Multifunctional flexible hose land dock pilot test platform

Abstract

The invention provides a multifunctional flexible hose land dock pilot test platform, and belongs to the field of old or internally-corroded submarine pipeline repair. The pilot plant experiment platform is used for verifying the technology of penetrating and repairing the subsea pipeline in the RTP pipe or the technology of repairing the subsea pipeline by a lining; the pilot test platform comprises a test pipeline built in a land dock and a winch arranged at one end of the test pipeline, the test pipeline is designed according to the length, width and depth of the land dock and actual conditions of a later test after a route of a simulation test pipe section is designed by taking a route and an elbow of a target pipeline as reference; and the simulation test pipeline is constructed by connecting a plurality of pipelines and elbows. According to the invention, the feasibility of a novel submarine pipeline repair technology can be verified, and reference is provided for offshore site construction.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of repairing old or internally corroded subsea pipelines, and in particular to a multifunctional flexible hose land-based dock pilot test platform. Background Technology

[0002] With the exploitation of offshore oil, an increasing number of aging subsea pipelines are exceeding their service life or reaching the end of their service term; some pipelines with severe internal corrosion urgently need repair to restore their functionality. Traditional repair techniques or pipeline replacement methods are not only subject to numerous influencing factors during construction but also involve long repair cycles and high costs. Newly laid pipelines still face the risk of corrosion in the future. For older oil fields, considering economic efficiency, a new repair method is needed. Small-diameter flexible tubing (RTP) insertion repair and inner lining repair technology has emerged as a new technology with low cost and short construction cycle. However, the application of this new repair technology to subsea pipelines faces many uncertainties, such as differences in routing, number of bends, and construction complexity between land and subsea pipelines. Construction failure can lead to the failure of the entire subsea pipeline and cause oil field shutdowns. Therefore, for the safety and reliability of offshore construction, it is necessary to anticipate potential risks in advance and conduct thorough verification before engineering application.

[0003] Therefore, it is necessary to design a multifunctional flexible hose land-based dock pilot test platform to conduct simulation tests and verify its qualification before it can be applied to actual marine engineering. Summary of the Invention

[0004] In view of this, the present invention aims to propose a multifunctional flexible hose land-based dock pilot test platform, which can effectively verify the performance indicators of flexible hoses, and verify and evaluate the RTP tube internal insertion repair technology or lining repair technology, so as to ensure the effectiveness and safety of such repair technologies in actual use.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution of the present invention is as follows: a multifunctional flexible hose land-based dock pilot test platform, wherein the pilot test platform is used to verify RTP pipe in-line repair subsea pipeline technology or in-line repair subsea pipeline technology; The pilot test platform includes test pipelines built in a land-based dock and a winch set at one end of the test pipelines. The test pipelines are designed based on the route and bends of the target pipelines, and the route of the simulated test pipeline sections is designed according to the length, width, and depth of the land-based dock and the actual situation of the later tests. The simulated test pipelines are constructed by connecting multiple pipes and bends together. During the construction of the pilot test platform, it is necessary to calculate the magnitude of the simulated drag force based on the route, bend angle, bending radius and friction coefficient of the target subsea pipeline, and then determine the reinforcement method for each section of the test pipeline based on the calculated simulated drag force.

[0006] Furthermore, the method for constructing the pilot-scale test platform is as follows: Investigate the route, number and structure of bends, and distance between bends of the target pipeline; The magnitude of the simulated towing force is calculated based on the route, bend angle, bending radius, and friction coefficient of the target subsea pipeline. Based on the length, width, and depth of the land-based dock and the actual conditions of subsequent tests, the distance between the horizontal pipe sections was appropriately shortened, and the route of the simulated test pipe section was designed. Based on the calculated simulated drag force, the reinforcement method for each section of the test pipeline was determined, and the pilot-scale test platform was constructed.

[0007] Furthermore, during the investigation of the target pipeline, it is necessary to clarify the pipeline's route, outer diameter, and wall thickness; the number of bends, bending radius, and distance between two bends.

[0008] Furthermore, based on the angle and direction of the bend, the distance between the two bends, the coefficient of friction, and the elastic modulus of the hose, the drag force is calculated using the finite element method, the ISOPE method, or the Bühler formula method.

