Reverse osmosis filtering device

Abstract

The invention relates to a reverse osmosis filtering device, and relates to the technical field of reverse osmosis filtering, the reverse osmosis filtering device comprises a mounting assembly, a pretreatment mechanism, a pressurization conveying assembly, a reverse osmosis membrane assembly, a post-treatment mechanism and an intelligent control module, the top of the mounting assembly is fixedly provided with the pretreatment mechanism; the output end of the pretreatment mechanism is fixedly communicated with the input end of the pressurized conveying assembly, the output end of the pressurized conveying assembly is communicated with the reverse osmosis membrane assembly, and the output end of the reverse osmosis membrane assembly is communicated with the input end of the aftertreatment mechanism; the pretreatment mechanism, the pressurized conveying assembly, the reverse osmosis membrane assembly and the post-treatment mechanism are electrically connected with the intelligent control module respectively. By means of the multi-stage treatment process of pretreatment, reverse osmosis filtration and aftertreatment, various impurities and pollutants in water can be effectively removed, the water quality is improved, due to the arrangement of the intelligent control module, operation of the device is more intelligent and automatic, operation and management are convenient, and the operation efficiency and stability of the device are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of reverse osmosis filtration technology, and in particular to a reverse osmosis filtration device. Background Technology

[0002] With increasing environmental pollution and water scarcity, drinking water safety has become a major concern. Currently, reverse osmosis technology is widely used in drinking water purification due to its high filtration efficiency. Reverse osmosis membranes can remove most dissolved salts, organic matter, colloids, microorganisms, and other pollutants from water, making it one of the most effective deep water purification technologies. However, traditional reverse osmosis technology still suffers from membrane fouling, high energy consumption, and low water production rates, limiting its further promotion and application. In recent years, researchers have improved the performance of reverse osmosis technology by improving membrane materials and optimizing system design, but challenges such as short membrane lifespan and high maintenance costs still need to be addressed. Specific solutions from existing technologies include activated carbon adsorption, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. Activated carbon adsorption is mainly used to remove organic matter and odors from water, but its effectiveness in removing viruses and heavy metals is limited. Ultrafiltration technology can remove bacteria and macromolecules, but its removal rate of dissolved salts and viruses is low. Nanofiltration technology falls between ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis, and can partially remove dissolved salts, but it still cannot fully meet the requirements for high-standard drinking water. Reverse osmosis technology can efficiently remove almost all pollutants in water through the selective permeation characteristics of semi-permeable membranes. However, it has high operating pressure, high energy consumption, and the membrane is susceptible to fouling, which leads to a decline in performance. The main defects of existing reverse osmosis technology include: (1) serious membrane fouling problems, which lead to a decrease in membrane flux and require frequent cleaning or replacement of membrane modules; (2) high system operating pressure and high energy consumption, which increases operating costs; (3) low water production rate and large amount of concentrated water discharge, which wastes water resources; (4) there is still room for improvement in the retention efficiency of tiny pollutants such as viruses.

[0003] Therefore, in view of the above situation, there is an urgent need to develop a reverse osmosis filtration device to overcome the shortcomings in current practical applications. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the shortcomings of the aforementioned technologies, this application provides a reverse osmosis filtration device.

[0005] This application provides a reverse osmosis filtration device, which adopts the following technical solution: A reverse osmosis filtration device includes an installation assembly, a pretreatment mechanism, a pressurized delivery assembly, a reverse osmosis membrane assembly, a post-treatment mechanism, and an intelligent control module. The pretreatment mechanism is fixedly mounted on the top of the installation assembly. The output end of the pretreatment mechanism is fixedly connected to the input end of the pressurized delivery assembly. The output end of the pressurized delivery assembly is connected to the reverse osmosis membrane assembly. The output end of the reverse osmosis membrane assembly is connected to the input end of the post-treatment mechanism. The pretreatment mechanism, the pressurized delivery assembly, the reverse osmosis membrane assembly, and the post-treatment mechanism are all electrically connected to the intelligent control module.

[0006] Beneficial effects: The overall structure of this invention is complete, with all parts working collaboratively. Through a multi-stage treatment process of pretreatment, reverse osmosis filtration, and post-treatment, it can effectively remove various impurities and pollutants from water, improving water quality. The intelligent control module makes the device more intelligent and automated, facilitating operation and management, improving the efficiency and stability of the filtration device, and enabling precise control and monitoring of the entire filtration process, thus enhancing the device's operational efficiency and stability.

[0007] In one optional embodiment, the mounting assembly includes a base plate, a first frame, and a second frame, with the first frame and the second frame respectively fixedly mounted on the top left and right sides of the base plate.

[0008] Beneficial effects: The base plate, frame one, and frame two of the mounting components provide a stable mounting foundation for the entire device, ensuring the stability and reliability of the device.

[0009] In one optional embodiment, the pretreatment mechanism includes a sand filter and an activated carbon filter for removing large particulate impurities and organic matter from the water; a raw water storage tank is fixedly installed on the top left of the base plate, the outlet of the raw water storage tank is fixedly connected to the inlet of a first high-pressure pump through a pipe one, the outlet of the first high-pressure pump is fixedly extended into the bottom of the sand filter through a pipe two, the top outlet of the sand filter is fixedly connected to a pipe three, the end of the pipe three extends into the bottom of the activated carbon filter, and the top outlet of the activated carbon filter is fixedly connected to a water supply pipe one.

