Method for accurately and efficiently preventing and treating brown blotch of kiwi fruits in rain-sheltering cultivation mode

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for accurately and efficiently preventing and treating brown blotch of kiwi fruits in a rain-sheltering cultivation mode. The method comprises the following steps that a rain-sheltering cultivation area is divided into a water dripping area, a marginal area and a greenhouse center area; monitoring a brown spot attack trend and a conidium epidemic trend of the dripping area, the marginal area and the greenhouse center area; and according to a monitoring result, preferentially implementing targeted prevention and control on the dripping area and the marginal area. According to the method, the rain-sheltering cultivation area is scientifically divided into the dripping area, the marginal area and the greenhouse center area, the brown spot and conidium dynamic states of all the areas are accurately monitored, targeted prevention and control are preferentially conducted on the dripping area and the marginal area, the disease risk of the greenhouse center area can be remarkably reduced, the pesticide application frequency is reduced by 2-3 times every year, the pesticide application amount per mu is reduced by 530 liters of diluted pesticide, and the prevention and control cost is saved by about 380 yuan per mu; development of drug resistance of germs is delayed, pesticide residues are reduced, the yield and quality of kiwi fruits are guaranteed, and the application value and economic benefits of a rain-sheltering cultivation mode are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the field of kiwifruit planting and disease prevention and control, and relates to a method for accurately and efficiently preventing and controlling kiwifruit brown spot disease in a rain-sheltered cultivation mode. Background Art

[0002] Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch) is a vine fruit tree that contains a large amount of vitamin C, a nutrient essential for human growth. Known as the "King of Fruits," it is an important economic fruit. However, the increasing kiwifruit planting area in recent years has led to an increasing severity of kiwifruit pests and diseases.

[0003] Kiwifruit brown spot disease follows an "S"-shaped epidemic curve throughout the season, with initial infection beginning in mid-April each year. With rising temperatures and increasing rainfall, the disease reaches its peak in mid-to-late July and lasts until early September. During this period, the lesions gradually expand from small, isolated circular spots to typical lesions. Later, multiple typical lesions on the same leaf gradually expand and eventually merge, causing extensive necrosis and leaf drop.

[0004] After the growth period of brown spot disease is completed, kiwifruit bacterial canker disease also arrives.

[0005] The rain-shelter cultivation model is a new kiwifruit cultivation method introduced in kiwifruit-producing areas to combat bacterial canker. This model effectively controls kiwifruit canker and significantly increases yield. It has been widely adopted in major producing areas, but brown spot is particularly problematic during the high temperatures and humidity of summer.

[0006] According to surveys, kiwifruit brown spot disease is difficult to be effectively controlled in most rain-sheltered cultivation areas. Growers use a large amount of chemical pesticides, but they cannot effectively prevent and control the brown spot disease.

[0007] Therefore, it is crucial for the development of the kiwifruit industry to explore the characteristics of brown spot disease under the rain-shelter cultivation model, formulate corresponding prevention and control strategies to reduce the use of pesticides, lower prevention and control costs, and enhance the application value of rain-shelter cultivation. Summary of the Invention

[0008] In view of this, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for accurately and efficiently preventing and controlling kiwifruit brown spot disease under a rain shelter cultivation mode, so as to solve the problems of drug resistance, drug residues and high prevention and control costs caused by the irrational use of chemical agents in the prior art.

[0009] Through long-term exploration and attempts, as well as multiple experiments and efforts, the inventors have continuously reformed and innovated to solve the above technical problems. The technical solution provided by the present invention is to provide a method for accurately and efficiently preventing and controlling kiwifruit brown spot disease under rain shelter cultivation mode, comprising the following steps:

[0010] 1) Divide the rain shelter cultivation area into dripping area, marginal area and greenhouse core area;

[0011] 2) monitoring the incidence and conidia prevalence of brown spot disease in the dripping area, marginal area, and core area of the greenhouse;

[0012] 3) Based on the monitoring results, targeted prevention and control will be implemented in the dripping areas and marginal areas as a priority.

