A kind of antistatic hard material of total station packaging box and its preparation method

Abstract

The application relates to a total station packaging box antistatic hard material and a preparation method thereof, and belongs to the technical field of high polymer materials; the total station packaging box antistatic hard material is prepared by taking ABS resin, an antioxidant, a lubricant, an initiator and a self-prepared permanent antistatic agent as raw materials; the permanent antistatic agent prepared by the application can not only provide good antistatic performance, but also good flame retardance; the permanent antistatic agent of the application has good compatibility with the ABS resin; the permanent antistatic agent of the application will not cause the mechanical performance of the ABS resin group to decrease; and finally, the total station packaging box antistatic hard material prepared has good flame retardance, antistatic performance and impact toughness.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of polymer materials technology, specifically, it relates to an antistatic ABS resin, and more specifically, it relates to an antistatic rigid material for total station packaging boxes and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] With the advancement of surveying technology, total stations, as high-precision electronic measuring devices, integrate precision components such as photoelectric distance measuring systems, angle sensors, and microprocessors. These electronic components are extremely sensitive to electrostatic discharge (ESD). Although traditional packaging materials (such as ABS resin and PP resin) have good insulation properties, they are prone to generating static electricity during transportation friction. The working environment of total stations often involves dry and dusty outdoor scenes, further exacerbating the risk of static electricity accumulation. Adding antistatic agents can reduce the surface resistance of the material and help to dissipate surface static charge. However, small-molecule antistatic agents are prone to failure over time and have high requirements for environmental humidity. In dry environments, small-molecule antistatic agents are difficult to play a good role. While large-molecule antistatic agents have lower requirements for environmental humidity, the amount added is large, which may lead to a decrease in the mechanical properties of the material. To solve the above technical defects, this invention provides an antistatic rigid material for total station packaging boxes and its preparation method. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The purpose of this invention is to provide an antistatic rigid material for total station packaging boxes and its preparation method, in order to solve the problems mentioned in the background art.

[0004] The objective of this invention can be achieved through the following technical solutions:

[0005] An antistatic rigid material for a total station packaging box comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 75-85 parts ABS resin, 0.3-0.5 parts antioxidant, 0.4-0.6 parts lubricant, 0.03-0.04 parts initiator, and 16-24 parts permanent antistatic agent;

[0006] Furthermore, the initiator is dicumyl peroxide.

[0007] Furthermore, the antioxidant is a compound of antioxidant 1068 and antioxidant 168, and the mass ratio of antioxidant 1068 to antioxidant 168 is 4-5:5-6.

[0008] Furthermore, the lubricant is one of calcium stearate or zinc stearate.

[0009] Furthermore, the permanent antistatic agent is prepared by the following steps:

[0010] S1. Mix 4-vinylaniline, dimethyl phosphite, and iodine in a three-necked flask, turn on magnetic stirring, and react at room temperature for 30-60 minutes. After the reaction is complete, remove excess dimethyl phosphite by rotary evaporation. Wash the remaining solid with deionized water and dry to obtain the flame retardant.

[0011] S2. Mix 1-allylimidazolium, haloalcohol and acetonitrile in a three-necked flask, attach a condenser and a thermometer, turn on magnetic stirring, and react at 40-80℃ for 8-24 h. After the reaction is complete, remove the solvent by rotary evaporation, and wash the remaining solid with ethyl acetate and dry to obtain the reactive quaternary ammonium salt.

[0012] S3. Under nitrogen protection, the flame retardant, maleic anhydride, and N,N-dimethylformamide were mixed in a three-necked flask, a condenser and a thermometer were installed, and a magnetic stirrer was turned on. A solution of N,N-dimethylformamide in azobisisobutyronitrile was added dropwise to the three-necked flask. After the addition was complete, the reaction was carried out at a temperature of 45-65℃ for 6-10 hours. After the reaction was completed, the reaction solution was poured into deionized water to precipitate. The solid was then filtered out, washed with deionized water, and dried to obtain the macromolecular flame retardant.

