Automatic evaluation of three-phase load electrical imbalance

Abstract

Methods and systems for evaluating and managing electrical imbalance conditions associated with a three-phase electrical system. An intelligent electronic device (IED) coupled to a load acquires an energy-related signal associated with an electrical system. The processor is configured to characterize an electrical imbalance between the plurality of conductors, analyze data associated with the characterization to identify an electrical imbalance across the plurality of conductors, and determine a degree of contribution to an electrical source and a degree of contribution to a load in the electrical system for the identified electrical imbalance condition.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to electrical / power systems and, more particularly, to systems and methods for monitoring and evaluating energy-related data in electrical systems. Background Art

[0002] Three-phase systems typically cannot maintain precise balance across the three phases, so during startup and operating conditions, each motor phase can experience different power flows on separate phases. IEEE 1159-2019 - Recommended Practice for Monitoring Power Quality defines unbalance (voltage or current) as the ratio (often expressed as a percentage) of the negative sequence component to the positive sequence component, where unbalance is a steady-state phenomenon exhibiting 0.5% to 5% of the voltage amplitude and 1% to 3% of the current amplitude. It should be noted that the terms "unbalance" and "imbalance" can be used interchangeably.

[0003] For example, voltage imbalance can adversely affect three-phase equipment, particularly three-phase induction motors, which are common in industrial and commercial settings. There are two basic rules of thumb regarding the effects of voltage imbalance: 1) additional heating scales with the cube of the voltage imbalance; and 2) insulation life is halved for every 10°C increase in temperature. Therefore, when a source provides unbalanced voltage to a three-phase induction motor, the resulting unbalanced line currents cause additional heating and shorten the motor's life.

[0004] Conventional power monitoring systems measure, capture, alarm, and periodically analyze data from electrical systems, but it is typically left to the end user to evaluate the data and draw their own conclusions regarding its application in their system. Standards organizations such as the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) have each developed general equations to determine electrical imbalance. Voltage imbalance is typically measured using NEMA or IEC techniques in metering devices and other intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) to quantify its value. Unfortunately, no equation provides any direct information about the source and effects of imbalance in a three-phase electrical system, and most energy consumers do not have the time and expertise to evaluate energy-related data for themselves. In addition, the data generated by power monitoring systems is typically a consolidation of loads, making it difficult to identify, quantify, analyze, and respond to discrete issues involving, for example, a specific device.

[0005] Commonly assigned US Patent No. 10,718,813, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a method for automatically identifying abnormal conditions in an induction motor by normalizing the voltage measured across the induction motor terminals with respect to power flow to the motor or the motor's impedance.

[0006] Commonly assigned US Patent No. 11,695,427, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses capturing at least one energy-related waveform in an electrical system using at least one IED.

[0007] Monitoring energy-related data in an electrical system as disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Patent No. 11,740,266, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, includes processing energy-related data extracted or derived from an energy-related signal captured by at least one IED in the electrical system to identify at least one change / alteration in the energy-related signal. Summary of the Invention

[0008] Various aspects of the present disclosure automatically assess steady-state voltage imbalance in an electrical system, focusing on its impact on three-phase loads (including motors). Because voltage imbalance in a three-phase motor causes additional heating in the insulation of the motor windings, the windings may fail prematurely, thereby shortening the life of the motor. In addition, voltage imbalance reduces motor energy efficiency, resulting in supplemental energy losses. Various aspects of the present disclosure address the impact of voltage imbalance on three-phase motors and other loads and how motors can affect voltage imbalance in an electrical system. In this regard, such aspects determine the energy-related impacts (e.g., energy costs, equipment costs, etc.) caused by voltage imbalance, quantify the impact of three-phase loads (including motors) on electrical measurements in IEDs related to electrical system imbalance, reveal potential improvements in electrical efficiency and performance, and identify opportunities to increase equipment life.

[0009] In one aspect, a method for assessing and managing an electrical imbalance condition associated with an analyzed three-phase electrical system includes acquiring, by at least one IED (Integrated Device) (IED) in the electrical system, an energy-related signal associated with the electrical system. The method also includes processing the energy-related signal acquired by the at least one IED to construct a representation of electrical imbalance between a plurality of conductors based on the energy-related signal. The energy-related signal includes a plurality of measurements taken over time from the plurality of conductors. The method also includes analyzing data associated with the representation to identify electrical imbalance across the plurality of conductors, and determining a contribution of one or more electrical sources and a contribution of one or more loads in the electrical system to the identified electrical imbalance condition.

[0010] In another aspect, a system for assessing and managing an electrical imbalance condition associated with an analyzed three-phase electrical system includes at least one IED communicatively coupled to three-phase loads of the electrical system and configured to acquire energy-related signals associated with the electrical system. The system also includes a processor that receives and responds to the energy-related signals acquired by the at least one IED, and a memory storing processor-executable instructions. When executed, the instructions construct a representation of electrical imbalance between a plurality of conductors based on the energy-related signals. The energy-related signals include a plurality of measurements taken from the plurality of conductors over time. The instructions further configure the processor to analyze data associated with the representation to identify electrical imbalance across the plurality of conductors, and to determine the contribution of one or more electrical sources and one or more loads in the electrical system to the identified electrical imbalance condition.

[0011] Other objects and features of the invention will be in part apparent and in part pointed out herein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] Figure 1 An example electrical system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0013] Figure 2 Another example electrical system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0014] Figure 3 is a flow chart illustrating an example process for evaluating voltage imbalance according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0015] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a three-phase system connected to a delta-wound three-phase load according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0016] Figure 5 An example data relationship of acquiring data by an IED according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown.

[0017] Figure 6 Matrix shift operations for analyzing imbalance according to an embodiment of the present disclosure are illustrated.

[0018] Figure 7A shows the arithmetic addition of each discrete row, and Figure 7B The arithmetic addition of each discrete column is shown according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0019] Figure 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a system having three-phase and single-phase loads according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0020] Figure 9A and Figure 9BThe formation of a solution set after performing a shift operation according to examples and embodiments of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0021] Figure 10A and Figure 10B The formation of a solution set after performing a shift operation according to examples and embodiments of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0022] Figures 11A to 11C An exemplary electrical power management system (EPMS) that identifies the location of an imbalance condition according to examples and embodiments of the present disclosure is illustrated.

[0023] Corresponding reference numerals indicate corresponding parts throughout the drawings. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0024] The features and other details of the concepts, systems, and techniques for which protection is sought herein will now be described in more detail. It will be understood that any specific embodiments described herein are shown by way of illustration and not as limitations of the disclosure and concepts described herein. Features of the subject matter described herein may be employed in various embodiments without departing from the scope of the concepts for which protection is sought.

[0025] Electrical unbalance implicitly applies to polyphase / multiphase electrical systems. In a balanced three-phase electrical power system, all three phase voltages are equal in magnitude and 120° out of phase with each other. Any deviation from these constraints results in voltage unbalance, potentially adversely affecting connected equipment and loads. Voltage and current imbalances can arise from a variety of sources, including disproportionate circuit impedances, unevenly distributed loads on individual phases, unbalanced three-phase loads, and missing conductors. The most significant cause of voltage unbalance in a three-phase electrical system is the loss of one or two of the three input phases. In such cases, the imbalance is extremely severe and can significantly impact the life of a three-phase induction motor operated under these conditions. A perfectly balanced polyphase system is virtually impossible to achieve continuously in practice, so nearly all three-phase systems typically experience some level of voltage and current imbalance. It is crucial that these imbalances be minimized to reduce adverse effects on equipment and loads. For example, a motor operating at 100% of its nameplate load under unbalanced voltage conditions will exceed its rated current, resulting in additional motor losses and heating, reduced motor efficiency, and shortened motor insulation life.

[0026] According to embodiments of the present disclosure, three-phase imbalance problems are evaluated to identify, quantify, troubleshoot, and resolve issues primarily related to sensitivity and impact on three-phase motors in an electrical system. Two important aspects are identifying the source of the three-phase imbalance problem (e.g., upstream or downstream of an IED or within the IED system) and quantifying the impact of the imbalance on the functioning of equipment within the electrical system (e.g., heat generation, wasted energy, etc.). A general industry rule of thumb is that the annual energy cost of a motor is more than ten times its original purchase cost. This means that over time, any improvement in the energy efficiency of a motor can save a significant amount of money and emissions. In addition, embodiments of the present disclosure provide the added benefit of reducing capital costs by increasing equipment life.

[0027] The well-known motor derating curve developed by NEMA (NEMA MG-1-2021) for three-phase induction motors specifies when a three-phase motor operating at its rated load should be derated based on the degree of voltage imbalance at the motor terminals. Based on this derating curve, any three-phase NEMA-rated induction motor should be able to tolerate a 1% voltage unbalance without derating the motor; however, higher voltage unbalance levels (no more than 5%) should result in a corresponding derating of the motor load based on the derating curve. For example, consider a 100kW three-phase induction motor operating at full load with a voltage unbalance of 3.5%. The motor should be derated to approximately 85% of its full-load rating (i.e., 85kW). If derating the motor is not possible (i.e., 100kW is required), a larger motor (e.g., ideally rated at 117kW) or one with a service factor of 1.15 (i.e., when the imbalance is intermittent) should be used.

[0028] Known causes of voltage unbalance in three-phase electrical systems include feeder balance (2% to 5% voltage), shorted windings or open delta configuration in the transformer (2% to 5% voltage), capacitor problems such as blown or failed fuses (2% to 5% voltage), and single phasing (>10% voltage). Because voltage unbalance on a three-phase system can cause unexpected downtime and expense, the level of unbalance is important to continuously monitor, assess, and mitigate. Additional heating of three-phase induction motors caused by unbalanced conditions should be minimized to reduce maintenance and capital costs.

[0029] As mentioned above, standards organizations such as NEMA and IEC have developed general equations for evaluating electrical unbalance.

