greater than or equal to 0.3 and less than or equal to 0.5.

[0013] Aspect (8) of the present disclosure relates to the electroless panel product as described in any one of aspects (1) to (7), wherein the refractive index of the intermediate layer is greater than or equal to 1.8 or less than or equal to 1.2.

[0014] Aspect (9) of the present disclosure relates to the electroless panel product as described in any one of aspects (1) to (8), wherein the intermediate layer includes at least one of transparent ink, white ink, or gray ink.

[0015] Aspect (10) of the present disclosure relates to the non-electrical panel product as described in any one of aspects (1)-(8), wherein the intermediate layer includes a metal layer.

[0016] Aspect (11) of the present disclosure relates to a non-electric panel product as described in any one of aspects (1)-(8), wherein: the intermediate layer includes an air gap between the first ink layer and the second ink layer, and the second ink layer is disposed on a surface of a second substrate that is fixedly related to the substrate.

[0017] Aspect (12) of the present disclosure relates to the non-electrical panel product as described in any one of aspects (1) to (8), wherein: the intermediate layer comprises a refractive index greater than or equal to 1.8 and comprises Nb 2 O 5 , Nb 2 O 5 、 2 O 5 、ZrO 2 , HfO 2 、Si 3 N 4 、SiON、Y 2 O 3 、TiO 2 and a transparent conductive oxide, the first ink layer is disposed near a first surface of the intermediate layer close to the substrate, and the second ink layer is directly disposed on a second surface of the intermediate layer.

[0018] Aspect (13) of the present disclosure relates to a non-electrical panel product as described in any one of aspects (1)-(8), wherein: the intermediate layer includes a multilayer stack, the multilayer stack includes alternating layers having one or more higher refractive index materials and one or more lower refractive index materials, the multilayer stack includes 2 to 20 such alternating layers, the one or more lower refractive index materials have a refractive index of less than 1.6 at 550 nm, and the one or more higher refractive index materials have a refractive index of greater than 1.6 at 550 nm.

[0019] Aspect (14) of the present disclosure relates to a non-electric panel product as described in any one of aspects (1)-(8), wherein the intermediate layer includes an electrochromic layer, which is configured to change between a first light transmission state and a second light transmission state, wherein the average transmittance of the intermediate layer within the wavelength range is smaller in the first light transmission state.

[0020] Aspect (15) of the present disclosure relates to a non-electric panel product as described in any one of aspects (1)-(7), wherein: the intermediate layer includes a second substrate and a reflective layer, the reflective layer is arranged on a surface of the second substrate close to one of the first ink layer and the second ink layer, and the first ink layer is arranged on a first side of the second substrate close to the substrate, and the second ink layer is arranged on a second side of the second substrate.

[0021] Aspect (16) of the present disclosure relates to a display assembly, comprising: a substrate including a first major surface and a second major surface opposite to the first major surface; and an electric-free panel assembly disposed on the second major surface, the electric-free panel assembly comprising: a first ink layer disposed near the second major surface; an intermediate layer positioned such that the first ink layer is disposed between the intermediate layer and the second major surface; and a second ink layer positioned such that the intermediate layer is disposed between the second ink layer and the first ink layer, and a light source coupled to the substrate such that the electric-free panel assembly is disposed between the light source and the substrate, wherein: the light source is configured to emit light having an illumination spectrum in a wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm, the light initially being incident on the second ink layer, Then, the intermediate layer, the first ink layer, and the substrate are transmitted through the intermediate layer, the first ink layer, and the substrate, and for light initially incident on a surface of the intermediate layer closest to the substrate, the intermediate layer exhibits an average reflectance greater than or equal to 1.0% within the wavelength range, the first ink layer includes a first plurality of regions, the second ink layer includes a second plurality of regions, each of the second plurality of regions is configured to suppress the appearance of overlapping regions of the first plurality of regions from deviating from a target optical appearance, so that when the light source emits light at the white point of the light source, the non-electrical panel product exhibits an L* value greater than or equal to 50 and less than or equal to 80 in transmission, the non-electrical panel product exhibits an a* value greater than or equal to -5.0 and less than or equal to 5.0, and the non-electrical panel product exhibits a b* value greater than or equal to -5.0 and less than or equal to 5.0.

[0022] Aspect (17) of the present disclosure relates to a display assembly as described in aspect (16), wherein the light source includes a display laminated with the substrate, wherein the display includes one of a liquid crystal display, an organic light emitting diode, a μLED display, a quantum dot display, and a laser-based display.

[0023] Aspect (18) of the present disclosure relates to a display component as described in any of aspects (16)-(17), wherein when the light source emits light at the white point of the light source, the non-electrical panel product exhibits a first maximum ΔE value less than or equal to 5.0, and the first maximum ΔE value is calculated using the CIE76 formula and between two different locations on the non-electrical panel product.

[0024] Aspect (19) of the present disclosure relates to the display assembly as described in aspect (18), wherein the first maximum ΔE value is less than or equal to 2.0.

[0025] Aspect (20) of the present disclosure relates to a display product as described in aspect (16), wherein when the light source emits light having a target L* value, a target a* value, and a target b* value and is transmitted through the non-electrical panel product, the non-electrical panel product exhibits a second maximum ΔE value less than or equal to 5.0, and the second maximum ΔE value is calculated using the CIE76 formula and between the target L* value, the target a* value, and the target b* value and the L* value, a* value, and b* value measured from the light transmitted through the non-electrical panel product.

[0026] Aspect (21) of the present disclosure relates to the display article of aspect (20), wherein the second maximum ΔE value is less than or equal to 2.0.

[0027] Aspect (22) of the present disclosure relates to the display article as described in any one of aspects (16) to (21), wherein the refractive index of the intermediate layer is greater than or equal to 1.8 or less than or equal to 1.2.

[0028] Aspect (23) of the present disclosure relates to the display article as described in any one of aspects (16)-(22), wherein the intermediate layer includes at least one of transparent ink, white ink, or gray ink.

[0029] Aspect (24) of the present disclosure relates to the display article as described in any one of aspects (16)-(22), wherein the intermediate layer includes a metal layer.

[0030] Aspect (25) of the present disclosure relates to a display product as described in any one of aspects (16)-(22), wherein: the intermediate layer includes an air gap between the first ink layer and the second ink layer, and the second ink layer is disposed on a surface of a second substrate that is fixedly associated with the substrate.

[0031] Aspect (26) of the present disclosure relates to a display article as described in any one of aspects (16) to (22), wherein: the intermediate layer comprises a refractive index greater than or equal to 1.8 and comprises Nb 2 O 5 , Nb 2 O 5 、 2 O 5 、ZrO 2 , HfO 2 、Si 3 N 4 、SiON、Y 2 O 3 、TiO 2 and a transparent conductive oxide, the first ink layer is disposed near a first surface of the intermediate layer close to the substrate, and the second ink layer is directly disposed on a second surface of the intermediate layer.

[0032] Aspect (27) of the present disclosure relates to a display product as described in any one of aspects (16)-(22), wherein: the intermediate layer includes a multilayer stack, the multilayer stack includes alternating layers having one or more higher refractive index materials and one or more lower refractive index materials, the multilayer stack includes 2 to 20 such alternating layers, the one or more lower refractive index materials have a refractive index of less than 1.6 at 550 nm, and the one or more higher refractive index materials have a refractive index of greater than 1.6 at 550 nm.

[0033] Aspect (28) of the present disclosure relates to a display product as described in any one of aspects (16)-(22), wherein the intermediate layer includes an electrochromic layer, which is configured to change between a first light transmission state and a second light transmission state, wherein the average transmittance of the intermediate layer within the wavelength range is smaller in the first light transmission state.

[0034] Aspect (29) of the present disclosure relates to a display product as described in any one of aspects (16)-(21), wherein: the intermediate layer includes a second substrate and a reflective layer, the reflective layer is arranged on a surface of the second substrate close to one of the first ink layer and the second ink layer, the first ink layer is arranged on a first side of the second substrate close to the substrate, and the second ink layer is arranged on a second side of the second substrate.

[0035] Aspect (30) of the present disclosure relates to a method for manufacturing a display component, the method comprising: determining a first pattern having a first plurality of regions for a first ink layer; determining a second pattern having a second plurality of regions for a second ink layer, such that the second plurality of regions are configured to suppress the appearance of the first plurality of regions from deviating from a target appearance during transmission; and disposing the second ink layer and the first ink layer on a substrate such that an intermediate layer is disposed between the first ink layer and the second ink layer, and for light initially incident on a surface of the intermediate layer closest to the substrate, the intermediate layer exhibits an average reflectivity greater than or equal to 1.0% in a wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm.

[0036] Aspect (31) of the present disclosure relates to a method as described in aspect (30), wherein determining the second pattern includes: determining the XYZ color coordinate values ​​exhibited by each of the first plurality of regions when the light source is emitting light through the first ink layer at the white point of the light source; and calculating a ratio of the target XYZ color coordinate value to the XYZ coordinate values ​​to determine an XYZ coordinate value for each of the second plurality of regions, wherein the XYZ coordinate values ​​are greater than or equal to 0.3 and less than or equal to 0.5.

[0037] Aspect (32) of the present disclosure relates to a method as described in aspect (30), further comprising: attaching the substrate, the first ink layer, the intermediate layer and the second ink layer to a light source, so that the light source is configured to emit light having an illumination spectrum, which is transmitted through the second ink layer, the intermediate layer, the first ink layer and the substrate.

[0038] Aspect (33) of the present disclosure relates to a method as described in aspect (32), wherein: the intermediate layer includes an ink layer directly printed on the first ink layer, the second ink layer is directly printed on the intermediate layer, and attaching the substrate, the first ink layer, the intermediate layer and the second ink layer to the light source includes: laminating the light source to the substrate.

[0039] Aspect (34) of the present disclosure relates to a method as described in aspect (32), wherein: the intermediate layer includes an air gap arranged between the first ink layer and the second ink layer, the second ink layer is printed on a second substrate that maintains a spaced relationship with the substrate, and attaching the substrate, the first ink layer, the intermediate layer and the second ink layer to the light source includes: laminating the second substrate to the light source, and attaching the light source and the second substrate to the substrate so that the second ink layer maintains a spaced relationship with the substrate to create the air gap.

[0040] Aspect (35) of the present disclosure relates to a method as described in aspect (32), wherein: the intermediate layer includes a second substrate, the second ink layer is arranged on the surface of the second substrate, and attaching the substrate, the first ink layer, the intermediate layer and the second ink layer to the light source includes: laminating the second substrate to the light source, and laminating the light source to the substrate, so that the second substrate is arranged between the substrate and the light source.

[0041] Aspect (36) of the present disclosure relates to a method as described in aspect (35), wherein the refractive index of the second substrate is greater than or equal to 1.8 or less than or equal to 1.2, and the first ink layer and the second ink layer are directly disposed on the surface of the second substrate.

[0042] Aspect (37) of the present disclosure relates to the method as described in aspect (35), wherein the refractive index of the second substrate is greater than 1.2 and less than 1.8, and the intermediate layer further includes a reflective layer disposed on a surface of the second substrate.

[0043] Aspect (38) of the present disclosure relates to a method as described in any one of aspects (32)-(27), wherein determining the second pattern includes: determining multiple sets of first RGB values ​​for the first multiple regions based on the light emitted by the light source, calculating multiple sets of second RGB values ​​for the second multiple regions based on a set of target RGB values ​​and the first RGB values, and converting the sets of second RGB values ​​for each of the multiple second regions into an ink combination for each of the second multiple regions using a subtractive color model.

[0044] It is to be understood that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are merely exemplary and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claims. The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding and are incorporated into and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate one or more embodiments and together with the description serve to explain the principles and operation of the various embodiments. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0045] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part of this specification, illustrate several aspects of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:

[0046] Figure 1 is a perspective view of a vehicle interior having a vehicle interior system with a display according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0047] Figure 2 Schematically depicts a display of a vehicle-mounted system through a Figure 1 A view of line 2-2 depicted in FIG.

[0048] Figure 3A Schematically depicts one or more embodiments according to the present disclosure, Figure 1 to Figure 2 A view of a non-powered panel assembly of a display depicted in;

[0049] Figure 3B Schematically depicts one or more embodiments according to the present disclosure, Figure 3A a first plurality of regions of a first ink layer of a non-electrical panel assembly as depicted in;

[0050] Figure 3C Schematically depicts one or more embodiments according to the present disclosure, Figure 3B a second plurality of regions of a second ink layer of the non-electrical panel assembly depicted in;

[0051] Figure 4A Depicts an image of a first ink layer disposed on a transparent sheet according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0052] Figure 4BAccording to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the target light transmittance spectrum of the non-electric panel product, and Figure 4A A first transmittance spectrum associated with a first ink layer and a second transmittance spectrum associated with a second ink layer depicted in FIG.

[0053] Figure 4C Describes one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, configured to inhibit Figure 4A An image of a second ink layer depicting the appearance of the first ink layer in transmission;

[0054] Figure 4D is used Figure 4A and Figure 4C The first ink layer and the second ink layer depicted in the figure are arranged on a non-luminous and ambient reflective display to form an image of a prototype;

[0055] Figure 4E According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, Figure 4E An image of the prototype depicted in the figure when the display emits white light;

[0056] Figure 4F is an image of the prototype depicted in FIG. 4G when the display emits an image transmitted through the prototype in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0057] Figure 5 depicts a graph of predicted reflection from an interface of a non-electrical panel assembly as a function of the refractive index of an intermediate layer between a first ink layer and a second ink layer in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0058] Figure 6 is a flow chart of a method for manufacturing a non-electrical panel product according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure; and

[0059] Figure 7 A substrate in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure is schematically depicted. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0060] With general reference to the accompanying drawings, described herein are articles that provide non-electric panels for various applications. Such articles include a substrate and a non-electric panel assembly disposed on a surface of the substrate. The non-electric panel assembly includes a first ink layer configured to provide a desired appearance to the article when reflected from light that is initially incident on the substrate and reflected from the non-electric panel assembly. The first ink layer may include a printed image of a suitable pattern (such as wood grain, fabric, or any other suitable pattern) that is selected to give the article a uniform appearance with other objects surrounding the article. Although providing a desired appearance when reflected, the printed image may not have a desired appearance when transmitted (such as in terms of one or more of the perceived color and transmittance spectrum), the transmission from light that is initially incident on the non-electric panel assembly and transmitted through the substrate. Therefore, the non-electric panel assembly further includes a second ink layer and an intermediate layer disposed between the first ink layer and the second ink layer. The intermediate layer exhibits an average reflectivity of at least 1% (e.g., at least 2%, at least 4%, at least 8%) over a wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm to promote visibility of the printed image in reflection. The second ink layer is configured to suppress deviation from a desired appearance of the first ink layer in transmission. In this regard, the overlapping areas of the first ink layer and the second ink layer are designed so that various portions of the article exhibit target light transmission performance attributes. Depending on the light transmittance characteristics of the overlapping areas of the first ink layer, specific areas of the second ink layer are specifically constructed to achieve the desired light transmittance in transmission. In other words, the second ink layer can form a pattern that is the inverse of the pattern formed by the first ink layer, wherein the inverse is calculated based on the desired light transmission performance attributes (e.g., transmittance spectrum, phototropic transmission, perceived color according to XYZ coordinates) of specific areas of the article. Thus, even though the first ink layer would tend to cause image color distortion when used alone (without the second ink layer), an image emitted by a light source (e.g., a display panel) can be transmitted through the article with minimal such color distortion. The second ink layer can prevent the first ink layer from changing the perceived color of various portions of the image transmitted through the article, even though the first ink layer may appear colored when reflected.