[0013] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0014] The present invention scientifically divides the rain-shelter cultivation area into dripping area, marginal area and greenhouse core area, accurately monitors the dynamics of brown spot disease and conidia in each area, and prioritizes targeted prevention and control of dripping area and marginal area. It can significantly reduce the disease risk in the greenhouse core area, reduce the amount of pesticides used and the number of applications, reduce the cost of prevention and control, delay the development of pathogen resistance, reduce pesticide residues, ensure the yield and quality of kiwifruit, and enhance the application value and economic benefits of the rain-shelter cultivation model.

[0015] On the basis of the above technical solution, the present invention can also be improved as follows:

[0016] Furthermore: the dripping area is the edge area of the greenhouse and / or the water falling area of the ditch between adjacent sheds; the marginal area is the transition area between the greenhouse core area and the dripping area; the greenhouse core area is an area that is completely sheltered from rain.

[0017] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of adopting the above further technical solution are:

[0018] By clearly dividing the specific locations and functions of the dripping area, marginal area and greenhouse core area, the definition of the prevention and control area can be more accurate, which will help to concentrate prevention and control resources more scientifically, improve prevention and control efficiency, further optimize prevention and control strategies, reduce prevention and control costs, and at the same time improve the accuracy and effectiveness of kiwifruit brown spot disease prevention and control under the rain shelter cultivation model.

[0019] On the basis of the above technical solution, the present invention can also be improved as follows:

[0020] Furthermore: the total width of the drip area and the marginal area is greater than the crown width of a single kiwifruit plant.

[0021] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of adopting the above further technical solution are:

[0022] Clearly stating that the total width of the drip zone and the marginal zone is greater than the crown width of a single kiwifruit tree can more effectively include areas with a higher risk of pathogen infection into the prevention and control scope, further improve the accuracy and effectiveness of prevention and control, better block the spread of pathogens to the core area of the greenhouse, enhance the overall prevention and control capabilities of kiwifruit brown spot disease, reduce the possibility of disease occurrence, and ensure the yield and quality of kiwifruit.

[0023] On the basis of the above technical solution, the present invention can also be improved as follows:

[0024] Furthermore: the dynamic monitoring of conidia epidemic includes:

[0025] Glass slides are respectively set in the dripping area, the marginal area and the center area of the shed to capture conidia;

[0026] Correlation analysis showed that the spore counts in the center of the greenhouse were significantly positively correlated with those in the dripping area and marginal area, with a correlation coefficient r>0.7.

[0027] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of adopting the above further technical solution are:

[0028] This technical solution can more accurately grasp the spread dynamics and sources of the disease, providing a scientific basis for early warning and precise prevention and control of kiwifruit brown spot disease, thereby improving the timeliness and effectiveness of prevention and control, reducing the occurrence and spread of the disease, and reducing prevention and control costs.

[0029] On the basis of the above technical solution, the present invention can also be improved as follows:

[0030] Furthermore, step 3) is specifically as follows: applying the pesticide for the first time when the diseased leaf rate in the field reaches 3% to 5%, applying the pesticide for the second time when the diseased leaf rate exceeds 5%, and continuously monitoring the disease index and controlling it below 36.14.

[0031] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of adopting the above further technical solution are:

[0032] It significantly improves the timeliness and effectiveness of prevention and control, reduces the waste of pesticides, reduces the cost of prevention and control, and at the same time reduces the risk of pesticide residues, ensuring the yield and quality of kiwifruit.

[0033] On the basis of the above technical solution, the present invention can also be improved as follows:

[0034] Furthermore: the step 3) also includes using a highly effective agent screened for polymyxin Bacillus, and combining it with immune induction technology.

[0035] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of adopting the above further technical solution are:

[0036] The use of highly effective agents screened for multi-main spore fungi combined with immune induction technology can enhance the prevention and control effect, reduce the amount and frequency of chemical use, reduce the risk of drug resistance and drug residues, and ensure kiwifruit yield and quality.