[0009] Furthermore, based on the depth, width, and length of the dock, the pilot test pipeline route is designed. During the design of the pilot test pipeline, a pipe is connected between two adjacent bends.

[0010] Furthermore, since the drag force is relatively large at the outlet of the test pipeline, expansion bolts and washers are used to fix the pipeline; at the middle of the test pipeline, a support clamp is used to reinforce the pipeline.

[0011] Furthermore, when using the aforementioned test platform to verify the RTP pipe-insertion repair technology or the pipe-lining repair technology, the following steps are included: A winch is installed at one end of the test pipeline, and a flexible hose is installed at the other end; the flexible hose can be an RTP pipe, an inner-lined pipe, or a flat hose. A winch is installed at one end of the test pipeline, and a flexible hose is installed at the other end; At one end where the winch is located, the traction rope is connected to the fixing device at the rear of the pig. Inside the test pipeline, the traction rope is inserted from one end where the winch is located to the other end of the test pipeline by launching the pig. At the winch end, connect and fix the traction rope to the winch cable. At the flexible hose end, use a pulling device to pull the traction rope to pull the winch cable from the winch end to the flexible hose end. At one end of the flexible hose, connect the flexible hose to the winch cable via the towing head. Manually feed the beginning part of the flexible hose into the pipe inlet of the test platform via the winch cable. Start the winch and pull back the winch cable to drive the flexible hose to be continuously inserted into the test platform until all the flexible hoses are inserted. Based on the test results, the feasibility of flexible hose construction technology was verified, and the magnitude of the dragging force during construction was checked.

[0012] Furthermore, during the insertion process, the flexible hose should be inserted at a speed of 7 m / min to 14 m / min. For RTP tubing, when the RTP tubing segment in a reel is completed, stop the insertion, remove the existing empty reel, replace the empty reel with a new RTP tubing reel, and connect the adjacent RTP tubing using an intermediate connector. Then continue the insertion until all RTP tubing is completed. For the inner liner tube, once the inner liner tube begins to be inserted, it needs to be inserted continuously until all the inner liner tube hoses have been inserted and pulled.

[0013] Furthermore, after the flexible hose is inserted, the feasibility of the construction technology is verified based on the insertion situation; based on the actual drag force and the simulated drag force calculated in the initial test, compensation factors are introduced, and the drag force is checked by comparing the drag force in the test with the simulated drag force.

[0014] Compared with existing technologies, the multifunctional flexible hose land-based dock pilot test platform of the present invention has the following advantages: (1) After the test is completed using the test platform described in the invention, the potential risks that may be encountered during the construction process can be understood in advance. In particular, the feasibility of the flexible hose insertion or lining repair technology for multi-bend submarine pipelines can be verified, reducing the risk of subsequent offshore construction. Most importantly, the difference between the magnitude of the drag force during construction and the calculation simulation results can be verified, and compensation factors can be proposed. (2) This invention can verify the feasibility of new repair technology for submarine pipelines, provide reference and guidance for on-site construction at sea, minimize and control the risks in the construction process, thereby promoting new repair technology and completely solving the corrosion problem of submarine pipelines; (3) The test platform described in this invention can not only simulate the RTP pipe insertion test, but also verify the lining repair technology; (4) The test platform described in this invention uses simple and readily available test pipes, and the connection between elbows and straight pipe sections is simple, and can be connected by flange connection or welding. (5) The test platform described in this invention can replace, add or reduce a section of the pipeline according to the actual situation of the target pipeline, and can also replace it with an internally corroded pipeline with the same corrosion situation as the target pipeline, so as to meet the technical verification requirements. Attached Figure Description

[0015] The accompanying drawings, which form part of this invention, are used to provide a further understanding of the invention. The illustrative embodiments of the invention and their descriptions are used to explain the invention and do not constitute an undue limitation of the invention. In the drawings: Figure 1 This is a diagram showing the layout of the test pipelines for the experimental platform.

[0016] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached diagram: land-based dock, test pipeline built in the land-based dock, and winch installed at one end of the test pipeline. 1. Land-based dock; 2. Test pipeline; 3. Mid-section support structure; 4. End support structure; 5. Horizontal elbow; 6. Vertical elbow. Detailed Implementation

[0017] It should be noted that, unless otherwise specified, the embodiments and features described in the present invention can be combined with each other.

