Preparation method of high-performance PEM water electrolysis hydrogen production membrane electrode

Abstract

The invention provides a high-performance PEM water electrolysis hydrogen production membrane electrode preparation method, and relates to the technical field of non-noble metal catalyst loading and nanostructure skeleton construction, and the method comprises the following steps: 1, modifying a proton exchange membrane by using a vacuum coating method, and constructing a nanostructure skeleton on the surface of a membrane electrode; and 2, loading a non-noble metal catalyst on the surface of the proton exchange membrane with the nano-structure skeleton constructed in the step 1. The preparation method has the beneficial effects that the nano-structure framework constructed on the surface of the proton exchange membrane can play a surface modification role, the surface hydrophilicity of the proton exchange membrane is enhanced, the roughness degree is improved, and the combination between the proton exchange membrane and a catalyst is enhanced; the nanostructure skeleton provides more loading sites for the non-noble metal catalyst, and the coupling of the nanostructures of the nanostructure skeleton and the non-noble metal catalyst further improves the overall specific surface area, thereby being beneficial to improving the performance and improving the stability of the membrane electrode.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of the loading of non-precious metal catalysts and the construction of nanostructured skeletons, and in particular to a method for preparing a membrane electrode for high-performance PEM water electrolysis hydrogen production. Background Art

[0002] The membrane electrode is the core component of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis system, and is composed of a proton exchange membrane and a catalyst layer loaded on the proton exchange membrane. The loading of the catalyst and the construction of the nanostructure directly affect the efficiency, stability and cost of the catalytic reaction. On the one hand, replacing precious metal catalysts with non-precious metal catalysts can effectively reduce the usage amount of precious metal catalysts and lower the cost of the membrane electrode. On the other hand, since the stability of non-precious metal catalysts is lower than that of precious metal catalysts, constructing the nanostructure of non-precious metal catalysts, especially the morphology, particle size and pore structure, to increase the specific surface area and active sites of the catalyst is very important for maintaining the stable and efficient catalysis of non-precious metal catalysts. At present, the preparation of the membrane electrode for PEM water electrolysis hydrogen production usually uses noble metal materials such as Pt, Ir, Ru, etc. as catalysts, prepares the catalysts into nano-powders, and mixes them into a slurry for coating on the surface of the proton exchange membrane. On the one hand, this method highly depends on the nanostructure of the catalyst itself and the coating process. Once problems such as poor dispersion and agglomeration of the catalyst occur, the specific surface area will be greatly reduced, covering the active sites. On the other hand, the surface of the unmodified proton exchange membrane is very smooth, which is not conducive to the loading of the catalyst and easily leads to unstable interfacial bonding. With the continuous in-depth research in related fields, researchers have paid more and more attention to the above problems and proposed some solutions to try to solve them.

[0003] There are currently studies in this area. For example, patent publication number CN119194490A discloses a method for preparing a membrane electrode for proton exchange membrane electrolytic water hydrogen production. The method uses magnetron sputtering to load a catalyst on the surface of a proton exchange membrane to prepare the membrane electrode. Although it can reduce the amount of catalyst used and avoid the problems of poor catalyst dispersion and agglomeration faced by the coating method, the smooth surface of the proton exchange membrane results in an extremely low specific surface area, which limits the performance of the membrane electrode. Another example is that patent publication number CN115360396A discloses a method for preparing a three-dimensional structure membrane electrode for a fuel cell. The method uses a template method to fabricate a proton exchange membrane with a three-dimensional structure on its surface and loads a catalyst on its surface to obtain a membrane electrode with a three-dimensional structure. Although this method can improve the specific surface area of the catalyst to a certain extent, the microstructure of the membrane electrode highly depends on the template, and it can only achieve the micron level. Moreover, the proton exchange membrane is very thin and has low self-strength, and it is extremely easy to break during the demolding process. Or, for example, patent publication number CN112701300A discloses a highly stable carbon skeleton nanofiber membrane electrode, its preparation method and application. It uses carbon fiber as a skeleton to load a catalyst and coats it on the surface of a proton exchange membrane to prepare the membrane electrode. Although this method can greatly improve the specific surface area of the catalyst relying on the carbon nanoskeleton, the problem of poor dispersion of carbon fiber in the slurry has not been completely solved, which limits the application of such solutions.

