Nested damper buckling restrained brace

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of building components, in particular to a nested damper buckling restrained brace which comprises an outer supporting assembly, an inner supporting assembly and a switching connecting assembly. The outer supporting assembly and the inner supporting assembly form a sliding connection structure through friction contact of the first friction cylinder and the second friction cylinder. Through a graded triggering mechanism of friction energy consumption and rigid force transmission, dynamic sealing protection, state visual detection and modular design, integrated anti-seismic performance improvement of energy consumption recoverable in small earthquakes, precise rigid protection in large earthquakes and rapid maintenance after earthquakes is achieved; the core technical problems that a traditional buckling support is prone to fatigue in small earthquakes and prone to failure in large earthquakes are effectively solved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of building components, in particular to a nested damper buckling restraint support. Background Art

[0002] Buckling brace is a type of steel brace, which is mainly used to improve the lateral stiffness and energy dissipation capacity of the structure, especially to effectively absorb and consume seismic energy under earthquake action and protect the main structure from damage. Existing buckling braces are usually composed of the following extrusion structures: 1. Core energy dissipation section: made of low yield point steel, responsible for dissipating seismic energy through plastic deformation; 2. Constraint sleeve: wrapped around the outer periphery of the core material, usually composed of a steel sleeve or a concrete-filled sleeve to prevent the core material from buckling under compression; 3. Non-bonding layer: non-bonding materials (such as rubber, mortar) are filled between the core material and the constraint sleeve. The core material can expand and contract freely during the stress deformation process to avoid local stress concentration caused by friction with the constraint sleeve or improper constraint.

[0003] In the existing technology, the traditional core-type buckling brace relies on the plastic deformation of the core material to absorb energy. Although it can cope with large earthquake conditions, it is prone to fatigue damage due to repeated plastic deformation under high-frequency small earthquakes, and its service life is significantly limited; while the friction-type buckling brace replaces the deformation of the core material through interface friction energy dissipation. Although it can improve the cyclic performance under small earthquake conditions, it is easy to cause a sudden drop in energy dissipation capacity due to excessive slip or overheating of the friction interface during a large earthquake, and there is a risk of premature failure. Both types of structures cannot take into account both small earthquake durability and large earthquake reliability, which restricts the overall improvement of seismic performance. Summary of the invention

[0004] In order to overcome the above-mentioned technical problems, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a nested damper buckling restrained support to solve the problem that the existing core type and friction type buckling supports proposed in the above-mentioned background technology rely on plastic deformation energy dissipation (prone to fatigue in small earthquakes) and interface friction energy dissipation (prone to failure in large earthquakes), respectively, and both cannot balance the durability of small earthquakes and the reliability of large earthquakes, resulting in limited seismic performance.

[0005] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: A nested damper buckling restraint support, which includes: an outer support component, an inner support component and a switching connection component; the outer support component and the inner support component form a sliding connection structure through the friction contact between the friction cylinder 1 and the friction cylinder 2, which is used to absorb small earthquake energy; the switching connection component includes a shear pin, a connecting component and an adjustable outer clamping plate, the shear pin penetrates the short sleeve and the short embedded tube to form a breakable connection, and the adjustable outer clamping plate is triggered to move by the shear pin breaking during a large earthquake, so that the main core rod and the end core rod form a rigid connection to absorb the large earthquake energy; a sealing ring and an inner cavity sealing structure are provided between the outer support component and the inner support component.

[0006] Preferably, the outer support assembly comprises a connecting seat 1, a main core rod is welded to a side surface of the connecting seat 1, the main core rod passes through a through groove of a sealing plate 1, and an outer sleeve is welded to a side surface of the sealing plate 1.

[0007] Preferably, the inner wall of the outer sleeve is provided with a groove, and a sealing ring is installed in the groove, and the inner wall of the sealing ring is connected to a friction cylinder.

[0008] Preferably, the inner support assembly comprises a second connecting seat, an end core rod is welded to the side surface of the second connecting seat, a second sealing plate is welded to the outer wall of the end core rod, and a short sleeve is welded to the side surface of the second sealing plate.