[0010] Beneficial effects: The pretreatment system, including sand filters and activated carbon filters, effectively removes large particulate impurities and organic matter from the water, reducing the burden on subsequent treatment stages, extending the lifespan and filtration efficiency of the reverse osmosis membrane modules, and ensuring that the water entering subsequent treatment meets requirements. The connection and setup of the raw water storage tank, the first high-pressure pump, and all pipelines ensure that the raw water can smoothly enter the pretreatment system for pretreatment.

[0011] In one optional embodiment, the pressurized delivery assembly includes a second high-pressure pump, the outlet of the first water supply pipe is fixedly connected to the inlet of the second high-pressure pump, the bottom end of the second high-pressure pump is fixedly connected to the first frame, and the outlet of the second high-pressure pump is fixedly connected to the first main water supply pipe.

[0012] Beneficial effects: The second high-pressure pump of the pressurized delivery component is connected to the first water supply pipe to further pressurize the water treated by the pretreatment unit, and then the high-pressure water is delivered to the subsequent reverse osmosis membrane module through the first water supply pipe, providing sufficient pressure for the operation of the reverse osmosis filtration module.

[0013] In one optional embodiment, the reverse osmosis membrane assembly includes an ultrafine filter. A vertical ultrafine filter is fixedly installed in the middle of the left side of the frame. The inlet of the ultrafine filter is fixedly connected to a vertical water supply main pipe. The inlet of the water supply main pipe is connected to the outlet of a second high-pressure pump. The outlet on the top right side of the ultrafine filter is fixedly connected to a water supply pipe. Two sets of vertical first reverse osmosis tubes are fixedly installed symmetrically on the right side of the frame.

[0014] Beneficial effects: The ultrafine filter is installed in the middle of the left side of the frame. Through its connection with the main water supply pipe and the outlet of the second high-pressure pump, it further refines the incoming water, removes finer impurities, provides a higher quality water source for subsequent reverse osmosis treatment, and improves the overall filtration quality.

[0015] In one optional embodiment, the first water supply pipe is connected to the bottom inlet of the first reverse osmosis pipe on the left, the top outlet of the first reverse osmosis pipe on the left is fixedly connected to the second water supply pipe, the outlet of the second water supply pipe is fixedly connected to the top inlet of the first reverse osmosis pipe on the right, the bottom of the first reverse osmosis pipe on the right is fixedly connected to the third water outlet pipe, and the rear wall of the first reverse osmosis pipe is fixedly connected to the concentrate discharge pipe one at the opposite end to the inlet.

[0016] Beneficial effects: By connecting the water supply pipe 1 to the bottom inlet of the first reverse osmosis pipe on the left, and by connecting each water supply pipe to the first reverse osmosis pipe, the orderly flow of water and reverse osmosis treatment in the first reverse osmosis pipe are realized. The setting of the concentrate discharge pipe 1 can discharge the concentrate generated during the reverse osmosis process in a timely manner, ensuring the continuous and effective operation of the reverse osmosis treatment.

[0017] In one optional embodiment, the outlet of the third water outlet pipe is fixedly connected to a third high-pressure pump. Several second reverse osmosis pipes are fixedly installed at equal intervals along the left-right direction on the frame. The outlet of the third high-pressure pump is fixedly connected to the right inlet of the lower second reverse osmosis pipe via the second water supply main pipe. The left side of the lower second reverse osmosis pipe is connected to the inlet of the upper second reverse osmosis pipe via a connecting pipe. The right end of the upper second reverse osmosis pipe is fixedly connected to the fourth water outlet pipe. Both the first and second reverse osmosis pipes are equipped with multi-layer composite reverse osmosis membranes, which are composed of at least three layers with different pore sizes and surface properties to achieve graded retention of pollutants. The surface of the multi-layer composite reverse osmosis membrane is coated with an anti-fouling coating. An electric valve is fixedly installed at the bottom of the fourth water outlet pipe. The middle of the fourth water outlet pipe is fixedly connected to a backwash pump via a backwash pipe. The inlet of the backwash pump is fixedly connected to the bottom of the backwash solution tank.

[0018] Beneficial effects: Water treated by the first reverse osmosis tube is introduced into the second reverse osmosis tube for secondary reverse osmosis treatment via a third high-pressure pump, main water supply pipe II, and connecting pipes, further improving water purity. The multi-layer composite reverse osmosis membrane is composed of at least three membrane layers with different pore sizes and surface properties, achieving graded retention of pollutants and improving the removal efficiency for different pollutants. The anti-fouling coating on the surface reduces pollutant adhesion to the membrane, extending its service life. The installation of electric valve I, backwashing pipes, and a backwashing pump facilitates backwashing of the reverse osmosis tube, promptly removing pollutants from the membrane surface and restoring the membrane's filtration performance.