[0061] The non-electrical panel articles described herein may be used in any application where it is desirable to provide an article whose appearance deviates depending on whether the article is viewed in reflection versus transmission. One particular application where this different appearance in reflection versus transmission is desired is in automotive interior displays, where it is desirable to provide a display that is hidden or blends in with surrounding objects (e.g., a center console, instrument panel, seat back) when the display is off, and to present a clear image to the user when the display is on. The first ink layer and the intermediate layer described herein help provide the glass article with the desired appearance in reflection (e.g., reflection from ambient light), while the second ink layer suppresses the appearance of the first ink layer in images transmitted through the article. By incorporating the second ink layer according to the methods described herein, the effect caused by the first ink layer on the perceived color of the image rendered by the display can be suppressed or even eliminated. In addition, the articles described herein may also provide an appropriately low overall light transmittance (measured from the combination of the substrate and the non-electrical panel assembly) (e.g., an average light transmittance from 400 nm to 700 nm of less than or equal to 60%, less than or equal to 50%, less than or equal to 50%, less than or equal to 40%, less than or equal to 30%, less than or equal to 20%, but greater than or equal to 5% or greater than or equal to 10% to allow an appropriate portion of the image emitted by the display to be transmitted) such that the non-electrical panel assembly hides various components of the display (e.g., display borders, electrical connections) from view, thereby effectively hiding the display when the display is not operating.

[0062] As used herein, the terms "light transmittance," "percent transmittance," and "transmittance" are used interchangeably and refer to the percentage of light transmitted through an article within a wavelength range of interest. The "average transmittance" for light within a particular wavelength range is determined by averaging the light transmittance measured at all integer wavelengths within that wavelength range.

[0063] As used herein, the terms "optical reflectance," "percent reflectance," and "reflectivity" are used interchangeably and refer to the percentage of light reflected from an article within a wavelength range of interest. When referring to the reflectance of a particular surface, the value referred to applies only to a single surface of the glass article (e.g., the surface of a variable transmittance component). The "average optical reflectance" for light within a particular wavelength range is determined by averaging the optical reflectance measured at all integer wavelengths within that wavelength range.

[0064] Figure 1A vehicle interior 1000 is shown including three different vehicle interior systems 100, 200, 300 according to an exemplary embodiment. The vehicle interior system 100 includes a center console base 110 having a curved surface 120 including a display 130. The vehicle interior system 200 includes an instrument panel base 210 having a curved surface 220 including a display 230. The instrument panel base 210 generally includes an instrument panel 215, which may also include a display. The vehicle interior system 300 includes an instrument panel steering wheel base 310 having a curved surface 320 and a display 330. In one or more embodiments, the vehicle interior system may include a base that is an armrest, pillar, seat back, floor, headrest, door panel, or any portion of the vehicle interior that includes a curved surface. In an embodiment, the display 130, 230, 330 is flat and includes a cover glass having a planar major surface. In an embodiment, one or more of the displays 130, 230, 330 are curved, and the curved display may include a curved cover glass that may be hot-formed or cold-formed to have such a curvature. For example, such an embodiment may incorporate the non-electrical panel assemblies described herein disposed on a cold-formed glass substrate (e.g., before or after the glass is cold-formed). Such cold forming may involve any of the techniques described in U.S. Pregrant Publication No. 2019 / 0329531A1, entitled “Laminating thin strengthened glass to curved molded plastic surface for decorative and display cover application,” U.S. Pregrant Publication No. 2019 / 0315648A1, entitled “Cold-formed glass article and assembly process thereof,” U.S. Pregrant Publication No. 2019 / 0012033A1, entitled “Vehicle interior systems having a curved cover glass and a display or touch panel and methods for forming the same,” and U.S. Patent Application No. 17 / 214,124, entitled “Curved glass constructions and methods for forming same,” the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein.

[0065] Embodiments of the glass articles described herein may be used in any or all of the in-vehicle systems 100, 200, and 300. Figure 1 An automotive interior is shown, but various embodiments of the vehicle interior system may be incorporated into any type of vehicle, such as trains, automobiles (such as cars, trucks, buses, and similar automobiles), marine vessels (ships, ships, submarines, and similar marine vessels), and aircraft (such as drones, airplanes, jets, helicopters, and similar aircraft), including human-driven vehicles, semi-automatic vehicles, and fully-automatic vehicles. Further, while the description herein is primarily directed to the use of glass articles in vehicle displays, it should be understood that the various embodiments discussed herein may also be used for any type of display application. The present disclosure is also not limited to display applications, and may also be used for any non-electric panel application.

[0066] Figure 2 Schematically depicts an example embodiment in which the display 230 is a flat surface. Figure 1 The cross-sectional view of line 2-2. Although Figure 2 An example of a display 230 is depicted, but it should be understood that this document is not intended to be construed as Figure 1 The displays 130, 330 described may also have similar cross-sectional structures and incorporate the non-electrical panel assembly described herein in a similar manner. The illustrated display 230 includes a non-electrical panel article 400 including a substrate 450 and a non-electrical panel assembly 460 disposed on the substrate 450. Figure 2 In the embodiment depicted in FIG, the display 230 is planar, but embodiments are also contemplated in which the display 230 is curved and the non-electrical panel product 400 includes one or more curved surfaces (eg, having a suitable curved shape due to cold forming or hot forming).

[0067] like Figure 2 As shown, the non-electric panel product 400 includes at least one substrate 450, a non-electric panel assembly 460, and optionally an opaque layer 500. The substrate 450 has a first major surface 470 and a second major surface 480, the first major surface facing the observer, and the non-electric panel assembly 460 is disposed on the second major surface. In an embodiment, the non-electric panel assembly 460 can be attached to the second major surface 480 using a suitable optically clear adhesive. In an embodiment, at least a portion of the non-electric panel assembly 460 (such as Figure 3AThe first ink layer 602 depicted in the figure can be directly disposed (such as using an inkjet printer) onto the second major surface 480 of the substrate 450. As used herein, the term "disposed" includes coating, depositing and / or forming a material onto a surface using any method known in the art. The disposed material can constitute a layer, as defined herein. The phrase "disposed on..." used herein includes instances where the material is formed onto a surface so that the material is in direct contact with the surface, and also includes instances where the material is formed on the surface with one or more intermediate materials between the disposed material and the surface. The intermediate material can constitute a layer, as defined herein. The term "layer" can include a single layer or one or more sublayers. The seed layers can be in direct contact with each other. The sublayers can be formed of the same material or two or more different materials. In one or more alternative embodiments, intermediate layers of different materials can be disposed between the seed layers. In one or more embodiments, the layer can include one or more adjacent and uninterrupted layers and / or one or more discontinuous and discontinuous layers (i.e., layers of different materials formed adjacent to each other). The layer or sub-layer may be formed by any method known in the art, including discrete deposition or continuous deposition processes. In one or more embodiments, the layer may be formed using only continuous deposition processes or only discrete deposition processes.

[0068] In an embodiment, substrate 450 is a glass substrate that is optionally chemically strengthened and comprises a thickness of 0.05 to 2.0 mm. The details of such a glass substrate will be discussed in detail herein. Figure 7 480. Although embodiments in which the substrate 450 is a glass substrate are preferred, alternative embodiments may include substrates composed of alternative materials, such as transparent plastics, such as PMMA, PMMA / PC, PMMA / PC / PMMA, polycarbonate, and the like. As will be discussed more fully below, in embodiments, when an opaque layer 500 is included, the opaque layer is printed onto the second major surface 480 of the substrate 450. In embodiments, the opaque layer 500 is printed onto the non-electrical panel assembly 460.

[0069] In an embodiment, the non-electric panel product 400 includes a functional surface layer 490. The functional surface layer 490 can be configured to provide one or more of a variety of functions. For example, the functional surface layer 490 can be an optical coating that is configured to provide easy-to-clean performance, anti-glare properties, and / or anti-reflective properties. Such optical coatings can be created using a single layer or multiple layers. In the case of an anti-reflective functional surface layer, multiple layers with alternating high and low refractive indices can be used to form such a layer. Non-limiting examples of low refractive index films include SiO 2 MgF 2 and Al 2 O 3Non-limiting examples of high refractive index films include Nb 2 O 5 、TiO 2 、ZrO 2 , HfO 2 and Y 2 O 3 . In an embodiment, the total thickness of such an optical coating (which may be disposed on an anti-glare surface or a smooth substrate surface) is 5 nm to 750 nm. In addition, in an embodiment, the functional surface layer 490 providing easy-to-clean performance can also enhance the touch of the touch screen and / or provide a coating / treatment that reduces fingerprints. In some embodiments, the functional surface layer 490 is integral with the first surface of the substrate. For example, such a functional surface layer may include an etched surface in the first surface of the substrate 450, which provides an anti-glare surface (or a haze such as 2% to 10%). In an embodiment, both the first major surface 470 and the second major surface 480 of the non-electrical panel product 400 include any functional layer described herein.

[0070] In an embodiment, the opaque layer 500 (when included) is composed of a suitable ink (e.g., a heat curable ink, a light curable ink) and includes a relatively high optical density (e.g., an optical density greater than 3, greater than or equal to 4, greater than or equal to 5) to block light transmission. In an embodiment, the opaque layer 500 is used to block light transmission through certain areas of the non-electric panel product 400. In an embodiment, the opaque layer 500 masks functional or non-decorative elements provided for the operation of the non-electric panel product 400. In an embodiment, the opaque layer 500 is provided to outline the backlit icons and / or other graphics (not depicted) to increase the contrast at the edges of the icons and / or graphics. The opaque layer 500 can be any color; in a specific embodiment, the opaque layer 500 is black or gray. In an embodiment, the opaque layer 500 is applied to the second major surface 480 of the non-electric panel assembly 460 and / or the substrate 450 by inkjet printing, screen printing, coating or other suitable techniques. Generally speaking, the thickness of the opaque layer 500 is less than or equal to 25 microns (e.g., greater than or equal to 1.0 micron and less than or equal to 25.0 microns, greater than or equal to 5.0 microns and less than or equal to 25.0 microns, greater than or equal to 5.0 microns and less than or equal to 20.0 microns, greater than or equal to 5.0 microns and less than or equal to 10.0 microns).

[0071] In embodiments, the opaque layer 500 (when included) may be deposited directly onto the second major surface 480 of the substrate 450 or the non-electric panel assembly 460 using a suitable inkjet process. In embodiments, the second major surface 480 or the non-electric panel assembly 460 may be primed using a suitable primer (e.g., an acryloxy silane primer) prior to the deposition of the opaque layer 500 to promote adhesion of the opaque layer 500 to the substrate 450 or the non-electric panel assembly 460. Any suitable treatment may be applied to the second major surface 480 to promote adhesion of the opaque layer 500 to the substrate 450. As described herein, in embodiments, the non-electric panel article 400 does not include the opaque layer 500.

[0072] In an embodiment, if Figure 2 As shown, the non-electric panel product 400 is placed above or in front of a light source 540. The light source 540 is generally configured to emit light that is transmitted through the substrate 450 to be viewed from the first major surface 470. The light emitted by the light source 540 can be monochromatic, or cover any suitable spectral range to produce a suitable image. The light emitted by the light source 540 can display the entire spectral range at the same time, or use field-sequential color, in which narrower spectral bands are transmitted sequentially in time and matched with corresponding sequential display images. In one or more embodiments, the light source 540 includes a display, such as a touch-enabled display including a display and a touch panel. Example displays include LED displays, quantum dot displays, laser displays, DLP MEMS chips, LCDs, OLEDs, transmissive displays, and similar displays. In an embodiment, the light source 540 includes another suitable light emitting device (e.g., a light emitting diode or light emitting diode array, a laser, or other light source).

[0073] In embodiments, the high optical density of the opaque layer 500 (when included) can result in the non-electrical panel article 400 having a relatively low light transmittance (e.g., an average transmittance in the visible spectrum of less than or equal to 1.0%, less than or equal to 0.5%, or less than or equal to 0.1%) in the area in which the opaque layer 500 is incorporated. Thus, the boundary of the opaque layer 500 can define an image area 520, where the non-electrical panel article 400 can exhibit a relatively high light transmittance to facilitate visibility of light generated by the light source 540 when the non-electrical panel article 400 is viewed from the first major surface 470, and a peripheral area 530, where the non-electrical panel article 400 generally exhibits a lower light transmittance than the image area 520 to facilitate hiding various components (e.g., electrical connections, mechanical housings, and the like).

[0074] In the depicted embodiment, the image area 520 is circumferentially surrounded by the peripheral area 530. For example, in an embodiment, the peripheral area 530 forms a border of the image area 520 and completely surrounds the image area 520. The border may include a uniform width around the entire image area 520. Alternative embodiments in which the peripheral area 530 does not completely surround the image area 520 are also contemplated and within the scope of the present disclosure. For example, in an embodiment, the peripheral area 530 may be disposed adjacent to the image area 520 and extend only along a single side of the image area 520. The present disclosure is not limited to applications in which the image area 520 having a relatively high light transmittance is disposed in the center of the non-electrical panel article 400.