[0030] NEMA unbalance, discussed in NEMA standard MG-1-2021, is generally a straightforward calculation using line voltage and is sometimes referred to as the Line Voltage Unbalance Ratio (LVUR). It is defined as:

[0031]

[0032] It should be noted that the LVUR calculation uses only the voltage magnitude; the phase angle is not considered.

[0033] The IEEE method is very similar to the NEMA method, but considers the phase voltage instead of the line voltage. It is often referred to as the phase voltage unbalance ratio (PVUR) and is given by the following equation:

[0034]

[0035] Also, it should be noted that the PVUR calculation uses only the voltage magnitude; the phase angle is not considered.

[0036] The True / IEC unbalance method calculation is slightly more complex and inherently includes the effect of phase angle on the unbalance. It is called the voltage unbalance factor (VUF) or percentage voltage unbalance factor (VUF%) and is determined by the following equation:

[0037]

[0038] Where "V-" refers to the negative sequence voltage component and "V+" refers to the positive sequence voltage component. Determination of these values ​​involves calculating the symmetrical components of the three unbalanced line voltages and should be readily understood by those skilled in the art.

[0039] The NEMA / IEEE and True / IEC calculations may differ from each other, generally diverging as the imbalance increases, but below an imbalance level of 5%, their results are nominally comparable. It will be appreciated that the three-phase current unbalance can be calculated using equations similar to those provided above, substituting the corresponding currents for the voltages in the equations.

[0040] Reference Figure 1 An example electrical system 100 according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes one or more intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) 102 capable of sampling, sensing, or monitoring one or more parameters (e.g., power monitoring parameters) associated with one or more loads 106 (sometimes also referred to herein as "devices" or "apparatus"). Although indicated by the same reference numerals, it is understood that, depending on the specific design and characteristics of the electrical system 100, the IEDs 102 may be different from one another (e.g., the IEDs may have different features and capabilities, etc.), and the loads 106 may be different from one another (e.g., motors, lighting fixtures, computer servers, etc.). In an embodiment, the loads 106 and IEDs 102 may be installed in one or more buildings or other physical locations, or they may be installed on one or more processes and / or loads within a building. The building may correspond to, for example, a commercial, industrial, or institutional building.

[0041] like Figure 1 As shown in FIG, each IED 102 is coupled to one or more loads 106, which, in some embodiments, may be located "upstream" or "downstream" of the IED. For example, loads 106 include machinery or devices associated with a particular application (e.g., an industrial application), application, and / or process. For example, machinery may include electrical or electronic equipment. Machinery may also include controllers and / or auxiliary equipment associated with the equipment. According to aspects of the present disclosure, loads 106 include a mix of single-phase and three-phase loads (e.g., motors).

[0042] In embodiments, the IEDs 102 can monitor and, in some embodiments, analyze parameters (e.g., energy-related parameters) associated with the loads 106 to which they are coupled. For example, the IEDs 102 (e.g., metering devices) capture energy-related waveforms in the electrical system 100. As used herein, an IED is a computing electronic device optimized to perform a specific function or set of functions. Examples of IEDs 102 include smart meters, power quality meters, microprocessor relays, digital fault recorders, and other metering devices. IEDs 102 can also be embedded in variable speed drives (VSDs), uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs), circuit breakers, relays, transformers, or any other electrical device. Furthermore, IEDs 102 can be used to perform measurement / monitoring and control functions in a wide variety of facilities. These facilities can include utility systems, industrial facilities, warehouses, office buildings or other commercial complexes, campus facilities, computing co-location centers, data centers, distribution networks, or any other structure, process, or load that uses electrical energy. For example, if IED 102 is an electrical power monitoring device, it may be coupled to (or installed in) an electrical power transmission or distribution system and configured to sense / measure and store data (e.g., waveform data, log data, I / O data, etc.) as electrical parameters representing operational characteristics (e.g., voltage, current, waveform distortion, power, etc.) of the electrical distribution system. For example, a user may analyze these parameters and characteristics to assess potential performance, reliability, and / or power quality-related issues. One or more of IEDs 102 may include at least a controller (which, in some IEDs, may be configured to run one or more applications simultaneously, serially, or both simultaneously and serially), firmware, memory, communication interfaces, and connectors that connect the IED to external systems, devices, and / or components at any voltage level, configuration, and / or type (e.g., AC, DC). At least some aspects of the monitoring and control functionality of IED 102 may be implemented in a computer program accessible to the IED.

[0043] In some embodiments, the term "IED," as used herein, may refer to a hierarchy of IEDs operating in parallel and / or in series. For example, an IED may correspond to a hierarchy of energy meters, power meters, and / or other types of resource meters. The hierarchy may include a tree-based hierarchy such as a binary tree, a tree with one or more child nodes descending from each parent node or nodes, or a combination thereof, where each node represents a specific IED. In some cases, the hierarchy of IEDs may share data or hardware resources and may execute shared software. It is understood that a hierarchy may be non-spatial (such as a billing hierarchy), where the IEDs grouped together may not be physically related.

[0044] According to another aspect, the IED 102 can detect overvoltage and undervoltage conditions (e.g., transient overvoltages) as well as other parameters such as temperature (including ambient temperature). According to yet another aspect, the IED 102 can provide indications of monitored parameters and detected conditions that can be used to control the load 106 and other equipment in the electrical system 100 in which the load 106 and the IED 102 are installed. A variety of other monitoring and / or control functions can be performed by the IED 102, and the aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to the IED 102 operating as described in the examples mentioned above.

[0045] It is understood that the IEDs 102 can take various forms and can each have an associated complexity (or set of functional capabilities and / or features). For example, one IED 102 is a "basic" IED, another IED 102 is a "medium" IED, and yet another IED 102 is an "advanced" IED. In such embodiments, the medium IED can have more functionality (e.g., energy measurement features and / or capabilities) than the basic IED, and the advanced IED can have more functionality and / or features than both the medium and basic IEDs. For example, in embodiments, the IED 102 (e.g., an IED with basic capabilities and / or features) can be capable of monitoring instantaneous voltage, current energy, demand, power factor, average value, maximum value, instantaneous power, and / or long-duration RMS variation, and / or the IED 102 (e.g., an IED with advanced capabilities) can be capable of monitoring additional parameters such as voltage transients, voltage fluctuations, frequency slew rates, harmonic power flows, and discrete harmonic components (all at higher sampling rates). It is understood that this example is for illustrative purposes only, and that, likewise, in some embodiments, an IED with basic capabilities may be capable of monitoring one or more of the above energy measurement parameters indicated as being associated with an IED with advanced capabilities. It is also understood that, in some embodiments, the IEDs 102 each have independent functionality.

[0046] exist Figure 1 In the example embodiment of FIG. 1 , the IED 102 is communicatively coupled to a central processing unit (CPU) 140 (and associated memory) via a data communications network, illustrated as a “cloud” 150. In some embodiments, the IED 102 may be directly communicatively coupled to the cloud 150. In other embodiments, the IED 102 may be indirectly communicatively coupled to the cloud 150 via an intermediary device, such as a cloud-connected hub 130 (or gateway), that provides the IED 102 with access to the cloud 150 and the CPU 140.

[0047] Commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2023 / 0152833, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a cloud-connected electrical system that may utilize aspects of the present disclosure.

[0048] Figure 2 Another example electrical system 200 is illustrated in which aspects of the present disclosure may be used to automatically assess voltage imbalance. One or more embodiments may optionally use location information of one or more IEDs 202 within the electrical system 200 to provide spatial context. For example, Figure 2 A system 200 is illustrated with two step-down transformers 204 and a plurality of IEDs 202 monitoring a mix of single-phase and three-phase downstream loads 206. It is to be understood that Figure 2 The electrical system 200 is only one embodiment of many potential embodiments for teaching the concepts described herein.

[0049] Figure 3 An example process implementing aspects of the present disclosure is illustrated that permits analysis of historical operational data to determine both the impact of imbalance on a load 106, 206 (i.e., in this example, a three-phase motor) and, importantly, the impact of the three-phase motor on imbalance within an electrical system, such as electrical system 100 or electrical system 200. Additionally, energy losses associated with rebalancing an unbalanced three-phase load 106, 206 are also accounted for and determined.

[0050] The process begins at 302 and determines at 304 whether a voltage imbalance assessment feature is configured. If not, the process evaluates information regarding configuration, metadata, electrical / metering levels, IEDs, gateways, headend software, cloud-based applications, etc. at 306 before returning to 302. One or more embodiments evaluate electrical signals (i.e., voltage, current, power, or other derived energy-related signals or data) to analyze / evaluate / assess imbalances and, accordingly, provide one or more of severity, location, and recommendations. The energy-related signals acquired by at least one IED 102, 202 may include I / O data. It will be appreciated that the I / O data may take the form of digital I / O data, analog I / O data, or a combination of digital and analog I / O data. The I / O data may convey, for example, status information (e.g., on, off, etc.) as well as other types of information, as will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art from this disclosure. Aspects of this disclosure apply to one or more IEDs, gateways, edge / headend software systems, and / or cloud-based systems (or applications within such devices or systems).

[0051] Proceeding to 308, the process obtains at least one of three-phase voltage, current, and power data from one or more IEDs 102, 202 of the electrical system 100, 200 being analyzed. Additionally, the process optionally obtains at least one downstream load status at 310. If sufficient data is available for analysis (as determined at 312), the process proceeds to 314 to process and analyze the at least one of three-phase voltage, current, and power data from the IEDs 102, 202.

[0052] It is unrealistic to expect to design and operate a three-phase electrical system that can continuously maintain perfect voltage balance. This is often due to the arbitrary operation of single-phase loads (and their associated impedance changes) and their random distribution across the three-phase electrical system. Furthermore, the impedance of three-phase electrical loads, such as motors, is never perfectly balanced. However, steps can be taken (whether as an energy producer or consumer) to minimize the level of voltage imbalance, including:

[0053] ●Balanced electrical system distribution impedance;

[0054] ● Distribute the single-phase load equally across all three phases;

[0055] Load balancing;

[0056] ● Isolate single-phase loads from critical three-phase distribution systems; and

[0057] ●Install mitigation equipment (e.g., dynamic voltage restorers (DVRs), voltage regulators, step-up / step-down transformers, static VAR compensators, line conditioners).

