203 results about "Steady state temperature" patented technology

An electrosurgical method and apparatus comprises a probe, at least one temperature sensor, and a controller for generating and controlling electromagnetic energy supplied to the probe. The controller receives signals from the temperature sensor and controls the supply of electromagnetic energy such that the temperature of the probe is ramped up and then maintained at a steady state temperature of between 100° C. and 115° C. In an equilibration phase, between the ramping up and the steady state temperature, the controller holds the temperature of the probe substantially constant for a period of time to allow the temperature of different parts of the probe to equilibrate.

An apparatus, system, and method for improving force and torque sensing and feedback to the surgeon performing a telerobotic surgery are provided. Groups of axially oriented strain gauges are positioned on a distal end of an instrument shaft proximate a moveable wrist of a robotic surgical instrument to sense forces and torques at the distal tip of the instrument. Advantageously, errors due to changes in the configuration of the tip or steady state temperature variations are eliminated. Other advantageous configurations and methods are disclosed.

The invention relates to a dynamic capacity increasing method for an oil-immersed transformer, and belongs to the field of transformers. The method includes the steps that heat conduction process in the transformer is simplified into a circuit model; winding hot-spot temperature, top oil temperature, average oil temperature, average winding temperature of the transformer under the current load condition are calculated; according to the limit that the winding hot-spot temperature does not exceed 140 DEG C, whether temperature in the transformer will exceed the limit temperature or not under the current load and environment conditions is calculated, whether a temperature limit value is reached or not if long-term emergency loads or short-term emergency loads occur at the moment is calculated, and if the temperature in the transformer possibly exceeds the limit value of the short-term emergency loads, the time for reaching the limit value and the finally reached steady state temperature are calculated to serve as alarm signals; if it is monitored that the temperature will exceed the standard within t minutes, an early-warning signal is sent out, certain time delay is set, and if the loads are not reduced within the set time delay, a cooling fan of the transformer is turned on. Long-term continuous operation of cooling equipment can be avoided, and operation life of the cooling equipment is prolonged.

Methods and apparatuses are disclosed to estimate temperature at one or more critical points in a data processing system comprising modeling a steady state temperature portion of a thermal model at the one or more critical points using regression analysis; modeling the transient temperature portion of the thermal model at the one or more critical points using a filtering algorithm; and generating a thermal model at the one or more critical points by combining the steady state temperature portion of the thermal model with the transient temperature portion of the thermal model. The thermal model may then be used to estimate an instantaneous temperature at the one or more critical points or to predict a future temperature at the one or more critical points.

A method and system for controlling a silicon nitride etching bath provides the etching bath including phosphoric acid heated to an elevated temperature. The concentration of silicon in the phosphoric acid is controlled to maintain a desired level associated with a desired silicon nitride/silicon oxide etch selectivity. Silicon concentration is measured while the silicon remains in soluble form and prior to silica precipitation. Responsive to the measuring, fresh heated phosphoric acid is added to the etching bath when necessary to maintain the desired concentration and silicon nitride:silicon oxide etch selectivity and prevent silica precipitation. The addition of fresh heated phosphoric acid enables the etching bath to remain at a steady state temperature. Atomic absorption spectroscopy may be used to monitor the silicon concentration which may be obtained by diluting a sample of phosphoric acid with cold deionized water and measuring before silica precipitation occurs.

The invention relates to a cavity type film bulk acoustic resonator, comprising a substrate, an isolation layer, a support layer, a bottom electrode layer, a piezoelectric layer and a top electrode layer that are sequentially arranged from bottom to top, wherein the middle part of the upper surface of the isolation layer is recessed downwards to form a groove, the groove is sealed by the support layer and the substrate to form a sealed cavity, the height of the lower surface of the sealed cavity is less than the height of the upper surface of the substrate, the lower surface of the sealed cavity is a flat surface, and the material of the support layer is SiC. And meanwhile, the invention also discloses a preparation method of the acoustic resonator. According to the cavity type film bulk acoustic resonator and the preparation method thereof disclosed by the invention, the structure of the device is stabilized by the SiC support layer, and the power capacity can be improved; the heat can be effectively dissipated, the thermal steady-state temperature of the device can be reduced, and good thermal stability can be achieved; and according to the method, amorphous silicon layers are removed by using an acetone solution lift-off process, a CMP process can be simplified, the grinding time can be reduced, the grinding uniformity can be improved, and the frequency stability and the rate of finished products of the device can be improved.