[0013] S4. Mix the macromolecular flame retardant, reactive quaternary ammonium salt, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and N,N-dimethylformamide in a three-necked flask, attach a condenser and a thermometer, turn on the magnetic stirrer, and react at 80-110℃ for 8-16 hours. After the reaction is complete, pour the reaction solution into deionized water to precipitate, then filter out the solid, wash it with deionized water, and dry it to obtain a permanent antistatic agent.

[0014] Furthermore, the haloalcohol has the following structure , where X is one of Cl and Br, and 2≤n≤4.

[0015] Furthermore, by mass fraction, the ratio of 4-vinylaniline, dimethyl phosphite, and iodine used in S1 is 10–12:24–34:0.4–0.6.

[0016] Furthermore, by mass fraction, the ratio of 1-allylimidazolium, haloalcohol, and acetonitrile used in S2 is 11–12:8–16:30–40.

[0017] Furthermore, by mass parts, the ratio of flame retardant, maleic anhydride, N,N-dimethylformamide, and azobisisobutyronitrile used in S3 is 16-18:10-14:60-80:0.004-0.008, and the N,N-dimethylformamide solution of azobisisobutyronitrile is prepared by 0.004-0.008 parts by mass of azobisisobutyronitrile and 10-15 parts by mass of N,N-dimethylformamide.

[0018] Furthermore, by mass fraction, the ratio of macromolecular flame retardant, reactive quaternary ammonium salt, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and N,N-dimethylformamide in S4 is 20–24:14–16:0.06–0.08:80–100.

[0019] The present invention also provides a method for preparing the antistatic rigid material of the total station packaging box.

[0020] A method for preparing an antistatic rigid material for a total station packaging box includes the following steps:

[0021] After drying, ABS resin is mixed with antioxidants, lubricants, initiators, and permanent antistatic agents in a high-speed mixer to obtain a uniform mixture. The mixture is then added to a twin-screw extruder for melt extrusion granulation, followed by injection molding to obtain the antistatic rigid material for the total station packaging box.

[0022] Furthermore, the temperature conditions for melt extrusion are 200–220°C.

[0023] The beneficial effects of this invention are:

[0024] 1) This invention uses 4-vinylaniline and dimethyl phosphite as raw materials. A polymerizable flame retardant is obtained by phosphonylation of the amino group of 4-vinylaniline with the phosphorus-hydrogen bond of dimethyl phosphite under the catalysis of iodine. Then, a reactive quaternary ammonium salt with double bonds and hydroxyl groups is obtained by reacting the nitrogen atom of 1-allylimidazolium with the halogen atom in a haloalcohol. Subsequently, a macromolecular flame retardant is obtained by polymerizing the flame retardant and maleic anhydride under the catalysis of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIB). Finally, a permanent antistatic agent is obtained by esterification of the carboxyl group generated from the alcoholysis of the anhydride structure in the macromolecular flame retardant with the hydroxyl group in the reactive quaternary ammonium salt under the catalysis of p-toluenesulfonic acid. The permanent antistatic agent of this invention has a quaternary ammonium salt structure, which can form a conductive network on the surface and inside of ABS resin. This allows static charge to move along the conductive network, achieving rapid dissipation of surface charge, effectively reducing the surface resistance of ABS resin, and improving its antistatic properties.

[0025] 2) ABS resin contains continuous styrene-acrylonitrile segments in the plastic phase and dispersed polybutadiene segments in the rubber phase. The chemical structures of the two phases are quite different, resulting in poor compatibility. However, the permanent antistatic agent of this invention has a benzene ring structure and a nitrogen heterocyclic structure provided by imidazole. The benzene ring structure is highly similar to the styrene structure in the plastic phase, while the nitrogen heterocyclic structure has strong polarity, which can improve the compatibility of the permanent antistatic agent with the polar acrylonitrile structure in the plastic phase, achieving molecular-level fusion with the styrene-acrylonitrile segments in the plastic phase. In addition, the polymerizable double bonds in the permanent antistatic agent structure of this invention can participate in cross-linking reactions under the action of an initiator, improving the compatibility with the polybutadiene segments in the rubber phase and bridging the plastic and rubber phases in the ABS resin. Using the permanent antistatic agent of this invention not only avoids the problem of decreased mechanical properties caused by large amounts of macromolecular antistatic agents, but also plays a bridging role, improving the compatibility of the plastic and rubber phases in the ABS resin and improving the mechanical properties of the ABS resin.