[0019] In one optional embodiment, the post-treatment mechanism includes an ultraviolet sterilizer and a mineralizer for further killing residual viruses and regulating water quality. The ultraviolet sterilizer includes a sterilization box, with a water supply main pipe three fixedly installed on the left side inside the sterilization box. The inlet of the water supply main pipe three is connected to the outlet of the water outlet pipe four. The right end of the water supply main pipe three is fixedly connected to several S-shaped transparent water pipes. A horizontal mounting base is fixedly installed below each group of S-shaped transparent water pipes. Several vertical ultraviolet sterilization lamps are installed at equal intervals on the horizontal mounting base. The ultraviolet sterilization lamps extend alternately into the bends of the upper S-shaped transparent water pipes. The right ends of the several S-shaped transparent water pipes are connected to the water outlet pipe five. The outlet of the water outlet pipe five is fixedly connected to the mineralizer.

[0020] Beneficial effects: The post-treatment unit includes an ultraviolet sterilizer and a mineralizer. The ultraviolet sterilizer, through its unique structural design, uses ultraviolet disinfection lamps to fully irradiate the water, further killing residual viruses and ensuring water safety. The mineralizer can regulate water quality, making the treated water more in line with human health needs and improving water quality.

[0021] In one optional implementation, the intelligent control module further includes an abnormal state assessment and early warning module, the abnormal state assessment and early warning module comprising: Flow sensor 1 is used to detect the raw water flow rate at the bottom inlet of the first reverse osmosis tube. Flow sensor 2 is used to detect the flow rate of liquid at the bottom outlet of the first reverse osmosis tube. Flow sensor three is used to detect the liquid flow rate at the bottom outlet of the second reverse osmosis tube. Liquid density sensor 1 is used to detect the liquid density value at the inlet of the first reverse osmosis tube. Liquid density sensor 2 is used to detect the liquid density value at the outlet of the first reverse osmosis tube. Liquid density sensor three is used to detect the liquid density value in water outlet pipe four. An alarm unit is used to trigger an alarm in case of abnormal conditions. Calculation Unit 1 calculates the influence factors of flow resistance within the first and second reverse osmosis tubes based on various flow sensors and liquid density sensors. Calculation Unit 2 calculates the comprehensive evaluation value of abnormal states within the detection time t based on Calculation Unit 1; The microelectronic unit is used for centralized processing and analysis of data. The flow sensor 1, flow sensor 2, flow sensor 3, liquid density sensor 1, liquid density sensor 2, liquid density sensor 3, and alarm unit are all electrically connected to the microelectronic unit. The comparison and judgment unit is used to compare the comprehensive evaluation value of abnormal states within the detection time t with the threshold.

[0022] Calculation Unit 1, calculated according to the following formula (1): Where: F1 is the flow resistance influence factor in the first and second reverse osmosis tubes, and μ is the dynamic viscosity of the liquid obtained at the detection point. ρ1 is the total friction coefficient of the first and second reverse osmosis tubes, L1 is the liquid density detected by liquid density sensor 1 at the inlet of the first reverse osmosis tube, L2 is the total length of the first reverse osmosis tube, L2 is the total length of the second reverse osmosis tube, ρ2 is the liquid density value detected by liquid density sensor 2 at the outlet of the first reverse osmosis tube, ρ3 is the liquid density value detected by liquid density sensor 3 in the outlet pipe 4, w2 is the diameter of the first reverse osmosis tube, and h2 is the equivalent height of the second reverse osmosis tube. Calculation Unit Two is based on the following formula (2): Where: K tThe comprehensive evaluation value of abnormal states within the detection time t is: Q1 is the raw water flow rate at the bottom inlet of the first reverse osmosis tube detected by flow sensor 1; Q2 is the liquid flow rate at the bottom outlet of the first reverse osmosis tube detected by flow sensor 2; Q3 is the liquid flow rate at the bottom outlet of the second reverse osmosis tube detected by flow sensor 3; f is the osmotic pressure coefficient of the multilayer reverse osmosis membrane; C is the initial raw water concentration; ln is the logarithmic function. For the overall freshwater purification and recovery rate, To overcome the osmotic pressure of multi-layer reverse osmosis membranes and produce the minimum energy consumption per ton of fresh water; To overcome the abnormal weight of minimum osmotic pressure energy consumption in multilayer reverse osmosis membranes, The value is 1.3; The comparison and judgment unit works based on the comprehensive evaluation value K of the abnormal state within the detection time t. t Compared with the historical normal state threshold K, when K t When the value is greater than K, the alarm unit will sound an alarm to remind personnel to perform backwashing and maintenance inspections; when K t When K is less than or equal to, the multilayer reverse osmosis membrane works normally and the alarm unit does not respond.

[0023] Beneficial effects: The abnormal state assessment and early warning module in the intelligent control module has the following beneficial effects: This invention, through the use of multiple sensors (flow sensor and liquid density sensor), can detect key parameters at different locations of the reverse osmosis filtration device in real time and accurately, providing rich data support for a comprehensive evaluation of the device's operating status.

