Extraction method of ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide as well as product and application of ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide

Abstract

The invention relates to an extraction method of ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide as well as a product and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of edible mushroom processing. The extraction method comprises the following operation steps: selecting fresh ganoderma lucidum spore powder, and removing impurities; performing ultrasonic-assisted high-temperature and high-humidity superheated steam treatment; performing variable-pressure drying; extracting by a hot water method and the like. The invention further discloses the ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide obtained according to the extraction method and application of the ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide in ganoderma lucidum products for enhancing immunity, resisting oxidation, reducing blood sugar and reducing blood fat. The product extracted by the method has the advantages of high ganoderma spore wall breaking rate and high polysaccharide extraction rate, and has wide market application prospects.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to a method for extracting ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide, a product and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of edible fungus processing. Background Art

[0002] Ganoderma lucidum is a large medicinal fungus (① China Pharmacopoeia Committee. Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China [S]. Part I. Beijing: China Medical Science and Technology Press, 2010). The powdery substance ejected from the cap of Ganoderma lucidum during its maturity is Ganoderma lucidum spore powder, which is biologically called basidiospore. It contains the genetic genes of Ganoderma lucidum and is rich in substances required for the germination of new life. Its main components are polysaccharides, triterpenes, nucleosides, amino acids, etc., among which Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides and Ganoderma lucidum triterpenes are the most important active substances. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides have pharmacological effects such as anti-tumor, immune enhancement, anti-oxidation, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic effects (① Ma Chuangui, et al. Research on the biological activity and potential application of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenes [J]. Edible and Medicinal Fungi, 2022, 30(3): 197-201. ② Ma Chuangui, et al. Research progress on the active ingredients of Ganoderma lucidum and its anti-tumor effects [J]. Edible and Medicinal Fungi, 2022, 30(2): 114-118. ③ Ma Chuangui, et al. The mechanism of Ganoderma lucidum's protective effect on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and its research progress [J]. Medical Diet Therapy and Health, 2021, 19(5): 191-192+205. ④ Zhang Yukun, et al. Progress in pharmacological research on Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides [J]. Fungal Research, 2024, 22(1): 22-38).

[0003] At present, the polysaccharide components of the Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide health foods on the market are mainly derived from Ganoderma lucidum mycelium or Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies, and a small part is derived from the fermentation products of Ganoderma lucidum high-yield strains, and the product formulation is composed of Ganoderma lucidum extracts, while the extraction and utilization rate of polysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum spore powder is not high. Defatted Ganoderma lucidum spore powder is a large amount of by-products produced after the spore oil is extracted from Ganoderma lucidum spore powder. Usually, a small number of these by-products are used as fertilizers or feeds, and most of them are directly discarded without treatment, which not only pollutes the environment but also causes a great waste of resources. At present, there are some public documents on the extraction of Ganoderma lucidum spores, for example: Patent application CN201610954473.4, which discloses a process for extracting polysaccharides from broken wall Ganoderma lucidum spore powder, including the following steps: 1) pretreatment; 2) ultrasonic cavitation; 3) initial purification; 4) extract concentration; 5) freeze drying; 6) crushing and collection. The steps of obtaining broken-wall Ganoderma lucidum spore powder by this technology are cumbersome, and the acquisition rate of broken-wall Ganoderma lucidum spore powder is not high, and the extraction rate of polysaccharides from broken-wall Ganoderma lucidum spore powder is also not high. Summary of the invention

[0004] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides a method for extracting polysaccharide from ganoderma lucidum spore powder, a product and an application thereof.

[0005] To achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:

[0006] A method for extracting Ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide, characterized by comprising the following operation steps:

[0007] (1) Select fresh Ganoderma lucidum spore powder without insects and decay, and remove impurities;

[0008] (2) Treat the impurity-removed Ganoderma lucidum spore powder with ultrasonic-assisted high-temperature and high-humidity superheated steam: the ultrasonic frequency is 20 - 25 KHz, the power is 40 - 50 W, the temperature of the superheated steam is 105 - 120 °C, the relative humidity is 40 - 50%, the gas flow rate is 4 - 8 m / s, and the treatment time is 60 - 90 s;

[0009] (3) Subject the above-treated Ganoderma lucidum spore powder to variable-pressure drying: the drying temperature in the drying chamber is 45 - 55 °C, the vacuum degree cycles between 0 MPa and 0.06 - 0.07 MPa at a cycle of 1 - 2 min: 3 - 4 min, and stop drying when the moisture content of the spore powder drops to 30 - 40%;

[0010] (4) Put the above-treated Ganoderma lucidum spore powder into a crusher for wall-breaking, crush for 1 min, pause for 10 s, and then crush for 1 min; repeat this process a total of 4 min to obtain wall-broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder;

[0011] (5) Weigh the above wall-broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder and extract it by the hot water method to obtain spore powder polysaccharide.