[0037] On the basis of the above technical solution, the present invention can also be improved as follows:

[0038] Furthermore, the highly effective agent comprises at least one of a combination of fluopicolide and difenoconazole and osthole, and is supplemented with brassinolide as an immune inducer.

[0039] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of adopting the above further technical solution are:

[0040] Combining fluopicolide with difenoconazole can enhance disease prevention and delay the development of antibiotic resistance, effectively controlling diseases such as kiwifruit brown spot. Osthole, a natural botanical pesticide with antibacterial and other biological activities, can reduce the use of chemical agents, lowering residues and environmental risks. Brassinolide enhances plant resistance and growth, promoting healthier kiwifruit plants, thereby increasing yield and quality, while also reducing pesticide usage and mitigating the risk of pesticide damage.

[0041] On the basis of the above technical solution, the present invention can also be improved as follows:

[0042] Furthermore, the method further comprises stopping the application of pesticides 15 days before fruit picking to avoid pesticide residues affecting fruit quality.

[0043] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of adopting the above further technical solution are:

[0044] Stopping pesticide application 15 days before fruit picking effectively avoids the impact of pesticide residues on fruit quality, ensures the safety and market competitiveness of kiwifruit, and meets the requirements of green agriculture and food safety.

[0045] On the basis of the above technical solution, the present invention can also be improved as follows:

[0046] Furthermore: the precise and efficient prevention and control reduces the frequency of pesticide application in the greenhouse core area, delays the spread of pathogens to the greenhouse core area, and thus reduces the overall amount of pesticide application.

[0047] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of adopting the above further technical solution are:

[0048] By reducing the frequency of pesticide application in the center of the greenhouse, the spread of pathogens to the center of the greenhouse can be effectively delayed, thereby reducing the overall amount of pesticide application, significantly reducing the use of chemical agents, reducing prevention and control costs, reducing environmental pollution and pesticide residues, reducing the risk of pesticide damage to kiwifruit plants, and improving fruit quality and safety, while meeting the requirements of green agriculture and sustainable development.

[0049] On the basis of the above technical solution, the present invention can also be improved as follows:

[0050] Furthermore: the number of pesticide applications is reduced by 2 to 3 times per year, the amount of pesticide applied per mu is reduced by 530 liters of diluted pesticide, and the prevention and control costs are saved by about 380 yuan per mu.

[0051] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of adopting the above further technical solution are:

[0052] Significantly reduce the number of times and amount of pesticides applied, effectively reduce the cost of prevention and control, while reducing the risk of pesticide residues and environmental pollution, and improving the economic and ecological benefits of kiwifruit cultivation. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0053] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the embodiments. It should be understood that the following drawings only illustrate certain embodiments of the present invention and therefore should not be regarded as limiting the scope. For ordinary technicians in this field, other relevant drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying any creative work.

[0054] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of location division under the rain shelter cultivation mode.

[0055] Figure 2 It is the correlation between the number of spores in the center of the greenhouse and different locations.

[0056] The marks in the figure are:

[0057] 100 greenhouses, 101 dripping areas, 102 marginal areas, 103 greenhouse core areas, 200 kiwi plants. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0058] The following describes the details in conjunction with specific embodiments.

[0059] In order to make the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in combination with the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention. Therefore, the following detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention is not intended to limit the scope of the invention claimed for protection, but merely represents selected embodiments of the present invention.

[0060] In the present invention, unless otherwise specified, all equipment and raw materials can be purchased from the market or are commonly used in the industry. The methods in the following embodiments, unless otherwise specified, are all conventional methods in the art.