[0004] In summary, developing a nanostructured skeleton for loading a catalyst to increase the specific surface area of the catalyst is an effective strategy to further improve the performance of the membrane electrode. However, how to construct a structural skeleton on the surface of the proton exchange membrane and how to control the morphology and size of the structural skeleton are the main challenges currently faced. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The present invention overcomes the shortcomings in the prior art and provides a method for preparing a high-performance PEM electrolytic water hydrogen production membrane electrode, which can solve the technical defects mentioned in the background art.

[0006] To solve the above technical problems, the present invention is realized through the following technical solutions:

[0007] A method for preparing a high-performance PEM electrolytic water hydrogen production membrane electrode includes the following steps:

[0008] Step 1: Modify the proton exchange membrane by using a vacuum coating method to construct a nanostructured skeleton on the surface of the membrane electrode;

[0009] Step 2: Load a non-precious metal catalyst on the surface of the proton exchange membrane with the nanostructured skeleton constructed in Step 1.

[0010] Further, the non-noble metal catalyst includes, but is not limited to, metals, alloys, nitrides, oxides, and sulfides of nickel-based, molybdenum-based, iron-based, copper-based, and manganese-based; the loading methods include, but are not limited to, spraying, impregnation, scraping, roll coating, evaporation coating, and magnetron sputtering.

[0011] Further, the vacuum coating method includes physical vapor deposition and chemical vapor deposition.

[0012] Further, taking the magnetron sputtering method in the vacuum coating method as an example, the specific steps in Step 1 are as follows:

[0013] (1) Place the proton exchange membrane in 2-8% hydrogen peroxide at 60-90 °C for 0.5-1 hour, then place the proton exchange membrane in 2-8% sulfuric acid at 60-90 °C for 0.5-1 hour, then place the proton exchange membrane in deionized water at 60-90 °C for 0.5-1 hour, and finally place the proton exchange membrane in a clean oven at 60-90 °C for drying;

[0014] (2) Invert and fix the dried proton exchange membrane in the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber, close the chamber lid, evacuate to 0.0002-0.0008 Pa, and heat to 30-100 °C;

[0015] (3) Introduce argon into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber, with a flow rate of 30-100 sccm, maintain the air pressure at 0.1-1.0 Pa, start the ion source to pre-treat the surface of the proton exchange membrane, with a power of 0.05-0.2 kW, and maintain for 30-120 s;

[0016] (4) Introduce argon into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber, with a flow rate of 30-100 sccm, introduce oxygen into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber, with a flow rate of 2-20 sccm, maintain the air pressure at 0.1-1.0 Pa, start the ion source and sputtering coating at the same time, set the ion source power to 0.05-0.2 kW, set the sputtering coating power to 0.2-0.5 kW, and the deposition time is 60-1800 s. Control the deposition time, air pressure, and substrate temperature, and at the same time regulate the size, shape, and density of the nanostructure;

[0017] (5) Wait for the temperature to drop to room temperature, introduce nitrogen into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber to break the vacuum, open the chamber lid, and take out the proton exchange membrane with a nanostructure framework constructed on one side;

[0018] (6) Turn over the proton exchange membrane with a nanostructure framework constructed on one side, invert and fix it in the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber, and repeat operations (3), (4), and (5) to obtain a proton exchange membrane with nanostructure frameworks constructed on both sides.

[0019] Further, the target materials for sputtering coating include, but are not limited to, Bi2O3, CeO2, TiO2, and Nb2O5.