[0024] The alarm unit will sound an alarm in case of abnormal conditions, which can promptly remind staff of the problems in the equipment so that measures can be taken quickly to deal with them and prevent the problems from escalating and affecting the normal operation of the equipment and water quality safety.

[0025] The calculation unit calculates the flow resistance influence factor within the first and second reverse osmosis tubes based on data from various sensors. This helps to gain a deeper understanding of the flow state of the fluid inside the device and provides a basis for optimizing the device's operating parameters.

[0026] Calculation Unit 2 calculates the comprehensive evaluation value of abnormal states within the detection time t based on the results of Calculation Unit 1. It can promptly detect abnormal states and perform backwashing and maintenance according to the actual operation of the device, while ensuring the filtration effect of the device.

[0027] The centralized processing and analysis of data by the microelectronic unit makes the data processing of the entire abnormal state assessment and early warning module more efficient and accurate, facilitating intelligent management of the device.

[0028] The comparison and judgment unit compares the comprehensive evaluation value with the threshold and decides whether to alarm based on the comparison result. This can accurately determine whether the device is in normal working condition and improve the reliability and stability of the device operation.

[0029] In summary, this application includes at least one of the following beneficial technical effects: 1. Improves the filtration efficiency of reverse osmosis membranes for viruses and minute impurities; the overall device structure of this invention is complete, with each part working collaboratively. Through a multi-stage treatment process of pretreatment, reverse osmosis filtration, and post-treatment, it can effectively remove various impurities and pollutants from water, improving water quality. The intelligent control module makes the device operation more intelligent and automated, facilitating operation and management, improving the operating efficiency and stability of the filtration device, and enabling precise control and monitoring of the entire filtration process, thus enhancing the device's operational efficiency and stability. 2. Reduce the risk of membrane fouling and extend membrane lifespan. The pretreatment system, including sand filters and activated carbon filters, can effectively remove large particulate impurities and organic matter from the water, reduce the burden on subsequent treatment stages, improve the lifespan and filtration effect of the reverse osmosis membrane module, and ensure that the water entering subsequent treatment meets the requirements. 3. Reduce system energy consumption and increase water production rate. The use of two sets of first-stage reverse osmosis tubing connected in series for filtration improves the reverse osmosis filtration effect and increases the freshwater output. The multi-layer composite reverse osmosis membrane design enables the graded retention of pollutants, improving membrane filtration efficiency and lifespan. 4. The optimized system structure reduces maintenance costs. The multi-stage second reverse osmosis tube further improves the accuracy and effect of reverse osmosis filtration, enabling the production of higher quality fresh water. The backwashing system can clean the reverse osmosis tube in a timely manner, remove contaminants from the membrane surface, restore the membrane's filtration performance, and ensure the long-term stable operation of the device.

[0030] 5. The ultraviolet sterilizer effectively kills residual viruses and bacteria in the water, further ensuring water safety. The S-shaped transparent water tube design increases the contact time and area between the water and the ultraviolet sterilization lamp, improving the sterilization effect. The mineralizer can regulate water quality, improve the taste and composition of the water, making the produced water more suitable for drinking. Attached Figure Description

[0031] Figure 1 This is a front view schematic diagram of the overall structure provided in the embodiments of this application; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram showing the connection between the pretreatment mechanism and the reverse osmosis component provided in the embodiments of this application; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the rack two provided in the embodiment of this application; Figure 4This is a front enlarged view of the post-processing mechanism in an embodiment of this application.

[0032] Explanation of reference numerals in the attached drawings: 1. Installation components; 101. Base plate; 102. Frame 1; 103. Frame 2; 2. Pretreatment mechanism; 201. Sand filter; 202. Activated carbon filter; 3. Pressurized conveying assembly; 4. Reverse osmosis membrane assembly; 5. Post-treatment mechanism; 6. Raw water storage tank; 7. Pipe 1; 8. First high-pressure pump; 9. Pipe 2; 10. Pipe 3; 11. Water supply pipe 1; 12. Second high-pressure pump; 13. Main water supply pipe 1; 14. Ultrafine filter; 15. Water delivery pipe 1; 16. First reverse osmosis pipe body; 17. Water delivery pipe 2; 18. 19. Outlet pipe 3; 20. Concentrate discharge pipe 1; 21. Third high-pressure pump; 22. Second reverse osmosis pipe body; 23. Main water supply pipe 2; 24. Connecting pipe; 25. Outlet pipe 4; 26. Multi-layer composite reverse osmosis membrane; 27. Electric valve 1; 28. Backwash pipe; 29. ​​Backwash pump; 30. Backwash solution tank; 31. Ultraviolet sterilizer; 32. Sterilization box; 33. Main water supply pipe 3; 34. S-shaped transparent water pipe; 35. Horizontal mounting base; 36. Ultraviolet sterilization lamp tube; 37. Outlet pipe 5; 38. Mineralizer; 39. Intelligent control module. Detailed Implementation

[0033] The technical solutions of this application will now be clearly and completely described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some, not all, of the embodiments of this application. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0034] In the description of this application, it should be noted that the terms "center," "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "inner," and "outer," etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are used only for the convenience of describing this application and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on this application. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and "third" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0035] In the description of this application, it should be noted that, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," and "linking" should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection between two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this application according to the specific circumstances.