[0058] If it is determined at 316 that the resulting imbalance originates upstream from the IED 102, 202, the process provides at least one of a severity level or a recommendation to resolve or mitigate the source-side problem at 318, and provides at least one of a severity level or a recommendation to resolve or mitigate any secondary load-side problem at 320. If it is determined at 316 that the primary imbalance originates downstream from the IED 102, 202, the process provides at least one of a severity level or a recommendation to resolve or mitigate the load-side problem at 322, and provides at least one of a severity level or a recommendation to resolve or mitigate any secondary load-side problem at 324. At 326, the process optionally stores, alerts, and / or displays the data, analysis, assessment, recommendation, and / or action. The process ends at 328.

[0059] In an embodiment, processing and analyzing at least one of three-phase voltage, current, and power data from the IEDs 102, 202 at 314 includes processing and analyzing data from discrete (individual) locations of the IEDs 102, 202 within the electrical system 100, 200, with the results (outputs) distinguishing between upstream and downstream sources of imbalance. Three-phase voltage, current, and power analysis of the data is performed similarly and can use either line (or line-to-line) or phase (line-to-neutral / ground) values, as long as the parameters within the data set to be analyzed are all consistent; that is, line-to-line values ​​are analyzed against line-to-line values ​​or line-to-neutral / ground values ​​are analyzed against line-to-neutral / ground values. Similarly, power parameters within the data set to be analyzed should all be consistent; that is, active power should only be evaluated against active power, reactive power should only be evaluated against reactive power, and apparent power should only be evaluated against apparent power.

[0060] The programmed configuration (i.e., in a device, gateway, software, and / or cloud-based application) implementing the features of the present disclosure preferably includes any parameters to be evaluated (e.g., voltage, current, active power, apparent power, reactive power, etc., or, for example, multiple combinations thereof). The configuration data to be analyzed may also include a periodic data sampling rate (i.e., acquisition rate, logging interval, etc.) with an associated timestamp. For example, the acquisition of data may be time-based (e.g., periodic), process-based (e.g., when certain devices or processes are operating), arbitrary (e.g., random or non-periodic), and / or some combination thereof. In embodiments, the sampling / measurement rate of data may be anywhere from one period to a year or longer (e.g., periods, seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, seasons, years, etc.), but is preferably in units of minutes, hours, or days. For example, the system is typically configured to capture current values ​​every 5 minutes, or apparent power every 15 minutes. The sampling / measurement of data may also occur at specified times within the process when a particular device is operating.

[0061] Optional digital and / or analog I / O may also be configured.In an example, the IED 102, 202 includes digital status inputs that require configuration and analog inputs (eg, from thermocouples) that require calibration as part of its configuration.

[0062] In one or more embodiments, configuration is performed automatically, manually, or a combination of both. The IED 102, 202 and / or gateway, edge software, and / or cloud-based applications can be designed to analyze relevant data that has been captured or accumulated. For example, the IED 102, 202 can be configured to capture 15-minute demand values ​​for billing purposes. Assuming that the 15-minute demand values ​​include phase data, i.e., S A (A phase apparent power), S B (B phase apparent power), S C (Phase C apparent power), algorithms implementing aspects of the present disclosure can utilize this information to provide imbalance analysis and results. Similarly, edge software that acquires three-phase current values ​​from one or more IEDs 102, 202 within an electrical power monitoring system (EPMS) can be used to provide information related to imbalance from both a discrete and system perspective. In each of these cases, the data is not necessarily analyzed in "real time" but can be evaluated at any time "after the fact" from a historical database or the like.

[0063] Figure 4 and Figure 5 Acquisition of individual parameters to be analyzed (eg, three-phase current, three-phase apparent power, three-phase active power, etc.) and information on how data, sets, samples, and values ​​relate to each other are provided according to one or more embodiments. Figure 4 The figure shows an example of a simple three-phase application. Figure 4 As shown in Figure 1 IED 102 or Figure 2 The IED 202 and the IED 402 are fed from a source such as Figure 1 The load is 106 or Figure 2Electrical data and information are acquired from three conductors 404 of a three-phase motor load 406, such as a load 206. It is understood that acquiring data as described herein may include acquiring, measuring, capturing, recording, etc. The data acquisition from the three conductors 404 is acquired substantially synchronously (or pseudo-synchronously) as a group sample or as a "group of three" value from each IED 402. As used herein, "synchronous" means synchronous or pseudo-synchronous, such that the acquisition occurs simultaneously or substantially simultaneously. The group sample includes three representative measurements from a three-phase system associated with a first phase A, a second phase B, and a third phase C (e.g., phase A current, phase B current, and phase C current, respectively). Again, it is important to note that all three measurements (i.e., values ​​within the group sample) are acquired synchronously or pseudo-synchronously. It is understood that the conventions and nomenclature used herein are for purposes of distinction and description and are not intended to be limiting (e.g., phase A can be phase 1). The aspects of the present disclosure are not limited or constrained based on naming conventions, nomenclature, examples, etc.

[0064] Figure 5 The diagram illustrates data relationships; i.e., values, samples, and sets for one example of data being acquired by the IED 402 according to an embodiment. The right side of the diagram illustrates inputs. In this example, the IED 402 acquires three parameters (e.g., Phase A Phase B Phase C ). The input also includes an optional neutral connection and other optional connections (e.g., digital input, digital output, analog input, analog output, etc.), which may or may not be used depending on the application. As shown, the IED 402 provides relevant data to be analyzed according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Figure 4 The three representative values ​​(eg, Phase A Phase B Phase C ) are the values ​​(e.g., Value1, Value2, Value3) acquired simultaneously in a "group of three" that make up a sample (e.g., Sample1). It is important to note that these values ​​can originate from a single acquisition or can be a composite of two or more acquisitions. For example, Value1 can be a single value or an average of two or more values, each of which has its own synchronized timestamp. For example, if it is determined to be a prudent approach to filtering out atypical readings or for some other reason, the value provided in Sample1 of Table 1 can be averaged with the corresponding value provided in Sample4 of Table 1 (or any other sample, if prudent).

[0065] Table I. Example data table.

[0066]

[0067] For the purposes of this application and as Figure 5 As shown in FIG, a sample (e.g., Sample 1) from IED 402 is a synchronous (or pseudo-synchronous) acquisition of three representative values ​​(averaged or not). Because the values ​​constituting the sample are synchronized in this embodiment, they have the same or similar acquisition timestamps. Figure 5 As shown in , the multiple of three samples obtained are referred to herein as a set (e.g., Set 1), and a set is generally required for analysis. The multiple of three samples obtained that make up one or more sets are asynchronous with each other because different conditions occurring at different times need to be analyzed as with each sample. Algorithms implementing various aspects of the present disclosure can utilize data generally indicated as 502 to provide imbalance analysis and results.

[0068] In an embodiment, for example, the samples to be analyzed for imbalance are based on current values ​​(eg, I A , I B , I C Alternatively, for example, the samples to be used in analyzing the imbalance may be apparent power values ​​(eg, S A 、S B 、S C Finally, for example, the samples to be analyzed for imbalance can be voltage values. It is important to understand that all values ​​used in the samples are similar; they are not completely different. For example, a sample (e.g., Sample1) does not consist of two current values ​​(e.g., Value1, Value2) and one voltage value (e.g., Value3), or an active power value (e.g., Value1) and two apparent power values ​​(e.g., Value2, Value3), or any other combination of parameters. Doing so would produce irrational and nonsensical results.

[0069] Table I illustrates three datasets: Set1 (samples 1, 2, 3), Set2 (samples 4, 5, 6), and Set3 (samples 7, 8, 9). Table I also provides the values ​​that constitute the samples (e.g., I A , I B , I C ). It is important to note that any number of sets, samples and / or values ​​may be considered.

[0070] Figure 5The diagram illustrates the relationship between data, sets, samples, values, and averages according to one or more embodiments. The "data" in the shaded circles can include all sets, samples, values, and averages acquired by at least one IED (i.e., in this example, IED 402). Typically, a value is a single parameter acquired by an IED, gateway, edge / headend software, and / or cloud-based application. This includes directly acquired electrical data (e.g., voltage, current, etc.), values ​​derived from directly acquired electrical data (e.g., active power, apparent power, etc.), I / O data (e.g., load operating status, temperature from thermocouples, etc.), or any other relevant data associated with a load, process, IED (e.g., meter), gateway, edge / headend software, and / or cloud-based application.

[0071] As previously stated, a set (e.g., Set1) is composed of at least three samples (e.g., Sample1, Sample2, Sample3) of similar parameters (e.g., current in Table 1). In the embodiment of Table 1, the three samples that make up the set are not synchronized with each other (i.e., they are not acquired at the same time). Figure 5 The three values ​​constituting Sample1 (ie, Value1, Value2, Value3) shown at the top of the graph may be, for example, values ​​obtained synchronously with each other at a first time (eg, t1). A , I B and I C Likewise, the second sample (eg, Sample2) includes the same parameters (ie, I A , I B and I C Finally, the third sample (eg, Sample3) includes the same parameters (ie, I A , I B and I C ).

[0072] Figure 5The minimum number of values ​​required to produce a set is also illustrated (i.e., nine). As stated above, additional values ​​can be included in the analysis by averaging the corresponding values. For example, Sample1 can be composed of six measurements, where each value (e.g., Value1, Value2, Value3) is the average of two acquisitions. Likewise, a set (e.g., Set1) can be composed of six samples, where each of the samples (e.g., Sample1, Sample2, Sample3) is the average of two samples. It is important to note that an imbalance in a three-phase system requires data from each of the three phases to analyze; therefore, three values ​​are required. If the parameters correspond directly, then it is acceptable to average the values ​​consistently (e.g., averaging 1 A with I A Find the average to achieve Value1, and I B with I B Find the average to achieve Value2, and I C with I C Averaging to achieve Value3).