[0020] Further, the process of realizing the loading of non-noble metal catalysts by the magnetron sputtering method includes the following steps:

[0021] (1) Fix the proton exchange membrane with a nanostructured skeleton constructed on both sides in the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber, close the chamber lid, evacuate to 0.0002 - 0.0008 Pa, and heat to 30 - 100 °C;

[0022] (2) Introduce argon into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber, with a flow rate of 10 - 150 sccm, maintain the air pressure at 0.05 - 0.6 Pa, start the sputtering coating of the cathode catalyst target head, set the power to 0.5 - 5 kW, and the deposition time to 60 - 600 s;

[0023] (3) Wait for the temperature to drop to room temperature, introduce nitrogen into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber to break the vacuum, open the chamber lid, turn over the proton exchange membrane with a nanostructured skeleton on both sides and deposited with the cathode catalyst on one side, fix it in the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber, close the chamber lid, evacuate to 0.0005 Pa, and heat to 30 - 100 °C;

[0024] (4) Introduce argon into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber, with a flow rate of 10 - 150 sccm, introduce oxygen into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber, with a flow rate of 5 - 50 sccm, maintain the air pressure at 0.05 - 0.6 Pa, start the sputtering coating of the anode catalyst target head, set the power to 0.5 - 10 kW, and the deposition time to 60 - 1200 s;

[0025] (5) Wait for the temperature to drop to room temperature, introduce nitrogen into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber to break the vacuum, open the chamber lid, take out the complete membrane electrode, and save it for standby;

[0026] In addition to loading non-noble metal catalysts on the proton exchange membrane with a nanostructured skeleton on both sides, loading noble metal catalysts on the proton exchange membrane with a nanostructured skeleton on both sides is also within the scope of protection of this patent. The noble metal catalysts include, but are not limited to, platinum or gold target materials for depositing the cathode catalyst, and ruthenium or iridium can be selected, including but not limited to, for depositing the anode catalyst.

[0027] Further, the process of realizing the loading of non-noble metal catalysts by the spraying method includes the following steps:

[0028] (1) Mix the non-noble metal two-dimensional nanosheet nickel-molybdenum-based catalyst, solvent, dispersant, pore-forming agent, and binder, and process it with an ultrasonic disperser and a magnetic stirring device to ensure the dispersion and uniformity of the slurry, and obtain the cathode catalyst slurry;

[0029] (2) Put the cathode catalyst slurry into a spraying machine, place the proton exchange membrane with a nanostructured skeleton constructed on both sides on the spraying workbench. The heating temperature of the workbench is 30 - 80 °C, the spraying pressure is 1.5 - 5 bar, the spraying distance is 15 - 45 cm, the spraying angle is 30 - 60°, and the spraying time is 30 - 120 s. Control the catalytic coating thickness by controlling the spraying time;

[0030] (3) Place the proton exchange membrane sprayed with the cathode catalyst into an oven and dry it at 60 - 90 °C;

[0031] (4) Turn the proton exchange membrane over and place it on the spraying workbench;

[0032] (5) Mix an iridium-based or ruthenium-based catalyst, a solvent, a dispersant, a pore-forming agent, and a binder, and process them with an ultrasonic disperser and a magnetic stirring device to ensure the dispersion and uniformity of the slurry, obtaining an anode catalyst slurry;

[0033] (6) Repeat steps (2) and (3) to spray the anode catalyst on the surface of the proton exchange membrane, and a complete membrane electrode can be obtained.

[0034] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0035] The nanostructured skeleton constructed on the surface of the proton exchange membrane can play a role in surface modification, enhancing the hydrophilicity of the proton exchange membrane surface, increasing the roughness, and strengthening the combination between the proton exchange membrane and the catalyst; the nanostructured skeleton provides more loading sites for non-noble metal catalysts, and the coupling of the two nanostructures further improves the overall specific surface area, which helps to improve the performance and enhance the stability of the membrane electrode. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0036] The drawings are used to provide a further understanding of the present invention, and are used together with the embodiments of the present invention to explain the present invention, and do not constitute a limitation to the present invention. In the drawings:

[0037] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of preparing a nanostructured skeleton by magnetron sputtering;

[0038] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of realizing the loading of non-noble metal catalysts by spraying.