[0018] The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments.

[0019] like Figure 1 As shown, this invention is a multifunctional flexible hose land-based dock pilot test platform. This platform has the following advantages: it can introduce seawater to completely and realistically simulate the actual insertion process; the test pipeline 2 can be modified to allow seawater to flow through it, simplifying the towing of the towing rope during the towing phase and reducing the towing force during the flexible hose towing phase; the various pipe sections are connected by bolts or welding, and the repair process of different target pipelines can be simulated by simply replacing a section of the pipeline; the pipeline can be perforated to observe the state of the flexible hose during towing; it can be used to verify RTP pipe insertion repair technology or lining repair technology for subsea pipelines; the riser section can be used to verify pneumatic extrusion coating, realizing the multi-purpose function of one platform.

[0020] The pilot-scale test platform includes a land-based dock 1, a test pipeline 2 constructed within the land-based dock 1, and a winch (not shown in the figure) located at one end of the test pipeline 2. The test pipeline 2 is constructed by connecting multiple straight pipes and bends to simulate the route of the test pipeline, referencing the route and bends of the target pipeline, based on the length, width, and depth of the land-based dock 1 and the actual conditions of subsequent tests. In practical applications, the connection between the bends and straight pipe sections of the test pipeline 2 is simple, and flange or welding connections can be used. Furthermore, the test platform of this invention allows for the replacement, addition, or reduction of certain sections of the pipeline according to the actual conditions of the target pipeline. It can also be replaced with an internally corroded pipeline exhibiting the same corrosion characteristics as the target pipeline, thus meeting the technical verification requirements. In the description of this invention, unless otherwise stated, "multiple" means two or more. In the description of this invention, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," and "linking" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection of two components. Those skilled in the art will understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention based on the specific circumstances.

[0021] During the construction of the pilot test platform, it is necessary to calculate the magnitude of the simulated drag force based on the route, bend angle, bending radius and friction coefficient of the target subsea pipeline. Then, based on the calculated magnitude of the simulated drag force, the reinforcement method for each section of the test pipeline is determined.

[0022] Routing refers to the situation of pipelines, including information such as the location and direction of the pipelines.

[0023] The method for constructing the pilot-scale test platform is as follows: Target pipeline survey: Survey parameters such as the route, number and structure of elbows, and distance between elbows of the target pipeline; during the survey, it is necessary to clarify the route, outer diameter and wall thickness of the target pipeline; number of elbows, bending radius, and distance between two elbows.

[0024] Calculate the drag force: Calculate the magnitude of the simulated drag force based on parameters such as the route of the target subsea pipeline, the angle of the bends, the bending radius, and the coefficient of friction; specifically, calculate the drag force using the finite element method, the ISOPE method, or the Bühler formula method based on the angle and direction of the bends, the distance between the two bends, the coefficient of friction, and the elastic modulus of the hose.

[0025] Design of Pilot Test Pipeline 2: Based on the length, width, and depth of land-based dock 1 and the actual conditions of subsequent tests, the distance between horizontal pipe sections will be appropriately shortened, and the route of the simulated test pipe section will be designed. Specifically, the route of pilot test pipeline 2 will be designed according to the depth, width, and length of the dock. During the design of pilot test pipeline 2, it is necessary to consider preventing the towing head from immediately entering another bend after passing one bend during towing; therefore, a pipe will connect two adjacent bends. At the same time, within the existing space, the length of the straight pipe sections in test pipeline 2 will be maximized.

