System and method for detecting angle of air flow

Abstract

Systems and methods for detecting an angle of airflow are disclosed. A sensor includes an emitter electrode at a first location and exposed to a flow of fluid. The emitter electrode generates charged particles in the vicinity of the emitter electrode. The sensor includes a collector electrode array at the second location and exposed to the fluid flow. Each collector electrode of the array of collector electrodes detects a current associated with an electric field of charged particles during relative movement of the flow of fluid. The collector electrode array includes a first collector electrode aligned with the emitter electrode at a reference position, a first set of collector electrodes angularly offset from the first collector electrode in a first direction, and a second set of collector electrodes angularly offset from the first collector electrode in a second direction. The output of the collector electrode array is indicative of the angular direction of the relative movement of the fluid flow.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to systems and methods for detecting an angle of airflow. BACKGROUND

[0002] As air traffic continues to increase, the safety and reliability of aircraft operations correspondingly becomes important. One way in which aircraft operators ensure safe, reliable operations is by way of various types of sensors on the aircraft. For example, angle of attack sensors can provide information about the angle at which the aircraft is positioned relative to an oncoming air mass. This data is used for proper functioning of the flight control system, especially during critical phases of flight such as takeoff, landing, and maneuvering.

[0003] Aircraft sensors should be accurate, and redundant sources of accurate information should be available to the flight crew. Inaccurate angle of attack readings can lead to confusion for the flight crew and potentially dangerous flight situations. Redundant sensors act as a failsafe mechanism, allowing the flight crew to cross-check data from multiple sources and quickly identify discrepancies or failures. This redundancy enhances the overall reliability of the aircraft system and increases the safety margin, particularly in scenarios where accurate angle of attack information is used to facilitate stable flight.

[0004] Furthermore, redundant sensors help to improve the resiliency of the aircraft in responding to various environmental factors. Adverse weather conditions, such as icing or turbulence, can affect the performance of sensors, leading to unreliable readings. Installing multiple sensors ensures that the aircraft can maintain accurate flight data even under challenging conditions. Thus, it is important for redundant sensors to operate under different operating conditions of the aircraft. SUMMARY

[0005] In a particular implementation, an aircraft includes an outer skin. The aircraft also includes an emitter electrode disposed at a first location proximate the outer skin and exposed to ambient air. The emitter electrode is configured to generate charged particles in a vicinity of the emitter electrode. The aircraft also includes a collector electrode array arranged at a second location proximate the outer skin and exposed to the ambient air, where the second location is aft of the first location. Each collector electrode of the collector electrode array is configured to detect a current associated with a flow of the charged particles during movement of the aircraft through the atmosphere. The collector electrode array includes a first collector electrode aligned with the emitter electrode at a reference location. The collector electrode array also includes a first set of collector electrodes angularly offset from the first collector electrode in a first direction. The collector electrode array also includes a second set of collector electrodes angularly offset from the first collector electrode in a second direction. Output from the collector electrode array is indicative of an angle of attack of the aircraft.

[0006] In another particular implementation, a sensor includes an emitter electrode configured to be disposed at a first location and exposed to a fluid air flow. The emitter electrode is configured to generate charged particles in a vicinity of the emitter electrode. The sensor also includes a collector electrode array configured to be disposed at a second location and exposed to the fluid air flow. The second location is offset from the first location. Each collector electrode of the collector electrode array is configured to detect a current associated with a flow of the charged particles during movement of the fluid air flow. The collector electrode array includes a first collector electrode aligned with the emitter electrode at a reference location. The collector electrode array also includes a first set of collector electrodes angularly offset from the first collector electrode in a first direction. The collector electrode array also includes a second set of collector electrodes angularly offset from the first collector electrode in a second direction. Output from the collector electrode array indicates an angular direction of relative movement of the fluid air flow.

[0007] In another particular implementation, a method includes emitting charged particles at an emitter electrode disposed at a first location and exposed to ambient air. The method also includes detecting a current at a collector electrode array based on a flow of the charged particles. The current is indicative of an angle of an air flow. The collector electrode array is disposed at a second location and exposed to the ambient air, where the second location is after the first location relative to the air flow. The collector electrode array includes a first collector electrode aligned with the emitter electrode at a reference location. The collector electrode array also includes a first set of collector electrodes angularly offset from the first collector electrode in a first direction. The collector electrode array also includes a second set of collector electrodes angularly offset from the first collector electrode in a second direction. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0008] Figure 1 An example system for detecting an angle of an air flow is shown in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure.

[0009] Figure 2 An example of a portion of an aircraft including a sensor that detects an angle of an air flow is shown in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure.

[0010] Figure 3 An example system including an emitter electrode relative to collector electrodes of a collector electrode array is shown in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure.

[0011] Figure 4 An example graph showing a relationship between respective magnitudes of current associated with sensor signals that generate an angle of attack parameter value is shown in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure.

[0012] Figure 5Another example graph showing a relationship between respective magnitudes of current associated with sensor signals that generate an angle-of-attack parameter value according to some examples of the present disclosure.

[0013] Figure 6 An example sensor for detecting an angle of airflow according to some examples of the present disclosure is shown.

[0014] Figure 7 A flowchart of an example method for detecting an angle of airflow according to some examples of the present disclosure is shown.

[0015] Figure 8 A block diagram of a computing environment of a computing device including aspects configured to support computer-implemented methods and computer-executable program instructions (or code) according to some examples of the present disclosure is shown.

[0016] Figure 9 A flowchart of an example method showing a lifecycle of an aircraft including a sensor for detecting an angle of airflow according to some examples of the present disclosure is shown.

[0017] Figure 10 An example aircraft including components for detecting an angle of airflow according to some examples of the present disclosure is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] The systems and methods disclosed herein enable detection of an angle of airflow by providing a sensor that can be implemented as a solid-state, non-mechanical sensor that does not have moving parts that can be incorporated into a vehicle flush with a surface (e.g., a vehicle skin) to improve sensor reliability and maintainability. The systems and methods disclosed herein emit charged particles exposed to ambient air and detect currents at the array of current-collecting electrodes based on the flow of these charged particles, where the currents are indicative of the angle of airflow.

[0019] A technical advantage of the present disclosure is the ability to implement effective and reliable sensor operation. For example, an angle-of-attack sensor implemented using the systems and methods disclosed herein can substantially eliminate known weaknesses of mechanical swept blades, angle-of-attack sensors, such as damage and failure due to ground intrusions, bird strikes, ice, improper maintenance, and the like.

[0020] Another technical advantage of the present disclosure is the ability to use charged airflow to provide multiple types of air data, such as angle-of-attack, airspeed, static pressure, total air temperature, and the like.

[0021] The appended drawings and the following description illustrate specific example embodiments. It will be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements which, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the description and are included within its spirit and scope. Furthermore, any examples described herein are intended to help illustrate the principles of the disclosure and are not intended to limit or restrict the disclosure in any way. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the specific embodiments described in the following description and illustrated in the drawings.

[0022] DETAILED DESCRIPTION is described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the description, common features are denoted by common reference numerals throughout the drawings. As used herein, different terminology is used for the purpose of describing particular implementations only and is not intended to be limiting. For example, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Further, some features described herein are singular in some implementations and plural in other implementations. To illustrate, Figure 8 A computing environment 800 is described that includes one or more processors 820 Figure 8 The term “processor” 820 in the computing environment 800 indicates that in some implementations, the computing environment 800 includes a single processor 820, and in other implementations, the computing environment 800 includes multiple processors 820. For ease of reference herein, such features are generally introduced as “one or more” features and subsequently referred to in the singular or optionally plural (indicated by “(s)”), unless the description relates to aspects related to multiple features.