[0012] In the step (2), the ultrasonic frequency is 22 KHz, the power is 45 W, the temperature of the superheated steam is 110 °C, the relative humidity is 45%, the gas flow rate is 6 m / s, and the treatment time is 70 s.

[0013] In the step (3), the drying temperature in the drying chamber is 50 °C, the vacuum degree cycles between 0 MPa and 0.065 MPa at a cycle of 1 min: 3 min, and stop drying when the moisture content of the spore powder drops to 30 - 40%.

[0014] The hot water method extraction involved in the step (5) has the following steps: add distilled water according to the volume ratio of material to liquid of 1:6; extract in a water bath at 90 °C for 3 h; centrifuge, collect the supernatant, cool, and filter; concentrate; precipitate with ethanol to obtain crude polysaccharide.

[0015] The present invention also provides a Ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide obtained according to the above extraction method.

[0016] The present invention also provides an application of the above Ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide in Ganoderma products for enhancing immunity, antioxidation, reducing blood sugar, and reducing blood lipid.

[0017] Due to the fact that Ganoderma lucidum spores have a double-layer cell wall, under the action of chitin, calcium and silicon, the spore wall is extremely hard, highly resistant to acid and alkali, and very difficult to oxidize and decompose. It is very difficult to break the wall by general physical and chemical methods. This characteristic not only hinders the absorption and utilization of the active ingredients of Ganoderma lucidum spores by the human body, but also limits the extraction of its active ingredients.

[0018] Treatment with high-temperature, high-humidity superheated steam can reduce the nutritional deterioration caused by the catalytic action of enzymes during the processing; soften the tissue structure of the material, accelerate the speed of heat and mass transfer; kill microorganisms and harmful bacteria, etc., so it is used as the pretreatment condition of this application. A common treatment method is hot water blanching, that is, directly putting the material into hot water and soaking for a period of time to complete the blanching process; Ganoderma lucidum spore powder, as a material with a high moisture content, will cause serious loss of water-soluble substances and a large amount of nutrient loss if it is blanched in hot water. Therefore, traditional hot water blanching is not suitable for treating Ganoderma lucidum spore powder. The inventor uses ultrasonic technology, and at the same time uses high-temperature and high-humidity gas as the treatment medium to quickly impact the surface of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder, so that Ganoderma lucidum spore powder obtains a huge latent heat of condensation in a short time, thereby increasing the permeability of the cell wall of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder and achieving the effects of enzyme inactivation and sterilization; ultrasonic waves will produce a cavitation effect, and the internal tissue of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder gradually forms a sponge-like loose structure, which not only eliminates the resistance of the high-temperature and high-humidity gas inside the tissue to a certain extent, but also promotes the blanching process and speeds up the blanching speed due to the microfluidic effect of ultrasonic waves. In this process, Ganoderma lucidum spore powder does not need to be soaked in hot water, so the water-soluble components in Ganoderma lucidum spore powder will not flow into the water, and the nutrient components of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder are preserved as much as possible.

[0019] The present invention subjects the above-treated Ganoderma lucidum spore powder to pressure swing drying. The pressure swing drying method makes Ganoderma lucidum spore powder in an alternating pulsating cycle state of vacuum and atmospheric pressure, and its cell wall micro-pores are continuously squeezed and expanded. This process can connect some unconnected micro-pores to form channels between the micro-pores; on the one hand, it makes the cell wall broken and loose (Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide mainly exists in the inner layer of the spore powder cell wall), showing an expanded honeycomb-like structure, increasing the surface area, which helps to improve the wall-breaking rate; on the other hand, it can accelerate the migration speed of water and heat inside Ganoderma lucidum spore powder to the surface. This technology speeds up the drying speed, improves the drying uniformity, and reduces the drying temperature. On the basis of the preliminary treatment, when the moisture content of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder is reduced to a certain extent, then use a pulverizer to break the wall, which can shorten the wall-breaking time and improve the wall-breaking rate of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder.