[0075] In an embodiment, the opaque layer 500 is omitted, and the non-electrical panel article 400 exhibits uniform optical properties (in terms of reflectivity and transmittance) across its entire surface area. For example, in an embodiment, the non-electrical panel assembly 460 is configured so that when viewed from the first major surface 470 and the light source 540 is not emitting light, the non-electrical panel article 400 exhibits a uniform appearance. For example, in an embodiment, the light transmittance of the non-electrical panel article 400 can be low enough to hide the components of the light source 540 from being seen. In an embodiment, the non-electrical panel article 400 exhibits an average transmittance of less than or equal to 60% (e.g., less than or equal to 50%, less than or equal to 50%, less than or equal to 40%, less than or equal to 30%, less than or equal to 20%, but greater than or equal to 5% or greater than or equal to 10%) in the wavelength range of 400nm to 700nm (when light is incident normally on the substrate 450). Therefore, when the light source 540 is not emitting light, the non-electrical panel assembly 460 can prevent an observer from seeing the light source 540 , thereby providing a good appearance for the non-electrical panel product 400 .

[0076] Figure 3A Schematically depicts according to an example embodiment, Figure 2 4. As shown in the figure, the non-electric panel assembly 460 includes an intermediate layer 600, a first ink layer 602 disposed on a first side of the intermediate layer 600, and a second ink layer 604 disposed on a second side of the intermediate layer 600. Compared with the intermediate layer 600 and the second ink layer 604, the first ink layer 602 is disposed closer to the substrate 450 (see Figure 2 ). In an embodiment, first ink layer 602 is printed directly on second major surface 480 of substrate 450. In an embodiment, first ink layer 602 is printed on intermediate layer 600, which is then laminated to second major surface 480, such that a layer of suitable optically clear adhesive (not shown) is disposed between substrate 450 and first ink layer 602.

[0077] The first ink layer 602 is generally configured to provide a desired appearance to the non-electrical panel article 400 from light that is initially incident on the substrate 450, is transmitted through the first ink layer 602, is reflected by the intermediate layer 600, and is transmitted back through the first ink layer 602 and the substrate 450. The first ink layer 602 can determine the appearance of the non-electrical panel article 400 when reflected under ambient light. In embodiments, the appearance of the non-electrical panel article 400 when reflected is selected so that the non-electrical panel article 400 blends in with other components surrounding the non-electrical panel article 400 (see FIG. 1 ). Figure 2 ). For example, refer to Figure 1 , the first ink layer 602 can be selected to form a pattern that matches the pattern of the instrument panel base 210 or the pattern of other components surrounding the display 230 (such as interior trim). The pattern formed by the first ink layer 602 includes one or more colors that are perceived by an observer from the side of the first major surface 470 when light is transmitted through the first ink layer. In an embodiment, the first ink layer 602 is integrated into the substrate 450 (for example, the substrate 450 may include a translucent substrate having a spatially varying light transmittance to create a pattern that can be seen through the substrate). In such an embodiment, the non-electrical panel assembly 460 may lack Figure 3A A first ink layer 602 is depicted in FIG.

[0078] In an embodiment, the first ink layer 602 is printed onto the substrate 450 or the intermediate layer 600 using a subtractive color model (e.g., CMY or CMYK color mode). In such an embodiment, the first ink layer 602 generally includes a printed image, wherein an ink pattern is printed onto the substrate 450 or the intermediate layer 600 in a pixel pattern using a suitable printing device (e.g., an inkjet printing device). Each pixel can be associated with an area of ​​the first ink layer 602 where a plurality of CMY ink dots are combined to provide the desired color appearance for that area of ​​the first ink layer 602. The ink used to print the first ink layer 602 (and the second ink layer 604, as described herein) can be a thermal curing ink or a UV curing ink. In particular, the ink can be composed of at least one or more colorants and a vehicle. The colorant can be soluble or insoluble in the vehicle. In an embodiment, the colorant is a dry colorant in the form of a fine powder. In an embodiment, the particle size of such a fine powder is 10nm to 500nm. Using the CMYK color model, the colorant can provide cyan, magenta, yellow and / or a key color (black). The colorant is dissolved or suspended in a vehicle. The vehicle can be used as a binder to produce adhesion to the surface to which the ink is applied. Further, in an embodiment, additives are added to the vehicle, particularly for the purpose of improving adhesion to glass / plastic surfaces. Non-limiting examples of vehicles for colorants include propylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, dimethylacetamide and toluene. Generally speaking, the solidification temperature of such a vehicle is 80°C to 200°C. In an embodiment, the ink includes 0.5-6 volume percent of the colorant and 94-99.5 volume percent of the vehicle.

[0079] In an embodiment, the pattern formed by the first ink layer 602 is selected based on the application of the non-electric panel product 400. For example, in an automotive interior application, the color pattern in the first ink layer 602 can be one of a wood grain design, a leather grain design, a fabric design, a brushed metal design, or other suitable designs, so that when the non-electric panel product 400 is viewed from the first major surface 470 and the light source 540 is not emitting light, the non-electric panel product 400 blends in with its surroundings. Therefore, the specific ink combination used at a specific location of the first ink layer 602 can vary depending on the application and application of the non-electric panel product 400. In an embodiment, the thickness of the first ink layer is greater than or equal to 1 micron and less than or equal to 6 microns to provide sufficient color pattern visibility without inhibiting light transmission to the extent that light from the light source 540 is prevented from being transmitted through the non-electric panel product in sufficient amounts. In an embodiment, the optical density of the first ink layer is 0.1 to 0.7 (e.g., 0.1 to 0.5, 0.3 to 0.5) to provide sufficient color visibility when reflected without excessively shielding the light source 540 and reducing display performance. The refractive index (at a wavelength of 550 nm) of the ink used to form the first ink layer 602 may be between 1.30 and 1.60 (eg, greater than or equal to 1.45 and less than or equal to 1.55).

[0080] It is believed that the perceived color provided by the first ink layer 602 comes less from light scattering within the ink itself. The ink used to form the first ink layer 602 is highly absorptive at certain wavelengths. Therefore, the perceived color of the first ink layer 602 is produced by light passing through the first ink layer 602, being reflected, and passing through the first ink layer 602 again. The intermediate layer 600 is configured to provide reflected light when ambient light is incident on the first major surface 470, which is transmitted through the first ink layer 602 to make the pattern in the first ink layer 602 visible. For light initially incident on the surface of the intermediate layer 600 closest to the substrate (normal incidence), the intermediate layer 600 exhibits an average reflectivity greater than or equal to 1.0% (preferably greater than or equal to 2.0%, more preferably greater than or equal to 3.0%, and even more preferably greater than or equal to 4.0%) over a wavelength range of 400nm to 700nm. In an embodiment, the average reflectivity of the intermediate layer 600 is less than or equal to 10.0% (e.g., less than or equal to 9.0%, less than or equal to 8.0%, less than or equal to 7.0%). It has been found that such reflectivity can provide enough light to make the pattern in the first ink layer 602 visible without excessively obscuring the light source 540.

[0081] Various configurations of the intermediate layer 600 are contemplated and are within the scope of the present disclosure. In an embodiment, the intermediate layer 600 includes a single layer of material to provide reflection at the interface with the adjacent layers of the intermediate layer (e.g., the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604, an optically transparent adhesive). In an embodiment, the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604 are formed by inks having a refractive index (at a wavelength of 550nm) greater than or equal to 1.45 and less than or equal to 1.55. Based on the modeling described herein, the applicant has determined that providing an intermediate layer 600 of a material having a refractive index (at a wavelength of 550nm) greater than or equal to 1.7 or less than or equal to 1.3 (preferably greater than or equal to 1.8 and less than or equal to 1.2) provides sufficient refractive index contrast to provide suitable reflectivity. Materials with a refractive index greater than or equal to 1.7 may include high refractive index glasses and metals or metal oxides in nanocomposite dispersions in thin films or in lower refractive index resins. Suitable materials for such high refractive index embodiments include, but are not limited to, Nb 2 O 5 , Nb 2 O 5 、 2 O 5 、ZrO 2 , HfO 2 、Si 3 N 4 、SiON、Y 2 O 3 、TiO 2 and transparent conductive oxides (such as indium tin oxide). Materials with a refractive index less than 1.2 include MgF or other suitable materials (such as material composites, metamaterials, porous materials, such as the silicon-based porous materials disclosed in the article "Hierarchical Porous Silica Films with Ultralow Refractive Index" published by Paolo Falcaro et al. in the journal Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 21, No. 10, pp. 2055-2061, 2009, the entire content of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference).

[0082] When such a material (refractive index greater than or equal to 1.7 or less than or equal to 1.3) is used for the intermediate layer 600, the thickness of the intermediate layer 600 should be greater than 1 micron, which is greater than the coherence length of external ambient light (such as sunlight) that may be incident on the intermediate layer 100. Layers with a thickness less than 1 micron may exhibit interference effects, thereby introducing angle and wavelength dependencies in the reflective performance and degrading the appearance. When the thickness of the intermediate layer 600 is greater than or equal to 5 microns, such effects can be completely avoided. In such an embodiment, the thickness of the intermediate layer 600 is greater than or equal to 5 microns and less than or equal to 5 mm (for example, greater than or equal to 5 microns and less than or equal to 1.0 mm, greater than or equal to 5 microns and less than or equal to 500 microns, greater than or equal to 5 microns and less than or equal to 100 microns, greater than or equal to 5 microns and less than or equal to 50 microns, greater than or equal to 20 microns and less than or equal to 50 microns).

[0083] A suitable layer that provides a refractive index of less than 1.2 (at a wavelength of 550 nm) is an air gap. That is, in an embodiment, the intermediate layer 600 includes an air gap disposed between the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604. In an embodiment, the thickness of the air gap is within the range in the preceding paragraph to avoid interference effects. In such an embodiment where the intermediate layer 600 includes an air gap, the non-electric panel assembly 460 may include a support structure 605 that is configured to maintain the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604 in a fixed relationship to each other (e.g., such that the spacing between the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604 is constant to help reduce the wavefront tilt in the reflected light caused by the air gap). In an embodiment, the support structure 605 is a frame attached to the substrate 450 (see FIG. 3 ). For example, the first ink layer 602 may be printed directly on the second major surface 480 (see Figure 2), and the second ink layer 604 can be printed on a second substrate 607 inserted into the support structure 605. The support structure 605 may include one or more structural features (e.g., lugs, grooves) to help position the second substrate 607 with the second ink layer 604 printed thereon at a desired position relative to the first ink layer 602, so that the air gap is positioned between the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604. The second substrate 607 may be a suitable transparent material (e.g., an average transmittance greater than or equal to 80% or greater than or equal to 90%), such as glass (e.g., soda lime, aluminosilicate, boroaluminosilicate) or a polymer material. Such a second substrate 607 may have a refractive index greater than or equal to 1.45 and less than or equal to 1.65 (at a wavelength of 550 nm), and include a thickness greater than or equal to 10 microns and less than or equal to 100 microns (e.g., greater than or equal to 10 microns and less than or equal to 75 microns, greater than or equal to 10 microns and less than or equal to 50 microns, greater than or equal to 20 microns and less than or equal to 40 microns). In embodiments where the intermediate layer 600 does not include an air gap, a second substrate 607 may be included (e.g., at least one of the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604 may be disposed on the second substrate 607, which may then be subsequently attached to the substrate 450). The second substrate 607 may also be omitted when the intermediate layer 600 is formed of a single layer having a sufficient refractive index to eliminate the need for an additional reflective layer (in such embodiments, the second ink layer 604 may be disposed directly on the single layer).

[0084] In an embodiment, the intermediate layer 600 includes an additional ink layer. The additional ink layer may include a diffuse reflector, such as white ink or gray ink. When white ink is used, various suitable pigments (such as TiO 2 , Sb 2 O 3 ,BaSO 4 ,BaSO 4 :ZnS, ZnO and (PbCO 3 ) 2 :Pb(OH) 2), a colorant disposed in a suitable vehicle. When measured in accordance with ISO11475:2004, the whiteness of such a white ink layer may be greater than or equal to 10W and 60W. Such a white ink layer may have a thickness greater than or equal to 1 micron and less than or equal to 6.0 microns and include an optical density of 0.9 to 2.0. When a gray ink is used, the intermediate layer may be formed of an ink using a subtractive color model (such as CMY or CMYK). Compared to other alternatives described herein, such a diffuse ink may have disadvantages because such a diffuse ink may blur the image emitted by the light source 540 and produce more flash. In an embodiment, the additional ink layer may be a reflective (such as metallic) ink (such as an additive including a high refractive index colorant or any high refractive index material described herein). In an embodiment where an additional ink layer is used for the intermediate layer 600, each of the first ink layer 602, the second ink layer 604, and the intermediate layer 600 may be printed continuously on the second major surface 480. Alternatively, one or more of the first ink layer 602 , the intermediate layer 600 , and the second ink layer 604 may be disposed on a second substrate 607 , which may then be attached to the substrate 450 .