[0036] Furthermore, the technical features involved in the different embodiments of this application described below can be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.

[0037] The present invention provides the following embodiments. Example 1 This application discloses a reverse osmosis filtration device, referring to... Figure 1 The system includes an installation component 1, a pretreatment mechanism 2, a pressurized delivery component 3, a reverse osmosis membrane assembly 4, a post-treatment mechanism 5, and an intelligent control module 38. The installation component 1 is fixedly equipped with the pretreatment mechanism 2. The output end of the pretreatment mechanism 2 is fixedly connected to the input end of the pressurized delivery component 3. The output end of the pressurized delivery component 3 is connected to the reverse osmosis membrane assembly 4. The output end of the reverse osmosis membrane assembly 4 is connected to the input end of the post-treatment mechanism 5. The pretreatment mechanism 2, the pressurized delivery component 3, the reverse osmosis membrane assembly 4, and the post-treatment mechanism 5 are all electrically connected to the intelligent control module 38.

[0038] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: The reverse osmosis filtration device of the present invention provides an overall support structure through the installation component 1. The pretreatment mechanism 2 first performs preliminary treatment on the incoming raw water to remove some impurities and pollutants. Then, the pretreated water is pressurized and transported to the reverse osmosis membrane module 4 through the pressurized conveying component 3. Under high pressure, water molecules pass through the reverse osmosis membrane, while most impurities and salts are retained. Finally, the water produced by the reverse osmosis membrane module 4 is further treated by the post-treatment mechanism 5 to improve the water quality. The intelligent control module 38 electrically connects and controls all parts of the entire device to realize automated operation and monitoring.

[0039] The overall structure of this invention is complete, with all parts working collaboratively. Through a multi-stage treatment process of pretreatment, reverse osmosis filtration, and post-treatment, it can effectively remove various impurities and pollutants from water, improving water quality. The intelligent control module 38 makes the device operation more intelligent and automated, facilitating operation and management, and improving the device's operating efficiency and stability.

[0040] Operating steps and precautions for the device of this invention: S1: The raw water is connected to the pretreatment unit 2 and passes through the sand filter 201 and the activated carbon filter 202 in sequence; S2: Start the first high-pressure pump 8 to pressurize the pretreated water to the reverse osmosis membrane module 4; S3: Adjust the system pressure to 60-80 bar to ensure the reverse osmosis membrane is working properly; S4: Regularly check the membrane module for fouling and perform chemical cleaning if necessary; S5: The water quality of the post-treatment unit 5 must be tested before it is discharged to ensure that it meets drinking water standards.

[0041] Example 2 Based on Example 1, such as Figures 1-3 As shown, the mounting assembly 1 includes a base plate 101, a first frame 102, and a second frame 103. The first frame 102 and the second frame 103 are fixedly mounted on the left and right sides of the top of the base plate 101, respectively.

[0042] The pretreatment mechanism 2 includes a sand filter 201 and an activated carbon filter 202, used to remove large particulate impurities and organic matter from the water; a raw water storage tank 6 is fixedly installed on the top left of the base plate 101, the outlet of the raw water storage tank 6 is fixedly connected to the inlet of the first high-pressure pump 8 through a pipe 7, the outlet of the first high-pressure pump 8 is fixedly extended into the bottom of the sand filter 201 through a pipe 9, the top outlet of the sand filter 201 is fixedly connected to a pipe 10, the end of the pipe 10 extends into the bottom of the activated carbon filter 202, and the top outlet of the activated carbon filter 202 is fixedly connected to a water supply pipe 11.

[0043] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: The present invention provides a stable installation foundation for the entire device through the base plate 101, frame one 102, and frame two 103 of the installation component 1. In the pretreatment mechanism 2, the raw water storage tank 6 stores raw water, and the raw water is transported to the sand filter 201 by the first high-pressure pump 8. The sand filter 201 uses the filtration effect of sand and gravel to remove large particulate impurities in the water. Then, the water flows out from the top of the sand filter 201 and enters the activated carbon filter 202. The activated carbon filter 202 adsorbs pollutants such as organic matter in the water. Finally, the treated water is output from the top outlet of the activated carbon filter 202 through the water supply pipe one 11.

[0044] The design of mounting component 1 ensures the stability and reliability of the device. The pretreatment unit 2 uses a combination of sand filter 201 and activated carbon filter 202, which can effectively remove large particulate impurities and organic matter in the water, reduce the burden on the subsequent reverse osmosis membrane module 4, extend the service life of the reverse osmosis membrane, and improve the filtration effect and treatment capacity of the entire device.

[0045] Example 3 Based on Example 2, such as Figures 1-2 As shown, the pressurized delivery assembly 3 includes a second high-pressure pump 12. The outlet of the water supply pipe 11 is fixedly connected to the inlet of the second high-pressure pump 12. The bottom end of the second high-pressure pump 12 is fixedly connected to the frame 102. The outlet of the second high-pressure pump 12 is fixedly connected to the main water supply pipe 13.