[0009] Preferably, the short sleeve is sleeved with a short embedded tube, the short embedded tube is connected to the embedded tube, the outer wall of the embedded tube is fixed with a second friction cylinder, and inner sealing plates 1 and 2 are provided at both ends of the embedded tube.

[0010] Preferably, the inner cavity is formed by inner sealing plate 1 and inner sealing plate 2 blocking each other in the embedded tube, and mortar is poured into the inner cavity.

[0011] Preferably, the switching connection assembly includes a sight rod, one end of which is connected to the triangular long frame, and the other end passes through the hole grooves of the short embedded tube and the short sleeve, and is used to detect the working status of the end core rod and the main core rod. The side of the adjustable outer clamp plate of the switching connection assembly is provided with inner clamp plate 1 and inner clamp plate 2, the inner clamp plate 1 is connected to the end core rod, and the inner clamp plate 2 is connected to the main core rod. The adjustable outer clamp plate forms a rigid connection by engaging inner clamp plate 1 and inner clamp plate 2.

[0012] Preferably, the switching connection assembly is provided in four groups and is distributed in an annular manner on the end core rod, the connecting assembly includes a triangular plate member, a long plug rod and a plug plate member, the long plug rod is inserted into the hole groove of the shear pin, the plug plate member is inserted into the slot of the triangular long frame, the triangular long frame of the switching connection assembly is connected to the short embedded tube through a spring member, and the spring member releases the stored force after the shear pin breaks, pushing the triangular long frame to move toward the axis of the end core rod.

[0013] Preferably, a sealing strip is coated on the contact positions between the inner sealing plate 1 and the inner sealing plate 2 and the main core rod.

[0014] Preferably, the connecting seat 1 and the connecting seat 2 are fixed at diagonal positions of the building frame.

[0015] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: 1. The friction contact between the outer support assembly and the inner support assembly realizes the energy dissipation of small earthquakes. At the same time, the switching connection assembly is used to automatically trigger the switching of the rigid force transmission path in the event of a large earthquake, forming a graded response mode of "friction energy dissipation in small earthquakes and rigid force transmission in large earthquakes". This design can not only effectively suppress the deformation of the building frame caused by small earthquakes, but also absorb energy through the rigid structure when a large earthquake exceeds the limit, significantly improving the seismic safety of the building structure, and solving the contradiction between the traditional core material support (easy to fatigue in small earthquakes) and the friction support (easy to fail in large earthquakes) that cannot take into account both durability and reliability; 2. The displacement change of the sight bar can visually display the working status of the switching connection assembly. After the earthquake, maintenance personnel can quickly determine whether the device has triggered the major earthquake protection mode without disassembling it, reducing the detection cost. At the same time, after the shear pin breaks, only the local parts of the switching connection assembly (such as the shear pin and spring parts) need to be replaced, without the need to replace the entire assembly, which has high maintenance efficiency. 3. The switching connection component accurately responds to large earthquake loads through the preset shear strength threshold of the shear pin to avoid false triggering; four groups of ring-shaped switching components ensure uniform load transmission during rigid connection to avoid stress concentration. Mortar is poured into the inner cavity to reduce the friction and viscosity of the main core rod, enhance the overall structural stiffness, and improve the reliability of large earthquake force transmission. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] Figure 1 The overall structure of the present invention is shown in FIG. Figure 1 ; Figure 2 The overall structure of the present invention is shown in FIG. Figure 2 ; Figure 3 It is a schematic cross-sectional structural diagram of the outer support assembly part of the present invention; Figure 4 It is a schematic cross-sectional structural diagram of the inner support component part of the present invention; Figure 5 It is a cross-sectional structural schematic diagram of the outer support assembly and the inner support assembly of the present invention; Figure 6 It is a schematic diagram of the structure inside the outer support assembly and the inner support assembly of the present invention; Figure 7 For the present invention Figure 4 The structural diagram at A in the middle; Figure 8 For the present invention Figure 4 The structural diagram at B in the middle; Fig. 9 It is a structural schematic diagram of the end core rod and the switching connection component part of the present invention; Fig.10 The structure of the internal part of the switching connection component of the present invention is shown in FIG. Figure 1 ; Fig.11 It is a schematic diagram of the structure of the switching connection component part of the present invention; Fig.12 The structure of the internal part of the switching connection component of the present invention is shown in FIG. Figure 2 ; Fig.13 It is a structural schematic diagram of the adjusting outer clamping plate part of the present invention; Fig.14 It is a schematic structural diagram of a partial cross-section of a switching connection assembly of the present invention; Fig.15 It is a schematic diagram of the overall explosion structure of the present invention.