[0085] In an embodiment, the intermediate layer 600 includes an electro-responsive material that is configured to change between various light transmission states depending on an electrical signal provided to the material by a controller (not shown). For example, when the light source 540 emits light, the intermediate layer 600 can be switched to a first transmission state with a higher transmittance, and when the light source 540 does not emit light, the intermediate layer can be switched to a second transmission state with a lower transmittance. In such an embodiment, the electro-responsive material may include an electrochromic layer, and the intermediate layer 600 may include an electrode, an electrolyte, and an ion storage layer. The electrochromic layer includes a suitable inorganic or organic (such as an electrochromic polymer) material. In an embodiment, the electrochromic layer includes a suitable oxide (such as WO 3 、NiO、WMoO 3 ). The electrolyte may include a suitable material configured to transport protons supplied by the ion storage layer. Any suitable existing electrochromic cell structure may be used. Any electrically responsive material described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 406,335 filed on September 14, 2022 may be used, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

[0086] In an embodiment, the intermediate layer 600 includes a multi-layer structure. In an embodiment, the intermediate layer 600 includes a layer of transparent material (for example, the second substrate 607 is formed of a suitable glass or polymer material). Such a transparent material may not have sufficient refractive index contrast with the adjacent layers to provide suitable reflectivity when isolated. Therefore, the intermediate layer 600 may further include a reflective layer 609 disposed on the second substrate 607. The reflective layer 609 is configured to reflect light in the wavelength range of 400nm to 700nm within any suitable range described herein. The reflective layer 609 may be disposed near the first ink layer 602 or the second ink layer 604, or on the second substrate 607 (in an embodiment, the intermediate layer 600 is composed of the second substrate 607, on which the reflective layer 609 is disposed). In this embodiment, one of the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604 may be disposed on the reflective layer 609, and the other of the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer may be directly disposed on the second substrate 607. Alternatively, the first ink layer 602 may be disposed on the second major surface 480 (see Figure 2 ), the reflective layer 609 may be positioned near the first ink layer 602 (or a layer of optically transparent adhesive may be disposed therebetween), and the second ink layer 604 may be disposed on the second substrate 607. The reflective layer 609 may include a suitable metal material layer. In an embodiment, the reflective layer 609 may be configured such that the reflective layer 609 exhibits at least 10 5 The reflective layer 609 may have a sheet resistance of 100 ohms / square to avoid inhibiting the function of the touch panel. Suitable materials for the reflector material may include Ni, Cr, Ni-containing alloys, and Cr-containing alloys. The thickness of such a reflective layer may be less than 2 nm to provide a suitable sheet resistance and avoid inhibiting the function of the touch panel. In an embodiment, the reflective layer 609 includes a multilayer stack of materials with alternating high and low refractive indices.

[0087] In an embodiment, the intermediate layer 600 is not a monolithic layer composed of a single material (or a monolithic layer with a reflective layer 609 disposed thereon), but includes a multilayer stack. The multilayer stack may include one or more layers of a higher refractive index material 603a and one or more layers of a lower refractive index material 603b. In an embodiment, the stack may include 2 to 20 alternating layers of the one or more higher refractive index materials 603a and the one or more lower refractive index materials 603b. The refractive index of the one or more layers of the lower refractive index material 603b at a wavelength of 550nm may be less than 1.6. Some examples of materials suitable for use as the one or more lower refractive index materials 603b include glass, polymer materials, SiO 2 、Al 2 O 3 ,GeO 2 、SiO、AlO xN y 、SiO x N y 、Si u Al v O x N y 、MgO、MgAl 2 O 4 MgF 2 , BaF 2 , CaF 2 ,DyF 3 , YbF 3 , YF 3 , CeF 3 Or a nanocomposite material doped with Ni, Cr, NiCr or Ti. The refractive index of the one or more higher refractive index material layers 603a at a wavelength of 550nm may be greater than 1.6. Materials suitable for use as the one or more higher refractive index materials 40 include Ta 2 O 5 , Nb 2 O 5 、AlN、Si 3 N 4 、AlO x N y 、SiO x N y , HfO 2 、TiO 2 、ZrO 2 , Y 2 O 3 、Al 2 O 3 、MoO 3 , indium tin oxide, and diamond-like carbon. Such alternating stacks can help provide a relatively flat reflection band in the wavelength range of 400nm to 750nm, thereby having minimal impact on the perceived color of light transmitted through the non-electrical panel article 400. Selecting such materials also avoids shunting the touch screen function behind the non-electrical panel. Such embodiments are also contemplated: in addition to the reflective layer 607, such alternating stacks are also included to adjust the reflection spectrum and further prevent the reflective layer 607 from being oxidized when the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604 are baked at elevated process temperatures (e.g., 50°C to 200°C). Such alternating layers can be provided using any suitable discrete or continuous deposition process (such as physical vapor deposition). Including such stacks may be disadvantageous because the inclusion of such layers may increase manufacturing costs compared to embodiments including less expensive materials (e.g., air gaps and second substrate 607, single layers of higher refractive index materials).

[0088] Still reference Figure 3ARegardless of the specific structure used for the intermediate layer 600, the pattern in the first ink layer 602 generally provides a desired appearance when reflected by changing the light transmission properties of the substrate 450. Light reflected from the intermediate layer 600 is transmitted through the first ink layer 602 to provide the desired appearance when reflected. More specifically, the specific spectrum of light transmitted through the first ink layer 602 can vary as a function of position to achieve a specific appearance when reflected. When the non-electrical panel article 400 is viewed in transmission, such a transmission change may change the appearance of the image rendered by the light source 540 by introducing color distortion in the image. For example, if the first ink layer 602 forms a pattern of two or more colors, different areas of the first ink layer 602 associated with different colors will have different transmittance spectra. Such different transmittance spectra can change the perceived color of the light emitted by the light source 540 in different ways, so that the pattern formed in the first ink layer 602 is visible in the image rendered by the light source 540. By way of example, in an example where the first ink layer 602 forms a wood grain pattern, when the image produced by the light source 540 is transmitted through the non-electrical panel article 400, the wood grain pattern may be visible, which may distract the viewer and reduce the image quality. In other words, while it is desirable for the pattern formed by the first ink layer 602 to appear from reflections of ambient light when the light source 540 is off, it is generally not desirable for such a pattern to appear in light transmitted through the non-electrical panel article 400. The change in the light transmission properties of the substrate 450 caused by the inclusion of the first ink layer 602 causes at least a portion of the substrate 450 (when the first ink layer 602 is disposed therein) to deviate from the desired appearance in transmission.

[0089] In view of this, the non-electrical panel assembly 460 incorporates a second ink layer 604 to offset the deviation from the desired appearance in transmission associated with the first ink layer 602. Figure 3B and Figure 3C The structure of the second ink layer 604 is further understood. Figure 3B A portion of an image 606 rendered by a first ink layer 602 is schematically depicted. As shown, the first ink layer 602 includes a first plurality of regions 608. Each of the first plurality of regions 608 can be a portion of the image 606 that is configured to exhibit a consistent color from reflected light. For example, in an embodiment, each of the first plurality of regions 608 corresponds to a pixel in an image input to a printing device (such as an inkjet printing device). The size of each of the first plurality of regions 608 can depend on the manner in which the first ink layer 602 is printed (e.g., droplet size, printing resolution, etc.). Although the size and shape of the first plurality of regions 608 are depicted as being the same, it should be understood that the first plurality of regions 608 may deviate from each other in size and shape due to the inherent nature of the printing process.

[0090] In embodiments, at least some of the first plurality of regions 608 may deviate from one another in color. For example, when light from the light source 540 is transmitted through region 608a, region 608a may exhibit a first color (or a first transmittance spectrum), and when light from the light source 540 is transmitted through region 608b, region 608b may exhibit a second color (or a second transmittance spectrum). Even though the same light from the light source 540 is transmitted through both regions 608a and 608b, the image portions overlapping regions 608a and 608b may appear to be different colors from one another. This example demonstrates how different absorption spectra associated with the inks used to form the various regions of the first ink layer 602 can introduce unwanted color variations in an image transmitted through the electroless panel article 400 by the light source 540.

[0091] Figure 4A An example first ink layer 630 printed on a transparent sheet is depicted according to examples described herein. The first ink layer 630 is printed to exhibit a wood grain pattern, wherein different regions of the first ink layer 630 have different transmittance spectra such that the wood grain pattern is visible through the first ink layer 630 when the first ink layer 630 is illuminated by ambient light. Figure 4B 634 is a graph of a transmittance spectrum 636 of a region of a first ink layer 630 within a portion 632 configured to exhibit a brown color. As shown, the absorption spectrum of the ink used to form the first ink layer 630 in the represented region results in a transmittance spectrum of the first ink layer 630 that is non-uniform over the wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm. Thus, any light having a spectrum different from the transmittance spectrum 636 is altered by passing through the first ink layer 630, wherein the first ink layer 630 tends to absorb more light at wavelengths less than 550 nm than at wavelengths greater than 550 nm. This effect changes the color appearance of pixels of an image rendered by a display that is being transmitted through the first ink layer 630.

[0092] Transmittance spectrum 636 is a modeled example of an ink layer disposed on a transparent substrate that is designed to exhibit a brown color based on the CMY color model. A spectrally flat 3% Fresnel reflection is assumed on each side of the substrate. In general, transmittance can be calculated by the following equation:

[0093] T 1 (λ)=(1-Rx 菲涅耳1 )*T 墨水1 (λ)(1-R 菲涅耳1 ) (1)

[0094] In the case of approximation by removing low amplitude terms, the transmittance of the substrate having the first ink layer 630 can be approximated as:

[0095] T1 (λ)~T 墨水1 (λ)(1-2R 菲涅耳1 ) (2)

[0096] If it is assumed that a second ink layer (for example, Figure 3A ), the transmittance spectrum of the second substrate can be calculated using the above approximation as:

[0097] T 2 (λ)~T 墨水2 (λ)(1-2R 菲涅耳2 ) (3)

[0098] If the first substrate and the second substrate in this example are placed optically in series, the combined transmittance through the two substrates with an air gap between the two substrates is approximately equal to T 1 (λ) and T 2 (λ).

[0099] Still referring to this example, where the first and second ink layers are provided on two transparent substrates, the total reflectivity from the combined stack is given by the following equation:

[0100] R 总计 (λ)~R 菲涅耳1 +(1-R 菲涅耳1 )T 墨水1 (λ)R 菲涅耳1 T 墨水1 (λ)(1-R 菲涅耳1 )+(1-R 菲涅耳1 )T 墨水1 (λ)(1-R 菲涅耳1 )R 菲涅耳2 (1-R 菲涅耳1 )T 墨水1 (λ)(1-R 菲涅耳1 )+(1-R 菲涅耳1 )T 墨水1 (λ)(1-R 菲涅耳1 )(1-R 菲涅耳2 )T 墨水2 (λ)R 菲涅耳2 T 墨水2 (λ)(1-R 菲涅耳2 )(1-R 菲涅耳1 )T 墨水1 (λ)(1-R 菲涅耳1 ) (4)

[0101] Assuming that the Fresnel coefficient is small (for example, assuming that the refractive index of the first substrate and the second substrate is comparable to that of the first ink layer and the second ink layer), and simplifying Equation 4 through a series of approximations (ignoring the back surface contribution of the second substrate), the total reflectivity can be expressed as:

[0102]

[0103] This shows that the reflected color will mainly come from the square of the transmittance spectrum of the front ink. The removed terms in equations 4 and 5 will affect the contrast of the reflected image, but applicants believe that these terms are generally spectrally flat by design. These terms will not affect the perceived color, only the contrast of the image.

[0104] The above analysis in equations 1-5 shows that the overall appearance of the stack in transmission depends on the transmittance spectra of both the first and second ink layers, while the appearance in reflection depends primarily on the first ink layer. This indicates that the second ink layer can be used to affect the appearance of the article in transmission, while having relatively little effect on the appearance of the article in reflection. In view of this, a target transmittance spectrum T can be provided for the article. 目标 (λ). In addition, given the known transmittance spectrum T of the first ink layer 墨水1 (λ)( Figure 4B The transmittance spectrum 636 depicted in FIG. 6 ), the transmittance spectrum T of the second ink layer 墨水2 (λ)(in Figure 4B ) can be calculated so that the T calculated by equations 2 to 3 1 (λ) and T 2 The product of (λ) is equal to T 目标 (λ). T calculated from equations 2 to 3 is obtained by removing the small amplitude terms. 1 (λ) and T 2 A further approximation of the product of (λ) shows that T 墨水2 (λ) can be approximately calculated as:

[0105]

[0106] T 目标 (λ) is generally selected so that light transmitted through the article has a desired appearance. Figure 4BIn the example depicted in , the target transmittance spectrum 639 is a neutral gray having a constant transmittance of about 40% over the entire wavelength range of 400nm to 700nm. A constant greater than or equal to 20% and less than or equal to 60% is considered suitable for providing the product with a substantially neutral appearance in transmission while blocking enough light to promote effective non-electrical panelization. Utilizing a constant as the target transmittance spectrum 639 can advantageously ensure that the combination of the first ink layer and the second ink layer does not change the perceived color of any light transmitted through the combined stack. Various target transmittance spectra are contemplated and are within the scope of the present disclosure. For example, depending on any visual effect that needs to be achieved by the non-electrical panel product, a tilted target transmittance spectrum (e.g., transmittance increases or decreases as wavelength increases), a stepped target transmittance spectrum, or other suitable targets may be used.

[0107] Inputting the target transmittance spectrum 639 and the transmittance spectrum 636 into Equation 6 will result in a transmittance spectrum 638 for a region of the second ink layer 604. For example, returning to FIG. 3A to FIG. 3C The example depicted in Figure 3C A portion of an image 610 rendered by a second ink layer 604 according to this example is schematically depicted. As shown, the second ink layer 604 includes a second plurality of regions 612. Each of the second plurality of regions 612 can be a portion of the image 610 that is configured to exhibit a uniform color. The second plurality of regions 612 substantially overlaps the first plurality of regions 608 of the first ink layer 602 along an alignment axis 620 (see FIG. 2 ). Figure 3A ). In an embodiment, the alignment axis 620 extends in a direction perpendicular to the first major surface 470 and the second major surface 480 of the substrate 450. As shown, the second ink layer 604 includes an area 612a that overlaps with the area 608a of the first ink layer 602. In one example, the ink used to form the area 612a is selected to provide a transmittance spectrum that is calculated based on the transmittance spectrum of the area 608a using Equation 6 (or its metameric equivalent). Repeating such a process for each area of ​​the image 606 of the first ink layer 602 provides a pattern for the second ink layer 604, so that the second ink layer 604 is selected to provide a target appearance in transmission without significantly affecting the appearance of the non-electrical panel article 400 when viewed in ambient light reflection.

[0108] This method of calculating the inverse color for each of the second plurality of regions 612 of the second ink layer 604 based on the color of the overlapping areas of the first plurality of regions 608 of the first ink layer 602 is computationally complex. This method of calculating the inverse color can be approximated by converting the image in the first ink layer 602 to an RGB color space and using the RGB color space to calculate the color values ​​of the second ink layer 604. The visible spectrum (400nm to 700nm wavelength) of each of the first plurality of regions 608 can be converted to X, Y, Z tristimulus coordinates based on the CIE 1931 color space. The X, Y, Z values ​​can then be converted to appropriate RGB values ​​based on the light source 540 used, which can be used to calculate the inverse element of the first ink layer 602 based on the target color value of each area of ​​the non-electrostatic panel article 400 (or the overlapping areas of the first plurality of regions 608 and the second plurality of regions 612).

