Multistage condensation type solar energy utilization system and use method thereof

Abstract

The invention provides a multistage condensation type solar energy utilization system and a use method thereof, the multistage condensation type solar energy utilization system comprises an upper layer condenser array, a semitransparent perovskite photovoltaic module layer, a lower layer condenser array and a heat collector unit which are sequentially arranged from top to bottom, and sunlight is focused to the semitransparent perovskite photovoltaic module layer through the upper layer condenser array. According to the invention, a vertical layered modular structure is adopted, through cooperative work of the upper condenser array, the semitransparent perovskite photovoltaic module layer, the lower condenser array and the like, automatic grading utilization of spectrums can be realized without additional light splitting devices, and the utilization efficiency of the spectrums is improved; the two-stage condensation design is combined with a heat dissipation structure, so that the contradiction between condensation and temperature rise is solved; due to the modular design, each unit can work independently or be expanded in parallel, installation and maintenance are facilitated, and large-scale deployment is adapted; the system can dynamically cooperate with photoelectric and photo-thermal utilization, the comprehensive energy efficiency is improved, and the diversified energy requirements are met.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of solar energy utilization technology, and in particular to a multi-stage concentrating solar energy utilization system and its usage method. Background Technology

[0002] The efficient and comprehensive utilization of solar energy is an important research direction in the field of renewable energy. Traditional photovoltaic power generation systems are mainly based on crystalline silicon cell technology, whose spectral response range is concentrated in the 300-1100nm band, and cannot effectively utilize the infrared band, which accounts for about 20% of the solar spectrum energy. This unused infrared radiation not only wastes energy, but also causes the temperature of photovoltaic modules to rise, thereby reducing power generation efficiency (for every 1°C increase in temperature, the efficiency of crystalline silicon cells decreases by 0.3-0.5%).

[0003] To improve solar energy utilization efficiency, photovoltaic / thermal (PV / T) coupling systems have gradually attracted attention, but existing technologies still face many challenges. Most current mainstream PV / T coupling systems employ spectral splitting technology, using dielectric spectrometers or photonic crystal filters to distribute the solar spectrum by wavelength to the photovoltaic and thermal modules. However, this type of splitting scheme suffers from low optical efficiency (typical splitting losses of 8-12%), complex system structure, and high maintenance costs. In particular, the fixed spectral characteristics of the splitting film make it difficult to adapt to spectral variations under different solar radiation conditions, significantly limiting its practical applications.

[0004] While concentrated photovoltaic (CPV / T) systems can improve energy density, single-stage concentrating structures often face a trade-off between concentration ratio and temperature rise control. Under high concentration conditions (>50 suns), the photovoltaic module temperature rises rapidly, and the forced cooling system incurs additional energy consumption, thus reducing the system's net output efficiency. The lack of dynamic synergistic optimization strategies for photovoltaic power generation and solar thermal utilization prevents real-time adjustment of operating parameters based on irradiance conditions, resulting in low overall energy efficiency. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The purpose of this invention is to provide a multi-stage concentrating solar energy utilization system and its usage method. Through innovative vertical layered modular structure, dual-stage concentrating design and intelligent collaborative control, it aims to overcome the above-mentioned technical bottlenecks and achieve high-efficiency, high-stability and easy-to-maintain integrated photovoltaic and solar thermal utilization.

[0006] According to one objective of the present invention, a multi-stage concentrating solar energy utilization system is provided, comprising, from top to bottom, an upper concentrating mirror array, a semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module layer, a lower concentrating mirror array, and a collector unit. Sunlight is focused by the upper concentrating mirror array onto the semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module layer, which performs photoelectric conversion on visible light while transmitting ultraviolet and infrared light. The transmitted light is then refocused by the lower concentrating mirror array and projected onto the collector unit to achieve heat energy collection.

[0007] Furthermore, the upper condenser lens array employs an aspherical Fresnel lens or a parabolic trough reflector.