[0073] More than three samples may be available, but only multiples of three samples may be used to analyze imbalance. While any three samples (or multiples of three) can be analyzed together, it is often more prudent or useful to purposefully consider samples that have some significance relative to each other. Some examples include, for example, 1) using three samples taken at different times of the day, 2) using three samples when different downstream processes are operating, or 3) using three samples when similar processes are used at different times of the day. Having the context provided in these examples helps better interpret and understand the analysis results.

[0074] As an additional note, various mathematical approaches can be taken to calculate the number of available sets in a database containing n samples. One approach could be to use combinatorial operations to calculate the number of possible sets from three unique combinations of samples using the following equation:

[0075]

[0076] where x is the total number of samples that can be analyzed, r is a multiple of three, and x ≥ r ≥ 3.

[0077] For example, assume that there are a total of 577 samples available for analysis, therefore, x = 577. Determine the value of r that can be considered (i.e., a multiple of 3 and x ≥ r ≥ 3). Then, the number of unique set combinations can be determined by using Equation 4:

[0078]

[0079] The population x is 577 and the sample set r is 3.

[0080] As stated above, the two readings can be averaged to produce one value (e.g., Value1). In this case, the number of unique set combinations can then be determined by using Equation 4:

[0081]

[0082] The population x is 577 and the sample r is 6.

[0083] While averaging the data is possible and relevant, the most straightforward approach involves using only three values ​​per sample and three samples per set. Additionally, the output of the analysis, as derived parameters, can be stored, logged, trended, further analyzed, displayed, alarmed, emailed, etc. Imbalance can be calculated using either phase-to-phase data or phase-to-neutral data; however, again, the parameters used must be consistent. All data can be supplemented with operational status data (e.g., I / O, etc.), spatial relationships, etc., to provide better context for imbalance assessment (severity, source location, etc.).

[0084] Once the data to be analyzed (e.g., sets, samples, values, averages, etc.) has been identified and / or established, an algorithm is used to analyze the imbalance of the identified / established parameters across the three phases. The first step in analyzing the position imbalance of the IED is to create an analysis matrix from the identified and / or established values. Table II illustrates a simple example data set that is an abridged version of Table I. In this case, only the first data set (e.g., Set 1) is considered.

[0085] Table II. Simple example dataset.

[0086]

[0087] In Table II, the data obtained by IED 402 at 12:36:16:01 on August 14, 2023 for I A , I B and I C The first reading of the current (ie, Value1, Value2, and Value3) is taken by the same IED 402 approximately five minutes later at 12:41:16:00 for I A , I B and I C The second reading of the current (i.e., Value4, Value5, and Value6). Approximately five minutes later, at 12:46:15:58, the current reading for I A , I B and I CThe third reading of the current (i.e., Value7, Value8, and Value9). The first three values ​​create the first sample (i.e., Sample1), the second three values ​​create the second sample (i.e., Sample2), and the third three values ​​create the third sample (Sample3). All three samples (i.e., Sample1, Sample2, and Sample3) create the first set (i.e., Set1).

[0088] Table III illustrates the general form of Table II, with the measured values ​​substituted for the variables in each corresponding cell of the matrix. These variables are unique and are designated with two-digit subscripts. The first subscript number indicates the row number of the cell, and the second subscript number indicates the column number of the cell. For example, the cell at row 2 (m) and column 3 (n) is the variable a. 23 The matrix dimensions for these variables are m rows by n columns, so the matrix is ​​an m×n matrix (a 3×3 matrix in this example).

[0089] Table III. General model for the data in Table II.

[0090]

[0091] Each row of the set is a discrete or averaged sample of three values ​​acquired at synchronized times. In an embodiment, each average reading constituting the averaged sample is not synchronized. Additionally, each column of the set is a single parameter (i.e., in this case, phase and amplitude) acquired at three unique moments in time. Each matrix cell provided in Table III is also equivalent to the following values ​​discussed above: a 11 =Value1, a 12 =Value2, a 13 =Value3, a 21 =Value4, a 22 =Value5, a 23 =Value6, a 31 =Value7, a 32 =Value8 and a 33 =Value9. This is important because the algorithms implementing aspects of the present disclosure manipulate the matrix to analyze imbalances at unique locations where values ​​are obtained.

[0092] Figure 6The diagram illustrates a matrix shift operation for analyzing an imbalance by creating a new solution set (referred to herein as step 1 of the analysis). The new solution set is then evaluated in future steps to determine the location (i.e., upstream or downstream of the IED 402) and severity of the imbalance for a given parameter (e.g., current, apparent power, etc.). This method can be used for a single value, an average value, or a set of averages, assuming no averaging occurs before the value is entered into the matrix cells.

[0093] Figure 6 The “original set” shown in Tables I, II, and III is the same data array; the individual matrix elements shown in Table III (e.g., a 11 、a 12 etc.) directly with Figure 6 As previously mentioned, each row of the raw set corresponds to a separate or average reading that constitutes three values. In addition, each column of the raw set is a single parameter acquired at three unique moments (e.g., I A , I B and I C ).

[0094] The first step (step 1) is to manipulate the original set to shift two values ​​down (or up) in the column so that no two values ​​in any row are part of the same (original) sample. For example, one exemplary technique is to shift each column down k steps, as Figure 6 , where k = n - 1 and n is the column number. For example, in the first column (n = 1); therefore, since the result k = 1 - 1 = 0, there will be no shift. Similarly, in the second column (n = 2), therefore k = 2 - 1 = 1, so the second column will undergo a single-step shift. Finally, in the third column (n = 3), therefore k = 3 - 1 = 2, so the third column will undergo a two-step shift. In this approach, each column is shifted to ensure that no two values ​​from any original row are still in the same row together. For clarity, this approach can be expanded, or other equations can be used to shift the columns so that no two values ​​from any original row are still in the same row together (e.g., k = |n - 3|, etc.). Although described in the context of column shifting, it is to be understood that other shifting methods such as row shifting are within the scope of the present disclosure.

[0095] The next step (ie, step 2) in analyzing the solution set results is by performing simple arithmetic addition of the rows and columns separately. Figure 7A and 7B Illustrated using Figure 6 The solution set is given in the matrix unit of this method. Figure 7A shows the arithmetic addition of each discrete row (sum of row cells) used to construct the first analysis set, and Figure 7B The arithmetic addition of each discrete column (the sum of the column cells) used to construct the second analysis set is shown. To illustrate, Figure 7A The sums of the rows in produce a fourth column from these arithmetic additions (i.e., a 3×1 array), and Figure 7B The sums of the columns in produce the fourth row (i.e., a 1×3 array) from these arithmetic additions.

[0096] exist Figure 7A and Figure 7B After the steps shown in (step 2), the third step (step 3) calculates the new columns from step 2 respectively Hexing The average value of . For row cells column The equation for the mean of the new sum is given by:

[0097]

[0098] And, for columns and rows The equation for the mean of the new sum is given by:

[0099]

[0100] After step 3 is completed, all variables are available for calculating both the sources of imbalance and the magnitude of the imbalance from the respective sources.

[0101] The final step (step 4) is to calculate the imbalance associated with the load (i.e., downstream of the IED) and the source (i.e., upstream of the IED) separately. To calculate the imbalance effect associated with the load, an equation similar to the NEMA / IEEE imbalance definition above can be used:

[0102]

[0103] Additionally, to calculate the unbalance effect associated with a source, an equation similar to the NEMA / IEEE unbalance definition above can be used:

[0104]

[0105] Analyzing and comparing the results of the two equations from step 4 is useful in many ways, and the conclusions drawn from these analyses will depend on the parameters being evaluated. Furthermore, specific parameters may have different thresholds / limits and unique evaluations. The results from equations 7 and 8 will indicate the relative sources of imbalance, allowing the end user to address any issues accordingly. If the load side of the acquisition point (i.e., the IED location) is a significant source of imbalance, the end user may be able to address the issue by focusing downstream from that point (e.g., the IED). If the downstream load is considered primarily balanced three-phase, exceeding a given threshold (e.g., 10%) would indicate a possible three-phase load issue (e.g., a shorted winding in a faulty motor stator, excessive eccentricity, rotor bar issues, etc.). If the downstream load is a mix of single-phase and three-phase loads, further investigation may be necessary. The inclusion of digital and / or analog I / O (e.g., digital status outputs from the motor) provides useful information for any investigation to better understand how the operating status of the equipment / load relates to and / or affects the imbalance.

[0106] If the source side of an acquisition point (i.e., IED location) exhibits significant imbalance, the end user may be able to address the issue by focusing upstream of that point (e.g., IED 402). Upstream sources should be relatively balanced across the three phases, so exceeding a given threshold (e.g., 10%) would indicate that improving source balancing should be considered. Loads on parallel circuits or utility sources are typically a mix of single-phase and three-phase loads. Because source imbalances typically propagate further into the electrical system due to increased impedance, it is important to keep the loads from the sources balanced to minimize the creation or exacerbation of imbalance issues. Likewise, the inclusion of digital and / or analog I / O (e.g., digital status outputs from motors) provides useful information to any investigation to better understand how the operating status of system equipment / loads relates to and / or affects imbalances.

[0107] According to one or more embodiments, processing energy-related signals acquired over time by at least one IED 402 allows for characterizing electrical imbalances between a plurality of conductors to identify electrical imbalances across the conductors, and determining the extent to which (including contributions) electrical sources contribute to the identified electrical imbalance condition, and / or determining the extent to which (including contributions) loads in the electrical system contribute to the identified electrical imbalance condition. Aspects of the present disclosure can be usefully applied anywhere within an electrical system, including at utility substation buses, along utility distribution feeder circuits, adjacent to critical three-phase utility equipment, adjacent to a PCC (Point of Common Coupling) or at an end-user's main power source, adjacent to / immediately upstream of critical three-phase end-user loads, and the like. Advantageously, determining the extent to which one or more electrical sources contribute to the identified electrical imbalance condition, as well as the extent to which one or more loads in the electrical system contribute to the identified electrical imbalance condition, allows for providing an indication, identifying an action, taking an action, and / or optimizing an action associated with the analysis results.