[0061] Example 1

[0062] This example describes a method for accurately and efficiently preventing and controlling kiwifruit brown spot disease in a rain-sheltered cultivation mode, and its specific implementation method is as follows:

[0063] First, a greenhouse 100 for rain-sheltered cultivation is built, and kiwifruit plants 200 are planted under the greenhouse 100. The area inside the greenhouse is divided into a drip zone 101, a marginal zone 102, and a greenhouse core zone 103. The drip zone 101 refers to the edge of the greenhouse and the water drop area in the ditch between adjacent troughs. This is because the edge of the greenhouse is easily eroded by rainwater, and pathogens can easily spread to the plants through water droplets; the marginal zone 102 is a transitional area between the greenhouse core zone 103 and the drip zone 101. The sum of its width and the width of the drip zone 101 is greater than the crown width of a single kiwifruit plant, to ensure that it can effectively cover the range where pathogens may spread; the greenhouse core zone 103 is the area inside the greenhouse that is completely protected from rain.

[0064] Monitoring points were set up in each area to monitor the incidence of kiwifruit brown spot and the prevalence of conidia. These monitoring points were established by observing and recording leaves from the east, south, west, north, and center of each kiwifruit plant. To capture conidia, slides coated with petroleum jelly were placed in each of the three areas. Spore counts were performed using an optical microscope by regularly replacing the slides. Correlation analysis was then conducted to determine the relationship between disease in the core area of the greenhouse and spore counts in the drip and marginal areas. The correlation coefficient, r, was >0.7, indicating a significant positive correlation.

[0065] According to monitoring results, the first application of pesticides is carried out when the diseased leaf rate in the field reaches 3% to 5%; the second application is carried out when the diseased leaf rate exceeds 5%. During the application process, targeted control is prioritized in drip zone 101 and marginal zone 102. Highly effective pesticides selected for polymyxin B can be used, such as a combination of fluopicolide and difenoconazole, osthole, etc., combined with immune induction technology, supplemented with brassinolide as an immune inducer, to enhance control effectiveness. Furthermore, pesticide application should be stopped 15 days before fruit harvest to prevent residual pesticides from affecting fruit quality.

[0066] Example 2

[0067] This example describes the ongoing research on the characteristics of brown spot disease under the rain-sheltered cultivation model.

[0068] The trials were conducted from June to September 2021 and from May to October 2023 at a 5-year-old Hongyang kiwifruit orchard in Tianma Town, Dujiangyan City (103.715286°E, 31.029894°N). From May to October 2023, the trials were conducted at an 8-year-old Hongyang kiwifruit orchard in Kiwi International Park, Pujiang County, Chengdu City (103.42233°E, 30.279967°N).

[0069] The monitored area of the rain-sheltered orchard was divided into three zones: the marginal zone (the transition zone between the greenhouse core and the drip zone, or the marginal area of the orchard), the drip zone (the area where water falls into the ditch between each two greenhouses), and the greenhouse core (the area completely sheltered from the rain). Fixed monitoring points were set up in each zone. The specific setting method was: 3 replicates were set up in each zone, with approximately 15 to 20 trees in each replicate area. Each tree was monitored at fixed points in five directions: east, south, west, north, and center, with 10 leaves in each direction, and leaves on nutrient branches were selected. When leaves grown in the open field show early typical symptoms, brown spot disease epidemic monitoring begins, and surveys are conducted every 7 days until the disease stops progressing or all leaves in the rain-sheltered greenhouse core fall off.

[0070] Dynamic monitoring of conidia prevalence: The prevalence monitoring of conidia of Polymyxin Bacillus in different locations is divided into three areas, just like the disease prevalence monitoring. Before capturing, evenly apply vaseline on the slide for later use. Place a group of slides every other tree in each group of repetitions. Each group of slides includes five directions: east (E), south (S), west (W), north (N), and center (M). The slides are hung on a tray at the same height as the leaves. The frequency of slide replacement is synchronized with disease monitoring. Each replaced slide is brought back to the laboratory for examination under an optical microscope. The number of spores on the entire slide is counted to clarify the correlation between the disease occurrence characteristics and conidia dynamics in each location.