[0008] Furthermore, the condenser mirrors of the upper condenser mirror array are installed in U-shaped slots and limited by silicone rubber gaskets. Each condenser mirror is equipped with a dual-axis rotating bracket and an electric tracking system to achieve solar tracking.

[0009] Furthermore, a positioning pin structure is provided between the upper concentrator array and the semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module layer, with a vertical distance of 10–200 mm.

[0010] Furthermore, the semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module layer adopts a flexible semi-transparent perovskite module, and the edges of the flexible semi-transparent perovskite module are covered with encapsulation material.

[0011] Furthermore, the flexible semi-transparent perovskite module is connected to the upper concentrator frame via four-sided snap-fit, a graphene thermal conductive film is adhered to the back of the flexible semi-transparent perovskite module, and an active air-cooling duct and fan are configured on the side of the semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module.

[0012] Furthermore, the lower-level focusing mirror array employs a parabolic reflector or a hyperboloid reflector.

[0013] Furthermore, the collector unit includes a plate collector or a point collector; the plate collector uses a copper or aluminum alloy microchannel plate coated with a selective absorption coating; the point collector uses a vacuum absorber tube or a molten salt flow receiving chamber.

[0014] Furthermore, it also includes a load-bearing and heat dissipation support structure and a system control and pipeline interface module. The layers of the load-bearing and heat dissipation support structure are fixed together by double bolts, positioning columns and insulating gaskets. The PV components of the system control and pipeline interface module are connected in series and parallel to the MPPT controller. The system control and pipeline interface module is connected by quick connectors. Flexible busbars and pluggable DC cables are laid between the modules of the system control and pipeline interface module. The control line of the system control and pipeline interface module is independently laid in the groove of the frame and connected to a centralized controller with CAN bus.

[0015] According to another objective of the present invention, the present invention provides a method of using the above-described multi-stage concentrating solar energy utilization system, comprising the following steps: Step 1: Before sunrise, the system performs a self-check and completes the positioning reset; Step 2: When the solar radiation intensity is greater than 200 W·m -2 At that time, the solar tracking system and the thermal fluid circulation pump are activated; Step 3: During system operation, MPPT control is performed on the photovoltaic modules, and the flow rate of the hot-side fluid is dynamically adjusted according to the direct normal irradiance (DNI). Sunlight is focused by the upper concentrator array onto the semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module layer. This semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module layer performs photoelectric conversion on the visible light band (400–780 nm) while transmitting light in the ultraviolet band (below 400 nm) and the infrared band (above 780 nm). The transmitted light is then refocused by the lower concentrator array and projected onto the collector unit to achieve heat energy collection. Step 4: In the evening, the system automatically enters the working fluid venting or low-temperature insulation mode.

[0016] The technical solution of this invention adopts a vertically layered modular structure. Through the coordinated work of the upper concentrator array, the semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module layer, and the lower concentrator array, automatic spectral grading and utilization can be achieved without additional spectral splitting devices, thereby improving spectral utilization efficiency. The dual-stage concentrating design combined with a heat dissipation structure resolves the contradiction between concentrating and temperature rise. The modular design allows each unit to work independently or be expanded in parallel, facilitating installation and maintenance and adapting to large-scale deployment. The system can dynamically coordinate photovoltaic and photothermal utilization, improving overall energy efficiency and meeting diversified energy needs. Attached Figure Description

[0017] To more clearly illustrate the specific embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the specific embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained from these drawings without creative effort.

[0018] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an embodiment of the present invention; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the control strategy of the system in an embodiment of the present invention.

[0019] In the diagram: 1. Upper concentrator array; 2. Semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module layer; 3. Lower concentrator array; 4. Solar collector unit; 5. Heat exchange device. Detailed Implementation

[0020] The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0021] In the description of this invention, it should be understood that the terms "center," "longitudinal," "lateral," "length," "width," "thickness," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," "clockwise," and "counterclockwise," etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are used only for the convenience of describing this invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limiting this invention.