[0039] In the figure:

[0040] 1. Proton exchange membrane; 2. Vacuum coating target; 3. Nanostructured skeleton; 4. Air inlet; 5. Air outlet; 6. Vacuum coating chamber; 7. Heating plate; 8. Spraying machine; 9. Catalyst slurry; 10. Non-noble metal catalyst. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0041] The preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the preferred embodiments described herein are only for the purpose of illustrating and explaining the present invention, and are not intended to limit the present invention.

[0042] As Figure 1 shown, a method for preparing a high-performance PEM electrolytic water hydrogen production membrane electrode includes the following steps:

[0043] Step 1: Modify the proton exchange membrane 1 by using a vacuum coating method to construct a nanostructure framework 3 on the surface of the membrane electrode;

[0044] Step 2: Load the non-precious metal catalyst on the surface of the proton exchange membrane 1 with the nanostructure framework 3 constructed in Step 1.

[0045] Among them, the vacuum coating method includes physical vapor deposition and chemical vapor deposition.

[0046] On the one hand, the setting of the nanostructure framework 3 improves the hydrophilicity and roughness of the surface of the proton exchange membrane 1, which is beneficial to improving the interfacial bonding strength between the non-precious metal catalyst and the proton exchange membrane 1. On the other hand, the nanostructure framework 3 provides more loading sites for the non-precious metal catalyst, and the coupling of the two nanostructures further improves the overall specific surface area, which helps to improve the performance and enhance the stability of the membrane electrode.

[0047] The non-precious metal catalyst includes but is not limited to metals, alloys, nitrides, oxides, sulfides of nickel-based, molybdenum-based, iron-based, copper-based, and manganese-based; the loading methods include but are not limited to spraying method, impregnation method, doctor blade method, roll coating method, evaporation coating method, and magnetron sputtering method.

[0048] As Figure 1 shown, taking the magnetron sputtering method in the vacuum coating method as an example, Step 1 specifically includes the following steps:

[0049] (1) Place the proton exchange membrane 1 in 2-8% hydrogen peroxide at 60-90 °C for 0.5-1 hour, then place the proton exchange membrane 1 in 2-8% sulfuric acid at 60-90 °C for 0.5-1 hour, then place the proton exchange membrane 1 in deionized water at 60-90 °C for 0.5-1 hour, and finally place the proton exchange membrane 1 in a clean oven at 60-90 °C for drying;

[0050] (2) Invert and fix the dried proton exchange membrane 1 in the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber 6, close the chamber lid, evacuate through the air outlet 5 to form a vacuum inside, evacuate to 0.0002-0.0008 Pa, and heat to 30-100 °C through the heating plate 7;

[0051] (3) Argon is introduced into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber 6 through the gas inlet 4 at a flow rate of 30 - 100 sccm, and the air pressure is maintained at 0.1 - 1.0 Pa. The ion source is started to pre-treat the surface of the proton exchange membrane 1 with a power of 0.05 - 0.2 kW for 30 - 120 s;

[0052] (4) Argon is introduced into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber 6 through the gas inlet 4 at a flow rate of 30 - 100 sccm, and oxygen is introduced into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber 6 through the gas inlet 4 at a flow rate of 2 - 20 sccm. The air pressure is maintained at 0.1 - 1.0 Pa. At the same time, the ion source and sputtering coating are started. The sputtering coating is the target material bombarded from the vacuum coating target 2 onto the surface of the proton exchange membrane 1, so that the target material detaches from the surface through physical sputtering and is finally deposited on the proton exchange membrane 1. The ion source power is set at 0.05 - 0.2 kW, the sputtering coating power is set at 0.2 - 0.5 kW, and the deposition time is 60 - 1800 s. The deposition time, air pressure, and substrate temperature are controlled, and at the same time, the size, shape, and density of the nanostructure are regulated;

[0053] (5) After the temperature drops to room temperature, nitrogen is introduced into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber 6 to break the vacuum, the chamber lid is opened, and the proton exchange membrane 1 with the nanostructure skeleton 3 constructed on one side is taken out;

[0054] (6) The proton exchange membrane 1 with the nanostructure skeleton 3 constructed on one side is turned over and fixed upside down in the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber 6, and the operations in (3), (4), and (5) are repeated to obtain the proton exchange membrane 1 with the nanostructure skeleton 3 constructed on both sides.