[0023] The terms “comprise,” “comprises,” and “comprising” are used interchangeably with “include,” “includes,” or “including.” Furthermore, the term “wherein” is used interchangeably with the term “where.” As used herein, “exemplary” indicates an example, an implementation, and / or an aspect, and should not be construed as a limitation or indicating a preference or a preferred implementation. As used herein, ordinal terms such as first, second, third, etc. used to modify an element do not by themselves indicate any priority or order of the element with respect to another element, but are merely used to distinguish the element from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinal term). As used herein, the term “set” refers to a grouping of one or more elements, and the term “plurality” refers to multiple elements.

[0024] As used herein, “generating,” “computing,” “using,” “selecting,” “accessing,” and “determining” are interchangeable, unless context indicates otherwise. For example, “generating,” “computing,” or “determining” a parameter (or signal) can refer to either actively generating, computing, or determining the parameter (or signal) or can refer to using, selecting, or accessing a parameter (or signal) that has already been generated, such as by another component or device. As used herein, “coupled” can include “communicatively coupled,” “electrically coupled,” or “physically coupled,” and can also (or alternatively) include any combination thereof. Two devices (or components) can be coupled (e.g., communicatively coupled, electrically coupled, or physically coupled) directly or indirectly via one or more other devices, components, wires, buses, networks (e.g., a wired network, a wireless network, or a combination thereof), etc. Two devices (or components) that are electrically coupled can be included in the same device or different devices and can be connected via electronics, one or more connectors, or inductive coupling, as illustrative, non-limiting examples. In some implementations, two devices (or components) that are communicatively coupled (e.g., in electrical communication) can send and receive electrical signals (digital signals or analog signals) directly or indirectly, e.g., via one or more wires, buses, networks, etc. As used herein, “directly coupled” is used to describe two devices that are coupled (e.g., communicatively coupled, electrically coupled, or physically coupled) without an intervening component.

[0025] Figure 1 An example system 100 for detecting an angle of an airflow is shown in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure. In some implementations, the system 100 includes a sensor 102 that includes an emitter electrode 106 and a collector electrode array 104.

[0026] In some implementations, the sensor 102 can be included in, correspond to, or be included within one or more vehicles (e.g., aircraft, drones, etc.), as described below with reference to Figure 2 In the same or alternative implementations, the sensor(s) 102 can be included in, correspond to, or be included within one or more other surfaces (e.g., aircraft models for use in wind tunnels, test surfaces, etc.). In the same or alternative implementations, the sensor is a solid-state angle-of-attack sensor that includes the emitter electrode 106, the collector electrode array 104, and a direct current high voltage power supply, as described below with reference to Figure 8

[0027] In some implementations, the emitter electrode 106 is configured to provide an electrical potential between the emitter electrode 106 and the collector electrode array 104. The emitter electrode 106 is configured to produce charged particles proximate to the emitter electrode 106. For example, the emitter electrode 106 can be configured to produce ions having a positive charge to produce a plasma cloud around the emitter electrode 106. ​

[0028] In some implementations, the emitter electrode 106 is disposed at a first location 107 and exposed to the fluid gas flow 108. In some aspects, the first location 107 is a location that extends above a boundary layer associated with the relative movement of the fluid gas flow 108, as described below with reference to FIG. 2. Figure 3 In further detail. In the same or alternative aspects, the emitter electrode 106 is shaped to define an apex to concentrate an electric field ionization. For example, the emitter electrode 106 can have a substantially conical shape. In further same or alternative aspects, at least one of the collector electrode array 104 has a blunt shape. The blunt shape can be configured to increase a surface area of a portion of the collector electrode configured to receive the charged particles.

[0029] In some implementations, the collector electrode array 104 is configured to be disposed at a second location 109 and exposed to the fluid gas flow 108. The second location 109 can be offset from the first location 107. For example, if the sensor 102 is installed on an aircraft, the second location 109 can be behind the first location 107. In some aspects, the second location 109 is sufficiently spaced apart from the first location 107 to substantially prevent an electrical arc discharge between the emitter electrode 106 and the collector electrode array 104, as described below with reference to FIG. 2. Figure 3 In further detail.

[0030] In some implementations, each of the collector electrode array 104 is configured to detect a current associated with an electric field of the charged particles during the relative movement of the fluid gas flow 108. For example, if the emitter electrode 106 generates positively charged ions around the emitter electrode 106, the relative movement of the fluid gas flow 108 will cause the ions to move correspondingly toward the collector electrode array 104. Each of the collector electrodes can be configured to detect a current associated with an electric field of the ions received at the respective collector electrode.

[0031] In some aspects, the collector electrode array 104 includes a first collector electrode 117 aligned with the emitter electrode 106 at a reference location. For example, the emitter electrode 106 and the first collector electrode 117 can be aligned along an axis 120. The collector electrode array 104 can also include a first set 110 of collector electrodes angularly offset from the first collector electrode 117 in a first direction 114.

[0032] In particular aspects, the first set 110 of collector electrodes includes a plurality of electrodes angularly arranged along the first direction 114 and angularly offset from one another within a first range of interest associated with a first angle of the relative movement of the fluid gas flow 108. For example, the first set 110 of collector electrodes can include six electrodes, as described below with reference to FIG. 2. Figure 1shown in the example of FIG. 1. The electrodes of the first set 110 can be angularly arranged along the first direction 114 within a first range of interest. For example, the position of the most distal electrode of the first set 110 can be aligned with the emitter electrode 106 along an axis 118. An angle 122 between the axis 118 and an axis 120 can define the first range of interest. The first range of interest can be associated with a first angle of relative movement of the fluid airflow 108. For example, for an angle of attack measurement, the sensor 102 can only be concerned with calibrating the sensor 102 for a subset of angle measurements. In a particular configuration, the sensor 102 can be implemented to return angle of attack measurements within a range of ±60 degrees relative to a reference position, as described in more detail below with reference to FIG. 2. Figure 4 The first range of interest can be associated with a range of zero to sixty degrees relative to the reference position, as described in more detail below with reference to FIG. 2.

[0033] The collector electrodes of the first set 110 can be angularly offset from one another along the first direction 114. In one particular aspect, the collector electrodes are angularly offset from one another at substantially equal angular intervals along the first range of interest. In the same or an alternative particular aspect, the electrodes of the first set 110 are positioned equidistant from the emitter electrode 106.

[0034] Although Figure 1 A particular number of electrodes is shown in the first set 110 of collector electrodes, but in the same or an alternative configuration, the first set 110 of collector electrodes can include more or fewer electrodes. For example, the first set 110 of collector electrodes can include twelve electrodes spaced apart from one another at intervals of about five degrees along the first direction 114 and substantially equal angular intervals along the first range of interest, which includes an arc of about sixty degrees relative to the first collector electrode 117, as described in more detail below with reference to FIG. 2. Figure 6 The first range of interest can be associated with a range of zero to sixty degrees relative to the reference position, as described in more detail below with reference to FIG. 2.

[0035] In some aspects, the array 104 of collector electrodes can also include a second set 112 of collector electrodes angularly offset from the first collector electrode 117 in a second direction 116. In one particular aspect, the second set 112 of collector electrodes includes a plurality of electrodes angularly arranged along the second direction 116 and angularly offset from one another within a second range of interest associated with a second angle of relative movement of the fluid airflow 108. For example, the second set 112 of collector electrodes can include six electrodes, as shown in the example of FIG. 1. Figure 1As shown in the example. The electrodes of the second set 112 may be arranged at an angle along a second direction 116 within a second area of ​​interest. The second area of ​​interest may be associated with a second angle of relative movement of the fluid flow 108. For example, for angle of attack measurement, sensor 102 may be calibrated with only a subset of angle measurements in mind. In a particular configuration, sensor 102 may be implemented to return angle of attack measurements within ±60 degrees relative to a reference position, as described below. Figure 4 A more detailed description is provided. The second area of ​​concern can be associated with a range from zero degrees to -60 degrees relative to the reference position.