[0020] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0021] (1) The present invention adopts high temperature, high humidity superheated steam for treatment and variable pressure drying, and the force generated can further loosen the spore wall structure and achieve the separation between the wall and the core; effectively improve the wall breaking rate of Ganoderma lucidum spores, the wall breaking rate is as high as 99%, and can effectively retain the effective ingredients in the raw materials; (2) effectively retain the biological activity of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharides, avoid the influence of physical and chemical factors such as solvents, temperature, and pressure, and finally obtain Ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharides with high purity and no organic solvent residue, and the extraction rate of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharides is relatively high, the extraction rate is as high as 9.93%; (3) The process for extracting Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides in the present invention is simple, pollution-free, and has a large processing capacity, and has good prospects for industrial application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0022] A method for extracting polysaccharides from ganoderma lucidum spore powder comprises the following steps:

[0023] (1) selecting fresh Ganoderma lucidum spore powder that is free of insects and decay, and removing impurities;

[0024] (2) treating the impurity-removed Ganoderma lucidum spore powder with ultrasonic-assisted high-temperature, high-humidity superheated steam: the ultrasonic frequency is 20-25 kHz, the power is 40-50 W, the temperature of the superheated steam is 105-120° C., the relative humidity is 40-50%, the gas flow rate is 4-8 m / s, and the treatment time is 60-90 s;

[0025] (3) subjecting the treated Ganoderma lucidum spore powder to variable pressure drying: the drying temperature in the drying chamber is 45-55° C., the vacuum degree is cycled between 0 MPa and 0.06-0.07 MPa at a cycle of 1-2 min: 3-4 min, and the drying is stopped when the moisture content of the spore powder drops to 30-40%;

[0026] (4) placing the treated Ganoderma lucidum spore powder into a pulverizer for wall breaking, pulverizing for 1 minute, resting for 10 seconds, and then pulverizing for 1 minute; repeating the pulverization for a total of 4 minutes to obtain wall-broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder;

[0027] (5) Weigh the above-mentioned broken-wall Ganoderma lucidum spore powder, and extract it by hot water method to obtain spore powder polysaccharide.

[0028] A ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide obtained according to the above extraction method.

[0029] An application of the ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide in a ganoderma lucidum product for enhancing immunity, resisting oxidation, lowering blood sugar and lowering blood lipid.

[0030] The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments. The following embodiments are only used to illustrate in detail an extraction method, its products and applications of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide of the present invention, rather than limiting the present invention. Unless otherwise specified, the methods are conventional methods. Unless otherwise specified, the raw materials can be obtained from public commercial channels. Unless otherwise specified, the percentage content is the mass percentage content.

[0031] Example 1

[0032] An extraction method of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide is as follows:

[0033] ① Select fresh Ganoderma lucidum spore powder without insects and rot, and remove impurities; ② Treat the impurity-removed Ganoderma lucidum spore powder with ultrasonic-assisted high-temperature and high-humidity superheated steam: the ultrasonic frequency is 20KHz, the power is 40W, the temperature of the superheated steam is 105°C, the relative humidity is 40-50%, the gas flow rate is 4m / s, and the treatment time is 90s; ③ Subject the above-treated Ganoderma lucidum spore powder to variable-pressure drying: the drying temperature in the drying chamber is 45°C, and the vacuum degree cycles between 0MPa and 0.06-0.07MPa at a cycle of 1min:3min. Stop drying when the moisture content of the spore powder drops to 30-40%; ④ Put the above-treated Ganoderma lucidum spore powder into a crusher for wall breaking, crush for 1min, pause for 10s, and then crush for 1min; repeat this process for a total of 4min to obtain wall-broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder; ⑤ Weigh the above wall-broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder and extract it by the hot water method to obtain spore powder polysaccharide.