[0017] In the figure: 01, outer support assembly; 11, connecting seat one; 12, main core rod; 13, sealing plate one; 14, outer sleeve; 15, sealing ring; 16, friction cylinder one; 02, inner support assembly; 21, connecting seat two; 22, end core rod; 23, sealing plate two; 24, short sleeve; 25, embedded tube; 251, short embedded tube; 26, friction cylinder two; 27, inner sealing plate one; 28, inner sealing plate two; 29, inner cavity; 03, switching connection assembly; 31, shear pin; 32, connecting assembly; 321, triangular plate; 322, long plug rod; 323, plug plate; 33, triangular long frame; 34, adjusting outer splint; 35, inner splint one; 36, inner splint two; 37, spring member; 38, visual position rod. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] The following will be combined with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0019] An embodiment provided by the present invention: refer to Figure 1-Figure 2 A nested damper buckling restraint support includes an outer support component 01, an inner support component 02 and a switching connection component 03. The structure composed of the outer support component 01, the inner support component 02 and the switching connection component 03 is installed at the diagonal position of the building frame; the outer support component 01 and the inner support component 02 are in friction contact with each other to absorb the energy generated by small earthquakes. The inner support component 02 includes a short embedded tube 251 and a short sleeve 24. The switching connection component 03 is installed on the inner support component 02. The switching connection component 03 is used to disconnect the connection between the short embedded tube 251 and the short sleeve 24 during a large earthquake, and absorb the energy generated by the large earthquake by connecting the main core rod 12 and the end core rod 22.

[0020] The nested damper buckling restraint support adopts a layered nested design, which realizes small earthquake energy dissipation through the friction contact between the outer support component 01 and the inner support component 02. At the same time, the switching connection component 03 is used to trigger the switching of the rigid force transmission path during a large earthquake, forming a dual protection mechanism of "friction energy dissipation in small earthquakes and rigid force transmission in large earthquakes". The outer support component 01 and the inner support component 02 are connected by a nested sliding connection to ensure the stability of friction contact during small earthquakes; the switching connection component 03 accurately responds to large earthquake loads by setting the fracture threshold of the shear pin 31.

[0021] refer to Figure 3 The outer support component 01 includes a connecting seat 11, a main core rod 12 is welded to the side of the connecting seat 11, the main core rod 12 is in contact with a sealing plate 13 through a through groove, an outer sleeve 14 is welded to the side of the sealing plate 13, the outer sleeve 14 is in contact with a sealing ring 15 through a groove, and the inner wall of the sealing ring 15 is connected to a friction cylinder 16.

[0022] The outer support assembly 01 is a core force transmission component, and its structural design takes into account both strength and sealing: main core rod 12: as an axial force transmission rod, it is welded to the connecting seat 11 to directly transmit the load of the building frame; outer sleeve 14: fixed to the main core rod 12 through a sealing plate 13 to form an outer support skeleton; friction cylinder 16: fixed inside the outer sleeve 14, forming a sliding friction pair with the friction cylinder 26 of the inner support assembly 02; sealing ring 15: installed in the groove of the outer sleeve 14, and cooperates with the embedded tube 25 to form a dynamic seal to prevent external impurities from invading the friction contact surface.

[0023] refer to Figure 4 The inner support assembly 02 includes a connecting seat 21, a terminal core rod 22 is welded to the side of the connecting seat 21, a sealing plate 23 is welded to the outside of the terminal core rod 22, a short sleeve 24 is welded to the side of the sealing plate 23, a short embedded tube 251 is sleeved inside the short sleeve 24, an embedded tube 25 is connected to the side of the short embedded tube 251, a friction cylinder 26 is sleeved on the embedded tube 25, an inner sealing plate 28 is connected to the inner wall of one end of the embedded tube 25, and the inner sealing plate 1 27 and the inner sealing plate 28 contact the main core rod 12 through a groove.