[0109] In one illustrative example, Figure 4B The X, Y, Z coordinates of the transmission spectra 636, 638, and 639 depicted in the figure are calculated based on the D65 illuminant and using the CIE 1931 2-degree standard observer, which can be found in ISO / CIE 11664-2:2019 "Colorimetry–Part 1:CIE standard colorimetric observers", the entire content of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. The X, Y, Z values ​​(integrated evaluation from 380nm to 780nm wavelength) are then converted to sRGB values ​​according to the IEC61966-2-1:1999 standard. The results are provided in Table 1 below.

[0110] Table 1

[0111] X Y Z R G B <![CDATA[T 墨水1 ]]> 0.700 0.726 0.646 0.831 0.710 0.574 <![CDATA[T 墨水2 ]]> 0.525 0.554 0.738 0.482 0.562 0.697 <![CDATA[R 总计 ]]> 0.058 0.060 0.056 0.342 0.293 0.248 <![CDATA[T 目标 ]]> 0.380 0.400 0.436 0.400 0.400 0.400

[0112] R 总计 The values ​​are based on the reflectance spectra calculated using Equation 4. The values ​​in Table 1 were obtained without gamma scaling of the RGB values. When the XYZ values ​​were normalized for values ​​associated with the CIE1931 D65 white point values ​​and the sRGB values ​​were scaled from 0 to 255, the results are provided in Table 2 below.

[0113] Table 2

[0114] <![CDATA[X / X W ]]> <![CDATA[Y / Y W ]]> <![CDATA[Z / Z W ]]> R G B <![CDATA[T 墨水1 ]]> 0.737 0.726 0.593 212 181 146 <![CDATA[T 墨水2 ]]> 0.553 0.554 0.678 123 143 178 <![CDATA[R 总计 ]]> 0.061 0.060 0.051 87 75 63 <![CDATA[T 目标 ]]> 0.400 0.400 0.400 102 102 102

[0115] As shown in Tables 1 and 2, the applicant unexpectedly discovered that based on Figure 4B The target transmittance spectrum 639 depicted in FIG. 6 and the calculated XYZ values ​​of the transmittance spectra 636 and 638 satisfy the following approximate relationship:

[0116]

[0117] sRGB values ​​(unscaled) also follow this approximate relationship:

[0118]

[0119] Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the ratios in equations 7 to 12 are fairly accurate approximations (within 10% of the actual calculated values ​​in Tables 1 and 2) due to the flat regions in the transmittance spectra of the various CMYK inks and the limited spectral range of each CIE color matching spectrum. Nevertheless, applicants believe that the ratios in equations 7 to 12 can be used as an efficient method of calculating the inverse image of the first ink layer 602 to determine the pattern of the second ink layer 604. The RGB values ​​of the various pixels in the image formed by the first ink layer 602 can be inverted and multiplied by the target value of the non-electrostatic panel article 400 to determine the RGB value of each pixel of the second ink layer 604. The target RGB value (without gamma correction and scaling) can be greater than or equal to 90 and less than or equal to 110 (e.g., each RGB value can be the same so that the non-electrostatic panel article 400 is configured to exhibit a uniform gray appearance when illuminated by a white light source). Such RGB values ​​may be entered into an ICC profile associated with a printing device, which will convert such values ​​into CMYK values ​​for printing each pixel of the image formed by the second ink layer 604. A target XYZ value for each pixel may also be used. In an embodiment, such a target XYZ value is greater than or equal to 0.30 and less than or equal to 0.50 (when not normalized to a D65 white point value).

[0120] Figure 4C An example second ink layer 640 calculated and printed using this method is depicted (e.g., a pattern is formed using the target RGB values ​​in Table 1 and the Figure 4A The RGB values ​​associated with the area of ​​the first ink layer 630 depicted in FIG. 1 are calculated, and the calculated pattern is then printed on a transparent sheet. As shown in the figure, the second ink layer 640 is Figure 4A , where the area in the first ink layer 630 has a relatively high light transmittance, and the overlapping area in the second ink layer 640 has a relatively low light transmittance, and vice versa. Figure 4A and Figure 4C The alignment of the first ink layer 630 and the second ink layer 640 depicted in FIG. 6 largely eliminates the pattern of the first ink layer 630 in transmission, thereby demonstrating the efficacy of the methods described herein.

[0121] refer to FIG. 4D to FIG. 4F , use Figure 4A and Figure 4C The computational method described in the first ink layer 630 and the second ink layer 640 depicted in FIG. 6 (although using different wood grain pattern images) constructs a prototype. Specifically, to construct the prototype, the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604 are aligned with each other with an air gap in between (as the middle layer 600) and placed on the display. The ink layers are formed using Printed by printer. Figure 4D 644 is an image of the prototype on a black display. As shown in the figure, the wood grain pattern formed by the first ink layer 630 is clearly visible under the reflection of ambient light. Figure 4E is an image 646 of the prototype with ambient light from the display. As shown, the wood grain pattern is no longer visible because the light from the display overwhelms the reflected light. Figure 4F 648 of the prototype with the image emitted by the display. The wood grain pattern is barely visible, while the image is clearly visible with little color distortion (the combination of the ink layers simply reduces the brightness of the image). These results demonstrate the efficacy of the methods described herein in providing an electroless panel article that exhibits a desired appearance under reflection of ambient light while also facilitating transmission of the image through the electroless panel article and improving color distortion performance compared to certain existing electroless panel methods. In constructing the example, the best results were achieved when no gamma correction was applied during the calculation of the RGB values ​​for the image formed in the first ink layer 602. However, in this case, the use of the light-colored image I 1 is beneficial, the minimum value of R, G or B in all pixels of the image is limited to 255*T 目标 .like Figure 4B As shown, when T 目标 = 0.4, the minimum value of any color in the image of the first ink layer 602 is greater than 102. If the first ink layer 602 has a pixel with a small RGB value, the corresponding color of the pixel in the inverse image needs to be greater than 255. For technologies with more than 8-bit color (e.g., n-bit color), this threshold value may be T 目标 *(2 n -1).

[0122] In the foregoing examples and Tables 1 and 2, it is assumed that a D65 light source is used in both reflection and transmission. The D65 light source is suitable for simulating outdoor ambient light (and can also be suitable for measuring the perceived color of the non-electric panel product 400 in reflection). However, when determining appropriate RGB values, it is helpful to take into account the specific light source 540 used. For example, the spectral power distribution (I(λ)) of one input in the CIE 1931 color space XYZ formula is associated with the specific light source 540 used (for example, the illumination spectrum can be associated with a light source 540 that emits a white image). However, it is believed that the ratios in equations 7 to 12 still provide relatively accurate results for most commercially available display panels.

[0123] refer to Figure 2 The effect of the second ink layer 604 described herein is that the color appearance of the light emitted by the light source 540 does not change perceptibly due to passing through the non-electrical panel assembly 460. The overlapping areas of the first plurality of regions 608 and the second plurality of regions 612 (see FIG. 3B to FIG. 3C) is specifically configured to prevent the perceived color of light emitted by the light source 540 from being altered by transmission through the non-electrical panel article 400. In embodiments, light emitted by a portion of the light source 540 (e.g., a particular pixel or subarray of pixels of a display) may have a particular color defined by a target CIE L*a*b* value (measured when light is emitted by the light source 540 and not transmitted through the non-electrical panel article 400). The area where the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604 overlap the portion of the light source 540 may be configured such that light transmitted through the non-electrical panel article 400 exhibits a ΔE value less than or equal to 5.0 (e.g., less than or equal to 4.5, less than or equal to 4.0, less than or equal to 3.5, less than or equal to 3.0, less than or equal to 2.5, less than or equal to 2.0, less than or equal to 1.5, or even less than or equal to 1.0), the ΔE value being calculated according to the CIE 1976 formula and using the L*a*b* value of the light source 540 as a reference value. In other words, light emitted by the light source 540 (e.g., light emitted from each pixel or pixel subarray) can exhibit a range of L*a*b* values ​​and pass through a pair of overlapping regions of the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604. The first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604 can be configured such that the maximum ΔE value across the entire electroless panel article 400 (measured between light transmitted through the electroless panel article 400 and the value associated with the light source 540 in isolation) is less than or equal to 5.0 (e.g., less than or equal to 4.5, less than or equal to 4.0, less than or equal to 3.5, less than or equal to 3.0, less than or equal to 2.5, less than or equal to 2.5, less than or equal to 2.5, less than or equal to 2.0, less than or equal to 1.5, or even less than or equal to 1.0). This lack of color deviation between the emitted image and the transmitted effect can be achieved even if the first ink layer 602 is specifically manufactured to have a color that deviates from the image rendered by the light source 540 (e.g., when illuminated by a D65 light source, at least some of the first plurality of regions 608 can be configured to exhibit a* and b* values ​​greater than 5.0, greater than 10.0, greater than 20.0, greater than 30.0, or even greater than 50.0).

[0124] The L*, a*, and b* values ​​used herein can be calculated from the XYZ tristimulus coordinates of the 1931 CIE color coordinate space (measured at a 2° standard observer) using the following formula:

[0125]

[0126] Where X W , Y W and Z W Refers to the white point of the light source used as a reference:

[0127]

[0128] in and is the CIE color matching function. Unless otherwise specified herein, the light source is a D65 light source, however, in some cases, the light source may be a light source 540 operating at its white point.

[0129] In equations 13 to 15, for δ = 6 / 29, the function f(t) is given by the following equation:

[0130]

[0131] When the light source 540 is set to the white point (to emit a completely white image through the electroless panel article 400), the light transmitted from the light source 540 through the electroless panel article 400 can exhibit an L* value greater than or equal to 50 and less than or equal to 80 (e.g., greater than or equal to 55 and less than or equal to 75, greater than or equal to 60 and less than or equal to 70), greater than or equal to -5.0 and less than or equal to 5.0 (e.g., greater than or equal to -4.5 and less than or equal to 4.5, greater than or equal to -4.0 and less than or equal to 4.0, greater than or equal to -3.5 and less than or equal to 3.5, greater than or equal to -3.0 and less than or equal to 3.0, greater than or equal to 4.0). =Equal to -2.5 and less than or equal to 2.5, greater than or equal to -1.0 and less than or equal to 1.0) and b* greater than or equal to -5.0 and less than or equal to 5.0 (e.g., greater than or equal to -4.5 and less than or equal to 4.5, greater than or equal to -4.0 and less than or equal to 4.0, greater than or equal to -3.5 and less than or equal to 3.5, greater than or equal to -3.0 and less than or equal to 3.0, greater than or equal to -2.5 and less than or equal to 2.5, greater than or equal to -1.0 and less than or equal to 1.0) so that the white light emitted by the light source 540 is still perceived as white after being transmitted through the non-electrical panel article 540. In addition, when the light source 540 is set to a white point (e.g., a white point associated with a particular display panel), the light transmitted through the non-electrical panel article 400 can also exhibit a ΔE value within the ranges described herein.

[0132] Although the RGB values ​​(or XYZ values) for the areas of the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604 can be calculated based on a particular light source and target values, it is believed that white light transmitted through the non-electrical panel article 400 from other sources (e.g., sources other than the light source 540) will also exhibit a similar appearance. For example, in embodiments, when light from a D65 light source is transmitted through the non-electrical panel article 400 (initially incident on the second ink layer 604 and incident normally on the substrate 450), the light exhibits an L* value greater than or equal to 50 and less than or equal to 80 (e.g., greater than or equal to 55 and less than or equal to 75, greater than or equal to 60 and less than or equal to 70), an L* value greater than or equal to -5.0 and less than or equal to 5.0 (e.g., greater than or equal to -4.5 and less than or equal to 4.5, greater than or equal to -4.0 and less than or equal to 4.0, greater than or equal to -3.5 and less than or equal to 3.5), and an L* value greater than or equal to 5.0 and less than or equal to 5.0 (e.g., greater than or equal to -4.5 and less than or equal to 4.5, greater than or equal to -4.0 and less than or equal to 4.0, greater than or equal to -3.5 and less than or equal to 3.5). , greater than or equal to -3.0 and less than or equal to 3.0, greater than or equal to -2.5 and less than or equal to 2.5, greater than or equal to -1.0 and less than or equal to 1.0) and b* greater than or equal to -5.0 and less than or equal to 5.0 (e.g., greater than or equal to -4.5 and less than or equal to 4.5, greater than or equal to -4.0 and less than or equal to 4.0, greater than or equal to -3.5 and less than or equal to 3.5, greater than or equal to -3.0 and less than or equal to 3.0, greater than or equal to -2.5 and less than or equal to 2.5, greater than or equal to -1.0 and less than or equal to 1.0).

[0133] Figure 5 Is from Figure 3A 700 of modeled Fresnel reflections of two interfaces (assuming normal incidence) between the intermediate layer 600 and the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604 depicted in FIG (assuming the intermediate layer 600 is monolithic). In this example, the refractive index of the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604 is assumed to be 1.48 (at a wavelength of 550 nm). As shown, when the refractive index of the intermediate layer 600 is less than 1.3 and greater than 1.7, the total reflectivity of the non-electrical panel assembly 460 is predicted to be greater than 1.0%, which is considered to be a sufficient amount for certain patterns. When the refractive index of the intermediate layer 600 is greater than or equal to 1.8 and less than or equal to 1.2, the total reflectivity of the non-electrical panel assembly 460 is predicted to be greater than 2.0%, which helps the pattern formed in the first ink layer 602 to be visible when reflected. When the refractive index of the intermediate layer 600 is greater than or equal to 2.0 and less than or equal to 1.1, the total reflectivity of the non-electrical panel assembly 460 is predicted to be greater than 4.0%. Such a larger reflectivity value can increase the contrast of the image of the first ink layer 602 when viewed in reflection under ambient light. This analysis shows the appropriate refractive index of the intermediate layer 600 when the reflective layer 609 is not used in the non-electrical panel assembly 460.