[0036] The second set of 112 collector electrodes may be offset at an angle to each other along the second direction 116. In one specific aspect, the collector electrodes are offset at substantially equal angular intervals to each other along the second area of ​​interest. In the same or alternative specific aspect, the electrodes of the second set of 112 are positioned equidistant from the emitter electrode 106.

[0037] Although Figure 1 A specific number of electrodes in the second group 112 collector electrodes are shown, but in the same or alternative configurations, the second group 112 collector electrodes may include more or fewer electrodes. For example, the second group 112 collector electrodes may include twelve electrodes, which are spaced apart from each other at approximately five degrees along the second direction 116 and are substantially equally angularly spaced along the second area of ​​interest (including an arc of approximately sixty degrees relative to the first collector electrode 117), as referenced below. Figure 6 More detailed description. As another example, the second area of ​​concern may include an arc of approximately 30 degrees relative to the first collector electrode 117.

[0038] In some implementations, sensor 102 may also include a current sensor array, as described below. Figure 8 As described. Each sensor in the current sensor array is coupled to a corresponding collector electrode in the collector electrode array 104.

[0039] In a specific aspect, each sensor in the current sensor array is also configured to output a sensor signal. System 100 may also include one or more processors connected to receive the sensor signals from the current sensor array and configured to calculate angular direction parameter values ​​based at least in part on the relationship between corresponding magnitudes of current associated with the sensor signals, as referenced below. Figure 4 to Figure 5 A more detailed description follows. The direction of relative movement of the fluid flow 108 is indicated by an angular direction parameter value. The processor can also be configured to calculate the fluid flow direction parameter value based at least on the current peak at the collector electrode array 104, as referenced below. Figure 4 to Figure 5 A more detailed description.

[0040] As an illustrative operation, the relative movement of the fluid airflow 108 can include operation of the sensor 102 in an atmosphere. For example, the sensor 102 can be coupled to a skin of an aircraft moving through the atmosphere. The emitter electrode 106 can be configured to generate a plasma of positively charged ions that move through the fluid airflow 108 by the relative movement of the fluid airflow 108 toward the array of collector electrodes 104. In the particular configuration of the array of collector electrodes 104, the reference position can include a zero angle reference position, the first direction 114 can be a positive angle direction and the second direction 116 can be a negative angle direction. As the ions are received at the array of collector electrodes 104, an array of current sensors coupled to the array of collector electrodes 104 can detect a current induced at each of the collector electrodes of the array of collector electrodes 104 and output a plurality of sensor signals. A processor can receive the sensor signals and compute an angle direction parameter value based on a relationship between respective magnitudes of the currents associated with the sensor signals.

[0041] An angle direction of the relative movement of the fluid airflow 108 can be based on the angle direction parameter value and include an angle measurement output of the sensor 102. In the particular example configuration described above, the first set 110 of collector electrodes includes a first plurality of electrodes that are angularly arranged along the first direction 114 and angularly offset from one another within a first range of interest associated with positive angle measurement outputs of the sensor 102. The second set 112 of collector electrodes includes a second plurality of electrodes that are angularly arranged along the second direction 116 and angularly offset from one another within a second range of interest associated with negative angle measurement outputs of the sensor 102. For example, for a positive angle portion of the angle direction of the relative movement of the fluid airflow 108, the angle direction parameter value can be based in part on respective magnitudes of the currents associated with the sensor signals associated with the first plurality of electrodes, and for a negative angle portion of the angle direction of the relative movement of the fluid airflow 108, the angle direction parameter value can be based in part on respective magnitudes of the currents associated with the sensor signals associated with the second plurality of electrodes.

[0042] In a particular configuration, the movement of the aircraft through the atmosphere includes a lateral axis motion of the aircraft and a chord line of an airfoil section relative to the airflow as the airfoil section moves through the atmosphere. The lateral motion causes a change in an angle of attack of the aircraft. In this configuration, the reference position includes a zero angle reference position, the first direction 114 includes a positive angle direction, and the second direction 116 includes a negative angle direction.

[0043] Figure 2 An example of a portion of an aircraft 200 including a sensor for detecting an angle of an airflow according to some examples of the present disclosure is shown. In some implementations, the aircraft 200 includes an outer skin 202 and a sensor 204 coupled to the outer skin 202. Generally, the sensor 204 corresponds to the sensor 102 described above with respect to FIG. 1. In some implementations, the sensor 204 is coupled to the outer skin 202 of the aircraft 200. In some implementations, the sensor 204 is coupled to a skin of an aircraft moving through the atmosphere. The emitter electrode 106 can be configured to generate a plasma of positively charged ions that move through the fluid airflow 108 by the relative movement of the fluid airflow 108 toward the array of collector electrodes 104. In the particular configuration of the array of collector electrodes 104, the reference position can include a zero angle reference position, the first direction 114 can be a positive angle direction and the second direction 116 can be a negative angle direction. As the ions are received at the array of collector electrodes 104, an array of current sensors coupled to the array of collector electrodes 104 can detect a current induced at each of the collector electrodes of the array of collector electrodes 104 and output a plurality of sensor signals. A processor can receive the sensor signals and compute an angle direction parameter value based on a relationship between respective magnitudes of the currents associated with the sensor signals. Figure 1sensor 102.

[0044] In some implementations, the sensor 204 includes an emitter electrode (e.g., Figure 1 the emitter electrode 106) disposed at a first location 206 proximate the exterior skin 202 and exposed to ambient air. In particular aspects, the first location 206 is elevated from the exterior skin 202 and extends above a boundary layer associated with ambient air during movement of the aircraft 200 through the atmosphere. The emitter electrode is configured to generate charged particles proximate the emitter electrode, as described in greater detail above with reference to Figure 1

[0045] The sensor 204 can also include a collector electrode array (e.g., Figure 1 the collector electrode array 104) disposed at a second location 208 proximate the exterior skin 202 and exposed to ambient air. The second location 208 can be located aft of the first location 206. In some aspects, the second location 208 is spaced apart from the first location 206 sufficiently to substantially prevent arcing between the emitter electrode 106 and the collector electrode array 104, as described in greater detail below with reference to Figure 3

[0046] Although Figure 2 some features of the aircraft 200 are shown, more, fewer, and / or different components of the aircraft 200 can be present without departing from the scope of the subject disclosure. For example, the aircraft 200 can include a current sensor array. Each sensor of the current sensor array is coupled to a respective collector electrode of the collector electrode array and is configured to output a sensor signal. The aircraft 200 can also include one or more processors connected to receive the sensor signals from the current sensor array.

[0047] Figure 3 An exemplary system 300 including an emitter electrode 302 relative to a collector electrode 304 of a collector electrode array is shown in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure. In general, the emitter electrode 302 corresponds to the emitter electrode 106 of Figure 1 and the collector electrode 304 corresponds to one of the collector electrodes of the collector electrode array 104 of Figure 1

[0048] In some implementations, the emitter electrode 302 is disposed at a first location (e.g., Figure 1 the first location 107 of Figure 2 the first location 206, etc.) and the collector electrode 304 is disposed at a second location (e.g., Figure 1 the second location 109 of Figure 2 ​​​At the second position 208 (etc.). Both the emitter electrode 302 and the collector electrode 304 are exposed to Figure 1 The fluid flow 108. For example, the emitter electrode 302 and the collector electrode 304 may be close to the external skin arrangement of the aircraft and exposed to ambient air, as referenced above. Figure 2 As described above. In this configuration, the second position follows the first position.

[0049] In some aspects, the second position of the collector electrode 304 is sufficiently spaced relative to the first position of the emitter electrode 302 to substantially prevent arcing between the emitter electrode 302 and the collector electrode 304. For example, the distance 306 between the emitter electrode 302 and the collector electrode 304 may be approximately 30.78 mm. In the same or alternative aspects, the first position, the second position, or both extend above the boundary layer associated with the relative movement of the fluid flow 108. For example, the distance 308 between the emitter electrode 302 and the surface 312 on which the emitter electrode 302 is disposed may be approximately 2.54 mm. For the emitter electrode 302 and the collector electrode 304, the distances between the respective electrodes and the surface 312 may be the same or different. For example, the distance 310 between the collector electrode 304 and the surface 312 on which the collector electrode 304 is disposed may be approximately 1.90 mm. Furthermore, for Figure 1 In a specific configuration of the collector electrode array 104, the distances 310 between the multiple collector electrodes 304 may be the same or different.