[0026] 3) Phosphate flame retardants do not contain halogens and do not produce toxic gases when burning, making them safe and environmentally friendly. However, like permanent antistatic agents, phosphate flame retardants also suffer from the disadvantage of requiring large amounts. Adding large amounts of small-molecule phosphate flame retardants can cause phase separation within the matrix resin due to polarity differences, severely affecting the mechanical properties of ABS resin. This invention integrates a large-molecule permanent antistatic agent with good compatibility with flame retardant components at the molecular level, which not only effectively solves the problem of the impact of adding large amounts of flame retardants on the mechanical properties of ABS resin, but also reduces the migration problem of flame retardant components within the matrix resin, giving the material long-lasting flame retardancy. Detailed Implementation

[0027] It should be understood that the expression “one or more of…” individually includes each of the objects described after the expression, as well as various different combinations of two or more of the described objects, unless otherwise understood from the context and usage. The expression “and / or” combined with three or more described objects should be understood to have the same meaning, unless otherwise understood from the context.

[0028] The terms “including,” “having,” or “containing,” including the use of their grammatical synonyms, should generally be understood as open-ended and non-restrictive, for example, not excluding other unstated elements or steps, unless otherwise specifically stated or understood from the context.

[0029] It should be understood that the order of the steps or the order in which certain actions are performed is not important as long as the invention remains operational. Furthermore, two or more steps or actions can be performed simultaneously.

[0030] The use of any and all instances or exemplary language such as “e.g.” or “including” in this document is merely intended to better illustrate the invention and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention unless the claims are made. No language in this specification should be construed as indicating that any unclaimed element is essential to the practice of the invention.

[0031] Example 1

[0032] A rigid antistatic material for a total station packaging box comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 75 parts ABS resin, 0.3 parts antioxidant, 0.4 parts lubricant, 0.03 parts initiator, and 16 parts permanent antistatic agent;

[0033] The initiator is dicumyl peroxide, the antioxidant is a compound of 0.12 parts by weight of antioxidant 1068 and 0.18 parts by weight of antioxidant 168, the lubricant is calcium stearate, and the permanent antistatic agent is prepared by the following steps:

[0034] S1. By mass, 10 parts of 4-vinylaniline, 24 parts of dimethyl phosphite, and 0.4 parts of iodine are mixed in a three-necked flask. Magnetic stirring is turned on, and the mixture is reacted at room temperature for 60 minutes. After the reaction is completed, excess dimethyl phosphite is removed by rotary evaporation. The remaining solid is washed with deionized water and dried to obtain the flame retardant.

[0035] S2. By mass, 11 parts of 1-allylimidazolium, 8 parts of 2-chloroethanol, and 30 parts of acetonitrile were mixed in a three-necked flask, a condenser and a thermometer were attached, and a magnetic stirrer was turned on. The mixture was reacted at 40°C for 24 hours. After the reaction was completed, the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation. The remaining solid was washed with ethyl acetate and dried to obtain the reactive quaternary ammonium salt.

[0036] S3. By mass, under nitrogen protection, 16 parts of flame retardant, 10 parts of maleic anhydride, and 60 parts of N,N-dimethylformamide are mixed in a three-necked flask. A condenser and thermometer are installed, and a magnetic stirrer is turned on. A solution prepared by 0.004 parts of azobisisobutyronitrile and 10 parts of N,N-dimethylformamide is added dropwise to the three-necked flask. After the addition is complete, the reaction is carried out at 45°C for 10 hours. After the reaction is completed, the reaction solution is poured into deionized water to precipitate. The solid is then filtered out, washed with deionized water, and dried to obtain the macromolecular flame retardant.

[0037] S4. By mass, 20 parts of macromolecular flame retardant, 14 parts of reactive quaternary ammonium salt, 0.06 parts of p-toluenesulfonic acid, and 80 parts of N,N-dimethylformamide are mixed in a three-necked flask, fitted with a condenser and a thermometer, and the magnetic stirrer is turned on. The mixture is reacted at 80°C for 16 hours. After the reaction is completed, the reaction solution is poured into deionized water to precipitate. The solid is then filtered out, washed with deionized water, and dried to obtain a permanent antistatic agent.