[0024] The inner support component 02 is nested inside the outer support component 01, and realizes dual functions through sliding friction and sealing structure: end core rod 22: welded to the connecting seat 21, and together with the main core rod 12, form an axial force transmission path; short sleeve 24 and short embedded tube 251: the short sleeve 24 is fixed to the sealing plate 23, and the short embedded tube 251 is sleeved in the short sleeve 24, and the two form a breakable connection through the shear pin 31; embedded tube 25 and friction tube 2 26: the embedded tube 25 slides in the outer sleeve 14 as the building frame deforms, and the friction tube 2 26 and the friction tube 1 16 frictionally contact and consume energy; inner sealing plate 1 27, inner sealing plate 2 28: a closed cavity inner cavity 29 is formed at both ends of the embedded tube 25 to prevent mortar leakage and reduce the viscous resistance of the main core rod 12.

[0025] refer to Figure 5-Figure 8 The outer support component 01 and the inner support component 02 form a support structure, wherein the friction cylinder 16 and the friction cylinder 26 are in friction contact, and the small vibration force is absorbed by the friction contact between the friction cylinder 16 and the friction cylinder 26. The sealing ring 15 is squeezed between the grooves of the embedded tube 25 and the outer sleeve 14, which is used to ensure the sealing of the structure between the outer support component 01 and the inner support component 02 to prevent external dust, rainwater or impurities from entering. When a small earthquake occurs, the structure composed of the outer support component 01 and the inner support component 02 will be pulled, and then the embedded tube 25 and the friction cylinder 26 will move to the left or right inside the outer sleeve 14, and the force generated by the vibration on the building structure is absorbed by the friction contact between the friction cylinder 16 and the friction cylinder 26.

[0026] The switching connection component 03 is a rigid force transmission trigger device during a large earthquake, and its action logic is as follows: Shear pin 31: penetrates the short sleeve 24 and the short embedded tube 251, sets a specific shear strength threshold, and only breaks when the large earthquake exceeds the limit; Connection component 32: consists of a triangular plate 321, a long plug rod 322 and a plug plate 323, connecting the shear pin 31 and the triangular long frame 33 to transmit a fracture signal; Adjusting the outer splint 34: connecting the end core rod 22 and the inner splint 2 36 to the main core rod 12 by engaging the inner splint 1 35, forming a rigid force transmission path; Spring member 37 and sight rod 38: after the shear pin 31 breaks, the spring member 37 releases the stored force to push the triangular long frame 33 to move, driving the adjustment of the outer splint 34 to complete the rigid connection; The displacement change of the sight rod 38 intuitively displays the working status of the structure.

[0027] refer to Figure 9-13 The switching connection component 03 is a display of the structure. The switching connection component 03 includes a shear pin 31. The side of the shear pin 31 is provided with a connection component 32. The connection component 32 includes a triangular plate 321, a long plug rod 322 and a plug plate 323. The bottom of the connection component 32 is provided with a triangular long frame 33 and an adjusting outer clamping plate 34. The shear pin 31 is inserted into the short sleeve 24 and the short embedded tube 251 through the hole groove (refer to Fig.14As shown in FIG. 1 ), the triangular plate member 321 connects the long plug rod 322 and the plug plate member 323, the long plug rod 322 is inserted into the shear pin 31 through the slot, the plug plate member 323 is inserted into the triangular long frame 33 through the slot, and the triangular long frame 33 is connected to the adjusting outer clamping plate 34 (reference Fig.11 As shown in the figure, a spring member 37 and a sight rod 38 are connected to the top of the triangular long frame 33, the spring member 37 is connected between the triangular long frame 33 and the short embedded tube 251, and the end of the sight rod 38 away from the triangular long frame 33 passes through the short embedded tube 251 and the short sleeve 24 through the hole groove, and the side of the adjusting outer clamp plate 34 is provided with an inner clamp plate 1 35 and an inner clamp plate 2 36, the inner clamp plate 1 35 is connected to the end core rod 22, the inner clamp plate 2 36 is connected to the main core rod 12, and there is a gap between the end core rod 22 and the main core rod 12.