[0050] In some respects, the first position of the emitter electrode 302 may extend above the boundary layer while remaining close to the edge of the boundary layer. Measurement sensors (e.g., Figure 1 The propagation of ionized air molecules near the boundary layer of the sensor 102 can enable accurate calculation of the aircraft's angle of attack.

[0051] Figure 4 The following are examples of sensor signals used to generate angle-of-attack parameter values ​​according to this disclosure (e.g., Figure 1 Sensor signals, Figure 8 An exemplary diagram 400 illustrates the relationship between corresponding magnitudes of current associated with sensor signals 881 (or combinations thereof). In some aspects, aircraft (e.g., Figure 2 The angle of attack of the aircraft (200) is indicated by the angle of attack parameter value.

[0052] Exemplary Figure 400 illustrates multiple data points plotted along a first axis 404 and a second axis 402. Specifically, the first axis 404 includes values ​​associated with the aircraft's angle of attack, including values ​​reflecting the above reference... Figure 1Values of the first and second ranges of interest are described in greater detail. For example, illustrative plot 400 includes a first axis 404 that includes values from a negative sixty degree angle of attack to a positive sixty degree angle of attack. A second axis 402 can include values associated with current associated with a particular collector electrode in a collector electrode array (e.g., collector electrode array 104) of sensor 102. Figure 1 For example, second axis 402 can include current values as measured in milliamps.

[0053] In some implementations, plot 400 includes a first set 406 of data points and a second set 408 of data points. Each of first set 406, second set 408 of data points includes an illustrative thirteen data points, where each data point corresponds to Figure 1 For example, collector electrode array 104 can include a first collector electrode 117, a first set 110 of collector electrodes angularly offset from first collector electrode 117 in a first direction 114, and a second set 112 of collector electrodes angularly offset from first collector electrode 117 in a second direction 116. As shown in the illustrative sensor 102, Figure 1 In the illustrative configuration, each collector electrode in collector electrode array 104 can correspond to a gradient of a range of interest for an angular direction of relative motion of fluid gas flow 108. Thus, first collector electrode 117 can be associated with a zero angle reference position, first set 110 can be associated with a first range of interest in a positive angular direction, and second set 112 can be associated with a second range of interest in a negative angular direction.

[0054] In the above illustrative configuration, first set 110 includes 6 collector electrodes. Each collector electrode of first set 110 can be associated with a different value within first range of interest at regular intervals: closest to first collector electrode 117 Figure 1 The collector electrode of first set 110 closest to first collector electrode 117 can be associated with a positive 10 degree angle of an angular direction of relative motion of fluid gas flow 108. To illustrate, the collector electrode of first set 110 closest to first collector electrode 117 can be associated with a positive 10 degree angular direction, the next collector electrode along first direction 114 can be associated with a positive 20 degree angular direction, and so on. Likewise, the collector electrode of second set 112 closest to first collector electrode 117 can be associated with a negative 10 degree angular direction, the next collector electrode along second direction 116 can be associated with a negative 20 degree angular direction, and so on.

[0055] In the exemplary diagram 400, the first group 406 and the first group 408 each include data points for each of the exemplary collector electrodes. The value of each data point along the second axis 402 can be associated with the current detected at the corresponding collector electrode and received from the sensor signal, as referenced above. Figure 1 A more detailed description follows. Data points are plotted along the first axis 402 and the second axis 404 to generate statistical fits for the corresponding groups of data points. For example, Figure 4 The first group 406 and the second group 408 show that the data points of the first group 406 and the second group 408 are basically Gaussian distributed.

[0056] In some implementations, one or more processors can be configured to be at least based on Figure 1 The processor calculates fluid flow direction parameter values ​​(e.g., angle of attack parameters) from the peak current at the collector electrode array 104. Specifically, the peak current can be identified from the peak values ​​of a statistical fit to data points in a particular dataset. For example, a first set of data 406 shows a peak current 410 associated with a zero-degree angle of attack. A second set of data 408 shows a peak current 412 associated with a positive 10-degree angle of attack. By identifying the peak values ​​from statistical analysis of datasets associated with relative current magnitudes from the collector electrode array, the processor can calculate the fluid flow direction parameter values.

[0057] Figure 5 The following are examples of sensor signals used to generate angle-of-attack parameter values ​​according to this disclosure (e.g., Figure 1 Sensor signals, Figure 8 Another exemplary illustration of the relationship between the corresponding magnitudes of current associated with sensor signals 881 (or some combination thereof) is shown in Figure 500. In some aspects, aircraft (e.g., Figure 2 The angle of attack of the aircraft (200) is indicated by the angle of attack parameter value.

[0058] Exemplary Figure 500 shows along Figure 4 Multiple data points are plotted on the first axis 404 and the second axis 402. In some implementations, the diagram 500 includes a first group 503 data points, a second group 505 data points, and a third group 507 data points. Each of the first group 503, the second group 505, and the third group 507 may include multiple data points, each data point corresponding to a specific time point. Figure 1 The exemplary collector electrode array 104 has corresponding collector electrodes, as referenced above. Figure 4Described in more detail. In the example graph 500, each of the first set 503, the second set 505, the third set 507 has been analyzed to identify a statistical fit. For example, the first set 503 has a corresponding first fit 502, the second set 505 has a corresponding second fit 504, and the third set 507 has a corresponding third fit 506. As described above with reference to Figure 4 The one or more processors can be configured to identify a peak value for each of the first fit 502, the second fit 504, the third fit 506 to identify a fluid flow direction parameter value for a particular time point associated with a particular fit 502, 504, 506.

[0059] In some aspects, the graph 500 illustrates a set 508 of outlier data points. In Figure 5 In the example, the set 508 includes data points from each of the first set 503, the second set 505, the third set 507. In a particular configuration, the processor can be configured to identify an outlier data point, a particular collector electrode associated with the outlier data point, identify the particular collector electrode as providing an outlier reading, or some combination thereof. For example, the processor(s) can be configured to identify the outlier data point(s) by identifying one or more data points from the identified statistical fit that are outside of a statistical fit threshold. In this way, a sensor providing data points of the first set 503, the second set 505, the second three 507 can be configured to generate self-diagnostic information.

[0060] The graph 500 illustrates generating a fluid flow direction parameter value using sensor signal data. For example, a particular data set can include data points associated with current in a collector electrode array, but a statistical fit associated with the particular data set can provide a better measure of a fluid flow direction parameter value. The third set 507 data points, for example, include a plurality of data points 507A having a magnitude less than a peak value of the second fit 506 and a plurality of data points 507B having a magnitude greater than the peak value of the second fit 506. Analysis of the relationship between the respective magnitudes of the current can provide a better measure of the fluid flow direction parameter value.

[0061] Furthermore, each of the fits 502, 504, 506 is associated with a particular time point. In a particular aspect, the time points associated with each of the fits 502, 504, 506 can be close enough together that the fits 502, 504, 506 can be collectively analyzed to provide a more accurate measure of the fluid flow direction parameter value. For example, a peak value of current associated with each of the fits 502, 504, 506 can be averaged to provide an overall current peak value.

[0062] Although Figure 500 shows some data points and statistical analyses of these data points, more, fewer, and / or different data points, analyses, etc., may exist without departing from the scope of this disclosure. For example, a given system may not generate anomalous data points, may have different numbers of collector electrodes (and correspondingly different numbers of data points associated with the relative magnitudes of the current), etc.