The invention discloses a transient temperature field simulation method based on multiple commutation failures of a smoothing reactor. The method comprises the following steps that A, an oil immersed type smoothing reactor three-dimensional geometrical model is built in a solid modeling mode on the basis of ANSYS finite element software; B, an oil immersed type smoothing reactor is subjected to heat generating analysis; C, the oil immersed type smoothing reactor is subjected to heat radiation analysis; D, the boundary conditions of temperature field simulation calculation are determined; E, the steady temperature field of the smoothing reactor under the normal work condition is calculated; F, the obtained steady temperature field result is used as an initial value of a failure transient model, then, the failure current is loaded, a step-length method is adopted, the distribution of the temperature field along with time after the failure is calculated, and the transient temperature field simulation method based on multiple commutation failures of the smoothing reactor is completed. The method has the advantage that basis is provided for checking the maloperation reason of a smoothing reactor gas relay and setting the gas checking setting valve of the smoothing reactor.

A microscalable thermal control module consists of a Stirling cycle cooler that can be manipulated to operate at a selected temperature within the heating and cooling range of the module. The microscalable thermal control module is particularly suited for controlling the temperature of devices that must be maintained at precise temperatures. It is particularly suited for controlling the temperature of devices that need to be alternately heated or cooled. The module contains upper and lower opposing diaphragms, with a regenerator region containing a plurality of regenerators interposed between the diaphragms. Gaps exist on each side of each diaphragm to permit it to oscillate freely. The gap on the interior side one diaphragm is in fluid connection with the gap on the interior side of the other diaphragm through regenerators. As the diaphragms oscillate working gas is forced through the regenerators. The surface area of each regenerator is sufficiently large to effectively transfer thermal energy to and from the working gas as it is passed through them. The phase and amplitude of the oscillations can be manipulated electronically to control the steady state temperature of the active thermal control surface, and to switch the operation of the module from cooling to heating, or vice versa. The ability of the microscalable thermal control module to heat and cool may be enhanced by operating a plurality of modules in series, in parallel, or in connection through a shared bottom layer.

A novel procedure is disclosed, that can be incorporated into Finite Element Analysis (FEA) or other similar analysis techniques, to obtain the steady state temperature distribution in a coupled transient heat transfer analysis rapidly as well as accurately. A scale factor is used to reduce the thermal inertia per unit volume (specific heat capacity) in regions of steady state temperature distribution, thereby hastening the achievement of steady state. An application of this procedure to estimate steady state temperature distributions within cutting tools, and the estimation of cutting tool wear based on the obtained steady state temperature distributions is shown as an example.

The invention discloses a method for monitoring dynamic capacity-increase Morgan current-carrying capacity of a power transmission line. The method includes the steps: (1) steady-state meteorological data of the power transmission line and conductor steady-state temperature parameters are collected in real time and sent to a monitoring center; (2) the monitoring center computes conductor steady-state current-carrying capacity by the aid of a conductor steady-state current-carrying capacity computational formula according to the steady-state meteorological data and the conductor steady-state temperature parameters obtained in the step (1); and (3) the monitoring center establishes a power transmission line Morgan current-carrying capacity simplified formula according to the conductor steady-state current-carrying capacity computational formula to obtain dynamic capacity-increase Morgan current-carrying capacity of the power transmission line so as to obtain transmission capacity of the power transmission line. A scheduler can refer to the result to regulate the transmission capacity of the power transmission line, the power transmission line is enabled to be in safe operation in a maximum load state, and early warning can be achieved.