[0034] Example 2

[0035] An extraction method of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide is as follows:

[0036] ① Select fresh Ganoderma lucidum spore powder without insects and rot, and remove impurities; ② Treat the impurity-removed Ganoderma lucidum spore powder with ultrasonic-assisted high-temperature and high-humidity superheated steam: the ultrasonic frequency is 25KHz, the power is 50W, the temperature of the superheated steam is 120°C, the relative humidity is 40-50%, the gas flow rate is 8m / s, and the treatment time is 60s; ③ Subject the above-treated Ganoderma lucidum spore powder to variable-pressure drying: the drying temperature in the drying chamber is 55°C, and the vacuum degree cycles between 0MPa and 0.06-0.07MPa at a cycle of 2min:4min. Stop drying when the moisture content of the spore powder drops to 30-40%; ④ Put the above-treated Ganoderma lucidum spore powder into a crusher for wall breaking, crush for 1min, pause for 10s, and then crush for 1min; repeat this process for a total of 4min to obtain wall-broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder; ⑤ Weigh the above wall-broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder and extract it by the hot water method to obtain spore powder polysaccharide.

[0037] Example 3

[0038] A method for extracting Ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide is as follows:

[0039] ① Select fresh Ganoderma lucidum spore powder without insects and rot, and remove impurities; ② Treat the impurity-removed Ganoderma lucidum spore powder with ultrasonic-assisted high-temperature and high-humidity superheated steam: the ultrasonic frequency is 22KHz, the power is 45W, the temperature of the superheated steam is 110°C, the relative humidity is 40 - 50%, the gas flow rate is 6m / s, and the treatment time is 70s; ③ Subject the above-treated Ganoderma lucidum spore powder to variable-pressure drying: the drying temperature in the drying chamber is 50°C, and the vacuum degree cycles between 0MPa and 0.06 - 0.07MPa at a cycle of 1min:3min. Stop drying when the moisture content of the spore powder drops to 30 - 40%; ④ Put the above-treated Ganoderma lucidum spore powder into a crusher for wall breaking, crush for 1min, pause for 10s, and then crush for 1min; repeat this process for a total of 4min to obtain wall-broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder; ⑤ Weigh the above wall-broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder and extract it by the hot water method to obtain spore powder polysaccharide. The Ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide obtained according to the above extraction method. The application of the above Ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide in Ganoderma lucidum products with enhanced immunity, antioxidant, blood sugar-lowering, and blood lipid-lowering effects.

[0040] Example 4

[0041] A method for extracting Ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide is as follows:

[0042] ① Select fresh Ganoderma lucidum spore powder without insects and rot, and remove impurities; ② Weigh the Ganoderma lucidum spore powder and put it into a crusher for wall breaking, crush for 1min, pause for 10s, and then crush for 1min; repeat this process for a total of 4min to obtain wall-broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder; ③ Extract the above-treated Ganoderma lucidum spore powder by the hot water method to obtain spore powder polysaccharide.

[0043] Example 5

[0044] A method for extracting Ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide is as follows:

[0045] ① Select fresh Ganoderma lucidum spore powder without insects and rot, and remove impurities; ② Weigh the Ganoderma lucidum spore powder and put it into a crusher for wall breaking, crush for 2min, pause for 30s, and then crush for 2min. Repeat this process for a total of 8min. After the crushing is completed, let it stand for 15min before opening the equipment; ③ Extract the above-treated Ganoderma lucidum spore powder by the hot water method to obtain spore powder polysaccharide.

[0046] Example 6

[0047] A method for extracting Ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide is as follows:

[0048] ① Select fresh Ganoderma lucidum spore powder without insects and rot, and remove impurities; ② Weigh the Ganoderma lucidum spore powder, put it into a crusher for wall breaking, crush for 2 min, pause for 30 s, then crush for 2 min again, and repeat this process for a total of 8 min. After the crushing is completed, let it stand for 15 min before opening the equipment; ③ For the Ganoderma lucidum spore powder processed above, use the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method: Weigh the wall-broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder sample, with a solid-liquid ratio of 1:30 (g / mL), an ultrasonic power of 500 W, a temperature of 60 °C, extract for 50 min, centrifuge (3000 r / min) for 20 min, filter by suction, concentrate to 1 / 3 of the original volume, and set aside; ④ Use the Sevage method to remove proteins. Add Sevage reagent to the polysaccharide solution according to a volume ratio of 1:4, mix well, centrifuge and take the supernatant. Repeat the above operation 5 times, evaporate the remaining organic solvents, concentrate, dialyze, and freeze-dry to obtain spore powder polysaccharides.