[0063] Figure 6 An example sensor 600 for detecting the angle of airflow is shown according to some examples of this disclosure. Typically, sensor 600 corresponds to... Figure 1 Sensor 102, Figure 2 The sensor 204 or some combination thereof. In some implementations, the sensor 600 includes an emitter electrode 106, which is disposed at a first position 107 and configured to be exposed to... Figure 1 The fluid flow 108. The sensor 600 also includes a collector electrode array 104 disposed at a second position 109. The collector electrode array includes a first collector electrode 117 aligned with the emitter electrode 106 at a reference position, a first group of 110 collector electrodes angularly offset from the first collector electrode in a first direction 114, and a second group of 112 collector electrodes angularly offset from the first collector electrode in a second direction 116.

[0064] Sensor 600 includes 25 collector electrodes in a collector electrode array 104, with 12 electrodes from each of a first group 110 and a second group 112 offset at an angle from the first collector electrode 117. The 12 collector electrodes of each of the first groups 110 and 112 are approximately equidistant from the emitter electrode 106 and spaced apart from each other at approximately 5-degree intervals. The configuration shown in sensor 600 enables measurement of a range of interest of approximately 60 degrees (e.g., ...). Figure 1 The airflow direction parameter values ​​(for the first area of ​​interest, the second area of ​​interest, or a combination thereof). This configuration shows the first set of 110 collector electrodes aligned from axis 118 to axis 120. Angle 122 is approximately 60 degrees.

[0065] In some implementations, sensor 600 is a solid-state angle-of-attack sensor. Sensor 600 includes a plurality of connection points 612 arranged between the outer periphery 602 and the inner periphery 606 of sensor 600. The inner periphery 606 may typically be associated with the angular offset of the collector electrodes of the first group 110 and the second group 112. An intermediate perimeter 604 identifies exemplary locations of exemplary connection points 612. Figure 6In the example of sensor 600, the distance 608 between the pair of coupling points 612 and other dimensions of the sensor 600 are selected to enable installation of the sensor 600 in place of a conventional angle-of-attack sensor. For example, for use on a Boeing® commercial aircraft, the distance 608 between the pair of coupling points 612 is approximately 2.859 inches, the inner circumference 606 is approximately 3.25 inches, the intermediate perimeter 604 is approximately 4.185 inches, and the outer circumference 602 is approximately 4.87 inches (Boeing® is a registered trademark of The Boeing Company (Delaware)).

[0066] In some implementations, the surface including the sensor 600 can be substantially planar and elevated from a mounting surface sufficient to extend above a boundary layer associated with relative movement of a fluid airflow. For example, the surface can extend about 0.125 inches above an exterior skin of an aircraft (e.g., aircraft 200 of FIG. 1) of a Boeing® commercial aircraft. Figure 2

[0067] Figure 7 is a flowchart of an example method 700 for detecting an angle of an airflow in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure. The method 700 can be initiated, performed, or controlled by one or more processors executing instructions, such as by the processor 820 executing instructions 834 from the memory 830 of the sensor 102 of FIG. 1. Figure 8 The method 700 can also be initiated, performed, or controlled by the sensor 102 of FIG. 1, Figure 1 the sensor 204 of FIG. 2, Figure 2 the system 300 of FIG. 3, Figure 3 the sensor 600 of FIG. 6, or some combination thereof. Figure 6

[0068] In some implementations, the method 700 includes, at block 702, emitting charged particles at an emitter electrode arranged at a first location and exposed to ambient air. For example, the sensor 102 of FIG. 1 can be configured to emit charged particles at the emitter electrode 106 arranged at the first location 107 and exposed to the fluid airflow 108. Figure 1

[0069] The method 700 includes, at block 704, detecting a current at a collector electrode array based on a flow of the charged particles, wherein the current is indicative of an angle of the airflow, and the collector electrode array is disposed at a second location and exposed to the ambient air, and wherein the second location is after the first location relative to the airflow. The collector electrode array includes a first collector electrode aligned with the emitter electrode at a reference location, a first set of collector electrodes angularly offset from the first collector electrode in a first direction, and a second set of collector electrodes angularly offset from the first collector electrode in a second direction. For example, the sensor 102 of FIG. 1 can be configured to detect a current at the collector electrode array 110 based on a flow of the charged particles 112, wherein the current 114 is indicative of an angle of the fluid airflow 108, and the collector electrode array 110 is disposed at a second location 116 and exposed to the ambient air 118, and wherein the second location 116 is after the first location 107 relative to the fluid airflow 108. Figure 1 ​​​The sensor 102 can be configured to detect a current at the collector electrode array 104 based on a flow of charged particles. The current is indicative of an angle of the fluid gas flow 108. The collector electrode array 104 is disposed at a second location 109 and exposed to the fluid gas flow 108, and the second location 109 is behind the first location 107 with respect to the fluid gas flow 108. The collector electrode array 104 includes a first collector electrode 117 that is aligned with the emitter electrode 106 at a reference location (e.g., along an axis 120). A first set 110 of collector electrodes is angularly offset from the first collector electrode 117 in a first direction 114. A second set 112 of collector electrodes is angularly offset from the first collector electrode 117 in a second direction 116.

[0070] In some implementations, the method 700 can include more, less, and / or different steps without departing from the scope of the subject disclosure. For example, the method 700 can further include receiving sensor signals from an array of current sensors coupled to respective collector electrodes in the collector electrode array. The method 700 can further include generating an angle direction parameter value based at least in part on a relationship between respective magnitudes of current associated with the sensor signals.

[0071] Further, the methods described above with reference to Figure 7 may be implemented to realize one or more of the technical advantages described above in greater detail. For example, the method 700 can realize a more reliable and maintainable angle of attack sensor.

[0072] Figure 8 is a block diagram of a computing environment 800 including a computing device 810 configured to support computer-implemented methods and computer-executable program instructions (or code) in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure. For example, the computing device 810, or portions thereof, are configured to execute instructions to initiate, perform, or control one or more operations described in greater detail above with reference to Figure 1 to Figure 7 In particular aspects, the computing device 810 can include, correspond to, or be included within a computing device, one or more servers, one or more virtual devices, or a combination thereof.

[0073] The computing device 810 includes one or more processors 820. The processor(s) 820 are configured to communicate with system memory 830, one or more storage devices 850, one or more input / output interfaces 840, one or more communication interfaces 860, or any combination thereof. The system memory 830 includes volatile memory devices (e.g., random access memory (RAM) devices), non-volatile memory devices (e.g., read-only memory (ROM) devices, programmable ROM, and flash memory), or both. The system memory 830 stores an operating system 832, which can include a basic input / output system for booting the computing device 810 and a full operating system that enables the computing device 810 to interact with users, other programs, and other devices. The system memory 830 stores system (program) data 838, such as respective magnitudes 839 of current from the sensor signals 881.

[0074] The system memory 830 includes one or more applications 834 (e.g., sets of instructions) that are executable by the processor(s) 820, such as an angle direction parameter calculator 837. For example, the one or more applications 834 include instructions 836 that are executable by the processor(s) 820 to initiate, control, or perform one or more operations described below with reference to Figure 1 to Figure 7 For illustration, the one or more applications 834 include instructions 836 that are executable by the processor(s) 820 to initiate, control, or perform one or more operations described below with reference to receiving sensor signals 881 from a current sensor array of a gas flow sensor and calculating an angle direction parameter value based at least in part on a relationship between respective magnitudes 839 of current associated with the sensor signals 881. Figure 1 For illustration, the one or more applications 834 include instructions 836 that are executable by the processor(s) 820 to initiate, control, or perform one or more operations described below with reference to receiving sensor signals 881 from a current sensor array of a gas flow sensor and calculating an angle direction parameter value based at least in part on a relationship between respective magnitudes 839 of current associated with the sensor signals 881.