A modular electrical resistance sensor is positionable in gaps between brake linings for a drum brake. The modular sensor is worn with the brake linings resulting in steadily increasing electrical resistance of the modular sensor. A measurement circuit associated with the modular sensor is programmed to equate electrical resistance to the degree of wear when the sensor has assumed a steady state temperature at or near the ambient temperature. Otherwise, particularly during periods of use of the brakes, resistance and the degree of wear last calculated become arguments into a function for determining brake lining temperature.

A system is disclosed which utilizes the substantially steady-state temperature of a coated object, in conjunction with an optical detection system, to selectively view defects and features of the object below the coating without the necessity of transient heating or IR illumination and reflectance imaging. The optical detector, such as an IR camera, may be tailored for the wavelengths at which the coating material is substantially transparent, thereby maximizing the viewing clarity of the defects and features under the coating, and distinguishing them from any spurious features on the top surface of the coating. The present system enables the inspection of small or large areas in real time, without requiring complex image acquisition, storage and image processing equipment and software.

The invention discloses a method for calculating the real-time conductor temperature of a three-core cable. The method comprises the following steps of: (1) simplifying a complete transient-state thermal circuit model of the three-core cable into the simplest transient-state thermal circuit model only containing an equivalent thermal capacitance and an equivalent thermal resistance; (2) only considering current changes and skin temperature changes to obtain the relationship among the temperature of a conductor, a load current and a skin temperature, thus obtaining the temperature rise of the conductor caused by only considering current changes and skin temperature changes due to analogy on a first-order circuit transient response; (3) calculating the generated steady-state temperature rise and a temperature rise caused by medium losses according to a current at an initial time; (4) calculating a temperature rise caused by n times of currents and skin temperature changes in two hours (a cable thermal time constant) from the initial time; (5) summating the skin temperature at the initial time and all the temperature rises above to obtain the conductor temperature of the three-core cable currently.

A processor is responsive to a thermistor temperature T_th adjacent a FET functioning as a switch to control power to a load (L) and responsive to drain-to-source voltage (V_DS) of the FET. The processor stores the characteristics of the FET and a thermal model of the system hardware and uses a first set of equations to determine the temperature T_J at the junction of the FET in a stable region of operation where T_J−T_th is nearly constant. The processor is further responsive to a step change in successive measurements of V_DS indicative of a lag of T_th relative to T_J thereby rendering T_th unusable in the first set of equations and immediately determines an initial FET current I_FET. The processor then resolves T_J based upon a second set of equations comprising T_J=T_th+ΔT_SS(1−e^−t/τ) when ΔT_SS+T_th≧T_J and T_J=T_th+ΔT_SS(e^−t/τ) when ΔT_SS+T_th≦T_J where τ is a constant and ΔT_SS is the steady-state temperature difference between the T_J and T_th at the initial FET current I_FET determined in accordance with ΔT_SS=I_FET²R_DSθ_J−th.

The invention relates to a modeling method for electromagnetic, temperature rising, mechanical and electronic coupling system based on a hybrid excitation six-phase claw-pole generator. The modeling method is characterized by comprising the following steps of 1, building a stator voltage matrix equation and an excitation coil voltage equation according to electromagnetic characteristics; 2, building a stator voltage matrix equation according to rectification characteristics of the system; 3, building an electromagnetic torque equation and a mechanical motion equation according to mechanical characteristics; 4, building a PWM duty ratio and an excitation coil voltage equation according to excitation current control characteristics of the system; 5, predicting a heating time constant and steady state temperature rise in a motor temperature rise state spatial expression by using a neural network; 6, correcting parameters of stator winding resistance and excitation winding resistance in anelectromagnetic characteristic model of the generator by using temperature rise as a coupling link; and 7, forming a temperature rising, mechanical, uncontrolled rectifier bridge, excitation currentcontrolled, and electromagnetic characteristic coupled mathematic model based on the steps 1-6. The method provided by the invention is high in accuracy and reliability.