[0108] In an embodiment, the plurality of conductors comprises at least one of a phase-to-phase conductor, a neutral-to-neutral conductor, or a ground conductor.

[0109] The following two examples further illustrate aspects according to one or more embodiments:

[0110] Example 1 - Discrete Application

[0111] like Figure 8 As shown in , an IED is installed on an end-user's small electrical system at the main electrical entrance, shielding the utility's meter, which is an exemplary simple three-phase / single-phase system. In this example, the electrical system includes both single-phase and three-phase loads, and optionally includes I / O data from one or more of the end-user loads. The IED acquires three samples (i.e., nine values ​​total) from each phase of the three-phase current data over a period of approximately 10 minutes, as provided in the simple example dataset shown in Table II above.

[0112] The first step (step 1) is to perform a shift operation to construct a solution data set from the original data set. Figure 9A Illustrate the creation of the solution set for Example 1 (Step 1), showing the original set and the resulting solution set after performing a shift operation on the contents of the matrix, as above with respect to Figure 6 Descriptive.

[0113] The second step (step 2) is to perform arithmetic addition of rows and columns separately, such as Figure 7A and Figure 7B As shown in . Figure 9B The results of the addition for this example are provided in , which graphically shows the sum of the row and column cells for Example 1 (Step 2).

[0114] The third step (step 3) is to calculate the new column sums and the average of the row sums for the columns using equations 5 and 6. The average of the row sums is equal to And the average of the column sums is equal to

[0115] The final step (step 4) is to calculate the imbalances associated with the load (ie, downstream of the IED) and the source (ie, upstream of the IED) using equations 7 and 8, respectively.

[0116] Equation 7 provides the following:

[0117]

[0118] This indicates that the current imbalance associated with the load is 7.11%.

[0119] Similarly, Equation 8 provides the following:

[0120]

[0121] This indicates that the current imbalance associated with the source is also 7.11%.

[0122] Because the results for both the source and the load in this example are less than 10%, the current imbalance between the two would be considered reasonable, and the action would be to continue regular evaluation to ensure that the threshold is not exceeded. It may also be recommended to install three-phase metering near any critical three-phase loads to better understand the imbalance at those locations. Finally, optional I / O data can be useful for inferring the interaction of single-phase and three-phase loads as they relate to imbalance within the operating range.

[0123] Example 2 - Discrete Application

[0124] The IED is installed just upstream of the three-phase load, as shown in Figure 10 related to Example 2. The IED acquires three samples from each phase of the three-phase apparent power data (i.e., nine values ​​in total) over a period of approximately 20 minutes, which is provided in the simple example data set shown in Table IV.

[0125] Table IV. Example dataset for Example 2.

[0126]

[0127] Again, the first step (step 1) is to perform a shift operation to construct a solution data set from the original data set. Figure 10A The shift operation (step 1) to create the solution set is shown, showing the original set and the solution set as above. Figure 6 The solution set obtained after performing the shift operation on the matrix contents described in .

[0128] The second step (step 2) is to perform simple arithmetic addition of rows and columns separately, such as Figure 7A and Figure 7B As shown in . Figure 10B The results of the addition for this example are provided in , which shows the sum of the row and column cells for Example 2 (Step 2).

[0129] The third step (step 3) is to calculate the new column sums and the average of the row sums for the columns using equations 5 and 6. The average of the row sums is equal to And the average of the column sums is equal to

[0130] The final step (step 4) is to calculate the imbalances associated with the load (ie, downstream of the IED) and the source (ie, upstream of the IED) using equations 7 and 8, respectively.

[0131] Equation 7 provides the following:

[0132]

[0133] This indicates a current imbalance associated with the load of 6.84%.

[0134] Similarly, Equation 8 provides the following:

[0135]

[0136] This indicates that the current imbalance associated with the source is also 10.63%.

[0137] Because the imbalance in the power sources in this example is greater than 10%, one or more actions should be considered to resolve / mitigate the apparent power imbalance on the power side of the IED. For example, one or more of the following actions can be taken to address this issue:

[0138] ● Use a regulator or DVR upstream of the IED to provide voltage regulation,

[0139] ●Balance the single-phase load upstream of the IED,

[0140] ● Resolve any other adjacent load issues,

[0141] ●Derating the motor,

[0142] ● Contact the utility to investigate the source of the problem (e.g., blown capacitor bank fuses, unbalanced cross feeders, etc.), and / or

[0143] ●Other methods of reducing voltage and / or current imbalances.

[0144] Any improvement to the source voltage or current imbalance will also result in an improvement in the imbalance of the downstream loads.After taking any steps to resolve / mitigate a problem, it is important to recheck the imbalance at the IED to ensure that no secondary problems are created.

[0145] Unbalanced system view using three-phase current and power data

[0146] Another approach for evaluating / analyzing electrical imbalance is from a system perspective. Most electrical monitoring systems use two or more IEDs, etc., to collect electrical data, and many modern IEDs (e.g., meters, etc.) are capable of acquiring data such as voltage, current, apparent power, active power, energy, etc. for each phase in a three-phase system. The IEDs can be connected (directly or indirectly) to a common external point that can accumulate, aggregate, store, process, analyze, alarm, interact, control, or perform any other benefit to the end user. If the three-phase data is available from the IEDs, the severity and source of the imbalance at these external points (e.g., gateways, edge software, cloud-based applications, etc.) away from the IEDs can be processed by utilizing the above-mentioned discrete imbalance methods. It is also feasible to directly transmit the processed imbalance data (i.e., replacing the raw parameter data) to the external point for display, storage, alarm, or some other purpose. The entire system (i.e., internal and external) is referred to as an EPMS in this article.

[0147] Figure 11A The diagram shows a simple EPMS with three IEDs (i.e., M1, M2, M3), which are optionally connected to at least one external / remote point as described above. As shown, the utility source is located at the top of the circuit, and the loads are located at the bottom of the circuit. The PCC (Point of Common Coupling) represents the boundary between the utility source and the end-user's system and is typically determined by the location of the utility meter. The system is radially fed (i.e., unidirectional), meaning that energy flows from the top (i.e., source) to the bottom (i.e., load); not in the reverse direction. Figure 11A Each IED (i.e., M1, M2, and M3) is shown as being directly connected to an external point; however, one or more of the IEDs may also be indirectly connected. Furthermore, an IED may be connected to an external point, which in turn is connected to another external point that performs processing and / or evaluation of the imbalance data. For example, an IED may be directly connected to a gateway that performs certain processing and / or evaluation. This gateway may be connected to headend / system software or even a cloud-based application that also performs certain processing and / or evaluation.

[0148] It may be important that one or more external points are properly configured to perform relevant processing and / or evaluation of the data. For example, depending on the application or needs, the head-end system may use PC-based logging to capture imbalance data at some regular interval (e.g., 1 minute, 5 minutes, daily, weekly, monthly, etc.). Another configuration parameter may be setting appropriate thresholds to allow identification of important imbalance issues while filtering out less relevant information (e.g., alarm optimization or prioritization). When evaluating an IED system, configuration (automatically or manually) may include identifying the placement and / or interrelationships of the IEDs relative to each other. The interrelationships of the IEDs are useful for locating (e.g., triangulating) the source of an imbalance issue during troubleshooting, assessing the probability associated with the location of the imbalance source, determining the best location for mitigating the imbalance issue, and / or understanding the ROI (return on investment) of expenditures associated with mitigating the imbalance issue. There are many other reasons for configuring the system that will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

[0149] When comparing data from separate IEDs, it is important to ensure that the data to be analyzed from the first IED is sampled synchronously (or pseudo-synchronously) with respect to the data from the second (or third, etc.) IED. Furthermore, other inputs to be analyzed may be time-dependent (e.g., I / O data, etc.) and should be acquired synchronously (or pseudo-synchronously) within at least the same duty cycle of the devices being compared. That is, similar load types and load sizes should be considered. It is possible that the data acquired from two or more IEDs may not be precisely aligned in time; however, over time, the problems caused by inaccurate synchronization can be statistically mitigated.

[0150] To illustrate a systematic approach for analyzing imbalance, two examples are provided below. It is important to note that the examples provided are just two of countless possibilities and / or considerations based on any number of parameters, hierarchical levels, IED types, number of IEDs, IED capabilities, data acquisition rates, configurations, external systems, sources of imbalance, radial or non-radial electrical systems, load characteristics, etc.

[0151] Example 3-System Application

[0152] Figure 11B The system diagram of the third example in this article is shown. The third example is Figure 11A. At least one external system (e.g., a gateway, headend / edge software, cloud-based application, etc.) is connected to two or more IEDs. Relevant data is obtained from the IEDs and transferred (i.e., communicatively coupled via some means or method) to the external system. As mentioned above, processing of the imbalance parameters can be performed at the IEDs, in the external system, or some combination thereof. When evaluating the impact of imbalances across EPMSs, spatial context (i.e., how the IEDs relate to each other within the metering hierarchy) is often a useful consideration.

[0153] In Example 3, raw data from each of three IEDs (i.e., M1, M2, and M3) is analyzed within the individual IEDs, within an external system, or some combination thereof. For example, meters M1 and M2 can analyze the imbalance data within each individual IED separately; however, the raw data from meter M3 can be analyzed in the headend software that manages the EPMS. Once the analysis for each IED is complete and transmitted to a central point (e.g., edge / headend software) and aggregated there, the imbalance results are considered within their spatial (i.e., location) context. In this example, data from all three IEDs (i.e., M1, M2, and M3) indicates that the source of the imbalance is upstream of each respective IED, as represented by the shaded scale and arrows. In particular, the scale and arrow adjacent to meter M1 indicate the IED closest to the source of the imbalance (specifically, the utility power source). The scale and arrow adjacent to meters M2 and M3 also indicate that the imbalance is upstream of each respective IED; however, neither is closest to the source of the imbalance. It should be noted that any color, symbol, graphic, character, indicator, or other representation may similarly be used.A benefit of this approach is that it allows an end user or utility to quickly identify relevant sources of imbalance to more conveniently monitor, assess, mitigate, and / or resolve the problem accordingly.