[0038] A method for preparing an antistatic rigid material for a total station packaging box includes the following steps:

[0039] After drying, ABS resin is mixed with antioxidants, lubricants, initiators, and permanent antistatic agents in a high-speed mixer to obtain a uniform mixture. The mixture is then added to a twin-screw extruder and melt-extruded and granulated at 200°C before injection molding to obtain the antistatic rigid material for the total station packaging box.

[0040] Example 2

[0041] A rigid antistatic material for a total station packaging box comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 85 parts ABS resin, 0.5 parts antioxidant, 0.6 parts lubricant, 0.04 parts initiator, and 24 parts permanent antistatic agent;

[0042] The initiator is dicumyl peroxide, the antioxidant is a compound of 0.25 parts by weight of antioxidant 1068 and 0.25 parts by weight of antioxidant 168, the lubricant is zinc stearate, and the permanent antistatic agent is prepared by the following steps:

[0043] S1. By mass, 12 parts of 4-vinylaniline, 34 parts of dimethyl phosphite, and 0.6 parts of iodine are mixed in a three-necked flask. Magnetic stirring is turned on, and the mixture is reacted at room temperature for 30 minutes. After the reaction is completed, excess dimethyl phosphite is removed by rotary evaporation. The remaining solid is washed with deionized water and dried to obtain the flame retardant.

[0044] S2. By mass, 12 parts of 1-allylimidazolium, 16 parts of 4-bromo-1-butanol and 40 parts of acetonitrile were mixed in a three-necked flask, a condenser and a thermometer were attached, and magnetic stirring was turned on. The mixture was reacted at 80°C for 8 hours. After the reaction was completed, the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation. The remaining solid was washed with ethyl acetate and dried to obtain the reactive quaternary ammonium salt.

[0045] S3. By mass, under nitrogen protection, 18 parts of flame retardant, 14 parts of maleic anhydride, and 80 parts of N,N-dimethylformamide are mixed in a three-necked flask. A condenser and thermometer are installed, and a magnetic stirrer is turned on. A solution prepared by 0.008 parts of azobisisobutyronitrile and 15 parts of N,N-dimethylformamide is added dropwise to the three-necked flask. After the addition is complete, the reaction is carried out at 65°C for 6 hours. After the reaction is completed, the reaction solution is poured into deionized water to precipitate. The solid is then filtered out, washed with deionized water, and dried to obtain the macromolecular flame retardant.

[0046] S4. By mass, 24 parts of macromolecular flame retardant, 16 parts of reactive quaternary ammonium salt, 0.08 parts of p-toluenesulfonic acid, and 100 parts of N,N-dimethylformamide are mixed in a three-necked flask, fitted with a condenser and a thermometer, and the magnetic stirrer is turned on. The mixture is reacted at 110°C for 8 hours. After the reaction is complete, the reaction solution is poured into deionized water to precipitate. The solid is then filtered out, washed with deionized water, and dried to obtain a permanent antistatic agent.

[0047] A method for preparing an antistatic rigid material for a total station packaging box includes the following steps:

[0048] After drying, ABS resin is mixed with antioxidants, lubricants, initiators, and permanent antistatic agents in a high-speed mixer to obtain a uniform mixture. The mixture is then added to a twin-screw extruder and melt-extruded and granulated at a temperature of 220°C before injection molding to obtain the antistatic rigid material for the total station packaging box.

[0049] Example 3

[0050] A rigid antistatic material for a total station packaging box comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 80 parts ABS resin, 0.4 parts antioxidant, 0.5 parts lubricant, 0.035 parts initiator, and 20 parts permanent antistatic agent;

[0051] The initiator is dicumyl peroxide, the antioxidant is a compound of 0.18 parts by weight of antioxidant 1068 and 0.22 parts by weight of antioxidant 168, the lubricant is calcium stearate, and the permanent antistatic agent is prepared by the following steps:

[0052] S1. By mass, 11 parts of 4-vinylaniline, 29 parts of dimethyl phosphite, and 0.5 parts of iodine are mixed in a three-necked flask. Magnetic stirring is turned on, and the mixture is reacted at room temperature for 45 minutes. After the reaction is completed, excess dimethyl phosphite is removed by rotary evaporation. The remaining solid is washed with deionized water and dried to obtain the flame retardant.