[0075] In a particular implementation, the system memory 830 includes a non-transitory computer-readable medium (e.g., a computer-readable storage device) storing instructions 836 that, when executed by the processor(s) 820, cause the processor(s) 820 to initiate, perform, or control operations for detecting an angle of a gas flow. The operations include receiving sensor signals from a current sensor array and calculating an angle direction parameter value based at least in part on a relationship between respective magnitudes of current associated with the sensor signals.

[0076] In the same or alternative implementations, the system memory 830 includes a non-transitory computer-readable medium (e.g., a computer-readable storage device) storing instructions 836 that, when executed by the processor(s) 820, cause the processor(s) 820 to initiate, perform, or control operations for detecting an angle of a gas flow. The operations include receiving sensor signals from a current sensor array and calculating an angle direction parameter value based at least in part on a relationship between respective magnitudes of current associated with the sensor signals.

[0077] The one or more storage devices 850 include non-volatile storage such as magnetic, optical, or flash storage. In a particular example, the storage devices 850 include both removable and non-removable memory devices. The storage devices 850 are configured to store operating systems, images of operating systems, application programs (e.g., the one or more applications 834), and program data (e.g., the program data 838). In a particular aspect, the system memory 830, the storage devices 850, or both, include a tangible computer-readable medium. In a particular aspect, the one or more storage devices 850 are external to the computing device 810.

[0078] The one or more input / output interfaces 840 enable the computing device 810 to communicate with one or more input / output devices 870 to facilitate user interaction. For example, the one or more input / output interfaces 840 can include a display interface, an input interface, or both. For example, the input / output interfaces 840 are adapted to receive input from a user, receive input from another computing device, or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the input / output interfaces 840 conform to one or more standard interface protocols, including a serial interface (e.g., a Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface or an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) interface standard), a parallel interface, a display adapter, an audio adapter, or a custom interface ("IEEE" is a registered trademark of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., of New York, NY, USA). In some implementations, the input / output devices 870 include one or more user interface devices and a display, including some combination of buttons, a keyboard, a pointing device, a display, a speaker, a microphone, a touchscreen, and other devices.

[0079] The processor(s) 820 are configured to communicate with a device or controller 880 via the one or more communication interfaces 860. For example, the one or more communication interfaces 860 can include a network interface. The device or controller 880 can include, for example Figure 1 the sensor 102 of FIG. 1, Figure 2 the sensor 204 of FIG. 2, Figure 3 the system 300 of FIG. 3, Figure 6 the sensor 600 of FIG. 6, or some combination thereof. In some implementations, the device or controller 880 can include a direct current ("DC") high voltage power supply 825 and a current sensor array 815, or a combination thereof. For example, as described in more detail above with reference to Figure 1 The sensor 102 configured as a solid state angle of attack sensor can include the DC high voltage power supply 825, as described in more detail above. As another example, the sensor 102 can include the current sensor array 815, where each sensor in the current sensor array is coupled to a respective collector electrode in the collector electrode array 104 and configured to output a sensor signal 881. Figure 1

[0080] ​In some implementations, a non-transitory computer-readable medium (e.g., computer-readable storage device) stores instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to initiate, perform, or control operations to perform some or all of the functionality described above. For example, the instructions can be executable to implement one or more operations or methods of Figure 1 to Figure 7 In some implementations, some or all of the one or more operations or methods of Figure 1 to Figure 7 may be implemented by one or more processors (e.g., one or more central processing units (CPUs), one or more graphics processing units (GPUs), one or more digital signal processors (DSPs)) executing instructions, by special-purpose hardware, or any combination thereof.

[0081] Figure 9 is an example method 900 illustrating a lifecycle of an aircraft including a sensor for detecting an angle of an airflow in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure. During pre-production, the method 900 includes, at 902, specification and design of an aircraft, such as the specification and design of portions of the aircraft 200 described with reference to Figure 2 During specification and design of the aircraft, the method 900 can include specification and design of the sensor 102. At 904, the method 900 includes material procurement, which can include procurement of materials for the sensor 102.

[0082] During production, the method 900 includes, at 906, component and subassembly manufacturing, and, at 908, system integration of the aircraft. For example, the method 900 can include component and subassembly manufacturing of the sensor 102 and system integration of the sensor 102. The method 900 includes, at 910, certification and delivery of the aircraft, and, at 912, placement of the aircraft in service. Certification and delivery can include certification of the sensor 102 in service. While in service by a customer, the aircraft can be scheduled for routine maintenance and service, which can also include modification, reconfiguration, refurbishment, etc. The method 900 includes, at 914, performance of maintenance and service on the aircraft, which can include performance of maintenance and service on the sensor 102.

[0083] Each of the processes of method 900 can be performed or implemented by a system integrator, a third party, and / or an operator (e.g., a customer). For the purposes of this description, a system integrator can include without limitation any number of aircraft manufacturers and major-systems integrators; a third party can include without limitation any number of vendors, subcontractors, and suppliers; and an operator can be an airline, leasee, military entity, service organization, or other customer.

[0084] Figure 10 is shown illustrating an example method 900 of a lifecycle of an aircraft including a sensor for detecting an angle of an airflow in accordance with some examples of the present disclosure. During pre-production, the method 900 includes, at 902, specification and design of an aircraft, such as the specification and design of portions of the aircraft 200 described with reference to Figure 7Method 700) Example aircraft 1000 with component 1040 for detecting the angle of airflow. In Figure 10 In the example, aircraft 1000 includes a fuselage 1018 and an interior 1022 having multiple systems 1020. Examples of the multiple systems 1020 include one or more of a propulsion system 1024, an electrical system 1026, an environmental system 1028, and a hydraulic system 1030. Any number of other systems may be included.

[0085] exist Figure 10 In the example, component 1040 includes Figure 1 Sensor 102, Figure 2 Sensor 204 Figure 6 The sensor 600, or a combination thereof. In some implementations, component 1040 is configured to perform operations such as those described above. Figure 7 Method 700 describes those operations.

[0086] For illustration, in some examples, component 1040 is included within fuselage 1018. In one example, component 1040 includes or corresponds to an external component of aircraft 1000, such as the skin portion of aircraft 1000. Alternatively or additionally, in other examples, component 1040 includes or corresponds to another component of aircraft 1000, such as a component of interior 1022 including sensor 102, sensor 204, sensor 600, or combinations thereof.

[0087] The illustrations of the examples described herein are intended to provide a general understanding of the structure of different implementations. These illustrations are not intended to serve as a complete description of all elements and features of devices and systems utilizing the structures or methods described herein. Many other implementations will be apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading this disclosure. Other implementations may be utilized and derived from this disclosure, allowing structural and logical substitutions and changes to be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. For example, method operations may be performed in a different order than those shown in the figures, or one or more method operations may be omitted. Therefore, this disclosure and the accompanying drawings are to be considered illustrative rather than restrictive.

[0088] Furthermore, while specific examples have been shown and described herein, it should be understood that any subsequent arrangements designed to achieve the same or similar results may replace the specific implementations shown. This disclosure is intended to cover any and all subsequent modifications or variations of different implementations. After reading this description, combinations of the above implementations, as well as other implementations not specifically described herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art.

[0089] The summary of the disclosure submitted herewith should be understood as not applicable to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. Moreover, in the foregoing DETAILED DESCRIPTION, various features can be grouped together or described in a single implementation for the purposes of streamlining the disclosure. The examples described above are meant to illustrate but not limit the disclosure. It is also to be understood that many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The claimed subject matter can be implemented by a less than all features of any of the disclosed examples, as reflected in the claims below. Thus, the scope of the disclosure is to be defined by the claims and their equivalents.

[0090] Further, the disclosure includes implementations in accordance with the following examples:

[0091] Example 1, an aircraft includes an outer skin. The aircraft also includes an emitter electrode disposed at a first location proximate the outer skin and exposed to ambient air. The emitter electrode is configured to generate charged particles proximate the emitter electrode. The aircraft also includes a collector electrode array disposed at a second location proximate the outer skin and exposed to the ambient air. The second location is behind the first location. Each collector electrode of the collector electrode array is configured to detect a current associated with a flow of the charged particles during movement of the aircraft through the atmosphere. The collector electrode array includes a first collector electrode aligned with the emitter electrode at a reference location, a first set of collector electrodes angularly offset from the first collector electrode in a first direction, and a second set of collector electrodes angularly offset from the first collector electrode in a second direction. An output from the collector electrode array is indicative of an angle of attack of the aircraft.