[0154] Example 4-System Application

[0155] Figure 11C The system diagram of the fourth example in this application is shown, and like Example 3, it is the same as Figure 11A . Similarly, at least one external system (e.g., a gateway, headend / edge software, a cloud-based application, etc.) is connected to two or more IEDs and acquires relevant data from the IEDs and transmits it (i.e., communicatively coupled via some means or method) to the external system. As before, processing of the imbalance parameters can be performed at the IEDs, in the external system, or some combination thereof. Similarly, when evaluating the impact of imbalances across EPMSs, spatial context (i.e., how the IEDs relate to each other within the metering hierarchy) is often a useful consideration.

[0156] In Example 4, raw data from each of the three IEDs (i.e., M1, M2, and M3) is similarly analyzed within the individual IEDs, within an external system, or some combination thereof. Meter M1 can analyze the imbalance data within each individual IED separately; however, the raw data from meters M2 and M3 can be analyzed within the headend software that manages the EPMS. Again, once the analysis for each IED is complete and transmitted to and aggregated at a central point (e.g., the headend software), the imbalance results are considered within their spatial (i.e., location) context. In this example, data from two IEDs (i.e., M1 and M2) indicates that the imbalance source is downstream, and data from one IED (i.e., M3) indicates that the imbalance source is upstream of each respective IED, as represented by the shaded scale and arrows. In this case, the scale and arrow adjacent to meter M2 indicate the IED closest to the imbalance source (specifically, the load). Respectively, the scale and arrow adjacent to meter M1 indicate that the source of the imbalance is downstream, and the scale and arrow adjacent to M3 indicate that the source of the imbalance is upstream. As a group, the three IEDs consistently indicate that the source of the imbalance is downstream of meter M2; therefore, mitigating actions should be considered at loads below M2 in the metering hierarchy. These actions may include balancing single-phase loads, correcting unbalanced three-phase loads, de-rating one or more downstream motors, improving voltage regulation in the system, or some combination thereof. Again, it should be noted that any color, symbol, number, graphic, character, indicator, or other representation could similarly be used.

[0157] Optional steps

[0158] After completing any analysis or evaluation performed to determine parameter imbalance, other optional steps may be taken. For example, it may be important or necessary to store raw data, processed data, result data, and / or recommendation data associated with one or more analyses performed by the present invention. This stored data can be used for historical analysis, process optimization, algorithm improvement, gap identification, or other analysis, statistics, or improvements.

[0159] The historical analysis may include statistical tests and / or analyses including trends in the data, maximum deviations, standard deviations, correlations, linear regressions, or any other statistical tests known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Each or any of these tests and / or analyses may be run sequentially or simultaneously as necessary or selected. The analysis may involve the use of real-time data, historical data, or a combination thereof. Any of the steps in the above process may optionally be stored for future use (e.g., solutions, averages of new column sums and row sums, load imbalance percentages, current imbalance percentages, etc.). The data may be stored as percentages, rational or irrational numbers, absolute values, relative values, or some other means. Additionally, other relevant data such as I / O information (e.g., status, temperature, associated timestamps, etc.) may be stored to improve the analysis and / or evaluation.

[0160] Optionally, alarm data from one or more IEDs or external systems can be stored for future consideration. Alarm data may include alarm occurrence, alarm severity, alarm source location, alarm configuration (e.g., thresholds, changes, recommendations, etc.), alarm notification type, alarm source (e.g., specific IED, external system, etc.), etc.

[0161] Actions taken and / or information associated with actions taken automatically or manually may also be stored. For example, recommendations and / or actions to mitigate imbalance issues may be saved for future consideration. Efforts to improve balance, the location of those efforts within the hierarchy, and the techniques / approaches used or considered may also be stored.

[0162] It is to be understood that one or more embodiments optionally use contextual information in formulating actions for assessing or resolving imbalances, such as:

[0163] Customer or segment type (e.g., data centers, semiconductor manufacturers, industrial metals smelters, general industry, automakers, utilities, etc.),

[0164] ● Load information - type (e.g., ASD / VSD, air compressor, server, lighting fixture, arc furnace, photomask, etc.), nameplate data, relevant operating data, age, duty cycle, load profile, history, etc.

[0165] System information - design, electrical infrastructure (e.g., cable type, cable numbering, transformer tap settings, transformer nameplate data, capacitor information, relays, circuit breakers and protection devices, number and type of sources, flow scheme, etc.),

[0166] IED information - type, limitations, location, accuracy, etc., and / or

[0167] ●Data synchronization - time alignment of data sets between one or more IEDs, use of GPS timestamps, NTP / SNTP / PTP protocols, other technologies, etc.

[0168] Advantageously, aspects of the present disclosure allow non-technical personnel to more easily identify, assess, and resolve imbalance issues. It automatically filters less relevant and / or more technical information while prioritizing relevant data. Results are provided automatically without the need for any manual complex analysis. In some cases, statistical probabilities can be provided to help the end user better determine whether / when any action should be taken. In one aspect, the disclosed process can be operated when needed (e.g., continuously, periodically, randomly, etc.) to ensure optimal results. Additionally, if load constraints are available, the impact of imbalance on equipment life can be determined by utilizing historical imbalance data. Because aspects of the present disclosure are applicable to any three-phase system (e.g., radial, non-radial, network, etc.), any energy consumer / customer type (e.g., utility, industrial, commercial, government, etc.) can benefit.

[0169] In one embodiment, a method for automatically assessing and responding to the effects of voltage imbalance associated with motors and other three-phase loads in an electrical system includes capturing energy-related data in the electrical system and analyzing or evaluating the captured energy-related data to identify three-phase load changes (e.g., load energization, de-energization, load variation, etc.). The method also includes analyzing pre-event and post-event voltage imbalance data associated with the identified three-phase load changes to identify voltage imbalance changes. In response to identifying the voltage imbalance changes, the method quantifies the voltage imbalance improvement or degradation associated with the three-phase load changes and the impact of the motors and other three-phase loads on the voltage imbalance of the electrical system. The method also includes analyzing and / or evaluating the voltage imbalance of the electrical system to identify opportunities to improve electrical efficiency, performance, and increase equipment life in light of the determined impact of the motors and other three-phase loads on the voltage imbalance of the electrical system, and taking one or more actions based on or in response to the identified opportunities. In another embodiment, the method also includes determining and addressing energy losses associated with the voltage imbalance, and in yet another embodiment, the method also includes determining the impact of additional imbalance on heating of the three-phase loads.

[0170] In an embodiment, the load change event includes at least one of a load power on, a load power off, a load variation, or an impedance change due to a fault.

[0171] Aspects of the present disclosure may optionally utilize one or more digital or analog I / O signals to more optimally function. For example, one or more embodiments may optionally utilize digital status input signals from at least one single-phase or three-phase load (e.g., a polyphase induction motor) to simplify processing and / or enhance its analysis, evaluation, results, and / or recommendations. Alternatively, one or more embodiments may utilize analog I / O signals from the load (e.g., a polyphase induction motor) to incorporate measured temperature (i.e., from a thermocouple) into its analysis, evaluation, results, and / or recommendations. The I / O signals may be generated or utilized, as necessary, by at least one of an IED, a gateway, a software system, a cloud-based system, or other application.

[0172] It is understood that input is data received by the processor and / or IED, and output is data sent by the processor and / or IED. Inputs and outputs can be digital or analog. Digital signals and analog signals can be two discrete variables (for example, two states such as high / low, one / zero, on / off, etc.). If digital, this can be a value. If analog, the presence of voltage / current can be treated as an equivalent signal by the system / IED) or a continuous variable (for example, a continuous variable such as spatial position, temperature, pressure voltage). They can be digital signals (for example, measurements in the IED from sensors that generate digital information / values) and / or analog signals (for example, measurements in the IED from sensors that produce analog information / values). These digital and / or analog signals can include any processing steps within the IED (for example, deriving active power (kW), power factor, amplitude, relative phase angle among all derived calculations).

[0173] Processors and / or IEDs can convert / reconvert digital and analog input signals into digital representations for internal processing. Processors and / or IEDs can also be used to convert / reconvert internally processed digital signals into digital and / or analog output signals to provide an indication, action, or other response (such as an input to another processor / IED). Typical uses of digital outputs can include signaling relays to open or close circuit breakers or switches, signaling relays to start or stop motors and / or other equipment, and operating other devices and equipment that can directly interface with digital signals. Digital inputs are often used to determine the operating state / position of equipment (e.g., whether a circuit breaker is open or closed, etc.) or to read input synchronization signals from utility pulse outputs. Analog outputs can be used to provide variable control of valves, motors, heaters, or other loads / processes in energy management systems. Finally, analog inputs can be used to collect variable operating data and / or be used in proportional control schemes.

[0174] Some more examples of utilizing digital and analog I / O data may include (but are not limited to): turbine control, electroplating equipment, fermentation equipment, chemical processing equipment, telecommunications equipment, precision scaling equipment, elevators and moving walkways, compression equipment, wastewater treatment equipment, sorting and disposal equipment, electroplating equipment temperature / pressure data logging, power generation / transmission / distribution, robotics, alarm monitoring and control equipment, to name a few.