[0028] Four groups of switching connection components 03 are provided, and the four groups of switching connection components 03 are distributed in a ring shape on the end core rod 22. The inner sealing plate 1 27 and the inner sealing plate 28 are blocked in the embedded tube 25 to form an inner cavity 29. Mortar is injected into the inner cavity 29 to prevent the main core rod 12 from sticking when it is used, and a sealing strip is coated at the position where the inner sealing plate 1 27 and the inner sealing plate 28 contact the main core rod 12 through the groove to prevent leakage of the mortar.

[0029] The welding mentioned in this application is a connection method between structural parts, which is not limited to connection by welding, but can also be other connection methods such as bolt connection. The shear pin 31 used in this application is a prior art, and the specific appearance and principle are not described in detail in the text.

[0030] Instructions attached Fig.15 This is a schematic diagram of the exploded structure of the overall buckling restrained support, showing the structures of the various components in the overall device, wherein the switching connection component 03 structure is located inside the inner support component 02 structure.

[0031] Working principle: The second connection seat 21 and the first connection seat 11 are cast in the diagonal position of the building frame in advance, or the second connection seat 21 and the first connection seat 11 are connected to the building frame in advance with bolts, which is mainly to allow the second connection seat 21 and the first connection seat 11 to form a stable connection with the building frame; Subsequently, the structures except the connecting seat 11 and the connecting seat 2 21 in the inner support component 02 and the outer support component 01 are assembled. After assembly, the end core rod 22 is welded to the connecting seat 21, and the end of the main core rod 12 away from the end core rod 22 is welded to the connecting seat 1 11. At this time, the installation of the integral buckling bracket in the building frame is completed.

[0032] When a small earthquake occurs, the vibration force of the building frame is transmitted to the outer support assembly 01 and the inner support assembly 02, which absorb energy through the sliding friction contact between the friction cylinder 1 16 and the friction cylinder 2 26 to suppress the deformation of the building frame; this friction energy dissipation mechanism can act repeatedly to ensure that the performance remains stable after multiple small earthquakes; When a major earthquake causes the building frame to deform beyond the limit: Limit trigger: The embedded tube 25 moves to contact the inner wall of the outer sleeve 14 or the friction cylinder 16 (see Figure 8 ), limiting the further relative displacement of the outer support assembly 01 and the inner support assembly 02; Failure of the shear pin 31: Continuous deformation forces the shear pin 31 between the short embedded tube 251 and the short sleeve 24 to shear and break (see Fig.14 ), the connection between the two is released, and the sliding friction structure fails; Rigid connection switching: After the shear pin 31 breaks, the spring member 37 releases the stored force, pushing the triangular long frame 33 to move toward the axis of the end core rod 22; the triangular long frame 33 drives the outer clamping plate 34 to move synchronously, so that it engages between the inner clamping plate 1 35 connecting the end core rod 22 and the inner clamping plate 2 36 connecting the main core rod 12, forming a rigid force transmission path between the end core rod 22 and the main core rod 12 (see Fig. 9 The large earthquake energy is absorbed by the rigid structure composed of the end core rod 22, the adjustable outer plywood 34, the inner plywood 1 35, the inner plywood 2 36 and the main core rod 12, which greatly reduces the deformation of the building frame.

[0033] By observing the position of the sight rod 38 extending out of the end face of the short sleeve 24: if the end face of the sight rod 38 is flush with the surface of the short sleeve 24, it indicates that the switching connection assembly 03 is not triggered and the structure is in a small earthquake working mode; if the end face of the sight rod 38 is protruding or retracted, it indicates that the switching connection assembly 03 has been activated and the flexural restraint support needs to be inspected or replaced.

[0034] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to the details of the exemplary embodiments described above and that the invention can be implemented in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential features of the invention. Therefore, the embodiments should be considered exemplary and non-limiting in all respects, and the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description, and it is intended that all variations falling within the meaning and scope of the equivalent elements of the claims be included in the invention. Any reference numeral in a claim should not be considered as limiting the claim to which it relates.