[0022] Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of indicated technical features. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of the stated features. In the description of this invention, "a plurality of" means two or more, unless otherwise explicitly specified. Furthermore, the terms "installed," "connected," and "linked" should be interpreted broadly; for example, they may refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they may refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they may refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they may refer to the internal connection of two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention based on the specific circumstances.

[0023] Example 1 like Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, a multi-stage concentrating solar energy utilization system has a vertically layered modular structure, comprising, from top to bottom: Upper condenser array (first condenser) Structural form: The upper condenser array 1 adopts an aspherical Fresnel lens or a parabolic trough reflector, which is fixed in a high-strength aluminum alloy frame; Installation method: The condensers of the upper condenser array 1 are installed in U-shaped slots and limited by silicone rubber gaskets. Each condenser is mounted on a dual-axis rotating bracket (with an electric tracking system) to achieve solar tracking.

[0024] Connection to the lower layer: A positioning pin structure is provided between the upper concentrator array 1 and the photovoltaic module to ensure the optical axis is aligned, with a vertical distance of 10-200mm.

[0025] Semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module layer Structural Form: Layer 2 of the semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module adopts a flexible semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module with the following structure: PET / ITO / SAM / Perovskite / C 60 / BCP / Ag, edge-wrapping encapsulation material.

[0026] Installation method: The component is connected to the upper condenser lens frame via four-sided clips, with preset spacing for easy replacement. Electrical connections are made to the lower wiring channel via flexible busbars (FPC).

[0027] Heat dissipation connection: Graphene thermal conductive film is adhered to the back, and an active air cooling duct (connected to the fan) is introduced on the side.

[0028] Lower condenser array (secondary condenser) Structure: The lower condenser array 3 uses parabolic or hyperboloid mirrors, and the material is an aluminum alloy or glass substrate coated with silver + SiO2.

[0029] Connection method: Fixed in a sheet metal frame, vertically aligned with the photovoltaic module, and equipped with an adjustment bracket for fine-tuning the focusing angle. It is connected to the photovoltaic module bracket via a triangular support structure, forming a stable sandwich structure.

[0030] Solar collector unit Structural form: The collector unit 4 includes a plate collector or a point collector. The plate collector uses a copper or aluminum alloy microchannel plate with a selective absorption coating on the surface. The point collector uses a vacuum absorber tube or a molten salt flow receiving chamber.

[0031] Connection method: Installed at the focal plane of the lower condenser array, equipped with a universal adjustment seat to ensure focusing. The hot end interface connects to the hot fluid pipeline (insulated pipe + bracket), and the cold end connects to heat exchange device 5 or the heat storage tank.

[0032] Support and heat dissipation bracket structure Structural form: The overall structure adopts a 6063-T6 aluminum alloy frame + 304 stainless steel supporting columns, with horizontal sliding rails for easy module sliding and installation. A micro-ceramic support column + aerogel insulation board with an insulation thickness of 10-15mm is installed between the photovoltaic layer and the collector.

[0033] Connection method: The layers are fixed together by double bolts, positioning posts and insulating gaskets to ensure mechanical strength and thermal isolation.

[0034] System control and pipeline interface module Electrical connection method: PV modules are connected in series and parallel to the MPPT controller using quick connectors. Flexible busbars and pluggable DC cables (rated voltage 1000V) are installed between modules. Control lines are independently installed in recesses within the frame and connected to a centralized controller (with CAN bus).

[0035] Hot fluid connection method: The collector inlet is equipped with a quick-connect fitting (screw-lock) to connect to flexible insulated inlet and outlet pipes. All module hot fluid outputs converge into the main piping system, connecting to the circulating pump, heat storage tank, or industrial heating unit. Piping interfaces comply with ISO 8434 / GB / T 3693 standards to ensure versatility and maintainability.

[0036] Each module (called a "power generation-thermal collector subunit") is integrated into the system as a standardized unit, which can work independently or be expanded in parallel, making it suitable for batch assembly and efficient maintenance.