[0026] Construction of pilot-scale test pipeline 2: Based on the calculated simulated drag force, determine the reinforcement method for each section of test pipeline 2, and construct the pilot-scale test platform. Specifically, at the outlet of test pipeline 2 ( Figure 1 The drag force at end A is relatively large, so an end support structure 4 is used to reinforce the outlet position of the test pipeline 2. Specifically, a welded triangular bracket is used to support the test pipeline 2. The top of the triangular bracket is fixed to the pipeline by welding, and a rectangular pad is welded to the bottom of the triangular bracket. The four corners of the pad are fixed to one side of the dock with expansion bolts. That is, the pipeline is fixed by using expansion bolts and pads. At the middle position of the test pipeline 2, a middle support structure 3 is used to reinforce the middle position of the test pipeline 2. Specifically, a welded I-beam bracket of a certain height is used to support the bottom of the test pipeline 2. A rectangular pad is welded to the upper end of the I-beam bracket, and the lower end of the I-beam bracket is fixed to the bottom of the land dock 1. The pipeline of the test pipeline 2 is fixed to the pad at the upper end of the I-beam bracket by pipe clamps. That is, the pipeline is reinforced by using a bracket and pipe clamp.

[0027] As can be seen from the above technical solution, this invention provides a multifunctional flexible hose land-based dock pilot-scale testing platform. This platform can conduct pilot-scale tests of flexible hoses, verify the feasibility of flexible hose construction technology, and verify the magnitude of towing force during construction to determine compensation factors. This allows for testing of the performance and construction conditions of the flexible hose, addressing the corrosion problem of subsea pipelines. Using this platform, after completing the tests, potential risks that may be encountered during construction can be understood in advance, especially verifying the feasibility of internal insertion or lining repair technology for multi-bend subsea pipelines with flexible hoses, reducing the risks of subsequent offshore construction. Most importantly, it can verify the difference between the magnitude of the towing force during construction and the calculated simulation results, and propose compensation factors. Preferably, the pilot-scale testing platform described in this invention can verify RTP pipe internal insertion technology or lining repair technology.

[0028] When using the aforementioned test platform to verify the RTP pipe-insertion repair technology or the pipe-lining repair technology, the following steps are included: One end of the test pipeline 2 is equipped with a winch, and the other end is equipped with a flexible hose; the flexible hose is an RTP pipe, an inner liner pipe, or a flat hose; At one end where the winch is located, the traction rope is connected to the fixing device at the rear of the pig. Inside the test pipeline 2, the traction rope is inserted from one end where the winch is located to the other end of the test pipeline 2 by launching the pig. At the end where the winch is located (end A of test pipeline 2), connect and fix the traction rope to the winch cable. At the end where the flexible hose is located, use a pulling device to pull the traction rope to pull the winch cable from the end where the winch is located to the end where the flexible hose is located. At one end of the flexible hose (end B of test pipeline 2), connect the flexible hose (RTP pipe or inner liner pipe) to the winch cable via the pull head. Manually feed the beginning part of the flexible hose into the pipeline inlet of the test platform via the winch cable. Start the winch and pull back the winch cable to drive the flexible hose (RTP pipe or inner liner pipe) to be continuously inserted into the test platform until all the flexible hoses are inserted. Based on the test results, the feasibility of flexible hose construction technology was verified, and the magnitude of the dragging force during construction was checked.

[0029] The flexible hose can be an RTP tube, an inner liner tube, or a flat hose; the speed of inserting the flexible hose during insertion should be less than or equal to 7 m / min - 14 m / min. For RTP tubing, when the RTP tubing segment in a reel is completed, stop the insertion, remove the existing empty reel, replace the empty reel with a new RTP tubing reel, and connect the adjacent RTP tubing using an intermediate connector. Then continue the insertion until all RTP tubing is completed. For the inner liner tube, once the inner liner tube begins to be inserted, it needs to be inserted continuously until all the inner liner tube hoses have been inserted and pulled.

[0030] After the flexible hose is inserted, the feasibility of the construction technology is verified based on the insertion. Based on the actual pulling force and the simulated pulling force calculated at the beginning of the test, compensation factors are introduced, and the pulling force is checked by comparing the pulling force during the test with the simulated pulling force.

[0031] Take a subsea pipeline in an oil field as an example.

[0032] This invention relates to a multifunctional flexible hose land-based dock pilot test platform. The pilot test platform includes a test pipeline 2 constructed in a land-based dock 1 and a winch installed at one end of the test pipeline 2. The test pipeline 2 is constructed by connecting multiple pipes and bends to each other, using the route and bends of the target pipeline as a reference, and designing the route of the simulated test pipeline section according to the length, width, and depth of the land-based dock 1 and the actual conditions of subsequent tests. During the construction of the pilot test platform, it is necessary to calculate the magnitude of the simulated drag force based on the route, bend angle, bending radius and friction coefficient of the target subsea pipeline. Then, based on the calculated magnitude of the simulated drag force, the reinforcement method for each section of the test pipeline is determined.