[0092] Example 2 includes the aircraft of example 1, further comprising a current sensor array, wherein each sensor of the current sensor array is coupled to a respective collector electrode of the collector electrode array and configured to output a sensor signal.

[0093] Example 3 includes the aircraft of example 2, further comprising a processor connected to receive the sensor signals from the current sensor array and configured to calculate an angle of attack parameter value based at least in part on a relationship between respective magnitudes of the currents associated with the sensor signals, wherein the angle of attack of the aircraft is indicated by the angle of attack parameter value.

[0094] Example 4 includes the aircraft of example 3, wherein the processor is configured to calculate the angle of attack parameter value based at least on a peak value of the current at the collector electrode array.

[0095] Example 5 includes the aircraft of any of Examples 1-4, wherein the movement of the aircraft through the atmosphere includes a lateral axis motion of the aircraft and a chord line of the airfoil relative to the airflow as the airfoil section moves through the atmosphere, wherein the lateral motion causes a change in an angle of attack of the aircraft; the reference position includes a zero angle reference position; the first direction includes a positive angle direction; and the second direction includes a negative angle direction.

[0096] Example 6 includes the aircraft of any of Examples 1-5, wherein the emitter electrode is configured to provide an electrical potential between the emitter electrode and the array of collector electrodes.

[0097] Example 7 includes the aircraft of any of Examples 1-6, wherein the first position includes a position elevated from the outer skin and extending above a boundary layer associated with ambient air during movement of the aircraft through the atmosphere.

[0098] Example 8 includes the aircraft of any of Examples 1-7, wherein the emitter electrode is shaped to define an apex to concentrate an electric field ionization.

[0099] Example 9 includes the aircraft of any of Examples 1-8, wherein at least one of the collector electrodes of the array of collector electrodes has a blunt shape.

[0100] Example 10 includes the aircraft of any of Examples 1-9, wherein the first set of collector electrodes includes a first plurality of electrodes, the first plurality of electrodes being angularly arranged along the first direction and angularly offset from one another within a first range of interest associated with a positive angle of attack measurement of the aircraft.

[0101] Example 11 includes the aircraft of Example 10, wherein the first plurality of electrodes are arranged at substantially equal angular intervals within the first range of interest.

[0102] Example 12 includes the aircraft of any of Examples 10-11, wherein the first plurality of electrodes are positioned equidistant from the emitter electrode.

[0103] Example 13 includes the aircraft of any of Examples 10-12, wherein the first set of electrodes includes twelve electrodes.

[0104] Example 14 includes the aircraft of Example 13, wherein the first plurality of electrodes are spaced apart at intervals of about five degrees.

[0105] Example 15 includes the aircraft of any of Examples 10-14, wherein the first range of interest includes an arc of about 30 degrees relative to the first collector electrode along the first direction.

[0106] Example 16 includes the aircraft of any of Examples 1-15, wherein the second set of collector electrodes comprises a second plurality of electrodes, the second plurality of electrodes being angularly arranged along the second direction and angularly offset from one another within a second range of interest associated with negative angle of attack measurements of the aircraft.

[0107] Example 17 includes the aircraft of Example 16, wherein the second plurality of electrodes are arranged at substantially equal angular intervals within the second range of interest.

[0108] Example 18 includes the aircraft of Example 16 or Example 17, wherein the second plurality of electrodes are positioned equidistant from the emitter electrode.

[0109] Example 19 includes the aircraft of any of Examples 16-18, wherein the second set of electrodes comprises twelve electrodes.

[0110] Example 20 includes the aircraft of Example 19, wherein the second plurality of electrodes are spaced apart at intervals of about five degrees.

[0111] Example 21 includes the aircraft of any of Examples 16-20, wherein the second range of interest comprises an arc of about 30 degrees along the second direction relative to the first collector electrode.

[0112] Example 22 includes the aircraft of any of Examples 1-21, wherein the second position is sufficiently spaced apart from the first position to substantially prevent electrical arcing between the emitter electrode and the array of collector electrodes.

[0113] Example 23 includes the aircraft of any of Examples 1-22, and further comprising a solid state angle of attack sensor comprising the emitter electrode, the array of collector electrodes, and a direct current high voltage power supply.

[0114] According to Example 24, a sensor includes an emitter electrode configured to be arranged at a first position and exposed to a fluid airflow. The emitter electrode is configured to generate charged particles proximate the emitter electrode. The sensor further includes an array of collector electrodes configured to be arranged at a second position and exposed to the fluid airflow. The second position is offset from the first position. Each collector electrode of the array of collector electrodes is configured to detect a current associated with an electric field of the charged particles during a relative movement of the fluid airflow. The array of collector electrodes includes a first collector electrode aligned with the emitter electrode at a reference position, a first set of collector electrodes angularly offset from the first collector electrode in a first direction, and a second set of collector electrodes angularly offset from the first collector electrode in a second direction. An output from the array of collector electrodes is indicative of an angular direction of the relative movement of the fluid airflow.

[0115] Example 25 includes the sensor of Example 24, further comprising an array of current sensors, wherein each sensor of the array of current sensors is coupled to a respective collector electrode of the array of collector electrodes and is configured to output a sensor signal.

[0116] Example 26 includes the sensor of Example 25, further comprising a processor connected to receive the sensor signals from the array of current sensors and configured to calculate an angular direction parameter value based at least in part on a relationship between respective magnitudes of current associated with the sensor signals, wherein the direction of the relative movement of the fluid gas stream is indicated by the angular direction parameter value.

[0117] Example 27 includes the sensor of Example 26, wherein the processor is configured to calculate the angular direction parameter value based at least on current peaks at the array of collector electrodes.

[0118] Example 28 includes the sensor of any of Examples 24-27, wherein the emitter electrode is configured to provide an electrical potential between the emitter electrode and the array of collector electrodes.

[0119] Example 29 includes the sensor of any of Examples 24-28, wherein the first location comprises a location extending above a boundary layer associated with the relative movement of the fluid gas stream.

[0120] Example 30 includes the sensor of any of Examples 24-29, wherein the emitter electrode is shaped to define an apex to concentrate an electric field ionization.

[0121] Example 31 includes the sensor of any of Examples 24-30, wherein at least one collector electrode of the array of collector electrodes has a blunt shape.

[0122] Example 32 includes the sensor of any of Examples 24-31, wherein the first set of collector electrodes comprises a first plurality of electrodes, the first plurality of electrodes being angularly arranged along a first direction and angularly offset from one another within a first range of interest associated with a first angle of the relative movement of the fluid gas stream.

[0123] Example 33 includes the sensor of Example 32, wherein the first plurality of electrodes are arranged at substantially equal angular intervals within the first range of interest.

[0124] Example 34 includes the sensor of Example 32 or Example 33, wherein the first plurality of electrodes are positioned equidistant from the emitter electrode.

[0125] Example 35 includes the sensor of any of Examples 32-34, wherein the first set of electrodes comprises twelve electrodes.

[0126] Example 36 includes the sensor of Example 35, wherein the first plurality of electrodes are spaced apart at intervals of about five degrees.

[0127] Example 37 includes the sensor of any of Examples 32-36, wherein the first range of interest includes an arc of about 30 degrees relative to the first collector electrode along the first direction.

[0128] Example 38 includes the sensor of any of Examples 24-37, wherein the second set of collector electrodes includes a second plurality of electrodes, the second plurality of electrodes being angularly arranged along a second direction and angularly offset from one another within a second range of interest associated with a second angle of relative movement of the fluid gas stream.