[0037] Example 2 like Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the structure of this embodiment is basically the same as that of Embodiment 1. The multi-stage concentrating solar energy utilization system in this embodiment has a vertically layered modular structure. From top to bottom, it includes an upper concentrator array 1, a semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module layer 2, a lower concentrator array 3, a collector unit 4, a support and heat dissipation bracket structure, and a system control and pipeline interface module. Each module unit is integrated into the system as a standardized unit and can work independently or be expanded in parallel.

[0038] Specifically, the upper condenser array 1 uses aspherical Fresnel lenses or parabolic trough mirrors, fixed in a high-strength aluminum alloy frame. The lenses of the upper condenser array are installed in U-shaped slots and secured by silicone rubber gaskets. Each condenser is mounted on a dual-axis rotating bracket with an electric tracking system. A positioning pin structure is provided between the upper condenser array and the semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module layer, with a vertical distance of 30–50 mm, and is fixed by four-point suspension. The upper condenser is an aspherical glass Fresnel lens or a parabolic trough mirror with an incident angle tolerance of ±1.2°.

[0039] Specifically, the semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module layer 2 is a flexible semi-transparent perovskite module with a structure of PET / ITO / SAM / Perovskite / C 60 / BCP / Ag, edge-wrapped encapsulation material. The semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module is connected to the upper concentrator frame via four-sided clips, and the electrical connection is connected to the lower wiring channel via flexible busbars. A graphene thermal conductive film is adhered to the back of the semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module, and an active air cooling duct is introduced on the side, which is connected to a fan.

[0040] Specifically, the lower concentrator array 3 uses parabolic or hyperboloid mirrors, and the material is an aluminum alloy or glass substrate coated with silver + SiO2. The lower concentrator array is fixed in a sheet metal frame, vertically aligned with the semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module layer, and is equipped with an adjustment bracket for fine-tuning the concentrating angle. It is connected to the photovoltaic module support through a triangular support structure.

[0041] Specifically, collector unit 4 includes a plate collector and a point collector. The plate collector uses copper or aluminum alloy microchannel plates with a selective absorption coating on the surface. The point collector uses a vacuum absorber tube or a molten salt flow receiving chamber. The collector unit is installed at the focal plane of the concentrating point and is equipped with a universal adjustment seat. The hot end interface is connected to a hot fluid pipeline, and the cold end is connected to the heat exchange device 5 or a heat storage tank.

[0042] Specifically, the overall load-bearing and heat dissipation support structure adopts a 6063-T6 aluminum alloy frame + 304 stainless steel support columns, with horizontal sliding rails. Micro-ceramic pillars + aerogel insulation boards with an insulation thickness of 10–15 mm are installed between the semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module layer and the collector unit. The layers of the load-bearing and heat dissipation support structure are fixed together using double bolts + positioning columns + insulating gaskets.

[0043] Specifically, the electrical connection method for the system control and pipeline interface modules is as follows: PV modules are connected in series and parallel to the MPPT controller using quick-connect couplings. Flexible busbars and pluggable DC cables are laid between modules. The control lines are independently laid in recesses within the frame and connected to a centralized controller with a CAN bus. The rated voltage of the pluggable DC cables is 1000V.

[0044] The system control and pipeline interface module's hot fluid connection method is as follows: the collector inlet is equipped with a spiral locking quick connector, which connects to flexible insulated inlet and outlet pipes. All module hot fluid outputs converge into the main pipeline system, connecting to a circulating pump, heat storage tank, or industrial heat unit. The pipe interfaces comply with ISO 8434 / GB / T 3693 standards.

[0045] Example 3 like Figure 1 and Figure 2 As shown, the structure of this embodiment is basically the same as that of Embodiment 1. The multi-stage concentrating solar energy utilization system in this embodiment is a vertically layered modular structure. Its "power generation-thermal collection sub-unit" (PX-T module) consists of 16 first concentrating mirrors, 16 perovskite photovoltaic modules, 16 second concentrating mirrors and 1 thermal collector, with an output of approximately 3kW DC and a thermal power of 6kW (90℃) or 4kW (350℃).