[0055] Among them, the target materials for the above sputtering coating include but are not limited to Bi2O3, CeO2, TiO2, and Nb2O5.

[0056] Furthermore, the process of realizing the loading of non-precious metal catalysts by the magnetron sputtering method includes the following steps:

[0057] (1) The proton exchange membrane 1 with the nanostructure skeleton 3 constructed on both sides is fixed in the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber 6, the chamber lid is closed, and the vacuum is pumped to 0.0002 - 0.0008 Pa and heated to 30 - 100 °C;

[0058] (2) Argon is introduced into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber 6 at a flow rate of 10 - 150 sccm, the air pressure is maintained at 0.05 - 0.6 Pa, and the sputtering coating of the cathode catalyst target head is started, with the power set at 0.5 - 5 kW and the deposition time at 60 - 600 s;

[0059] (3) Wait for the temperature to drop to room temperature, introduce nitrogen into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber 6 to break the vacuum, open the chamber lid, turn over the proton exchange membrane 1 with a double-sided nanostructured skeleton 3 on which the cathode catalyst is deposited on one side, fix it in the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber 6, close the chamber lid, evacuate to 0.0005 Pa, and heat to 30 - 100 °C;

[0060] (4) Introduce argon into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber 6 with a flow rate of 10 - 150 sccm, introduce oxygen into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber 6 with a flow rate of 5 - 50 sccm, maintain the air pressure at 0.05 - 0.6 Pa, start the sputtering coating of the anode catalyst target head, set the power to 0.5 - 10 kW, and the deposition time to 60 - 1200 s;

[0061] (5) Wait for the temperature to drop to room temperature, introduce nitrogen into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber 6 to break the vacuum, open the chamber lid, take out the complete membrane electrode, and save it for later use;

[0062] In addition to loading non-noble metal catalysts on the proton exchange membrane with a double-sided nanostructured skeleton, loading noble metal catalysts on the proton exchange membrane with a double-sided nanostructured skeleton is also within the scope of protection of this patent. The noble metal catalysts include but are not limited to platinum or gold target materials for depositing the cathode catalyst, and materials including but not limited to ruthenium or iridium can be selected for depositing the anode catalyst.

[0063] As Figure 2 shown, the process of realizing the loading of the non-noble metal catalyst 10 by the spraying method includes the following steps:

[0064] (1) Mix the non-noble metal two-dimensional nanosheet nickel-molybdenum-based catalyst, solvent, dispersant, pore-forming agent, and binder, and process with an ultrasonic disperser and a magnetic stirring device to ensure the dispersion degree and uniformity of the slurry, and obtain the cathode catalyst slurry 9;

[0065] (2) Put the cathode catalyst slurry 9 into the spraying machine 8, place the proton exchange membrane 1 with a double-sided nanostructured skeleton 3 constructed on it on the spraying workbench, the heating temperature of the workbench is 30 - 80 °C, the spraying pressure is 1.5 - 5 bar, the spraying distance is 15 - 45 cm, the spraying angle is 30 - 60°, and the spraying time is 30 - 120 s. Control the catalytic coating thickness by controlling the spraying time;

[0066] (3) Put the proton exchange membrane 1 sprayed with the cathode catalyst into an oven and dry it at 60 - 90 °C;

[0067] (4) Turn over the proton exchange membrane 1 and place it on the spraying workbench;

[0068] (5) Mix an iridium-based or ruthenium-based catalyst, a solvent, a dispersant, a pore former, and a binder, and treat them with an ultrasonic disperser and a magnetic stirring device to ensure the dispersion degree and uniformity of the slurry, thereby obtaining an anode catalyst slurry 9;

[0069] (6) Repeat steps (2) and (3), and spray the anode catalyst on the surface of the proton exchange membrane 1 to obtain a complete membrane electrode.