[0053] S2. By mass, 11.5 parts of 1-allylimidazol, 12 parts of 3-chloro-1-propanol, and 35 parts of acetonitrile were mixed in a three-necked flask, fitted with a condenser and a thermometer, and the magnetic stirrer was turned on. The mixture was reacted at 60°C for 16 hours. After the reaction was completed, the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation, and the remaining solid was washed with ethyl acetate and dried to obtain the reactive quaternary ammonium salt.

[0054] S3. By mass, under nitrogen protection, 17 parts of flame retardant, 12 parts of maleic anhydride, and 70 parts of N,N-dimethylformamide are mixed in a three-necked flask. A condenser and thermometer are installed, and a magnetic stirrer is turned on. A solution prepared by 0.006 parts of azobisisobutyronitrile and 12.5 parts of N,N-dimethylformamide is added dropwise to the three-necked flask. After the addition is complete, the reaction is carried out at 55°C for 8 hours. After the reaction is completed, the reaction solution is poured into deionized water to precipitate. The solid is then filtered out, washed with deionized water, and dried to obtain the macromolecular flame retardant.

[0055] S4. By mass, 22 parts of macromolecular flame retardant, 15 parts of reactive quaternary ammonium salt, 0.07 parts of p-toluenesulfonic acid, and 90 parts of N,N-dimethylformamide are mixed in a three-necked flask, fitted with a condenser and a thermometer, and the magnetic stirrer is turned on. The mixture is reacted at 95°C for 12 hours. After the reaction is completed, the reaction solution is poured into deionized water to precipitate. The solid is then filtered out, washed with deionized water, and dried to obtain a permanent antistatic agent.

[0056] A method for preparing an antistatic rigid material for a total station packaging box includes the following steps:

[0057] After drying, ABS resin is mixed with antioxidants, lubricants, initiators, and permanent antistatic agents in a high-speed mixer to obtain a uniform mixture. The mixture is then added to a twin-screw extruder and melt-extruded and granulated at a temperature of 210°C before injection molding to obtain the antistatic rigid material for the total station packaging box.

[0058] Comparative Example 1

[0059] The raw material "permanent antistatic agent" in Example 1 was replaced with 8 parts of commercially available macromolecular antistatic agent ABS-2MP and 8 parts of flame retardant DOPO, while the mass fractions of the remaining raw materials and the preparation method of the antistatic rigid material for the total station packaging box remained unchanged.

[0060] Comparative Example 2

[0061] The raw material "permanent antistatic agent" in Example 1 was removed, while the mass fractions of the remaining raw materials and the preparation method of the antistatic rigid material for the total station packaging box remained unchanged.

[0062] Experimental Example 1

[0063] Flame retardant performance, impact resistance, and antistatic performance were tested on the antistatic rigid materials for total station packaging boxes prepared in Examples 1-3 and Comparative Example 1, respectively. The test results are shown in Table 1.

[0064] Flame retardant performance test: The oxygen index was tested in accordance with the national standard GB / T 2406-2008 "Test Method for Burning Performance of Plastics - Oxygen Index Method".

[0065] Impact resistance test: The notched impact strength was tested in accordance with the national standard GB / T 1843-2008 "Determination of Impact Strength of Plastic Cantilever Beams".

[0066] Antistatic performance test: The surface resistance of each component sample was tested using a surface resistance tester.