[0049] The spore powder polysaccharides obtained from the above six examples were subjected to quality testing according to the following method:

[0050] I. Determination of polysaccharide content

[0051] The polysaccharide content was determined by the phenol-sulfuric acid method. A glucose standard solution was prepared, and a standard curve was plotted. The Ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharides were determined according to the phenol-sulfuric acid method, and the extraction rate of Ganoderma lucidum spore polysaccharides was calculated (see the method of Zhang Lingyu in detail. Zhang Lingyu, Zhong Bao. Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharides [J]. Agricultural Products Processing, 2020, (20): 40 - 42).

[0052] II. Determination of wall-breaking rate

[0053] For the determination of the wall-breaking rate, refer to the standard of NY / T 1677 2008 for the determination.

[0054] Table 1 Detection results

[0055] Group Cell wall breaking rate (%) Polysaccharide yield rate (%) Example 1 98 9.82 Example 2 99 9.85 Example 3 99 9.93 Example 4 85 2.52 Example 5 92 4.61 Example 6 92 5.03

[0056] Thus, it can be seen that the extraction method of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharides provided in this application effectively improves the wall-breaking rate of Ganoderma lucidum spores, with the wall-breaking rate as high as 99%; and the extraction rate of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharides is also improved, with the extraction rate as high as 9.93%.

[0057] The above is only a preferred specific embodiment of the present invention, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any changes or substitutions that can be easily thought of by those skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed by the present invention should be covered by the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention should be subject to the protection scope of the claims.

Claims

1. A method for extracting polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum spore powder, characterized in that: The steps are as follows: (1) selecting fresh Ganoderma lucidum spore powder that is free of insects and decay, and removing impurities; (2) treating the impurity-removed Ganoderma lucidum spore powder with ultrasonic-assisted high-temperature, high-humidity superheated steam: the ultrasonic frequency is 20-25 kHz, the power is 40-50 W, the temperature of the superheated steam is 105-120° C., the relative humidity is 40-50%, the gas flow rate is 4-8 m / s, and the treatment time is 60-90 s; (3) subjecting the treated Ganoderma lucidum spore powder to variable pressure drying: the drying temperature in the drying chamber is 45-55° C., the vacuum degree is cycled between 0 MPa and 0.06-0.07 MPa at a cycle of 1-2 min: 3-4 min, and the drying is stopped when the moisture content of the spore powder drops to 30-40%; (4) placing the treated Ganoderma lucidum spore powder into a pulverizer for wall breaking, pulverizing for 1 minute, resting for 10 seconds, and then pulverizing for 1 minute; repeating the pulverization for a total of 4 minutes to obtain wall-broken Ganoderma lucidum spore powder; (5) Weigh the above-mentioned broken-wall Ganoderma lucidum spore powder, and extract it by hot water method to obtain spore powder polysaccharide.

2. The method for extracting polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum spore powder according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step (2), the ultrasonic frequency is 22 KHz, the power is 45 W, the temperature of the superheated steam is 110° C., the relative humidity is 45%, the gas flow rate is 6 m / s, and the treatment time is 70 s.

3. The method for extracting polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum spore powder according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the step (3), the drying temperature in the drying chamber is 50° C., and the vacuum degree is cycled between 0 MPa and 0.065 MPa at a period of 1 min:3 min. When the moisture content of the spore powder drops to 30-40%, the drying is stopped.

4. The method for extracting polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum spore powder according to claim 1, characterized in that: The hot water extraction described in step (5) comprises the following steps: adding distilled water at a volume ratio of 1:6 between the solid and liquid phases; extracting in a 90° C. water bath for 3 h; centrifuging, collecting the supernatant, cooling, filtering; concentrating; and precipitating with ethanol to obtain crude polysaccharides.

5. A Ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide obtained according to the extraction method according to any one of claims 1 to 4.

6. Use of the ganoderma lucidum spore powder polysaccharide according to claim 5 in ganoderma lucidum products for enhancing immunity, resisting oxidation, lowering blood sugar and lowering blood lipids.