[0070] Among them, the non-precious metal two-dimensional nanosheet nickel molybdenum-based catalyst is a non-precious metal two-dimensional nanosheet nickel molybdenum-based catalyst prepared by the method disclosed in Chinese Patent No. 202110020771.7, which is used as the cathode catalyst. The anode catalyst can be selected from, but not limited to, iridium-based or ruthenium-based catalysts.

[0071] By the above method, nanostructure skeletons such as nanowires, nanorods, nanospheres, and nanosheets are constructed on the surface of the proton exchange membrane 1, and they are used as carriers for the non-precious metal catalyst 10, thereby constructing a high-performance PEM electrolytic water hydrogen production membrane electrode. On the one hand, the nanostructure skeleton 3 improves the hydrophilicity and roughness of the proton exchange membrane surface, which is beneficial to improving the interfacial bonding strength between the non-precious metal catalyst 10 and the proton exchange membrane 1. On the other hand, the nanostructure skeleton 3 provides more loading sites for the non-precious metal catalyst 10, and the coupling of the two nanostructures further increases the overall specific surface area, which helps to improve the performance and enhance the stability of the membrane electrode.

[0072] Finally, it should be noted that the above are only preferred embodiments of the present invention and are not used to limit the present invention. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the embodiments, for those skilled in the art, they can still modify the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or perform equivalent replacements for some of the technical features. However, any modifications, equivalent replacements, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A preparation method of a high-performance PEM electrolytic water hydrogen production membrane electrode, characterized in that It includes the following steps: Step 1: Modify the proton exchange membrane by using a vacuum coating method to construct a nanostructured skeleton on the surface of the membrane electrode; Step 2: Load the non-noble metal catalyst on the surface of the proton exchange membrane with the nanostructured skeleton constructed in Step 1.

2. The method for preparing a high-performance PEM electrolytic water hydrogen production membrane electrode according to claim 1, wherein The non-noble metal catalyst includes but is not limited to metals, alloys, nitrides, oxides, sulfides of nickel-based, molybdenum-based, iron-based, copper-based, manganese-based; the loading methods include but are not limited to spraying method, dipping method, doctor blade method, roll coating method, evaporation coating method, magnetron sputtering method.

3. The method for preparing a high-performance PEM electrolytic water hydrogen production membrane electrode according to claim 1, wherein The vacuum coating method includes physical vapor deposition and chemical vapor deposition.

4. The preparation method of the high-performance PEM electrolyzed water hydrogen production membrane electrode according to claim 1, characterized in that, Taking the magnetron sputtering method in the vacuum coating method as an example, the specific steps in Step 1 are as follows: (1) Place the proton exchange membrane in 2-8% hydrogen peroxide at 60-90 °C for 0.5-1 hour, then place the proton exchange membrane in 2-8% sulfuric acid at 60-90 °C for 0.5-1 hour, then place the proton exchange membrane in deionized water at 60-90 °C for 0.5-1 hour, and finally place the proton exchange membrane in a clean oven at 60-90 °C for drying; (2) Invert and fix the dried proton exchange membrane in the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber, close the chamber lid, evacuate to 0.0002-0.0008 Pa, and heat to 30-100 °C; (3) Introduce argon into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber, with a flow rate of 30-100 sccm, maintain the gas pressure at 0.1-1.0 Pa, start the ion source to pre-treat the surface of the proton exchange membrane, with a power of 0.05-0.2 kW, and maintain for 30-120 s; (4) Introduce argon into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber, with a flow rate of 30-100 sccm, introduce oxygen into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber, with a flow rate of 2-20 sccm, maintain the gas pressure at 0.1-1.0 Pa, and at the same time start the ion source and sputtering coating, set the ion source power to 0.05-0.2 kW, set the sputtering coating power to 0.2-0.5 kW, and the deposition time is 60-1800 s. Control the deposition time, gas pressure, and substrate temperature, and at the same time regulate the size, shape, and density of the nanostructure; (5) Wait for the temperature to drop to room temperature, introduce nitrogen into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber to break the vacuum, open the chamber lid, and take out the proton exchange membrane with a nanostructured skeleton constructed on one side; (6) Turn over the proton exchange membrane with a nanostructured skeleton constructed on one side, invert and fix it in the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber, and repeat operations (3), (4), and (5) to obtain a proton exchange membrane with a nanostructured skeleton constructed on both sides.