[0134] Figure 6800 is a flow chart of a method 800 for manufacturing a non-electric panel product according to an example embodiment. The method 800 can be used to manufacture the non-electric panel product described herein. Figure 2-3B The non-electric panel product 400 described above and the light source 540 is attached to the non-electric panel product. Figures 2 to 3B References to various components depicted in the drawings are provided to help describe method 800. At block 802, a pattern for a first ink layer 602 is determined. As described herein, the pattern for the first ink layer 602 can be determined based on the occasion of the non-electrical panel article 400. Depending on the implementation, any suitable pattern (e.g., wood grain, brushed metal, carbon fiber, fabric) can be used. The pattern can be determined based on an image of another structural element (e.g., a component of an instrument panel, a seat, a decorative element) to be used with the non-electrical panel article 400. For example, an image of a wood grain decorative element can be taken and used as a target pattern for the first ink layer 602 so that the non-electrical panel article 400 will blend in with its surrounding components. The pattern can include a matrix of RGB values ​​that is to be input into a printer device to be converted to CMYK values ​​via an ICC profile to facilitate the deposition of ink in the pattern using a subtractive color model.

[0135] At block 804, a pattern of the second ink layer 604 is determined such that the second ink layer is designed to offset the variation of the first ink layer relative to a desired light transmittance characteristic. In an embodiment, the desired light transmittance characteristic is a target color coordinate (e.g., an XYZ value or an RGB value) measured from light transmitted through the non-electrical panel assembly 460 and the substrate 450. The light may have an illumination spectrum associated with the light source 540. At least some of the first plurality of regions 608 of the pattern of the first ink layer 602 may exhibit color coordinates that deviate from a desired value when illuminated by light from the light source 540 (the light source having a particular illumination spectrum). The pattern of the second ink layer 604 may be determined by calculating the inverse color of each region in the second plurality of regions 612 based on the transmittance characteristic exhibited by overlapping each region in the first plurality of regions 608 and the target value. In an embodiment, the target value is a transmittance spectrum T in a wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm. 目标 (λ). The inverse transmittance spectrum may be calculated for each of the second plurality of regions 612 as T 目标 (λ) / T 1 (λ) ratio, where T 1 (λ) is the transmittance spectrum associated with an overlapping region in the first plurality of regions 608. The inverse transmittance spectrum may then be used to calculate an ink combination suitable for each of the second plurality of regions 612. In embodiments, the XYZ or RGB values ​​associated with the first plurality of regions 608 may be inverted and multiplied by the value of the coordinate to calculate the inverse value for each overlapping region in the second plurality of regions 612 of the second ink layer 604.

[0136] At block 806, once the pattern of the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604 is determined, the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604 are disposed on the substrate 450 such that the intermediate layer 600 is disposed between the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604. At block 808, the light source 540 is attached to the substrate 450. Depending on the implant, the deposition of the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604 and the attachment of the light source 540 can take various forms. For example, in an embodiment, the intermediate layer 600 includes a second substrate 607. In some embodiments, the intermediate layer 600 can consist of or consist essentially of the second substrate 607 (such that the second substrate 607 is a single stone layer formed of the same material, which can be a uniform composition or a composite). In such an embodiment, one or more of the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604 are deposited onto the second substrate 607 and then attached to the substrate 450. For example, the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604 may be inkjet printed on both sides of the second substrate 607, which may then be laminated on the light source 540 and then attached to the substrate 450. In an embodiment, the first ink layer 602 is printed directly on the substrate 450, and the second ink layer is printed directly on a surface of the second substrate 607 (e.g., a surface of the second substrate 607 that is farther from the substrate 450). The second substrate may be laminated to the light source 540 and then attached to the light source 540.

[0137] In an embodiment, the intermediate layer 600 further includes a reflective layer 609 disposed on the second substrate 607. As described herein, the reflective layer 609 can be a metal layer, or an alternating stack of high refractive index materials or low refractive index materials. Therefore, in such an embodiment, the method 800 can include: depositing the reflective layer 609 on the second substrate 607, and then depositing the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604 on the second substrate. In an embodiment, the second ink layer 604 is deposited below the reflective layer 609 on a third substrate (not shown), and the third substrate can be laminated to the light source 540 and then attached to the second substrate 607 and the substrate 450.

[0138] In an embodiment, the intermediate layer 600 includes an ink layer (e.g., diffuse white ink or gray ink or metallic ink) disposed between the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604. In such an embodiment, the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604 and the intermediate layer 600 may be disposed on the same substrate. For example, the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604 and the intermediate layer 600 may be disposed on the substrate 450 in direct contact with each other. In an embodiment, at least one of the first ink layer 602 and the intermediate layer 600 is printed on the substrate 450, and the second ink layer 604 is printed on the second substrate 607. In an embodiment, the intermediate layer 600 includes an air gap disposed between the first ink layer 602 and the second ink layer 604. In this embodiment, attaching the light source 540 to the substrate 450 may include laminating a second substrate 607 (having a second ink layer 604 printed thereon) to the light source 540, and attaching the light source 540 and the second substrate 607 to the substrate 450 using a support structure 605 such that the second ink layer 604 is spaced apart from the substrate 450 to form an air gap.

[0139] Glass material

[0140] refer to Figure 7 In an embodiment, substrate 450 has a thickness t that is substantially constant across the width and length of substrate 450 and is defined as the distance between first major surface 470 and second major surface 480. In various embodiments, T may refer to an average thickness or a maximum thickness of substrate 450. In addition, substrate 450 also includes a width W, which is defined as a first maximum dimension of one of first major surface 470 or second major surface 480 that is orthogonal to thickness t, and a length L, which is defined as a second maximum dimension of one of first major surface 470 or second major surface 480 that is orthogonal to both the thickness and the width. In other embodiments, W and L may be the average width and average length of substrate 450, respectively, and in other embodiments, W and L may be the maximum width and maximum length of substrate 450, respectively (e.g., for a glass substrate having a variable width or length).

[0141] In various embodiments, the thickness t is 2 mm or less. In particular, the thickness t is 0.30 mm to 2.0 mm. For example, the thickness t can range from about 0.30 mm to about 2.0 mm, about 0.40 mm to about 2.0 mm, about 0.50 mm to about 2.0 mm, about 0.60 mm to about 2.0 mm, about 0.70 mm to about 2.0 mm, about 0.80 mm to about 2.0 mm, about 0.90 mm to about 2.0 mm, about 1.0 mm to about 2.0 mm, about 1.1 mm to about 2.0 mm, about 1.2 mm to about 2.0 mm, about 1.3 mm to about 2.0 mm, about 1.4 mm to about 2.0 mm, about 1.5 mm to about 2.0 mm, about 0.30 mm to about 1.9 mm, about 0.30 mm to about 2.0 mm. In some embodiments, t is about 1.8 mm, about 0.30 mm to about 1.7 mm, about 0.30 mm to about 1.6 mm, about 0.30 mm to about 1.5 mm, about 0.30 mm to about 1.4 mm, about 0.30 mm to about 1.4 mm, about 0.30 mm to about 1.3 mm, about 0.30 mm to about 1.2 mm, about 0.30 mm to about 1.1 mm, about 0.30 mm to about 1.0 mm, about 0.30 mm to about 0.90 mm, about 0.30 mm to about 0.80 mm, about 0.30 mm to about 0.70 mm, about 0.30 mm to about 0.60 mm, or about 0.30 mm to about 0.40 mm. In other embodiments, t falls within any one of the precise numerical ranges set forth in this paragraph.

[0142] In various embodiments, the width W ranges from 5 cm to 250 cm, about 10 cm to about 250 cm, about 15 cm to about 250 cm, about 20 cm to about 250 cm, about 25 cm to about 250 cm, about 30 cm to about 250 cm, about 35 cm to about 250 cm, about 40 cm to about 250 cm, about 45 cm to about 250 cm, about 50 cm to about 250 cm, about 55 cm to about 250 cm, about 60 cm to about 250 cm, about 65 cm to about 250 cm, about 70 cm to about 250 cm, about 75 cm to about 250 cm, about 80 cm to about 250 cm, about 85 cm to about 250 cm, about 90 cm to about 250 cm, about 95 cm to about 250 cm, about 100 cm to about 250 cm, about 110 cm to about 250 cm, In some embodiments, W is about 150cm, about 120cm to about 250cm, about 130cm to about 250cm, about 140cm to about 250cm, about 150cm to about 250cm, about 5cm to about 240cm, about 5cm to about 230cm, about 5cm to about 220cm, about 5cm to about 210cm, about 5cm to about 200cm, about 5cm to about 190cm, about 5cm to about 180cm, about 5cm to about 170cm, about 5cm to about 160cm, about 5cm to about 150cm, about 5cm to about 140cm, about 5cm to about 130cm, about 5cm to about 120cm, about 5cm to about 110cm, about 5cm to about 110cm, about 5cm to about 100cm, about 5cm to about 90cm, about 5cm to about 80cm or about 5cm to about 75cm. In other embodiments, W falls within any one precise numerical range set forth in this section.

[0143] In various embodiments, the length L ranges from about 5 cm to about 2500 cm, about 5 cm to about 2000 cm, about 4 to about 1500 cm, about 50 cm to about 1500 cm, about 100 cm to about 1500 cm, about 150 cm to about 1500 cm, about 200 cm to about 1500 cm, about 250 cm to about 1500 cm, about 300 cm to about 1500 cm, about 350 cm to about 1500 cm, about 400 cm to about 1500 cm, about 450 cm to about 1500 cm, about 500 cm to about 1500 cm, about 550 cm to about 1500 cm, about 600 cm to about 1500 cm, about 650 cm to about 1500 cm, about 650 cm to about 1 In some embodiments, L is within the range of about 1500cm to about 1500cm, about 1500cm to about 1500cm, about 1500cm to about 1500cm, about 1500cm to about 1500cm, about 1500cm to about 1500cm, about 1500cm to about 1500cm, about 1500cm to about 1500cm, about 1500cm to about 1500cm, about 1500cm to about 1500cm, about 1500cm to about 1500cm, about 1500cm to about 1500cm, about 1500cm to about 1500cm, about 1500cm to about 1500cm, about 1500cm to about 1500cm, about 1500cm to about 1500cm, about 1500cm to about 1500cm, about 1500cm to about 1500cm, about 1500cm to about 1500cm, about 1500cm to about 1500cm, about 1500cm to about 1500cm, about 1500cm to about 1500cm, about 1500cm to about 1500cm, about 15

[0144] In an embodiment, the substrate 450 may be formed of any suitable glass composition including soda-lime glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, boroaluminosilicate glass, alkali-containing aluminosilicate glass, alkali-containing borosilicate glass, and alkali-containing boroaluminosilicate glass.

[0145] Unless otherwise specified, the glass compositions disclosed herein are described in terms of mole percent (mol %) analyzed on an oxide basis.

[0146] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may include SiO 2 , SiO 2The content range is about 66 mole percent to about 80 mole percent, about 67 mole percent to about 80 mole percent, about 68 mole percent to about 80 mole percent, about 69 mole percent to about 80 mole percent, about 70 mole percent to about 80 mole percent, about 72 mole percent to about 80 mole percent, about 65 mole percent to about 78 mole percent, about 65 mole percent to about 76 mole percent, about 65 mole percent to about 75 mole percent, about 65 mole percent to about 74 mole percent, about 65 mole percent to about 72 mole percent, or about 65 mole percent to about 70 mole percent, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0147] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises Al 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 The content of Al is greater than about 4 mol% or greater than about 5 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes Al 2 O 3 In one or more embodiments, Al is in the range of greater than about 7 mole percent to about 15 mole percent, greater than about 7 mole percent to about 14 mole percent, about 7 mole percent to about 13 mole percent, about 4 mole percent to about 12 mole percent, about 7 mole percent to about 11 mole percent, about 8 mole percent to about 15 mole percent, 9 mole percent to about 15 mole percent, about 9 mole percent to about 15 mole percent, about 10 mole percent to about 15 mole percent, about 11 mole percent to about 15 mole percent, or about 12 mole percent to about 15 mole percent, and all ranges and subranges therebetween. In one or more embodiments, Al 2 O 3 The upper limit of may be about 14 mole percent, 14.2 mole percent, 14.4 mole percent, 14.6 mole percent, or 14.8 mole percent.

[0148] In one or more embodiments, the glass layer herein is described as an aluminosilicate glass article or includes an aluminosilicate glass composition. In such embodiments, the glass composition or the article formed therefrom includes SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 , and is not a soda-lime silicate glass. In this regard, the glass composition or an article formed therefrom includes Al 2 O 3 The content is about 2 mole percent or greater, 2.25 mole percent or greater, 2.5 mole percent or greater, about 2.75 mole percent or greater, about 3 mole percent or greater.

[0149] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises B 2 O 3 (e.g., about 0.01 mol% or greater). In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes B 2 O 3 The content range is from about 0 mol% to about 5 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 4 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 3 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 2 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 1 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 0.5 mol%, from about 0.1 mol% to about 5 mol%, from about 0.1 mol% to about 4 mol%, from about 0.1 mol% to about 3 mol%, from about 0.1 mol% to about 2 mol%, from about 0.1 mol% to about 1 mol%, from about 0.1 mol% to about 0.5 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of B 2 O 3 .

[0150] As used herein, the phrase "substantially free" with respect to a composition ingredient means that the ingredient was not actively or intentionally added to the composition during initial batching, but may be present as an impurity at an amount less than about 0.001 mole percent.

[0151] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises P 2 O 5 (e.g., about 0.01 mol% or greater). In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes P 2 O 5 The content of P is not zero, and is up to and includes 2 mol%, 1.5 mol%, 1 mol% or 0.5 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of P 2 O 5 .

[0152] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes R 2 The total amount of O (the total amount is Li 2 O、Na 2 O.K 2 O、Rb 2 O and Cs 2 O) can be greater than or equal to 8 mol%, greater than or equal to about 10 mol%, or greater than or equal to about 12 mol%. In some embodiments, the glass composition includes R 2The total amount of O is in the range of about 8 mol% to about 20 mol%, about 8 mol% to about 18 mol%, about 8 mol% to about 16 mol%, about 8 mol% to about 14 mol%, about 8 mol% to about 12 mol%, about 9 mol% to about 20 mol%, about 10 mol% to about 20 mol%, about 11 mol% to about 20 mol%, about 12 mol% to about 20 mol%, about 13 mol% to about 20 mol%, about 10 mol% to about 14 mol%, or 11 mol% to about 13 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may be substantially free of Rb. 2 O、Cs 2 O, or Rb 2 O and Cs 2 O both. In one or more embodiments, R 2 O may include only Li 2 O、Na 2 O and K 2 In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may include a material selected from Li 2 O、Na 2 O and K 2 O, wherein the alkali metal oxide is present in an amount greater than about 8 mole percent or greater.