[0033] In short, for the aforementioned multifunctional flexible hose land-based dock pilot test platform, the target pipeline is first investigated; then, the pilot test platform is designed and constructed based on the calculated and simulated towing force and the actual conditions of the dock pilot site; next, internal insertion or lining repair pilot tests are conducted in the constructed pilot test platform; finally, the reliability of the repair technology is determined and the towing force is verified based on the test results.

[0034] The aforementioned multifunctional flexible hose land-based dock pilot test platform can verify the feasibility of new subsea pipeline repair technologies, provide reference and guidance for offshore on-site construction, minimize and control the risks during the construction process, thereby promoting new repair technologies and completely solving the corrosion problem of subsea pipelines.

[0035] Preferably, the pilot-scale test platform constructed in this technology can be used to verify the internal insertion repair technology and the internal lining repair technology of small-diameter RTP pipes.

[0036] Based on the above basic implementation method, as a preferred pilot-scale test platform, the construction process mainly includes the following steps: Investigate parameters such as the route, number and structure of elbows, distance between elbows, outer diameter and wall thickness of the target pipeline; Based on parameters such as the route, bend angle, bending radius, and friction coefficient of the target subsea pipeline, the magnitude of the simulated towing force is calculated using finite element analysis, ISOPE method, or Bühler formula method. Based on the length, width, and depth of land-based dock 1, and the actual conditions of subsequent tests, for example, to ensure the towing rope is horizontal, a 90° bend needs to be added to the outlet of the flexible hose (end A of test pipeline 2). Figure 1 As shown in the horizontal bend 5, a vertical pipeline is converted into a horizontal pipeline; for example, in order to tow the winch cable, the direction of the pig outlet (end B of test pipeline 2) needs to be changed by adding a bend ( Figure 1 The vertical bend 6 shown in the diagram is changed to vertically downward; the distance between the straight pipe sections between adjacent bends is appropriately shortened, and the route of the simulated test pipe section is designed.

[0037] Construction of pilot-scale test pipeline 2: Based on the calculated simulated drag force, determine the reinforcement method for each section of test pipeline 2, and construct the pilot-scale test platform. The arranged test platform is as follows: Figure 1 As shown.

[0038] Further specific operations involve determining the reinforcement method for each section of test pipeline 2 based on the calculated drag force, and constructing a pilot-scale test platform. Different reinforcement methods can be used for different drag forces, such as using expansion bolts with washers, pipe clamps, or welding.

[0039] Furthermore, a flexible hose insertion and dragging test is conducted; preferably, a pilot test is carried out using a small-diameter RTP pipe or inner lining pipe used in popular new repair technologies for subsea pipelines.

[0040] Furthermore, based on the test results, the feasibility of the flexible hose construction technology is verified, and the magnitude of the dragging force during construction is checked. Preferably, the feasibility of small-diameter RTP pipe repair technology and the feasibility of lining repair technology can be verified. The magnitude of the dragging force during construction can be checked, and compensation factors are provided. Since the magnitude of the dragging force can be affected by dragging speed, ambient temperature, and the structure of the test pipeline (e.g., whether it contains a spherical flange), the accuracy of the dragging force simulation can be improved by increasing the check factor corresponding to each influencing factor, thus correspondingly checking the dragging force.

[0041] In summary, this invention provides a multifunctional flexible hose land-based dock pilot test platform. This platform can be used to verify new repair technologies, reduce the risks of on-site construction at sea, and provide a way to regenerate corroded pipelines.

[0042] The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A multifunctional flexible hose land-based dock pilot test platform, characterized in that: The pilot-scale experimental platform is used to verify the RTP pipe-insertion repair technology or the pipe-lining repair technology. The pilot test platform includes test pipelines built in a land-based dock and a winch set at one end of the test pipelines. The test pipelines are designed based on the route and bends of the target pipelines, and the route of the simulated test pipeline sections is designed according to the length, width, and depth of the land-based dock and the actual situation of the later tests. The simulated test pipelines are constructed by connecting multiple pipes and bends together. During the construction of the pilot test platform, it is necessary to calculate the magnitude of the simulated drag force based on the route, bend angle, bending radius and friction coefficient of the target subsea pipeline, and then determine the reinforcement method for each section of the test pipeline based on the calculated simulated drag force.