[0046] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: In this embodiment, the second high-pressure pump 12 of the pressurized delivery component 3 is connected to the water supply pipe 11 to further pressurize the water treated by the pretreatment mechanism 2, and then the high-pressure water is delivered to the subsequent reverse osmosis membrane component 4 through the water supply main pipe 13 to provide sufficient pressure for the operation of the reverse osmosis filtration component.

[0047] The second high-pressure pump 12 provides sufficient pressure to ensure that the water can pass smoothly through the reverse osmosis membrane in the first reverse osmosis tube 16, achieving efficient reverse osmosis filtration. The reasonable installation location and connection method ensure the stability and reliability of the pressurized delivery process, improving the overall performance of the device.

[0048] Example 4 Based on Example 3, such as Figures 1-2 As shown, the reverse osmosis membrane assembly 4 includes an ultrafine filter 14. The vertical ultrafine filter 14 is fixedly installed in the middle of the left side of the frame 102. The inlet of the ultrafine filter 14 is fixedly connected to the vertical water supply main pipe 13. The inlet of the water supply main pipe 13 is connected to the outlet of the second high-pressure pump 12. The outlet on the top right side of the ultrafine filter 14 is fixedly connected to the water supply pipe 15. Two sets of vertical first reverse osmosis tubes 16 are fixedly installed on the right side of the frame.

[0049] The first water supply pipe 15 is connected to the bottom inlet of the first reverse osmosis pipe 16 on the left side. The top outlet of the first reverse osmosis pipe 16 on the left side is fixedly connected to the second water supply pipe 17. The outlet of the second water supply pipe 17 is fixedly connected to the top inlet of the first reverse osmosis pipe 16 on the right side. The bottom of the first reverse osmosis pipe 16 on the right side is fixedly connected to the third water outlet pipe 18. The rear wall of the first reverse osmosis pipe 16 and the opposite end of the inlet are both fixedly connected to the first concentrate discharge pipe 19.

[0050] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: When the reverse osmosis membrane module 4 is working, the second high-pressure pump 12 delivers the pretreated water to the ultrafine filter 14 through the water supply main pipe 13. The ultrafine filter 14 preferably uses multiple PP cotton filter elements. The ultrafine filter 14 first further finely filters the water from the water supply main pipe 13 to remove impurities such as tiny particles. Then, the water enters the first reverse osmosis tube 16 on the left through the water supply pipe 15. After being filtered by the multi-layer composite reverse osmosis membrane 25 in the tube, some water permeates through the membrane and becomes fresh water, which flows out from the top outlet. It then enters the first reverse osmosis tube 16 on the right through the water supply pipe 27 for further filtration. Finally, the fresh water flows out from the outlet pipe 3 18 at the bottom of the first reverse osmosis tube 16 on the right, while the concentrated water is discharged from the concentrated water discharge pipe 19 on the rear wall of the first reverse osmosis tube 16.

[0051] The ultrafine filter 14 further improves the water quality entering the reverse osmosis tubes and reduces fouling of the reverse osmosis membrane. Using two sets of first reverse osmosis tubes 16 in series for filtration enhances the reverse osmosis filtration effect and increases the freshwater yield. The multi-layer composite reverse osmosis membrane 25 design enables the graded retention of contaminants, improving membrane filtration efficiency and lifespan.

[0052] Example 5 Based on Example 4, such as Figures 1-3 As shown, the outlet of the third high-pressure pump 20 is fixedly connected to the outlet of the third water pipe 18. Several second reverse osmosis pipes 21 are fixedly installed at equal intervals along the left-right direction on the frame. The outlet of the third high-pressure pump 20 is fixedly connected to the right inlet of the lower second reverse osmosis pipe 21 via the second water supply main pipe 22. The left side of the lower second reverse osmosis pipe 21 is connected to the inlet of the upper second reverse osmosis pipe 21 via a connecting pipe 23. The right end of the upper second reverse osmosis pipe 21 is fixedly connected to the outlet pipe 24. The first reverse osmosis... Both the pipe body 16 and the second reverse osmosis pipe body 21 are equipped with multi-layer composite reverse osmosis membranes 25. The multi-layer composite reverse osmosis membranes 25 are composed of at least three membrane layers with different pore sizes and surface properties to achieve graded retention of pollutants. The surface of the multi-layer composite reverse osmosis membranes 25 is coated with an anti-fouling coating. An electric valve 26 is fixedly installed at the bottom of the outlet pipe 24. The middle part of the outlet pipe 24 is fixedly connected to the backwash pump 28 through the backwash pipe 27. The inlet end of the backwash pump 28 is fixedly connected to the bottom of the backwash solution tank 29.

[0053] Multilayer composite reverse osmosis membrane 25 module 4: Composed of at least three membrane layers with different pore sizes and surface properties, achieving graded retention of pollutants. The outer membrane has a larger pore size to retain large particulate impurities; the middle membrane has a moderate pore size to further retain small particles and some organic matter; the inner membrane has the smallest pore size, reaching the nanoscale, and efficiently retains dissolved salts, viruses, bacteria and other tiny pollutants.