The invention discloses a device and a method for measuring the heat conductivity coefficient reduction rate of concrete in a uniaxial compression process. A concrete test sample is put into a bracket to be subjected to a compression load, and meanwhile a heating unit and a refrigerating unit establish a temperature difference between two planes of the concrete test sample; the bracket is used for fixing relative positions of the concrete test sample with the heating unit, the refrigerating unit, a heat insulating material and heat conduction silica gel; the concrete test sample is deformed under pressure, and extrudes the heat insulating material, the heat conduction silica gel, the refrigerating unit and the heating unit in order that the heat insulating material, the heat conduction silica gel, the refrigerating unit and the heating unit move outwards towards the periphery; peripheral support posts of the bracket are used for determining moving tracks of peripheral materials; spring pressing plates and springs on the support posts provide a proper peripheral pressure not influencing mechanics experiments in order to ensure that the refrigerating unit and the heating unit fit the surface of the concrete test sample, thereby reducing a contact thermal resistance as much as possible. Under the situation that the concrete test sample is under a certain compression load, a thermal flow density inside the concrete test sample reaches a steady state, and the temperature is distributed stably in a one-dimensional form in the concrete test sample.

The invention discloses a cable electrical fault analysis method based on the distributed fiber temperature measurement. The method comprises following steps of 1), establishing a cable system model, setting circuit parameters, determining the fault type, carrying out fault simulation and acquiring a current value during the fault in the electromagnetic transient simulation software; 2), according to the IEC60287 standard, establishing a transient hot circuit model of the cable and calculating the transient temperature of the cable during the fault; 3), establishing a thermodynamic finite element model of the cable and a temperature measurement cable, and using the model to simulate the steady-state temperature field distribution of the cable before the fault, and the transient temperature field distribution and change of the cable and the temperature measurement fiber after the fault; and 4), analyzing the simulation results and acquiring an electrical fault identification and positioning criterion of the cable. According to the invention, accuracy and reliability of the fault judgment can be improved; disadvantages in entity experiments can be overcome; and it is achieved that the distributed fiber temperature measurement is used for identifying and positioning electrical faults of the cable.

The invention discloses a method for modeling, calculating and analyzing temperature fields of a photoelectric composite submarine cable. The method comprises the following steps of: 1, establishing a geometric model of the photoelectric composite submarine cable in finite element analysis software ANSYS; 2, inputting material parameters of each composition material of the photoelectric composite submarine cable into the finite-element analysis software ANSYS, and establishing a finite element model of the photoelectric composite submarine cable; 3, setting the value range of hot load working current, environment temperature and convection heat exchange coefficients of the photoelectric composite submarine cable; 4, modeling an integral steady-state temperature field of the photoelectric composite submarine cable; 5, modeling a local heating steady-state temperature field of the photoelectric composite submarine cable; and 6, modeling a transient-state temperature field of the photoelectric composite submarine cable. The calculation accuracy of the temperature fields of the photoelectric composite submarine cable under complex structure and environment conditions is extremely high, a nonlinear mapping relation between a conductor and optical fiber temperature of the photoelectric composite submarine cable can be obtained without a large number of experiment data, and the method is simple and convenient.

The embodiment of the application provides a detecting method, device and equipment for the temperature of a power module of converter, and a medium. The detecting method comprises the following steps: acquiring the temperature at a thermistor in the power module of the converter, the steady-state temperature difference between the thermistor and a heat conducting substrate in the power module, and operation parameters of a power chip in the power module; determining the real-time temperature difference between the power chip and the heat conducting substrate according to the operation parameters of the power chip; and determining the real-time temperature of the power chip according to the temperature at the thermistor, the steady-state temperature difference between the thermistor and the heat conducting substrate, and the real-time temperature difference between the power chip and the heat conducting substrate. Through the adoption of the embodiment of the application, the real-timetemperature of the power chip in the power module in the converter can be detected, and the detecting efficiency is improved.

Disclosed herein are Low Size Weight and Power efficient Laser Diode pump modules and High Power Fiber Amplifiers incorporating such pump modules for amplifying laser light produced by a seed laser. The pump modules are configured for forced fluid cooling, and are provided with cooling channels that allow for varying combinations of a coolant mass flow rate F of the coolant, a pressure drop P of the coolant, and a steady state temperature T of the laser diodes in the pump modules, uniquely and significantly, and thereby allowing for optimizing such variables for a particular application.