5. The method for preparing a high-performance PEM electrolytic water hydrogen production membrane electrode according to claim 4, wherein The target materials for the sputtering coating include but are not limited to Bi2O3, CeO2, TiO2, Nb2O5.

6. The method for preparing a high-performance PEM electrolytic water hydrogen production membrane electrode according to claim 2, wherein, The process of realizing the loading of the non-noble metal catalyst by the magnetron sputtering method includes the following steps: (1) Fix the proton exchange membrane with a nanostructured skeleton constructed on both sides in the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber, close the chamber lid, evacuate to 0.0002-0.0008 Pa, and heat to 30-100 °C; (2) Introduce argon into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber with a flow rate of 10 - 150 sccm, maintain the air pressure at 0.05 - 0.6 Pa, start the sputtering coating of the cathode catalyst target head, set the power at 0.5 - 5 kW, and the deposition time at 60 - 600 s; (3) Wait for the temperature to drop to room temperature, introduce nitrogen into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber to break the vacuum, open the chamber lid, turn over the proton exchange membrane with a double-sided nanostructured framework with the cathode catalyst deposited on one side, fix it in the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber, close the chamber lid, evacuate to 0.0005 Pa, and heat to 30 - 100 °C; (4) Introduce argon into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber with a flow rate of 10 - 150 sccm, introduce oxygen into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber with a flow rate of 5 - 50 sccm, maintain the air pressure at 0.05 - 0.6 Pa, start the sputtering coating of the anode catalyst target head, set the power at 0.5 - 10 kW, and the deposition time at 60 - 1200 s; (5) Wait for the temperature to drop to room temperature, introduce nitrogen into the magnetron sputtering vacuum coating chamber to break the vacuum, open the chamber lid, take out the complete membrane electrode, and save it for standby; In addition to loading non-precious metal catalysts on the proton exchange membrane with a double-sided nanostructured framework, loading precious metal catalysts on the proton exchange membrane with a double-sided nanostructured framework is also within the scope of protection of this patent. The precious metal catalysts include but are not limited to platinum or gold target materials for depositing the cathode catalyst, and those that can be selected include but are not limited to ruthenium or iridium for depositing the anode catalyst.

7. The method for preparing a high-performance PEM electrolytic water hydrogen production membrane electrode according to claim 2, wherein The process of realizing the loading of non-precious metal catalysts by the spraying method includes the following steps: (1) Mix the non-precious metal two-dimensional nanosheet nickel-molybdenum-based catalyst, solvent, dispersant, pore-forming agent, and binder, and process with an ultrasonic disperser and a magnetic stirring device to ensure the dispersion and uniformity of the slurry, and obtain the cathode catalyst slurry; (2) Put the cathode catalyst slurry into a spraying machine, place the proton exchange membrane with a double-sided nanostructured framework on the spraying workbench, the heating temperature of the workbench is 30 - 80 °C, the spraying pressure is 1.5 - 5 bar, the spraying distance is 15 - 45 cm, the spraying angle is 30 - 60°, and the spraying time is 30 - 120 s. Control the catalytic coating thickness by controlling the spraying time; (3) Put the proton exchange membrane sprayed with the cathode catalyst into an oven and dry it at 60 - 90 °C; (4) Turn over the proton exchange membrane and place it on the spraying workbench; (5) Mix the iridium-based or ruthenium-based catalyst, solvent, dispersant, pore-forming agent, and binder, and process with an ultrasonic disperser and a magnetic stirring device to ensure the dispersion and uniformity of the slurry, and obtain the anode catalyst slurry; (6) Repeat steps (2) and (3) to spray the anode catalyst on the surface of the proton exchange membrane to obtain a complete membrane electrode.

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