[0054] Antifouling coating: An antifouling coating made of low surface energy and high hydrophilicity materials, such as a composite coating of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and nano titanium dioxide, is applied to the surface of the inner membrane to effectively reduce the deposition of pollutants on the membrane surface and reduce the risk of membrane fouling.

[0055] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: Water flowing out of outlet pipe 3 18 is pressurized by the third high-pressure pump 20, then enters the lower second reverse osmosis pipe body 21 through the second water supply main pipe 22, and then sequentially enters the upper second reverse osmosis pipe body 21 through the connecting pipe 23 for multi-stage reverse osmosis filtration. The multi-layer composite reverse osmosis membrane 25 is composed of at least three membrane layers with different pore sizes and surface properties, which can classify and retain pollutants, while the anti-fouling coating on the surface can reduce membrane fouling. The electric valve 26 at the bottom of outlet pipe 4 24 is used to control the outflow of fresh water. The backwash pipe 27, backwash pump 28, and backwash solution tank 29 constitute the backwash system. When it is necessary to clean the reverse osmosis pipe body, the backwash pump 28 is started to send the solution in the backwash solution tank 29 into outlet pipe 4 24 through the backwash pipe 27 to backwash the reverse osmosis pipe body.

[0056] The multi-stage second reverse osmosis tube 21 further improves the precision and effectiveness of reverse osmosis filtration, producing higher quality freshwater. The multi-layer composite reverse osmosis membrane 25's staged retention and anti-fouling coating design improves membrane performance and lifespan while reducing operating costs. The backwashing system allows for timely cleaning of the reverse osmosis tubes, removing contaminants from the membrane surface, restoring membrane filtration performance, and ensuring long-term stable operation of the system.

[0057] Example 6 Based on Example 5, such as Figure 1 and Figure 4 As shown, the post-treatment mechanism 5 includes an ultraviolet sterilizer 30 and a mineralizer 37, used to further kill residual viruses and regulate water quality. The ultraviolet sterilizer 30 includes a sterilization box 31. A water supply main pipe 32 is fixedly installed on the left side of the sterilization box 31. The inlet of the water supply main pipe 32 is connected to the outlet of the outlet pipe 4 24. The right end of the water supply main pipe 32 is fixedly connected to several S-shaped transparent water pipes 33. A horizontal mounting base 34 is fixedly installed below each group of S-shaped transparent water pipes 33. Several vertical ultraviolet sterilization lamps 35 are installed on the horizontal mounting base 34 at equal intervals on the left and right sides. The ultraviolet sterilization lamps 35 extend into the bends of the upper S-shaped transparent water pipes 33 in an alternating manner. The right ends of the several S-shaped transparent water pipes 33 are connected to the outlet pipe 5 36. The outlet of the outlet pipe 5 36 is fixedly connected to the mineralizer 37.

[0058] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: When the post-treatment unit 5 is working, the fresh water flowing out from the outlet pipe 24 enters the disinfection box 31 of the ultraviolet sterilizer 30, and then enters several S-shaped transparent water pipes 33 through the main water supply pipe 32. The ultraviolet disinfection lamps 35 are inserted into the bends of the S-shaped transparent water pipes 33 in an alternating manner to irradiate the flowing water with ultraviolet light, killing residual viruses and bacteria in the water. The water after ultraviolet disinfection flows out from the right end of the S-shaped transparent water pipe 33, and enters the mineralizer 37 through the outlet pipe 36. In the mineralizer 37, the water quality is adjusted so that the taste and composition of the water are more in line with drinking requirements.

[0059] The ultraviolet sterilizer 30 effectively kills residual viruses and bacteria in the water, further ensuring water safety. The design of the S-shaped transparent water tube 33 increases the contact time and area between the water and the ultraviolet disinfection lamp tube 35, improving the disinfection effect. The mineralizer 37 can regulate water quality, improve the taste and composition of the water, making the produced water more suitable for drinking, thus improving the overall water treatment effect of the device and the applicability of the product.

[0060] Example 7 Based on Embodiment 6, the intelligent control module 38 further includes an abnormal state assessment and early warning module, which includes: Flow sensor 1 is used to detect the raw water flow rate at the bottom inlet of the first reverse osmosis tube 16; Flow sensor 2 is used to detect the flow rate of liquid at the bottom outlet of the first reverse osmosis tube 16; Flow sensor three is used to detect the liquid flow rate at the bottom outlet of the second reverse osmosis tube 21; Liquid density sensor 1 is used to detect the liquid density value at the inlet of the first reverse osmosis tube 16; Liquid density sensor 2 is used to detect the liquid density value at the outlet of the first reverse osmosis tube 16; Liquid density sensor three is used to detect the liquid density value inside water outlet pipe four 24; An alarm unit is used to trigger an alarm in case of abnormal conditions. Calculation Unit 1 calculates the influence factors of flow resistance inside the first reverse osmosis tube 16 and the second reverse osmosis tube 21 based on various flow sensors and liquid density sensors. Calculation Unit 2 calculates the comprehensive evaluation value of abnormal states within the detection time t based on Calculation Unit 1; The microelectronic unit is used for centralized processing and analysis of data. The flow sensor 1, flow sensor 2, flow sensor 3, liquid density sensor 1, liquid density sensor 2, liquid density sensor 3, and alarm unit are all electrically connected to the microelectronic unit. The comparison and judgment unit is used to compare the comprehensive evaluation value of abnormal states within the detection time t with the threshold.