[0129] Example 39 includes the sensor of Example 38, wherein the second plurality of electrodes are arranged at substantially equal angular intervals within the second range of interest.

[0130] Example 40 includes the sensor of Example 38 or Example 39, wherein the second plurality of electrodes are positioned equidistant from the emitter electrode.

[0131] Example 41 includes the sensor of any of Examples 38-40, wherein the second set of electrodes includes twelve electrodes.

[0132] Example 42 includes the sensor of Example 41, wherein the second plurality of electrodes are spaced at intervals of about five degrees.

[0133] Example 43 includes the sensor of any of Examples 38-42, wherein the second range of interest includes an arc of about 30 degrees relative to the first collector electrode along the second direction.

[0134] Example 44 includes the sensor of any of Examples 24-43, wherein the second position is sufficiently spaced apart from the first position to substantially prevent arcing between the emitter electrode and the array of collector electrodes.

[0135] Example 45 includes the sensor of any of Examples 24-44, wherein the sensor is a solid state sensor, the solid state sensor including the emitter electrode, the array of collector electrodes, and a direct current high voltage power supply.

[0136] Example 46 includes the sensor of any of Examples 24-45, wherein the relative movement of the fluid gas stream includes operation of the sensor in an atmosphere.

[0137] Example 47 includes the sensor of Example 46, wherein the angular direction of the relative movement of the fluid gas stream includes an angular measurement output of the sensor.

[0138] Example 48 includes the sensor of Example 47, wherein the reference position includes a zero angle reference position, the first direction includes a positive angular direction, and the second direction includes a negative angular direction.

[0139] Example 49 includes the sensor of Example 47 or Example 48, wherein the first set of collector electrodes includes a first plurality of electrodes, the first plurality of electrodes being angularly arranged along a first direction and angularly offset from one another within a first range of interest associated with a positive angular measurement output of the sensor.

[0140] Example 50 includes the sensor of Example 48 or Example 49, wherein the second set of collector electrodes includes a second plurality of electrodes, the second plurality of electrodes being angularly arranged along a second direction and angularly offset from one another within a second range of interest associated with a negative angular measurement output of the sensor.

[0141] According to Example 51, a method includes emitting charged particles at an emitter electrode disposed at a first location and exposed to ambient air. The method also includes detecting a current at an array of collector electrodes based on a flow of the charged particles. The current is indicative of an angle of an airflow. The array of collector electrodes is disposed at a second location and exposed to the ambient air. The second location is located after the first location with respect to the airflow. The array of collector electrodes includes a first collector electrode aligned with the emitter electrode at a reference location, a first set of collector electrodes angularly offset from the first collector electrode in a first direction, and a second set of collector electrodes angularly offset from the first collector electrode in a second direction.

Claims

1. An aircraft comprising: External skin; An emitter electrode, wherein the emitter electrode is disposed at a first location near the outer skin and exposed to ambient air, wherein the emitter electrode is configured to generate charged particles in the vicinity of the emitter electrode; and A collector electrode array is disposed at a second location near the outer skin and exposed to ambient air, wherein the second location is behind the first location, and wherein: Each current collector in the current collector array is configured to detect the current associated with the flow of charged particles during the movement of the aircraft through the atmosphere; and The collector electrode array includes: The first collector electrode is aligned with the emitter electrode at a reference position; The first set of collector electrodes is offset at an angle from the first collector electrode in a first direction; and The second set of collector electrodes is offset at an angle from the first collector electrode in the second direction; The output of the collector electrode array indicates the angle of attack of the aircraft.

2. The aircraft according to claim 1, further comprising: A current sensor array, wherein each sensor in the current sensor array is coupled to a corresponding collector electrode in the collector electrode array and is configured to output a sensor signal.

3. The aircraft according to claim 2, further comprising: A processor is connected to receive sensor signals from the current sensor array and is configured to calculate angle-of-attack parameter values ​​based at least in part on the relationship between corresponding magnitudes of currents associated with the sensor signals, wherein the angle of attack of the aircraft is indicated by the angle-of-attack parameter values.

4. The aircraft according to claim 3, wherein, The processor is configured to calculate the angle of attack parameter value based at least on the peak current at the collector electrode array.

5. The aircraft according to claim 1, wherein: The movement of the aircraft through the atmosphere includes the lateral axis movement of the aircraft and the chord of the airflow relative to the airflow when the airfoil moves through the atmosphere, wherein the lateral axis movement causes a change in the angle of attack of the aircraft. The reference position includes a zero-angle reference position; The first direction includes a positive angular direction; and The second direction includes negative angular directions.

6. The aircraft according to claim 1, wherein, The emitter electrode is configured to provide a potential between the emitter electrode and the collector electrode array.

7. The aircraft according to claim 1, wherein, The first position includes a location that rises from the outer skin and extends above the boundary layer associated with the ambient air as the aircraft moves through the atmosphere.

8. The aircraft according to claim 1, wherein, The emitter electrode is shaped to define a apex for concentrated electric field ionization.

9. The aircraft according to claim 1, wherein, At least one of the current collector electrodes in the current collector electrode array has a blunt shape.

10. The aircraft according to claim 1, wherein, The first set of collector electrodes includes a first plurality of collector electrodes arranged at an angle along the first direction and offset at an angle to each other within a first area of ​​interest associated with the positive angle of attack measurement of the aircraft.

11. The aircraft according to claim 10, wherein, The first plurality of collector electrodes are arranged at equal angular intervals within the first area of ​​interest.

12. The aircraft according to claim 10, wherein, The first plurality of collector electrodes are positioned at an equal distance from the emitter electrode.

13. The aircraft according to claim 10, wherein, The first group of collector electrodes includes 12 collector electrodes.

14. The aircraft according to claim 13, wherein, The first plurality of collector electrodes are separated by a five-degree interval.

15. A sensor, comprising: An emitter electrode is configured to be disposed at a first location and exposed to a fluid flow, wherein the emitter electrode is configured to generate charged particles in its vicinity; and A collector electrode array, the collector electrode array being configured to be disposed at a second location and exposed to the fluid flow, wherein the second location is offset from the first location, and wherein: Each current collector in the current collector array is configured to detect the current associated with the electric field of the charged particles during the relative movement of the fluid flow; and The collector electrode array includes: The first collector electrode is aligned with the emitter electrode at a reference position; The first set of collector electrodes is offset at an angle from the first collector electrode in a first direction; and The second set of collector electrodes is offset at an angle from the first collector electrode in the second direction; The output of the current collector array indicates the angular direction of the relative motion of the fluid airflow.

16. The sensor of claim 15, further comprising a current sensor array, wherein each sensor of the current sensor array is coupled to a corresponding collector electrode in the collector electrode array and configured to output a sensor signal.

17. The sensor of claim 16, further comprising a processor connected to receive the sensor signal from the current sensor array and configured to calculate an angular direction parameter value based at least in part on a relationship between corresponding magnitudes of the current associated with the sensor signal, wherein, The direction of the relative movement of the fluid airflow is indicated by the angular direction parameter value.

18. The sensor according to claim 15, wherein, The sensor is a solid-state sensor, which includes the emitter electrode, the collector electrode array, and a DC high-voltage power supply.

19. The sensor according to claim 15, wherein, The first location includes a position extending above the boundary layer associated with the relative movement of the fluid flow.

20. A method for detecting the angle of airflow, comprising: Charged particles are emitted from the emitter electrode located at a first position and exposed to ambient air. as well as The current at the collector electrode array is detected based on the flow of the charged particles, wherein: The current indicates the angle of the airflow; and The current collector array is disposed at a second position and exposed to ambient air, wherein the second position is after the first position relative to the airflow, and wherein the current collector array comprises: The first collector electrode is aligned with the emitter electrode at a reference position; The first set of collector electrodes is offset at an angle from the first collector electrode in a first direction; and The second set of collector electrodes is offset at an angle from the first collector electrode in the second direction.

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