[0071] The results showed that different locations exhibited different disease progressions. Sporadic lesions began to appear in open-air cultivation in late May, in the dripping area in early June, lagging behind the open-air cultivation by 7 days. Sporadic lesions began to appear in the greenhouse core area in late June, 23 days later than in the open-air cultivation and 16 days later than in the dripping area (Table 1). At the onset of the disease, the number of pathogen spores in each location was not significantly different. During the peak disease phase (August 11), the spore count in the greenhouse core area was 14.30, significantly higher than the spore counts of 7.79 in the dripping area and 4.05 in the marginal area. During the decline phase, the spore count in the greenhouse core area was 57.67, not significantly different from the spore counts of 53.12 in the dripping area, but significantly higher than the spore counts of 39.89 in the marginal area (Table 3).

[0072] Repeated capture experiments were conducted by adding open-air cultivation areas (Table 4). The results showed that the spore counts of each area were not significantly different during the initial stage of brown spot disease, but the spore counts in the open-air cultivation area were significantly higher than those in the greenhouse core area after the disease occurred (mid-June to early July). The spore counts in the dripping area exceeded those in the greenhouse core area after the disease occurred (late June). When the disease spread to the greenhouse core area, the spore counts in the greenhouse core area accumulated rapidly and were significantly higher than those in other areas. In addition, correlation analysis showed that ( Figure 2 The spore count in the center of the greenhouse was not significantly correlated with open-air cultivation, but was significantly positively correlated with the drip zone and margins. These results suggest that spores produced in lesions in the drip zone and margins disperse toward the center of the greenhouse, infecting new lesions there. These spores then produce new spores that re-infect the center. Therefore, during the peak disease period, the spore count in the center of the greenhouse was significantly higher than in other areas.

[0073] In summary, brown leaf spot disease begins in open-air cultivation, subsequently producing and accumulating conidia that are dispersed into the greenhouse by wind and rain. The drip zone, directly exposed to rainwater, is the first to be infected by the pathogen. Disease progression in the margin zone lags behind the drip zone but precedes the greenhouse core. After initial infection in both zones, the pathogen produces conidia that gradually spread toward the core, where disease begins to develop, continuously producing spores that infect healthy leaves, leading to a new peak of infection. Therefore, under rain-sheltered cultivation, the drip zone and margin zone are key locations for brown leaf spot disease control.

[0074] Table 1 Incidence of brown spot disease in different areas (%)

[0075]

[0076] Note: The data were found to be normally distributed (P>0.05), so the values in the table are mean ± standard deviation (n=10). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's new multiple range test. Significant differences were compared horizontally. Different letters on the same date indicate significant differences in incidence rates (P<0.05).

[0077] Table 2 Brown spot disease index in different locations under rain shelter cultivation mode

[0078]

[0079] Table 3 Spore numbers in different locations (2021)

[0080]

[0081] Note: The data were found to be normally distributed (P>0.05), so the values in the table are mean ± standard deviation (n=20). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's new multiple range test. Significant differences were compared horizontally. Different letters indicate significant differences in spore numbers at different locations on the same date (P<0.05). The same below.

[0082] Table 4 Spore numbers in different locations (2023)

[0083]

[0084] Example 3

[0085] This example describes in detail the experiment on the precise and efficient prevention and control of brown spot disease under the rain-sheltered cultivation mode.

[0086] Combined with the incidence characteristics of brown spot disease in different locations under rain shelter cultivation, the dripping area and marginal area are the key areas for prevention and control. With the goal of improving plant resistance and preventing the occurrence of the disease, the comprehensive prevention and control technology of "immune induction + chemical control" is adopted. High-efficiency chemicals are sprayed in the marginal area and dripping area to prevent the pathogen from spreading to the core area of the greenhouse, reduce the reinfection of the pathogen, and reduce the spread of the disease.

[0087] Location division: The area of rain-shelter cultivation mode is divided into plots with different treatments, and the same division is used for disease epidemic monitoring.