[0175] In some embodiments, the methods discussed above (and / or other systems and / or methods discussed herein) may include one or more of the following features, either independently or in combination with other features. For example, in some embodiments, energy-related signals captured by at least one IED may include at least one of the following: a voltage signal, a current signal, input / output (I / O) data, and a derived energy-related value. In some embodiments, the I / O data includes at least one of on / off state, open / closed state, high / low state, temperature, pressure, and volume. Additionally, in some embodiments, the derived energy-related value includes at least one of the following: an additional energy-related value calculated, computed, estimated, derived, formed, interpolated, extrapolated, evaluated, or otherwise determined from at least one of the voltage signal and / or the current signal. In some embodiments, the derived energy-related value includes at least one of: active power, apparent power, reactive power, energy, harmonic distortion, power factor, magnitude / direction of harmonic power, harmonic voltage, harmonic current, interharmonic current, interharmonic voltage, magnitude / direction of interharmonic power, magnitude / direction of subharmonic power, individual phase current, phase angle, impedance, sequential component, total voltage harmonic distortion, total current harmonic distortion, three-phase current, phase voltage, line voltage, and / or other similar / related parameters. In some embodiments, the derived energy-related value includes at least one energy-related characteristic including magnitude, direction, phase angle, percentage, ratio, level, duration, associated frequency component, impedance, energy-related parameter shape, and / or decay rate. It is understood that the energy-related signal can include (or utilize) substantially any electrical parameter derived from at least one of the voltage signal and the current signal (including the voltage and current themselves), including, for example, load level and mode, as will be understood from the further discussion below.

[0176] In some embodiments, the methods discussed above (and / or other systems and / or methods discussed herein) can be implemented on at least one IED invoked in the methods discussed above (and / or other systems and / or methods discussed herein). Additionally, in some embodiments, the methods discussed above (and / or other systems and / or methods discussed herein) can be implemented partially or completely remotely from the at least one IED, for example, in a gateway, cloud-based system, on-site software, remote server, etc. (which may be interchangeably referred to herein as a "headend" or "edge" system). In some embodiments, the at least one IED can be coupled to measure energy-related signals, receive electrical measurement data derived from or derived from the energy-related signals at an input, and be configured to generate at least one or more outputs. These outputs can be used to identify at least one potential load type associated with at least one identified change / variation in the electrical system that is characterized and / or quantified. Examples of the at least one IED can include a smart utility meter, a power quality meter, and / or another measurement device(s). For example, at least one IED may include a circuit breaker, a relay, a power quality correction device, an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), a filter, and / or a variable speed drive (VSD). In addition, in some embodiments, at least one IED may include at least one virtual (e.g., residual energy related signal measurement, calculation, or derivation) meter.

[0177] In some embodiments, at least one IED can continuously or semi-continuously capture and / or record energy-related signals and, in response thereto, update (e.g., evaluate / re-evaluate, prioritize / re-prioritize, track, etc.) changes / alterations identified in the energy-related signals. For example, a change / alteration can be initially identified from energy-related signals captured at a first time and can be updated or revised in response to (e.g., including or comprising) changes / alterations identified from energy-related signals captured at a second time. For example, upon identification of a change / alteration, the change / alteration can be characterized and / or quantified, information related to the characterized and / or quantified identified change / alteration can be appended to time series information associated with the energy-related data, and characteristics and / or quantities associated with the time series information can be evaluated to identify at least one potential load type associated with the characterized and / or quantified identified change / alteration. For example, the appended information can include time series information, metadata, characteristics, and / or other information related to the characterized and / or quantified identified change / alteration.

[0178] As used herein, the terms "uplink" and "downlink" (sometimes also referred to as "upstream" and "downstream," respectively) are used to refer to electrical locations within an electrical system. More specifically, the electrical locations "uplink" and "downlink" are relative to the electrical location of the IED that collects data and provides that information. For example, in an electrical system that includes multiple IEDs, one or more IEDs may be located (or installed) at an electrical location that is uplink relative to one or more other IEDs in the electrical system, and one or more IEDs may be located (or installed) at an electrical location that is downlink relative to one or more additional IEDs in the electrical system. A first IED or load located on an uplink circuit from a second IED or load may, for example, be located electrically closer to an input or source (e.g., a generator or utility power source) of the electrical system than the second IED or load. Conversely, a first IED or load located on a downlink circuit from a second IED or load may be located electrically closer to an end or terminal of the electrical system than another IED (thus, in this case, it would be closer to a load or group of loads).

[0179] In an embodiment, a first IED or load that is electrically connected in parallel (e.g., on a circuit) with a second IED or load can be considered to be "electrically" upstream from the second IED or load, and vice versa. In an embodiment, an algorithm for determining the direction (i.e., upstream or downstream) of a power quality event is located (or stored) in the IED, cloud, field software, gateway, etc. As an example, the IED can record voltage and current phase information of the electrical event (e.g., by sampling the corresponding signals) and communicate this information to a cloud-based system. The cloud-based system can then analyze the voltage and current phase information (e.g., instantaneous, root mean square (RMS), waveform, and / or other electrical characteristics) to determine whether the source / origin of the energy-related transient (or other energy-related event) is from an electrical upstream or downstream from where the IED is electrically coupled to the electrical system (or network).

[0180] In some embodiments, energy-related signals captured by at least one IED, or energy-related data derived therefrom, are processed on at least one of a cloud-based system, on-site or edge software, a gateway, and other head-end systems associated with the electrical system. In these embodiments, for example, at least one IED may be communicatively coupled to at least one of a cloud-based system, on-site or edge software, a gateway, and other head-end systems on which the electrical measurement data is processed, analyzed, and / or displayed.

[0181] In some embodiments, data associated with energy-related data is stored (e.g., in a memory device of at least one device or system associated with the electrical system) and / or tracked over a predetermined time period. For example, the predetermined time period can be a user-configured time period. In some embodiments, the stored and / or tracked data includes information associated with identifying at least one potential load type. The information associated with identifying at least one potential load type can include, for example, at least one of: at least one identified change / alteration, at least one identified change / alteration characterized and / or quantified, time series information, and assessed characteristics and / or quantities associated with the time series information. In some embodiments, the information associated with identifying at least one potential load type can be saved and / or tracked for future analysis / use. For example, the stored and / or tracked information can be used to generate a library of load types and associated start / run / change / stop characteristics and / or be added to a pre-existing library of load types and associated start / run / change / stop characteristics. In embodiments where there is a pre-existing library of load types and associated start / run / change / stop characteristics, the at least one potential load type identified using the systems and methods described herein can be selected from a plurality of potential load types in the pre-existing library of load types and associated start / run / change / stop characteristics.

[0182] In some embodiments, the above-described system may correspond to a control system (e.g., the control system discussed previously) for monitoring or controlling one or more parameters associated with an electrical system. As previously discussed, in some embodiments, the control system may be an instrument, an IED (e.g., at least one IED responsible for capturing energy-related signals), a programmable logic controller (PLC), field / head-end software (i.e., a software system), a cloud-based control system, a gateway, a system in which data is routed via Ethernet or some other communication system, and the like.

[0183] It is understood that the systems and methods described herein can be responsive to changes in the electrical system in which the systems and methods are provided and / or implemented. For example, the comparison to at least one identified change / variation to determine whether the at least one identified change / variation satisfies a specified threshold or thresholds can be a dynamic threshold or thresholds that change in response to the change in the electrical system. For example, the change in the electrical system can be detected from energy-related signals captured by at least one IED in the electrical system. In one example embodiment, the change is detected after the system has been manually trained / taught to recognize the change. For example, specific equipment (or processes) operating at a given time can be described to allow the system to learn (i.e., a form of machine learning). In another example implementation, the change is detected by automatically identifying operating patterns using state-of-the-art machine learning algorithms (e.g., using time series clustering or using spectra or any other algorithm that facilitates analysis to identify patterns).

[0184] As will become further understood from the discussion below, the disclosed invention provides the ability to characterize voltage, current, and other derived signals (among other features) to better understand upstream and downstream loads, their operation, and their impact on the electrical system. The ability to automatically evaluate energy-related data for correlation, characterization, quantification, identification, and analysis helps end users better understand the operation of their electrical systems. It can also provide energy-related companies such as Schneider Electric, the assignee of the present disclosure, with more service and solution opportunities.

[0185] It is understood that the at least one energy-related waveform capture described in conjunction with the above methods (and other methods and systems discussed below) can be associated with an energy-related signal captured or measured by at least one IED. For example, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, at least one energy-related waveform capture can be generated from at least one energy-related signal captured or measured by at least one IED. For example, according to IEEE Standard 1057-2017, a waveform is "a representation or indication (e.g., a graph, plot, oscilloscope representation, discrete time series, equation, table of coordinates, or statistics) or visualization of [a] signal." With this definition in mind, at least one energy-related waveform can correspond to a representation or indication or visualization of at least one energy-related signal. It is understood that the above relationship is based on a definition of a waveform by one standards body (in this case, IEEE), and that other relationships between waveforms and signals are certainly possible, as will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art.

[0186] It is understood that, for example, the energy-related signal or waveform captured or measured by the at least one IED can include (or utilize) substantially any electrical parameter derived from at least one of a voltage signal and a current signal (including the voltage and current themselves). It is also understood that the energy-related signal or waveform can be continuously or semi-continuously / periodically captured / recorded and / or transmitted and / or recorded by the at least one IED. As described above, the at least one captured energy-related waveform can be analyzed (e.g., in real-time, pseudo-real-time, or historically) to determine whether the at least one captured energy-related waveform can be compressed while maintaining relevant properties for characterization, analysis, and / or other purposes.

[0187] In an embodiment, the data associated with the characterization includes three-phase load data, the three-phase load data from the energy-related signal including at least one of three-phase voltage data, three-phase current data, or three-phase power data.

[0188] In some embodiments, at least one IED capturing the energy-related waveform includes at least one metering device. The at least one metering device may, for example, correspond to at least one metering device in the electrical system for which the energy-related waveform is being captured / monitored.

[0189] It is understood that the terms "processor" and "controller" are sometimes used interchangeably herein. For example, a processor can be used to describe a controller. Additionally, a controller can be used to describe a processor.

[0190] As described in more detail herein, embodiments of the present disclosure may include a special-purpose computer including various computer hardware.

[0191] For illustrative purposes, programs and other executable program components may be shown as separate blocks. However, it is recognized that such programs and components reside at various times in different storage components of the computing device and are executed by the data processor of the device.