[0046] The specific structure and parameters of each part are as follows: First focusing lens: It employs aspherical Fresnel lenses made of low-iron ultra-white float glass and TiO2 / SiO2 anti-reflective laminate, with a transmittance ≥93% (450nm), formed by one-time hot bending. It is installed in a U-shaped slot within a high-strength aluminum alloy frame, with silicone rubber gaskets for positioning. Each condenser lens is mounted on a dual-axis rotating bracket with an electric tracking system, achieving solar tracking with an incident angle tolerance of ±1.2°. A positioning pin structure is provided between it and the perovskite photovoltaic module, with a vertical distance of 10-200mm, and it is fixed by four-point suspension.

[0047] Perovskite photovoltaic modules: It is a flexible, semi-transparent component with a structure of PET / ITO / SAM (Me-4PACz) / Perovskite (FA / MA / Cs, 1.68eV) / C 60 The / BCP / Ag module uses edge-wrapped encapsulation material and employs R2R solution processing + UV-curable encapsulation. It measures 0.5m × 1.2m, has a photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22%, and a transmittance of approximately 55% in the 800-2500nm wavelength range. It also includes a UV-reflective nano-SiO2 / ZnO layer. The module is connected to the upper first condenser lens frame via four-sided snap-fit ​​connections. Electrical connections are made via flexible busbars to the lower wiring channel. A graphene thermally conductive film is adhered to the back, and an active cooling duct connected to a 12V / 5W ECM micro-fan is introduced on the side, with an airflow speed of 2m / s, which can control the module temperature to ≤60℃.

[0048] Second condenser lens: The second concentrator mirror is a hyperboloid concentrator reflector made of an aluminum alloy substrate with a silver / SiO2 composite coating. The mirror surface roughness Ra < 5nm, the light collection magnification M2 ≈ 8-12, and the secondary focal curvature matches the collector inlet diameter of 30-60mm. It is fixed in a sheet metal frame, vertically aligned with the perovskite photovoltaic module, and equipped with an adjustment bracket for fine-tuning the concentrating angle. It is connected to the photovoltaic module support via a triangular support structure, forming a stable sandwich structure, with a 150mm distance between it and the perovskite photovoltaic module.

[0049] Solar collector: This embodiment can use either a plate collector or a point-source collector. The plate collector uses 6061-T6 aluminum with an E-coating (α=0.92, ε=0.08), has a micro-channel structure, dimensions of 300μm × 1.2mm, and a thermal resistance of 0.018K*m. 2The solar collector has a working fluid of 40% ethylene glycol and a design operating temperature of 90℃. The point-source solar collector uses Inconel-625 with a black chrome absorption layer, has a maximum salt pressure differential of 1.5MPa, and uses liquid molten salt (KNO3 / NaNO3 60 / 40) as the working fluid, with a design operating temperature of 350℃. The collector is installed at the focal plane of the concentrating point and is equipped with a universal adjustment seat to ensure focusing. The hot end interface connects to a hot fluid pipeline (insulated pipe + support), and the cold end connects to a heat exchanger or storage tank.

[0050] Support and heat dissipation bracket structure: The entire structure uses 6063-T6 aluminum honeycomb panels as the main load-bearing component, with each layer installed via U-shaped slot insertion. A micro-ceramic support column and an aerogel insulation layer (5μm SiO2 aerogel) are installed between the photovoltaic layer and the thermal collector, achieving a thermal resistance >0.09m. 2 ·K·W -1 The insulation thickness is 12mm. The layers are fixed together by double bolts, positioning posts, and insulating gaskets.