[0088] Treatments: The field trial employed a comparative experiment method, with control groups (CK1 and CK2) and experimental groups. CK1 was a complete no-pesticide treatment; CK2 was a regular pesticide application throughout the entire farm, a common farmer's control method. The experimental group focused on controlling dripping areas and marginal areas; no pesticides were applied to the greenhouse core until control targets were met.

[0089] Application Standard: CK2 represents a conventional farmer's control method, with a biweekly application schedule. The experimental group used the diseased leaf rate and disease index as application criteria. When the diseased leaf rate was between 3% and 5%, the first application of the chemical was initiated, and when it exceeded 5%, the second application of the chemical was initiated. The severity of the disease was continuously monitored, and brown spot control was strictly implemented according to the application criteria. The disease was brought below the threshold (i.e., the disease index was below 36.14) before the fruit was harvested. Specific application schedules and standards are shown in Table 5.

[0090] Table 5 Control time and pesticides used for different control methods (2022)

[0091]

[0092] Note: All the drugs and inducers in the table are highly effective target drugs screened based on pathogens.

[0093] The experimental results (Tables 6 and 7) show that the disease incidence in the marginal and dripping areas reached 3-5% on June 8th, and the first control was initiated. Twenty days after application, the disease was under control in all areas. The disease incidence and disease index in the core area were 4% and 0.42, respectively, and in the dripping area were 9.25% and 1.28, respectively. The marginal area had a disease incidence and disease index of 6.67% and 0.52, which were significantly lower than those in CK1 and did not differ significantly from those in CK2. This suggests that only one chemical application is needed before the disease incidence reaches 3-5%, and since the disease in the core area has not reached the control target, one fewer chemical application can be applied in this area during this period, saving control costs.

[0094] On July 1st, the second round of control was launched, as the incidence rate in the marginal and dripping areas showed an increasing trend. After 15 days of control, the disease in each area was under control and was significantly lower than that in CK1. The incidence rate and disease index in the greenhouse core area were 8% and 0.61, respectively, which were not significantly different from CK2. By the end of the second round of control, the conventional control method had been used four times and the dosage of diluted chemical agent per mu was about 160L. However, the precise control method of the present invention only applied the agent twice and used about 100L of diluted agent per mu, and the control effect was comparable to that of conventional control. This shows that this control method can not only effectively control the disease, but also save control costs. It can reduce the number of applications during this period to avoid waste of agents and reduce the risk of residue and resistance.

[0095] On July 16th, the incidence rate in both the dripping and marginal areas exceeded 15%, indicating a significant increase in disease. Therefore, a third chemical application was applied to control brown spot. Fifteen days after application, the incidence rate (24.5%) and disease index (8.56) in the greenhouse core area were significantly lower than the 71% and 21.37 of CK1, and showed no significant difference from the 23.69% and 2.69 of CK. To ensure the green and healthy fruit, chemical applications were discontinued from early August until harvest. However, this period coincided with the peak of brown spot disease, when the disease spread rapidly. Despite this rapid increase in disease incidence, the disease index did not exceed the threshold (disease index of 36.14) that would impact kiwifruit yield and quality. This control method reduced the fungal load early on, slowed the spread of brown spot disease, and delayed the outbreak, further offsetting the critical period for fruit quality accumulation and ensuring kiwifruit yield and quality.

[0096] In summary, the precision control method effectively controlled the disease in all locations while reducing control costs. Compared with conventional control methods used by growers, this method reduced the amount of pesticide used per treatment by one-third and reduced the number of applications by two.

[0097] Based on actual field conditions, brown spot disease control requires approximately 160 liters of diluted chemical per mu. Conventional control requires 960 liters, and precision control requires 430 liters. This year-round approach reduces the use of diluted chemical per mu by approximately 530 liters. Assuming 100 mL of stock solution per bottle can be used to make 200 liters of chemical, this translates to approximately 2.65 bottles per mu, or approximately 200 RMB per mu per year. Furthermore, the current market labor cost for pesticide application is approximately 80 RMB per mu. Compared to conventional, scheduled, full-park control, precision control can save 180 RMB per mu per year in labor costs. Therefore, precision control saves a total of 380 RMB per mu per year.