[0192] Although described in conjunction with example computing system environment, the embodiments of various aspects of the present invention are operated together with other special computing system environments or configurations. The computing system environment is not intended to imply any limitation on the scope of use of any aspect of the present invention or function. In addition, the computing system environment should not be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement related to any one or combination of the components illustrated in the example operating environment. The examples of computing systems, environments and / or configurations that can be applicable to various aspects of the present invention include but are not limited to personal computers, server computers, handheld or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set-top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, mobile phones, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, the distributed computing environment of any one of the above systems or devices, etc.

[0193] Embodiments of various aspects of the present disclosure may be described in the common context of data and / or processor-executable instructions such as program modules, which are stored in one or more tangible, non-transitory storage media and executed by one or more processors or other devices. Typically, program modules include, but are not limited to, routines, programs, objects, components, and data structures that perform specific tasks or implement specific abstract data types. Various aspects of the present disclosure may also be practiced in a distributed computing environment, where tasks are performed by remote processing devices linked through a communication network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local storage media and remote storage media, including memory storage devices.

[0194] In operation, a processor, computer, and / or server may execute processor-executable instructions (eg, software, firmware, and / or hardware), such as those described herein, to implement aspects of the present invention.

[0195] Embodiments may be implemented using processor-executable instructions. The processor-executable instructions may be organized into one or more processor-executable components or modules on a tangible processor-readable storage medium. In addition, embodiments may be implemented using any number and organization of such components or modules. For example, aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to the specific processor-executable instructions or specific components or modules illustrated in the figures and described herein. Other embodiments may include different processor-executable instructions or components having more or less functionality than illustrated and described herein.

[0196] Unless otherwise specified, the order in which the operations according to various aspects of the present disclosure are performed or executed as illustrated and described herein is not required. That is, unless otherwise specified, the operations may be performed in any order, and embodiments may include additional or fewer operations than those disclosed herein. For example, it is contemplated that it is within the scope of the present invention to perform or execute a particular operation before, simultaneously with, or after another operation.

[0197] When introducing elements of the present invention or embodiments thereof, the articles "a," "an," "the," and "said" are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms "comprising," "including," and "having" are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.

[0198] Not all depicted components may be required as illustrated or described. Furthermore, some implementations and embodiments may include additional components. Variations in the arrangement and types of components may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the claims as set forth herein. Additional, different, or fewer components may be provided, and components may be combined. Alternatively or additionally, a component may be implemented by several components.

[0199] The foregoing description illustrates embodiments by way of example and not limitation. This description enables one skilled in the art to make and use aspects of the invention, and describes several embodiments, adaptations, variations, alternatives, and uses of aspects of the invention, including what is currently believed to be the best mode for practicing aspects of the invention. In addition, it is to be understood that the application of aspects of the invention is not limited to the details of construction and arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. Aspects of the invention are capable of supporting other embodiments and being implemented or practiced in various ways. In addition, it will be understood that the words and terms used herein are for descriptive purposes and should not be considered as limiting.

[0200] It will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. As various changes can be made in the above constructions and methods without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

[0201] In view of the above, it will be seen that the several advantages of various aspects of the invention are achieved and other advantageous results attained.

[0202] The Abstract and Summary are provided to help the reader quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. They are submitted with the understanding that they will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. The Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described in the Detailed Description. The Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the claimed subject matter.

Claims

1. A method of assessing and managing an electrical unbalance condition associated with a three-phase electrical system being analyzed, the method comprising: acquiring, by at least one intelligent electronic device (IED) of the electrical system, an energy-related signal associated with the electrical system, the energy-related signal comprising a plurality of measurements taken from a plurality of conductors over time; processing the energy-related signals acquired by the at least one IED to construct a representation of an electrical imbalance between the plurality of conductors based on the energy-related signals; analyzing data associated with the characterization to identify the electrical imbalance across the plurality of conductors; and A contribution level of one or more electrical sources and a contribution level of one or more loads in the electrical system are determined for the identified electrical imbalance condition.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein Processing the energy-related signals to construct the representation includes comparing the plurality of measurements from the plurality of conductors to one another to determine where the identified electrical imbalance between the plurality of conductors is originating.

3. The method according to claim 1 or claim 2: in, The data associated with the characterization includes three-phase load data, the three-phase load data from the energy-related signal including at least one of three-phase voltage data, three-phase current data, or three-phase power data; optionally wherein the three-phase load data comprises a multiple of three data sets acquired at different times, each data set comprising a measurement value acquired from each phase of the three-phase load in the electrical system; optionally wherein each measurement value comprises a discrete sample taken synchronously from each phase of a three-phase load in the electrical system; optionally Each measurement value comprises an average of two or more samples taken from each phase of a three-phase load in the electrical system.

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3: in, determining a contribution of the one or more electrical sources and a contribution of the one or more loads in the electrical system to the identified electrical imbalance condition by performing a matrix shift operation on the data associated with the representation of the electrical imbalance between the plurality of conductors; Optionally The performing of the matrix shift operation includes: arranging the data associated with the characterization in a matrix such that each row of the first matrix corresponds to a measurement value of one of the data sets acquired at a same time and each column of the first matrix corresponds to a measurement value of one of the phases acquired at a different time; shifting the measurement values ​​in the matrix based on at least one of columns and rows to construct a solution set; constructing an analysis set of summed values ​​by adding the shifted measured values ​​in each row of the solution set or by adding the shifted measured values ​​in each column of the solution set; and The imbalance level is assessed based on the variation range of the summed values ​​in the analysis set.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein Determining the contribution of the one or more electrical sources and the one or more loads in the electrical system to the identified electrical imbalance condition by comparing the estimated degree of imbalance based on a summed value obtained by adding the shifted measurement values ​​in each row of the matrix with the estimated degree of imbalance based on a summed value obtained by adding the shifted measurement values ​​in each column of the matrix.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein The contribution of the one or more electrical sources and one or more loads in the electrical system to the identified electrical imbalance condition is determined by determining whether a primary source of imbalance originates upstream or downstream of the IED.

7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, further comprising generating one or more actions for mitigating the electrical imbalance condition based on a location of the electrical imbalance condition relative to the IED; optionally in, The actions for mitigating the voltage imbalance condition include one or more of: balancing the distribution impedance of the electrical system, distributing single-phase loads equally across all three phases of the electrical system, load balancing, isolating single-phase loads from a critical three-phase distribution system, or installing mitigation devices in the electrical system.

8. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein Acquiring the energy-related signal includes measuring at least one of three-phase current, three-phase voltage, or three-phase power of a three-phase load by the at least one IED of the electrical system.

9. A system for assessing and managing electrical imbalance conditions associated with an analyzed three-phase electrical system, the system comprising: at least one intelligent electronic device (IED) communicatively coupled to the three-phase loads of the electrical system, the IED configured to acquire energy-related signals associated with the electrical system, the energy-related signals comprising a plurality of measurements taken from a plurality of conductors over time; a processor that receives and responds to the energy-related signal acquired by the at least one IED; and a memory storing processor-executable instructions, wherein the processor-executable instructions, when executed, configure the processor to: constructing a representation of electrical imbalance between the plurality of conductors based on the energy-related signal; analyzing data associated with the characterization to identify the electrical imbalance across the plurality of conductors; and A contribution level of one or more electrical sources and a contribution level of one or more loads in the electrical system are determined for the identified electrical imbalance condition.

10. The system according to claim 9: in, The three-phase load data includes a multiple of three data sets acquired at different times, each data set including a measurement value acquired from each phase of a three-phase load in the electrical system; Optionally wherein each measurement value comprises a discrete sample taken synchronously from each phase of a three-phase load in the electrical system; optionally Each measurement value comprises an average of two or more samples taken from each phase of a three-phase load in the electrical system.

11. A system according to claim 9 or claim 10, wherein: The processor-executable instructions, when executed, further configure the processor to perform a matrix shift operation on the data associated with the representation of the electrical imbalance between the plurality of conductors to determine a contribution of the one or more electrical sources and a contribution of the one or more loads in the electrical system to the identified electrical imbalance condition.

12. The system according to claim 11, wherein The processor-executable instructions, when executed, further configure the processor to: arranging the data associated with the characterization in a matrix such that each row of a first matrix corresponds to a measurement value of one of the data sets acquired at a same time, and each column of the first matrix corresponds to the measurement value of one of the phases of the three-phase load data acquired at a different time; shifting the measurement values ​​in the matrix based on at least one of columns and rows to construct a solution set; constructing an analysis set of summed values ​​by adding the shifted measured values ​​in each row of the solution set or by adding the shifted measured values ​​in each column of the solution set; and The degree of imbalance is assessed based on the variation range of the summed values ​​in the analysis set.

13. The system according to claim 12, wherein: The processor-executable instructions, when executed, further configure the processor to compare an estimated degree of imbalance based on a summed value obtained by adding the shifted measurement values ​​in each row of the matrix with an estimated degree of imbalance based on a summed value obtained by adding the shifted measurement values ​​in each column of the matrix to determine a degree of contribution of the one or more electrical sources and a degree of contribution of the one or more loads in the electrical system to the electrical imbalance condition.

14. The system according to any one of claims 9 to 13, wherein: The processor-executable instructions, when executed, further configure the processor to determine whether a primary source of imbalance originates upstream or downstream of the IED to determine a contribution degree of the one or more electrical sources and a contribution degree of the one or more loads in the electrical system to the identified electrical imbalance condition.

15. The system according to any one of claims 9 to 14, wherein: The processor-executable instructions, when executed, further configure the processor to generate one or more actions for mitigating the electrical imbalance condition based on a location of the electrical imbalance condition relative to the IED; optionally Among them, the actions used to alleviate the electrical imbalance condition include one or more of the following: balancing the distribution impedance of the electrical system, distributing single-phase loads evenly on all three phases of the electrical system, load balancing, isolating single-phase loads from critical three-phase distribution systems, or installing mitigation devices in the electrical system.

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