[0067] Table 1

[0068] project Limiting oxygen index (LOI) (%) <![CDATA[Notched impact strength (kJ / M 2 )]]> Surface resistivity (Ω) Example 1 29.32 13.29 <![CDATA[1.8×10 10 <!-- 5 -->]]> Example 2 30.55 14.52 <![CDATA[1.3×10 10 ]]> Example 3 29.84 13.86 <![CDATA[1.6×10 10 ]]> Comparative Example 1 25.63 8.19 <![CDATA[2.3×10 10 ]]> Comparative Example 2 19.72 12.63 <![CDATA[1.4×10 16 ]]>

[0069] As can be seen from Table 1, the antistatic rigid material of the total station packaging box of the present invention in Examples 1-3 has good flame retardancy and impact resistance, and the surface resistivity is less than 10. 11 Ω belongs to antistatic materials. While the antistatic rigid material for total station packaging boxes in Comparative Example 1, which contains commercially available antistatic agents and flame retardants, also meets the antistatic material standard, its flame retardant performance is weaker than that of the antistatic rigid material for total station packaging boxes of this invention. This is because the flame retardant has poor compatibility with the ABS resin groups, resulting in phase separation and uneven dispersion. Furthermore, the addition of large amounts of antistatic agents and flame retardants leads to a decrease in notched impact strength. In summary, the antistatic rigid material for total station packaging boxes of this invention has good flame retardant properties, antistatic properties, and good toughness, making it suitable for use as a total station packaging box.

[0070] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, and not to limit them; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some or all of the technical features; and these modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A type of antistatic rigid material for total station packaging boxes, characterized in that, The raw materials contain the following parts by weight: 75-85 parts ABS resin, 0.3-0.5 parts antioxidant, 0.4-0.6 parts lubricant, 0.03-0.04 parts initiator, and 16-24 parts permanent antistatic agent; The permanent antistatic agent is prepared by the following steps: A flame retardant is prepared by mixing 4-vinylaniline, dimethyl phosphite, and iodine and reacting them at room temperature. A reactive quaternary ammonium salt is prepared by dissolving 1-allylimidazolium and haloalcohol in acetonitrile and reacting them at 40–80°C. Then, under nitrogen protection, the flame retardant and maleic anhydride are dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide, and azobisisobutyronitrile is added and reacted at 45–65°C to obtain a macromolecular flame retardant. Finally, the macromolecular flame retardant, the reactive quaternary ammonium salt, and p-toluenesulfonic acid are dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide and reacted at 80–110°C to obtain a permanent antistatic agent.

2. The antistatic rigid material for a total station packaging box according to claim 1, characterized in that, The initiator is dicumyl peroxide, and the lubricant is one of calcium stearate and zinc stearate.

3. The antistatic rigid material for a total station packaging box according to claim 1, characterized in that, The antioxidant is a compound of antioxidant 1068 and antioxidant 168, and the mass ratio of antioxidant 1068 to antioxidant 168 is 4-5:5-6.

4. The antistatic rigid material for a total station packaging box according to claim 1, characterized in that, The halool has the following structure Where X is one of Cl and Br, and 2≤n≤4.

5. The antistatic rigid material for a total station packaging box according to claim 1, characterized in that, The ratio of 4-vinylaniline, dimethyl phosphite, and iodine used in S1 by mass parts is 10–12:24–34:0.4–0.

6.

6. The antistatic rigid material for a total station packaging box according to claim 1, characterized in that, The ratio of 1-allylimidazol to haloalcohol used in S2 is 11-12:8-16 by mass.

7. The antistatic rigid material for a total station packaging box according to claim 1, characterized in that, The ratio of flame retardant, maleic anhydride, and azobisisobutyronitrile used in S3 by mass parts is 16-18:10-14:0.004-0.

008.

8. The antistatic rigid material for a total station packaging box according to claim 1, characterized in that, By mass fraction, the ratio of macromolecular flame retardant, reactive quaternary ammonium salt, and p-toluenesulfonic acid in S4 is 20–24:14–16:0.06–0.

08.

9. A method for preparing an antistatic rigid material for a total station packaging box as described in any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: After drying, ABS resin is mixed with antioxidants, lubricants, initiators, and permanent antistatic agents to obtain a uniform mixture. The mixture is then added to a twin-screw extruder for melt extrusion granulation, followed by injection molding to obtain the antistatic rigid material for the total station packaging box.

10. The method for preparing an antistatic rigid material for a total station packaging box according to claim 9, characterized in that, The temperature conditions for melt extrusion are 200–220℃.

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