[0051] System control and pipeline interface module: For electrical connections, PV modules are connected in series and parallel to the MPPT controller via quick-connect couplings. Flexible busbars and pluggable DC cables (rated voltage 1000V) are installed between modules. Control lines are independently installed in recessed areas within the frame and connected to a centralized controller with a CAN bus. For heat fluid connections, the collector inlet is equipped with a screw-locking quick-connect coupling, connecting to flexible insulated inlet and outlet pipes. All heat fluid outputs from the modules converge into the main piping system, connecting to a circulating pump, heat storage tank, or industrial heat unit. Piping interfaces comply with ISO 8434 / GB / T 3693 standards.

[0052] System Installation and Workflow Installation: The system adopts a "zoned layout" and "matrix stacking" approach, with 20 PX-T modules per column and a row-to-column spacing of 1.5 meters, suitable for deployment on factory rooftops or ground platforms. Each module is independently hoisted using four lifting lugs, and the module base features a quick-alignment structure for high installation efficiency. All communication / electrical / piping interfaces are located on one side of the module, facilitating unified access and maintenance.

[0053] Workflow: System self-check before sunrise → Positioning reset → Sunlight > 200W·m -2 Start tracking and pump circulation → PV MPPT control & dynamic adjustment of hot side flow with DNI → automatic evacuation or low temperature insulation mode in the evening.

[0054] In operation, sunlight first shines on the first concentrator, which focuses the parallel-incident sunlight onto the perovskite photovoltaic module. The perovskite module efficiently converts visible light (approximately 400-780nm) into photoelectric signals while transmitting ultraviolet (less than 400nm) and infrared (greater than 780nm) light. The transmitted light is then transmitted to the second concentrator, which refocuses the remaining light energy onto the heat-absorbing surface of the collector, enabling efficient heat collection.

[0055] The system in this embodiment has the advantages of high structural integration, clear spectral division, and high energy utilization efficiency, and can be widely used in distributed energy systems, industrial waste heat recovery, building-integrated power generation and heating systems, and other scenarios.

[0056] In summary, compared with existing photovoltaic photothermal coupling systems, this invention, through its innovative vertically layered modular structure and dual-stage concentrating design, has the following significant beneficial effects and technical advantages: Significantly improved spectral utilization efficiency: Through the synergistic design of semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic modules (photoelectric conversion in the 400-780nm band) and the lower-level concentrator array (photothermal utilization in the >780nm band), automatic spectral grading and utilization are achieved without the need for additional spectroscopic devices.

[0057] Optimized Concentration Performance and Temperature Rise Control: A dual-stage concentrating structure (upper Fresnel lens + lower parabolic reflector) is employed to maintain a high concentration ratio while stably controlling the perovskite module's operating temperature below 50℃ through a graphene thermally conductive film (thermal conductivity greater than 1500W / mK) and an active air-cooling system (wind speed 2m / s). Actual measurements show that at 800W / mK... 2 Under irradiation conditions, the temperature rise of the module is reduced by 28°C compared to the traditional single-stage concentrating system, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency attenuation rate is reduced from 0.4% / °C to 0.15% / °C.

[0058] Breakthrough in perovskite module stability: Innovative use of UV-cured epoxy-fluorocarbon dual-layer encapsulation (water vapor transmission rate <5×10⁻⁶) -6 g / m 2 / day) combined with an aerogel insulation layer (thermal resistance > 0.09m) 2 K / W increases the T80 life of the module under accelerated aging test (85℃ / 85%RH) from 1800 hours for the conventional structure to 6500 hours, meeting the requirements of IEC61215 standard.

[0059] Modular installation and maintenance advantages: The standardized PX-T module (3kW electrical + 6kW thermal output) adopts a plug-in quick-lock structure, and the installation alignment accuracy is ensured by a machine vision system (±0.3mm). The replacement time for a single module is less than 30 minutes, which improves maintenance efficiency by 60% compared to traditional systems. The system supports matrix expansion, with an installation density of up to 0.8 modules per square meter, making it suitable for large-scale deployment.