[0153] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises Na 2 O content is greater than or equal to about 8 mol%, greater than or equal to about 10 mol%, or greater than or equal to about 12 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the composition includes Na 2 O ranges from about 8 mole percent to about 20 mole percent, about 8 mole percent to about 18 mole percent, about 8 mole percent to about 16 mole percent, about 8 mole percent to about 14 mole percent, about 8 mole percent to about 12 mole percent, about 9 mole percent to about 20 mole percent, about 10 mole percent to about 20 mole percent, about 11 mole percent to about 20 mole percent, about 12 mole percent to about 20 mole percent, about 13 mole percent to about 20 mole percent, about 10 mole percent to about 14 mole percent, or 11 mole percent to about 16 mole percent, and all ranges and subranges therebetween.

[0154] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes less than about 4 mol% K 2 O, less than about 3 mole percent K 2 O or less than about 1 mole percent K 2O. In some cases, the glass composition includes K 2 The amount of O may range from about 0 mol% to about 4 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 3.5 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 3 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 2.5 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 2 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 1.5 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 1 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 0.5 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 0.2 mol%, from about 0 mol% to about 0.1 mol%, from about 0.5 mol% to about 4 mol%, from about 0.5 mol% to about 3.5 mol%, from about 0.5 mol% to about 3 mol%, from about 0.5 mol% to about 2.5 mol%, from about 0.5 mol% to about 2 mol%, from about 0.5 mol% to about 1.5 mol%, or from about 0.5 mol% to about 1 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of K. 2 O.

[0155] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of Li 2 O.

[0156] In one or more embodiments, Na 2 The content of O can be greater than that of Li 2 O content. In some cases, Na 2 The content of O can be greater than that of Li 2 O and K 2 In one or more alternative embodiments, the composition contains Li 2 The content of O can be greater than that of Na 2 O content or Na 2 O and K 2 O combined content.

[0157] In one or more embodiments, the total amount of RO included in the glass composition (the total amount is the total amount of alkaline earth metal oxides such as CaO, MgO, BaO, ZnO and SrO) can range from about 0 mol% to about 2 mol%. In some embodiments, the content of RO included in the glass composition is not zero, up to about 2 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the content of RO included in the glass composition is about 0 mol% to about 1.8 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 1.6 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 1.5 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 1.4 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 1.2 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 1 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 0.8 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 0.5 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0158] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes less than about 1 mol%, less than about 0.8 mol%, or less than about 0.5 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of CaO. In some embodiments, the glass composition includes MgO in an amount of about 0 mol% to about 7 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 6 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 5 mol%, about 0 mol% to about 4 mol%, about 0.1 mol% to about 7 mol%, about 0.1 mol% to about 6 mol%, about 0.1 mol% to about 5 mol%, about 0.1 mol% to about 4 mol%, about 1 mol% to about 7 mol%, about 2 mol% to about 6 mol%, or about 3 mol% to about 6 mol%, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0159] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises ZrO 2 The content of ZrO is equal to or less than about 0.2 mol%, less than about 0.18 mol%, less than about 0.16 mol%, less than about 0.15 mol%, less than about 0.14 mol%, less than about 0.12 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes ZrO 2 The range is about 0.01 mole percent to about 0.2 mole percent, about 0.01 mole percent to about 0.18 mole percent, about 0.01 mole percent to about 0.16 mole percent, about 0.01 mole percent to about 0.15 mole percent, about 0.01 mole percent to about 0.14 mole percent, about 0.01 mole percent to about 0.12 mole percent, or about 0.01 mole percent to about 0.10 mole percent, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0160] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises SnO 2 The content of SnO is equal to or less than about 0.2 mol%, less than about 0.18 mol%, less than about 0.16 mol%, less than about 0.15 mol%, less than about 0.14 mol%, less than about 0.12 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes SnO 2 The range is about 0.01 mole percent to about 0.2 mole percent, about 0.01 mole percent to about 0.18 mole percent, about 0.01 mole percent to about 0.16 mole percent, about 0.01 mole percent to about 0.15 mole percent, about 0.01 mole percent to about 0.14 mole percent, about 0.01 mole percent to about 0.12 mole percent, or about 0.01 mole percent to about 0.10 mole percent, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0161] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition may include an oxide that imparts color or hue to the glass article. In some embodiments, the glass composition includes an oxide that prevents the glass article from fading when the glass article is exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Examples of such oxides include, but are not limited to, oxides of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ce, W, and Mo.

[0162] In one or more embodiments, the glass composition comprises Fe 2 O 3 In some embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of Fe. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes Fe 2 O 3 The content of Fe is equal to or less than about 0.2 mol%, less than about 0.18 mol%, less than about 0.16 mol%, less than about 0.15 mol%, less than about 0.14 mol%, less than about 0.12 mol%. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition includes Fe 2 O 3 The range is about 0.01 mole percent to about 0.2 mole percent, about 0.01 mole percent to about 0.18 mole percent, about 0.01 mole percent to about 0.16 mole percent, about 0.01 mole percent to about 0.15 mole percent, about 0.01 mole percent to about 0.14 mole percent, about 0.01 mole percent to about 0.12 mole percent, or about 0.01 mole percent to about 0.10 mole percent, and all ranges and sub-ranges therebetween.

[0163] The glass composition contains TiO 2 In the case of TiO 2 The amount present may be about 5 mol% or less, about 2.5 mol% or less, about 2 mol% or less, or about 1 mol% or less. In one or more embodiments, the glass composition is substantially free of TiO 2 .

[0164] An exemplary glass composition includes SiO in an amount ranging from about 65 mol % to about 75 mol %. 2 , Al in an amount ranging from about 8 mol % to about 14 mol % 2 O 3 , Na in an amount ranging from about 12 mol % to about 17 mol % 2 O, K in an amount ranging from about 0 mol% to about 0.2 mol% 2 O and MgO in an amount ranging from about 1.5 mole percent to about 6 mole percent. Optionally, SnO may be included in amounts disclosed elsewhere herein. 2 .

[0165] Strengthened glass properties

[0166] In one or more embodiments, the substrate 450 discussed herein can be formed of a strengthened glass sheet or strengthened glass article. In one or more embodiments, the glass article used to form the layer of the decorative glass structure discussed herein can be strengthened to include a compressive stress extending from the surface to the depth of compression line (DOC). The compressive stress area is balanced by a central portion that exhibits tensile stress. At the DOC, the stress changes from positive (compressive) stress to negative (tensile) stress.

[0167] In one or more embodiments, the glass articles used to form the layers of the decorative glass structures discussed herein can be mechanically strengthened by exploiting the mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients between portions of the glass to create regions of compressive stress and central regions exhibiting tensile stress. In some embodiments, the glass articles can be thermally strengthened by heating the glass to a temperature above the glass transition point and then rapidly quenching.

[0168] In one or more embodiments, the glass article used to form the layer of the decorative glass structure discussed herein can be chemically strengthened by ion exchange. During the ion exchange process, ions at or near the surface of the glass article are replaced or exchanged with larger ions of the same valence or oxidation state. In embodiments where the glass article comprises an alkali-aluminosilicate glass, the ions and larger ions in the surface layer of the article are monovalent alkali metal cations, such as Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+. Alternatively, the monovalent cations in the surface layer can also be replaced with monovalent cations other than alkali metal cations, such as Ag+ or similar cations. In such embodiments, the monovalent ions (or cations) exchanged into the glass article will generate stress.

[0169] The ion exchange process is typically accomplished by immersing the glass article in a molten salt bath (or two or more molten salt baths) containing larger ions to be exchanged with smaller ions in the glass article. It should be noted that aqueous salt baths may also be utilized. In addition, the composition of the bath may include more than one larger ion (such as Na+ and K+) or a single larger ion. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the parameters of the ion exchange process (including but not limited to bath composition and temperature, immersion time, the number of times the glass article is immersed in a salt bath (or multiple salt baths), the use of multiple salt baths, additional steps such as annealing, washing and the like, additional steps such as water washing) are typically determined by the composition of the glass layer of the decorative glass structure (including the structure of the article and any crystalline phases present) and the desired DOC and CS of the glass layer of the decorative glass structure resulting from strengthening.

[0170] Exemplary molten bath compositions may include nitrates, sulfates, and chlorides of larger alkali metal ions. Typical nitrates include KNO 3 、NaNO 3 、LiNO 3 、NaSO 4 And combinations thereof. Depending on the glass thickness, bath temperature, and glass (or monovalent ion) diffusivity, the temperature of the molten salt bath is generally in the range of about 380°C to about 450°C, and the immersion time is in the range of about 15 minutes to about 100 hours. However, temperatures and immersion times different from those described above may also be used.

[0171] In one or more embodiments, the glass article used to form the layer of decorative glass can be immersed in 100% NaNO 3 , 100% KNO 3 or NaNO 3 and KNO 3 The temperature of the molten salt bath is about 370° C. to about 480° C. In some embodiments, the glass layer of the decorative glass can be immersed in a molten salt bath including about 5% to about 90% KNO 3and about 10% to about 95% NaNO 3 In one or more embodiments, the glass article may be immersed in a second bath after being immersed in the first bath. The first bath and the second bath may have different compositions and / or temperatures from each other. The immersion times in the first bath and the second bath may be different. For example, the immersion time in the first bath may be longer than the immersion time in the second bath.

[0172] In one or more embodiments, the glass article used to form the layer of the decorative glass structure can be immersed in a mixture including NaNO 3 and KNO 3 (e.g., 49% / 51%, 50% / 50%, 51% / 49%) and a molten mixed salt bath at a temperature less than about 420°C (such as about 400°C or about 380°C), with an immersion time of less than about 5 hours or even about 4 hours or less.

[0173] The ion exchange conditions can be tailored to provide a "spike" or increase the slope of the stress curve at or near the surface of the resulting glass layer of the decorative glass structure. The spike can result in a greater surface CS value. Due to the unique properties of the glass compositions used in the glass layers of the decorative glass structures described herein, such a spike can be achieved from a single bath or multiple baths, where the baths have a single composition or a mixed composition.

[0174] In one or more embodiments, where more than one univalent ion is exchanged into a glass article used to form a layer of a decorative glass structure, different univalent ions may be exchanged to different depths within the glass layer (and produce different amounts of stress at different depths within the glass layer). The resulting relative depths of the stress-producing ions may be determined and result in different characteristics of the stress curve.

[0175] CS is measured using means known in the art, such as by using a surface stress meter (FSM) of commercially available instrumentation, such as the FSM-6000 manufactured by Orihara Industries, Ltd. (Japan). Surface stress measurements rely on accurate measurement of the stress optical coefficient (SOC), which is related to the birefringence of the glass. The SOC is in turn measured by methods known in the art, such as the fiber method and the four-point bending method (both of which are described in ASTM standard C770-98 (2013), entitled "Standard Test Method for Measurement of Glass Stress-Optical Coefficient", the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference), and the bulk cylinder method. As used herein, CS may be the "maximum compressive stress", which is the highest compressive stress value measured within the compressive stress layer. In some embodiments, the maximum compressive stress is located at the surface of the glass article. In other embodiments, the maximum compressive stress may occur at a depth below the surface, giving the compression curve the appearance of a "buried peak".

[0176] Depending on the strengthening method and conditions, DOC can be measured by FSM or scattered light polariscope (SCALP) (such as SCALP-04 scattered light polariscope available from GlasStress Ltd. located in Tallinn, Estonia). When the glass article is chemically strengthened by ion exchange treatment, FSM or SCALP can be used, depending on which ions are exchanged into the glass article. In the case where the stress in the glass article is generated by exchanging potassium ions into the glass article, FSM is used to measure DOC. In the case where the stress is generated by exchanging sodium ions into the glass article, SCALP is used to measure DOC. In the case where the stress in the glass article is generated by exchanging both potassium and sodium ions into the glass, DOC is measured by SCALP because it is believed that the exchange depth of sodium ions indicates the DOC, while the exchange depth of potassium ions indicates the change in the magnitude of compressive stress (but not the change of stress from compression to tension); the exchange depth of potassium ions in such glass articles is measured by FSM. Central tension or CT is the maximum tensile stress and is measured by SCALP.

[0177] In one or more embodiments, the glass article used to form the layer of the decorative glass structure can be strengthened to exhibit a certain DOC, which is described as a fraction of the thickness t of the glass article (as described herein). For example, in one or more embodiments, the DOC can be equal to or greater than about 0.05t, equal to or greater than about 0.1t, equal to or greater than about 0.11t, equal to or greater than about 0.12t, equal to or greater than about 0.13t, equal to or greater than about 0.14t, equal to or greater than about 0.15t, equal to or greater than about 0.16t, equal to or greater than about 0.17t, equal to or greater than about 0.18t, equal to or greater than about 0.19t, equal to or greater than about 0.2t, equal to or greater than about 0.21t. In some embodiments, the DOC may range from about 0.08t to about 0.25t, about 0.09t to about 0.25t, about 0.18t to about 0.25t, about 0.11t to about 0.25t, about 0.12t to about 0.25t, about 0.13t to about 0.25t, about 0.14t to about 0.25t, about 0.15t to about 0.25t, about 0.08t to about 0.24t, about 0.08t to about 0.23t, about 0.08t to about 0.22t, about 0.08t to about 0.21t, about 0.08t to about 0.2t, about 0.08t to about 0.19t, about 0.08t to about 0.18t, about 0.08t to about 0.17t, about 0.08t to about 0.16t, or about 0.08t to about 0.15t. In some cases, the DOC can be about 20 microns or less. In one or more embodiments, the DOC can be about 40 microns or greater (e.g., about 40 microns to about 300 microns, about 50 microns to about 300 microns, about 60 microns to about 300 microns, about 70 microns to about 300 microns, about 80 microns to about 300 microns, about 90 microns to about 300 microns, about 100 microns to about 300 microns, about 110 microns to about 300 microns, about 120 microns to about 300 microns, about 140 microns to about 300 microns, about 150 microns to about 300 microns, about 40 microns to about 290 microns, about 40 microns to about 280 microns, or about 50 microns to about 300 microns). micrometers, about 40 micrometers to about 260 micrometers, about 40 micrometers to about 250 micrometers, about 40 micrometers to about 240 micrometers, about 40 micrometers to about 230 micrometers, about 40 micrometers to about 220 micrometers, about 40 micrometers to about 210 micrometers, about 40 micrometers to about 200 micrometers, about 40 micrometers to about 180 micrometers, about 40 micrometers to about 160 micrometers, about 40 micrometers to about 150 micrometers, about 40 micrometers to about 140 micrometers, about 40 micrometers to about 130 micrometers, about 40 micrometers to about 120 micrometers, about 40 micrometers to about 110 micrometers, or about 40 micrometers to about 100 micrometers).