Claims

1. A nested damper buckling restrained brace, characterized in that: include: An outer support component (01), an inner support component (02) and a switching connection component (03); The outer support assembly (01) and the inner support assembly (02) form a sliding connection structure through the friction contact between the friction cylinder 1 (16) and the friction cylinder 2 (26), which is used to absorb small earthquake energy; The switching connection assembly (03) comprises a shear pin (31), a connection assembly (32) and an adjustable outer clamping plate (34), wherein the shear pin (31) penetrates the short sleeve (24) and the short embedded tube (251) to form a breakable connection, and the adjustable outer clamping plate (34) is triggered to move by the shear pin (31) breaking during a major earthquake, so that the main core rod (12) and the end core rod (22) form a rigid connection to absorb the energy of the major earthquake; A sealing ring (15) and an inner cavity (29) sealing structure are provided between the outer support component (01) and the inner support component (02).

2. A nested damper buckling restrained brace according to claim 1, characterized in that: The outer support assembly (01) comprises a connecting seat 1 (11), a main core rod (12) is welded to the side of the connecting seat 1 (11), the main core rod (12) passes through a through slot of a sealing plate 1 (13), and an outer sleeve (14) is welded to the side of the sealing plate 1 (13).

3. A nested damper buckling restrained brace according to claim 2, characterized in that: The inner wall of the outer sleeve (14) is provided with a groove, and a sealing ring (15) is installed in the groove. The inner wall of the sealing ring (15) is connected to a friction cylinder (16).

4. The nested damper buckling restrained brace according to claim 1, characterized in that: The inner support assembly (02) comprises a second connection seat (21), a terminal core rod (22) is welded to the side of the second connection seat (21), a second sealing plate (23) is welded to the outer wall of the terminal core rod (22), and a short sleeve (24) is welded to the side of the second sealing plate (23).

5. A nested damper buckling restrained brace according to claim 4, characterized in that: The short sleeve (24) is sleeved with a short embedded tube (251), the short embedded tube (251) is connected to the embedded tube (25), the outer wall of the embedded tube (25) is fixed with a second friction cylinder (26), and both ends of the embedded tube (25) are provided with an inner sealing plate 1 (27) and an inner sealing plate 2 (28).

6. The nested damper buckling restrained brace according to claim 1, characterized in that: The inner cavity (29) is formed by inner sealing plate 1 (27) and inner sealing plate 2 (28) blocking the inner embedded tube (25), and mortar is poured into the inner cavity (29).

7. The nested damper buckling restrained brace according to claim 1, characterized in that: The switching connection component (03) includes a sight rod (38), one end of which is connected to the triangular long frame (33), and the other end of which passes through the hole grooves of the short embedded tube (251) and the short sleeve (24) for detecting the working status of the end core rod (22) and the main core rod (12). The side of the adjustment outer clamping plate (34) of the switching connection component (03) is provided with an inner clamping plate 1 (35) and an inner clamping plate 2 (36). The inner clamping plate 1 (35) is connected to the end core rod (22), and the inner clamping plate 2 (36) is connected to the main core rod (12). The adjustment outer clamping plate (34) forms a rigid connection by engaging the inner clamping plate 1 (35) and the inner clamping plate 2 (36).

8. The nested damper buckling restrained brace according to claim 1, characterized in that: The switching connection assembly (03) is provided in four groups and is distributed in an annular manner on the end core rod (22). The connection assembly (32) comprises a triangular plate member (321), a long insertion rod (322) and an insertion plate member (323). The long insertion rod (322) is inserted into the hole groove of the shear pin (31), and the insertion plate member (323) is inserted into the slot of the triangular long frame (33). The triangular long frame (33) of the switching connection assembly (03) is connected to the short embedded tube (251) via a spring member (37). The spring member (37) releases the stored force after the shear pin (31) breaks, thereby pushing the triangular long frame (33) to move toward the axis of the end core rod (22).

9. The nested damper buckling restrained brace according to claim 5, characterized in that: The contact positions between the inner sealing plate 1 (27) and the inner sealing plate 2 (28) and the main core rod (12) are coated with sealing strips.

10. The nested damper buckling restrained brace according to claim 2, characterized in that: The connecting seat 1 (11) and the connecting seat 2 (21) are fixed at the diagonal position of the building frame.

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