2. The multifunctional flexible hose land-based dock pilot test platform according to claim 1, characterized in that, The method for constructing the pilot-scale test platform is as follows: Investigate the route, number and structure of bends, and distance between bends of the target pipeline; The magnitude of the simulated towing force is calculated based on the route, bend angle, bending radius, and friction coefficient of the target subsea pipeline. Based on the length, width, and depth of the land-based dock and the actual conditions of subsequent tests, the distance between the horizontal pipe sections was appropriately shortened, and the route of the simulated test pipe section was designed. Based on the calculated simulated drag force, the reinforcement method for each section of the test pipeline was determined, and the pilot-scale test platform was constructed.

3. The multifunctional flexible hose land-based dock pilot test platform according to claim 2, characterized in that: During the investigation of the target pipeline, it is necessary to clarify the pipeline's route, outer diameter, and wall thickness; the number of bends, bending radius, and distance between two bends.

4. The multifunctional flexible hose land-based dock pilot test platform according to claim 2, characterized in that: Based on the angle and direction of the bend, the distance between the two bends, the coefficient of friction, and the elastic modulus of the hose, the drag force is calculated using the finite element method, the ISOPE method, or the Bühler formula method.

5. The multifunctional flexible hose land-based dock pilot test platform according to claim 2, characterized in that: Based on the depth, width, and length of the dock, the pilot test pipeline route is designed. During the design of the pilot test pipeline, a pipe is connected between two adjacent bends.

6. The multifunctional flexible hose land-based dock pilot test platform according to claim 2, characterized in that: At the outlet of the test pipeline, where the pulling force is relatively large, expansion bolts and washers are used to fix the pipeline. At the middle of the test pipeline, a support clamp is used to reinforce the pipeline.

7. The multifunctional flexible hose land-based dock pilot test platform according to claim 1, characterized in that: When using the aforementioned test platform to verify the RTP pipe-insertion repair technology or the pipe-lining repair technology, the following steps are included: A winch is installed at one end of the test pipeline, and a flexible hose is installed at the other end; the flexible hose can be an RTP pipe, an inner-lined pipe, or a flat hose. At one end where the winch is located, the traction rope is connected to the fixing device at the rear of the pig. Inside the test pipeline, the traction rope is inserted from one end where the winch is located to the other end of the test pipeline by launching the pig. At the winch end, connect and fix the traction rope to the winch cable. At the flexible hose end, use a pulling device to pull the traction rope to pull the winch cable from the winch end to the flexible hose end. At one end of the flexible hose, connect the flexible hose to the winch cable via the towing head. Manually feed the beginning part of the flexible hose into the pipe inlet of the test platform via the winch cable. Start the winch and pull back the winch cable to drive the flexible hose to be continuously inserted into the test platform until all the flexible hoses are inserted. Based on the test results, the feasibility of flexible hose construction technology was verified, and the magnitude of the dragging force during construction was checked.

8. The multifunctional flexible hose land-based dock pilot test platform according to claim 7, characterized in that: During the insertion of the flexible hose, the speed should be less than or equal to 7 m / min - 14 m / min; For RTP tubing, when the RTP tubing segment in a reel is completed, stop the insertion, remove the existing empty reel, replace the empty reel with a new RTP tubing reel, and connect the adjacent RTP tubing using an intermediate connector. Then continue the insertion until all RTP tubing is completed. For the inner liner tube, once the inner liner tube begins to be inserted, it needs to be inserted continuously until all the inner liner tube hoses have been inserted and pulled.

9. The multifunctional flexible hose land-based dock pilot test platform according to claim 8, characterized in that: After the flexible hose is inserted, the feasibility of the construction technology is verified based on the insertion situation. Based on the actual drag force and the simulated drag force calculated in the initial test, compensation factors are introduced, and the drag force is checked by comparing the drag force in the test with the simulated drag force.

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