[0178] In one or more embodiments, the glass article used to form a layer of the decorative glass structure can have a CS of about 200 megaPascals (MPa) or greater, 300 megaPascals or greater, 400 megaPascals or greater, about 500 megaPascals or greater, about 600 megaPascals or greater, about 700 megaPascals or greater, about 800 megaPascals or greater, about 900 megaPascals or greater, about 930 megaPascals or greater, about 1000 megaPascals or greater, or about 1050 megaPascals or greater (the CS can be found at the surface or at a depth within the glass article).

[0179] In one or more embodiments, the maximum tensile stress or central tension (CT) of the glass article used to form the layer of the decorative glass structure can be about 20 megaPascals or more, about 30 megaPascals or more, about 40 megaPascals or more, about 45 megaPascals or more, about 50 megaPascals or more, about 60 megaPascals or more, about 70 megaPascals or more, about 75 megaPascals or more, about 80 megaPascals or more, or about 85 megaPascals or more. In some embodiments, the maximum tensile stress or central tension (CT) can range from about 40 megaPascals to about 100 megaPascals.

[0180] Unless otherwise expressly stated, it is not intended that any method described herein be construed as requiring that its steps be performed in a specific order. Therefore, if a method claim does not actually recite the order in which its steps are to be followed, or if the steps are not otherwise specifically stated in the claim or description to be limited to a specific order, it is not intended to infer any specific order. In addition, the article "a" used herein is intended to include one or more than one component or element and is not intended to be construed as referring to only one.

[0181] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications and changes may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosed embodiments. Since those skilled in the art may conceive of modifications, combinations, sub-combinations and changes to the disclosed embodiments that incorporate the spirit and substance of the disclosed embodiments, the disclosed embodiments should be interpreted as including everything within the scope of the attached claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A non-electric panel product, comprising: a substrate comprising a first major surface and a second major surface opposite the first major surface; as well as A non-electric panel assembly, the non-electric panel assembly being disposed on the second major surface, the non-electric panel assembly comprising: a first ink layer disposed adjacent to the second major surface; an intermediate layer positioned such that the first ink layer is disposed between the intermediate layer and the second major surface; and a second ink layer, the second ink layer being positioned such that the intermediate layer is disposed between the second ink layer and the first ink layer, wherein: The interlayer exhibits an average reflectivity greater than or equal to 1.0% over a wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm for light initially incident on a surface of the interlayer closest to the substrate, and The first ink layer includes a first plurality of regions, The second ink layer includes a second plurality of regions, Each of the second plurality of regions is configured to inhibit an appearance of overlapping regions of the first plurality of regions from deviating from a target optical appearance in transmission.

2. The electroless panel article of claim 1, wherein each of the second plurality of regions comprises X, Y, and Z tristimulus values ​​according to a CIE 1931 color space, the X, Y, and Z tristimulus values ​​being calculated as a ratio of a target value to the X, Y, and Z tristimulus values ​​of the overlapping regions of the first plurality of regions, wherein the target values ​​are each greater than or equal to 0.30 and less than or equal to 0.

50.

3. The non-electrical panel article of claim 1, wherein when light from a D65 light source is transmitted through the non-electrical panel article, the light exhibits a maximum L* value greater than or equal to 50 and less than or equal to 80.

4. The non-electrical panel product of claim 3, wherein when the light from the D65 light source is transmitted through the non-electrical panel product, the light exhibits a maximum a* value greater than or equal to -5 and less than or equal to 5, and the light exhibits a maximum b* value greater than or equal to -5 and less than or equal to 5.

5. The non-electrical panel product of any one of claims 3-4, wherein when the light from the D65 light source is transmitted through the non-electrical panel product, the light exhibits a maximum ΔE value less than or equal to 5.0, the maximum ΔE value being calculated using the CIE76 formula and between two different locations on the non-electrical panel product.

6. The non-electrical panel article of claim 5, wherein the maximum ΔE value is less than or equal to 2.

0.

7. The non-electrical panel product of any one of claims 1-6, wherein each pair of overlapping regions includes one of the first plurality of regions, and when light from a light source is transmitted through the non-electrical panel assembly, one of the second plurality of regions exhibits a Y tristimulus value greater than or equal to 0.3 and less than or equal to 0.

5.

8. The non-electrical panel article according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the refractive index of the intermediate layer is greater than or equal to 1.8 or less than or equal to 1.

2.

9. The non-electrical panel article of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the intermediate layer comprises at least one of a transparent ink, a white ink, or a gray ink.

10. The non-electrical panel article of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the intermediate layer comprises a metal layer.

11. The non-electrical panel product according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein: The intermediate layer includes an air gap between the first ink layer and the second ink layer, and The second ink layer is disposed on a surface of a second substrate that is in fixed relation to the substrate.

12. The non-electrical panel product of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein: The intermediate layer includes a refractive index greater than or equal to 1.8 and contains at least one of Nb2O5, Nb2O5, Ta2O5, ZrO2, HfO2, Si3N4, SiON, Y2O3, TiO2, and a transparent conductive oxide, The first ink layer is disposed near the first surface of the intermediate layer close to the substrate, and The second ink layer is directly disposed on the second surface of the intermediate layer.

13. The non-electrical panel product of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein: The intermediate layer comprises a multilayer stack comprising alternating layers of one or more higher refractive index materials and one or more lower refractive index materials, said multilayer stack comprises 2 to 20 said alternating layers, The one or more lower refractive index materials have a refractive index of less than 1.6 at 550 nm, and The one or more higher refractive index materials have a refractive index greater than 1.6 at 550 nm.

14. The non-electric panel product of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the intermediate layer comprises an electrochromic layer, the electrochromic layer being configured to change between a first light-transmitting state and a second light-transmitting state, wherein an average transmittance of the intermediate layer within the wavelength range is smaller in the first light-transmitting state.

15. The non-electrical panel product of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein: The intermediate layer includes a second substrate and a reflective layer, wherein the reflective layer is disposed on a surface of the second substrate close to one of the first ink layer and the second ink layer. The first ink layer is disposed on a first side of the second substrate close to the substrate, and The second ink layer is disposed on the second side of the second substrate.

16. A display assembly, comprising: a substrate comprising a first major surface and a second major surface opposite the first major surface; as well as A non-electric panel assembly, the non-electric panel assembly being disposed on the second major surface, the non-electric panel assembly comprising: a first ink layer disposed adjacent to the second major surface; an intermediate layer positioned such that the first ink layer is disposed between the intermediate layer and the second major surface; and a second ink layer, the second ink layer being positioned such that the intermediate layer is disposed between the second ink layer and the first ink layer, and a light source coupled to the substrate such that the non-electrical panel assembly is disposed between the light source and the substrate, wherein: The light source is configured to emit light having an illumination spectrum within a wavelength range of 400 nm to 700 nm, the light initially incident on the second ink layer and then transmitted through the intermediate layer, the first ink layer and the substrate, The intermediate layer exhibits an average reflectivity greater than or equal to 1.0% over the wavelength range for light initially incident on a surface of the intermediate layer closest to the substrate, The first ink layer includes a first plurality of regions, The second ink layer includes a second plurality of regions, Each of the second plurality of regions is configured to suppress the appearance of overlapping areas of the first plurality of regions from deviating from a target optical appearance, such that when the light source emits light at the white point of the light source, the electroless panel product exhibits an L* value greater than or equal to 50 and less than or equal to 80 in transmission, the electroless panel product exhibits an a* value greater than or equal to -5.0 and less than or equal to 5.0, and the electroless panel product exhibits a b* value greater than or equal to -5.0 and less than or equal to 5.

0.

17. The display assembly of claim 16, wherein the light source comprises a display laminated to the substrate, wherein the display comprises one of a liquid crystal display, an organic light emitting diode, a μLED display, a quantum dot display, and a laser-based display.

18. A display assembly as described in any of claims 16-17, wherein when the light source emits light at the white point of the light source, the non-electrical panel product exhibits a first maximum ΔE value less than or equal to 5.0, and the first maximum ΔE value is calculated using the CIE76 formula and between two different locations on the non-electrical panel product.

19. The display assembly of claim 18, wherein the first maximum ΔE value is less than or equal to 2.

0.

20. The display assembly of claim 16, wherein when the light source emits light having a target L* value, a target a* value, and a target b* value and is transmitted through the non-electrical panel article, the non-electrical panel article exhibits a second maximum ΔE value less than or equal to 5.0, the second maximum ΔE value being calculated using a CIE76 formula and between the target L* value, the target a* value, and the target b* value and the L* value, a* value, and b* value measured from the light transmitted through the non-electrical panel article.

21. The display assembly of claim 20, wherein the second maximum ΔE value is less than or equal to 2.

0.

22. The display assembly of any one of claims 16 to 21, wherein the intermediate layer has a refractive index greater than or equal to 1.8 or less than or equal to 1.

2.

23. The display assembly of any of claims 16-22, wherein the intermediate layer comprises at least one of a transparent ink, a white ink, or a gray ink.

24. The display assembly of any of claims 16-22, wherein the intermediate layer comprises a metal layer.

25. A display assembly as claimed in any one of claims 16 to 22, wherein: The intermediate layer includes an air gap between the first ink layer and the second ink layer, and The second ink layer is disposed on a surface of a second substrate that is in fixed relation to the substrate.

26. A display assembly as claimed in any one of claims 16 to 22, wherein: The intermediate layer includes a refractive index greater than or equal to 1.8 and contains at least one of Nb2O5, Nb2O5, Ta2O5, ZrO2, HfO2, Si3N4, SiON, Y2O3, TiO2, and a transparent conductive oxide, The first ink layer is disposed near the first surface of the intermediate layer close to the substrate, and The second ink layer is directly disposed on the second surface of the intermediate layer.

27. A display assembly as claimed in any one of claims 16 to 22, wherein: The intermediate layer comprises a multilayer stack comprising alternating layers of one or more higher refractive index materials and one or more lower refractive index materials, said multilayer stack comprises 2 to 20 said alternating layers, The one or more lower refractive index materials have a refractive index of less than 1.6 at 550 nm, and The one or more higher refractive index materials have a refractive index greater than 1.6 at 550 nm.

28. A display assembly as described in any of claims 16-22, wherein the intermediate layer includes an electrochromic layer, the electrochromic layer is configured to change between a first light-transmitting state and a second light-transmitting state, wherein an average transmittance of the intermediate layer within the wavelength range is smaller in the first light-transmitting state.

29. A display assembly as claimed in any one of claims 16 to 21, wherein: The intermediate layer includes a second substrate and a reflective layer, wherein the reflective layer is disposed on a surface of the second substrate close to one of the first ink layer and the second ink layer. The first ink layer is disposed on a first side of the second substrate close to the substrate, and The second ink layer is disposed on the second side of the second substrate.

30. A method of manufacturing a display assembly, the method comprising: determining a first pattern having a first plurality of regions for the first ink layer; determining a second pattern having a second plurality of regions for the second ink layer, such that the second plurality of regions are configured to inhibit an appearance of the first plurality of regions from deviating from a target appearance when in transmission; as well as The second ink layer and the first ink layer are arranged on a substrate so that an intermediate layer is arranged between the first ink layer and the second ink layer, and for light initially incident on a surface of the intermediate layer closest to the substrate, the intermediate layer exhibits an average reflectivity greater than or equal to 1.0% in a wavelength range of 400nm to 700nm.

31. The method of claim 30, wherein determining the second pattern comprises: determining an XYZ color coordinate value that each of the first plurality of regions exhibits when a light source is emitting light through the first ink layer at a white point of the light source; as well as A ratio of a target XYZ color coordinate value to the XYZ coordinate value is calculated to determine an XYZ coordinate value for each of the second plurality of regions, wherein the XYZ coordinate value is greater than or equal to 0.3 and less than or equal to 0.

5.

32. The method of claim 30, further comprising: The substrate, the first ink layer, the intermediate layer, and the second ink layer are attached to a light source such that the light source is configured to emit light having an illumination spectrum that is transmitted through the second ink layer, the intermediate layer, the first ink layer, and the substrate.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein: The intermediate layer comprises an ink layer printed directly on the first ink layer, The second ink layer is printed directly on the intermediate layer, and Attaching the substrate, the first ink layer, the intermediate layer, and the second ink layer to the light source includes laminating the light source to the substrate.

34. The method of claim 32, wherein: The intermediate layer includes an air gap disposed between the first ink layer and the second ink layer, The second ink layer is printed on a second substrate that is spaced apart from the substrate, and Attaching the substrate, the first ink layer, the intermediate layer, and the second ink layer to the light source comprises: laminating the second substrate to the light source, and The light source and the second substrate are attached to the substrate such that the second ink layer is in a spaced relationship with the substrate to create the air gap.

35. The method of claim 32, wherein: The intermediate layer includes a second substrate, The second ink layer is disposed on the surface of the second substrate, and Attaching the substrate, the first ink layer, the intermediate layer, and the second ink layer to the light source includes laminating the second substrate to the light source and laminating the light source to the substrate such that the second substrate is disposed between the substrate and the light source. 36 . The method of claim 35 , wherein a refractive index of the second substrate is greater than or equal to 1.8 or less than or equal to 1.2, and the first ink layer and the second ink layer are directly disposed on a surface of the second substrate.

37. The method of claim 35, wherein a refractive index of the second substrate is greater than 1.2 and less than 1.8, and the intermediate layer further comprises a reflective layer disposed on a surface of the second substrate.

38. The method of any one of claims 32 to 37, wherein said determining said second pattern comprises: determining a plurality of sets of first RGB values ​​for the first plurality of regions based on the light emitted by the light source, calculating a plurality of sets of second RGB values ​​for the second plurality of regions based on a set of target RGB values ​​and the first RGB values, and The set of second RGB values ​​for each of the plurality of second regions is converted to an ink combination for each of the second plurality of regions using a subtractive color model.

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