[0098] Table 6 Incidence of brown spot disease of kiwifruit in different regions at different periods (%)

[0099]

[0100] Note: The data were found to be in accordance with normal distribution (P>0.05), so the values in the table are mean ± standard deviation (n=10). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's new multiple range test. Significant differences were compared horizontally. Different letters indicate significant differences in the incidence rates among different treatments (P<0.05). The same below.

[0101] Table 7 Disease index of kiwifruit brown spot at different locations at different periods

[0102]

[0103] Example 4

[0104] This example describes in detail a verification experiment on a precise and efficient method for preventing and controlling brown spot disease under a rain-sheltered cultivation mode.

[0105] In order to verify the accuracy of the results of Example 3, this experiment was carried out, and the experimental method was the same as that of Example 3.

[0106] The test results show (Tables 8 to 13) that the incidence rates in the marginal and dripping areas were monitored to be 4.07% and 3.84% respectively on June 7, 2024. The pesticide was applied when the first prevention and control index was reached. 20 days after the application, the core area of the greenhouse did not become ill. The incidence rates in the marginal and dripping areas were 5.33% and 4.36%, which were significantly lower than CK1 and had no significant difference from CK2. The disease index did not reach the hazard threshold of 36.14.

[0107] When the incidence rate reaches 3-5%, the marginal and dripping areas are not sufficient to produce a large number of bacterial sources to spread to the core area of the greenhouse. At this time, the application of pesticides can not only inhibit the spread of the disease in this area, but also delay the accumulation of bacterial sources. Therefore, there is no need to apply chemical agents in the core area of the greenhouse during this period.

[0108] With continuous drug control, the incidence rate and disease index in the center of the greenhouse were not significantly different from those in CK2. Fifteen days after the last application of chemical agents, the disease index in the center of the greenhouse was 8.00, which was not significantly different from the disease index of conventional control (9.74).

[0109] The application of chemical pesticides must be stopped 15 days before kiwifruit matures. As a result, the incidence rate and disease index in each location increased. 15 days after stopping the pesticides, the marginal incidence rate reached 64%, and the disease index was 23.09; the dripping area incidence rate reached 76%, and the disease index was 32.49. A large number of fungal sources were generated in the marginal and dripping areas and spread to the core area of the greenhouse. The incidence rate in the core area of the greenhouse reached 50.20%, and the disease index was 18.84 (Tables 9-13).

[0110] The results of this test are consistent with the preliminary test results, verifying the feasibility of this prevention and control method.

[0111] Table 8 Incidence of disease in the center of the greenhouse under different treatments (%)

[0112]

[0113] Note: The data were found to be normally distributed (P>0.05), so the values in the table are mean ± standard deviation (n=10). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's new multiple range test. Different letters indicate significant differences in the incidence rates among different treatments on the same date (P<0.05).

[0114] Table 9 Disease index of the central area of the greenhouse under different treatments

[0115]

[0116] Table 10 Marginal morbidity of different treatments (%)

[0117]

[0118] Table 11 Marginal disease index of different treatments

[0119]

[0120] Table 12 Incidence of dripping area under different treatments (%)

[0121]

[0122] Table 13 Disease index of dripping area under different treatments

[0123]

[0124] In the description of the present invention, it should be understood that "-" and "~" represent a range between two values, and the range includes the endpoints. For example, "AB" represents a range greater than or equal to A and less than or equal to B. "A~B" represents a range greater than or equal to A and less than or equal to B.

[0125] In the description of the present invention, the term "and / or" is merely a description of the association relationship of associated objects, indicating that three relationships may exist. For example, A and / or B may represent three situations: A exists alone, A and B exist at the same time, and B exists alone.

[0126] In the description of the invention, the numerical values of time, temperature, ratio and mass involved may be based on actual measurements, standard parameters of equipment, simplified rounding results, or within an acceptable error range, ensuring the practicality and repeatability of the invention.