[0060] Intelligent thermoelectric co-control: A distributed control system based on CAN bus adjusts MPPT tracking (efficiency > 99.2%) and hot fluid flow rate in real time (adjustment accuracy ±2%), achieving a breakthrough in comprehensive energy efficiency of 72% under dynamic irradiation conditions, which is 7-12 percentage points higher than traditional systems (typical value 60-65%).

[0061] Multi-temperature platform compatibility: Through modular collector design and selective use of the second concentrating layer, the same system can be adapted to different working fluids (40% ethylene glycol solution or KNO3 / NaNO3 molten salt), and the output temperature can be flexibly switched within the range of 90-350℃. The thermal efficiency is maintained at over 58% in the high-temperature range, meeting diverse heating needs.

[0062] Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention, and not to limit them; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some or all of the technical features; and these modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A multi-stage concentrating solar energy utilization system, characterized in that, The system comprises, from top to bottom, an upper concentrator array, a semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module layer, a lower concentrator array, and a collector unit. Sunlight is focused by the upper concentrator array onto the semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module layer, which performs photoelectric conversion on visible light while transmitting ultraviolet and infrared light. The transmitted light is then refocused by the lower concentrator array and projected onto the collector unit to collect heat energy.

2. The multi-stage concentrating solar energy utilization system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The upper condenser array uses an aspherical Fresnel lens or a parabolic trough reflector.

3. The multi-stage concentrating solar energy utilization system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The condenser mirrors of the upper condenser mirror array are installed in U-shaped slots and limited by silicone rubber gaskets. Each condenser mirror is equipped with a dual-axis rotating bracket and an electric tracking system to achieve solar tracking.

4. The multi-stage concentrating solar energy utilization system according to claim 1, characterized in that, A positioning pin structure is provided between the upper concentrator array and the semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module layer, with a vertical distance of 10–200 mm.

5. The multi-stage concentrating solar energy utilization system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module layer adopts a flexible semi-transparent perovskite module, and the edges of the flexible semi-transparent perovskite module are covered with encapsulation material.

6. The multi-stage concentrating solar energy utilization system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The flexible semi-transparent perovskite module is connected to the upper concentrator frame via four-sided snap-fit. A graphene thermal conductive film is adhered to the back of the flexible semi-transparent perovskite module, and an active air-cooling duct and fan are configured on the side of the semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module.

7. The multi-stage concentrating solar energy utilization system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The lower-level concentrator array uses parabolic or hyperboloid reflectors.

8. The multi-stage concentrating solar energy utilization system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The collector unit includes a plate collector or a point collector; the plate collector uses a copper or aluminum alloy microchannel plate coated with a selective absorption coating; the point collector uses a vacuum absorber tube or a molten salt flow receiving chamber.

9. The multi-stage concentrating solar energy utilization system according to claim 1, characterized in that, It also includes a load-bearing and heat dissipation support structure and a system control and pipeline interface module. The layers of the load-bearing and heat dissipation support structure are fixed together by double bolts, positioning columns and insulating gaskets. The PV components of the system control and pipeline interface module are connected in series and parallel to the MPPT controller. The control line of the system control and pipeline interface module is connected to a centralized controller with a CAN bus.

10. The method of using the multi-stage concentrating solar energy utilization system according to any one of claims 1-9, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step 1: Before sunrise, the system performs a self-check and completes the positioning reset; Step 2: When the solar radiation intensity is greater than 200 W·m -2 At that time, the solar tracking system and the thermal fluid circulation pump are activated; Step 3: During system operation, MPPT control is performed on the photovoltaic modules, and the flow rate of the hot-side fluid is dynamically adjusted according to the direct normal irradiance (DNI). Sunlight is focused by the upper concentrator array onto the semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module layer. This semi-transparent perovskite photovoltaic module layer performs photoelectric conversion on the visible light band (400–780 nm) while transmitting light in the ultraviolet band (below 400 nm) and the infrared band (above 780 nm). The transmitted light is then refocused by the lower concentrator array and projected onto the collector unit to achieve heat energy collection. Step 4: In the evening, the system automatically enters the working fluid venting or low-temperature insulation mode.

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