[0127] In the description of the present invention, the term "about" or "approximately" is used to express the approximate value of a numerical value or range, allowing a certain error to ensure the flexibility and practicality of the description while remaining within an acceptable error range, with the maximum error range not exceeding 10% of the corresponding numerical value or numerical range.

[0128] The above are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention. It should be noted that the above preferred embodiments should not be construed as limiting the present invention, and the scope of protection of the present invention should be determined by the scope defined in the claims. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that improvements and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, and such improvements and modifications should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for accurately and efficiently preventing and controlling kiwifruit brown spot disease in a rain-sheltered cultivation mode, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: 1) Divide the rain shelter cultivation area into dripping area, marginal area and greenhouse core area; 2) monitoring the incidence and conidia prevalence of brown spot disease in the dripping area, marginal area, and core area of the greenhouse; 3) Based on the monitoring results, targeted prevention and control will be implemented in the dripping areas and marginal areas as a priority.

2. The method for accurately and efficiently preventing and controlling kiwifruit brown spot disease in a rain-sheltered cultivation mode according to claim 1, characterized in that: The dripping area is the edge area of the greenhouse and / or the water falling area of the ditch between adjacent sheds; the marginal area is the transition area between the greenhouse core area and the dripping area; the greenhouse core area is an area that is completely sheltered from rain.

3. The method for accurately and efficiently preventing and controlling kiwifruit brown spot disease in a rain-sheltered cultivation mode according to claim 2, characterized in that: The total width of the drip zone and the marginal zone is greater than the crown width of a single kiwifruit plant.

4. The method for accurately and efficiently preventing and controlling kiwifruit brown spot disease in a rain-sheltered cultivation mode according to claim 1, characterized in that: The dynamic monitoring of conidia epidemic includes: Glass slides are respectively set in the dripping area, the marginal area and the center area of the shed to capture conidia; Correlation analysis showed that the spore counts in the center of the greenhouse were significantly positively correlated with those in the dripping area and marginal area, with a correlation coefficient r>0.

7.

5. The method for accurately and efficiently preventing and controlling kiwifruit brown spot disease in a rain-sheltered cultivation mode according to claim 1, characterized in that: The step 3) is specifically as follows: applying the pesticide for the first time when the diseased leaf rate in the field reaches 3% to 5%, applying the pesticide for the second time when the diseased leaf rate exceeds 5%, and continuously monitoring the disease index and controlling it below 36.

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6. The method for accurately and efficiently preventing and controlling kiwifruit brown spot disease in a rain-sheltered cultivation mode according to claim 1 or 5, characterized in that: The step 3) further comprises using a highly effective agent screened against the multi-homocysteine fungus and combining it with immune induction technology.

7. The method for accurately and efficiently preventing and controlling kiwifruit brown spot disease in a rain-sheltered cultivation mode according to claim 6, characterized in that: The highly effective agent comprises at least one of a combination of fluopicolide and difenoconazole and osthole, and is supplemented with brassinolide as an immune inducer.

8. The method for accurately and efficiently preventing and controlling kiwifruit brown spot disease in a rain-sheltered cultivation mode according to claim 1, characterized in that: The method further comprises stopping the application of the pesticide 15 days before the fruit is picked to prevent the pesticide residue from affecting the quality of the fruit.

9. The method for accurately and efficiently preventing and controlling kiwifruit brown spot disease in a rain-sheltered cultivation mode according to claim 1, characterized in that: The precise and efficient prevention and control reduces the frequency of pesticide application in the greenhouse core area, delays the spread of pathogens to the greenhouse core area, and thus reduces the overall amount of pesticide application.

10. The method for accurately and efficiently preventing and controlling kiwifruit brown spot disease in a rain-sheltered cultivation mode according to claim 9, characterized in that: The number of pesticide applications is reduced to 2 to 3 times per year, and the amount of pesticide applied per mu is reduced by 530 liters of diluted pesticide, saving about 380 yuan per mu in prevention and control costs.

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