[0061] Calculation Unit 1, calculated according to the following formula (1): Where: F1 is the flow resistance influence factor in the first reverse osmosis tube 16 and the second reverse osmosis tube 21, and μ is the dynamic viscosity of the liquid obtained at the detection point. ρ1 is the total friction coefficient of the first reverse osmosis tube 16 and the second reverse osmosis tube 21, ρ2 is the liquid density detected by liquid density sensor 1 at the inlet of the first reverse osmosis tube 16, L1 is the total length of the first reverse osmosis tube 16, L2 is the total length of the second reverse osmosis tube 21, ρ2 is the liquid density value detected by liquid density sensor 2 at the outlet of the first reverse osmosis tube 16, ρ3 is the liquid density value detected by liquid density sensor 3 in the outlet tube 24, w2 is the diameter of the first reverse osmosis tube 16, and h2 is the equivalent height of the second reverse osmosis tube 21. Calculation Unit Two is based on the following formula (2): Where: K t The comprehensive evaluation value of abnormal states within the detection time t is: Q1 is the raw water flow rate at the bottom inlet of the first reverse osmosis tube 16 detected by flow sensor 1; Q2 is the liquid flow rate at the bottom outlet of the first reverse osmosis tube 16 detected by flow sensor 2; Q3 is the liquid flow rate at the bottom outlet of the second reverse osmosis tube 21 detected by flow sensor 3; f is the osmotic pressure coefficient of the multilayer reverse osmosis membrane; C is the initial raw water concentration; ln is the logarithmic function. For the overall freshwater purification and recovery rate, To overcome the osmotic pressure of multi-layer reverse osmosis membranes and produce the minimum energy consumption per ton of fresh water; To overcome the abnormal weight of minimum osmotic pressure energy consumption in multilayer reverse osmosis membranes, The value is 1.3; The comparison and judgment unit works based on the comprehensive evaluation value K of the abnormal state within the detection time t. t Compared with the historical normal state threshold K, when K t When the value is greater than K, the alarm unit will sound an alarm to remind personnel to perform backwashing and maintenance inspections; when K t When K is less than or equal to, the multilayer reverse osmosis membrane works normally and the alarm unit does not respond.

[0062] The working principle and beneficial effects of the above technical solution are as follows: The abnormal state assessment and early warning module of the intelligent control module 38 detects the liquid flow rate at different positions of the first reverse osmosis tube 16 and the second reverse osmosis tube 21 through flow sensor 1, flow sensor 2, and flow sensor 3 respectively, and detects the liquid density value at the corresponding position through liquid density sensor 1, liquid density sensor 2, and liquid density sensor 3. Calculation unit 1 calculates the flow resistance influence factor in the first reverse osmosis tube 16 and the second reverse osmosis tube 21 according to the given formula (1), and calculation unit 2 calculates the comprehensive evaluation value of the abnormal state within the detection time t according to formula (2). The comparison and judgment unit compares the calculated comprehensive evaluation value of the abnormal state with the historical normal state threshold K. When it is greater than K, the alarm unit alarms to remind the staff to perform backwashing and maintenance inspection; when it is less than or equal to K, the alarm unit does not respond.

[0063] By setting up multiple flow sensors and liquid density sensors, key parameters during the device's operation can be monitored in real time, accurately determining the device's operating status. Calculation units one and two calculate relevant indicators based on sensor data, providing a scientific basis for abnormal condition assessment. The inclusion of comparison and judgment units and alarm units enables timely detection of abnormal situations and the issuance of alerts, facilitating prompt action by staff to prevent further escalation of the malfunction, thus improving the device's reliability and stability and reducing maintenance costs.

[0064] Obviously, the above embodiments are merely illustrative examples for clear explanation and are not intended to limit the implementation. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other variations or modifications can be made based on the above description. It is neither necessary nor possible to exhaustively list all possible implementations here. However, obvious variations or modifications derived therefrom are still within the scope of protection of this application.

Claims

1. A reverse osmosis filtration device, characterized in that: The assembly includes an installation component (1), a pretreatment mechanism (2), a pressurized delivery component (3), a reverse osmosis membrane assembly (4), a posttreatment mechanism (5), and an intelligent control module (38). The installation component (1) is fixedly equipped with the pretreatment mechanism (2) on its top. The output end of the pretreatment mechanism (2) is fixedly connected to the input end of the pressurized delivery component (3). The output end of the pressurized delivery component (3) is connected to the reverse osmosis membrane assembly (4). The output end of the reverse osmosis membrane assembly (4) is connected to the input end of the posttreatment mechanism (5). The pretreatment mechanism (2), pressurized delivery component (3), reverse osmosis membrane assembly (4), and posttreatment mechanism (5) are electrically connected to the intelligent control module (38).

2. The reverse osmosis filtration device according to claim 1, characterized in that: The mounting assembly (1) includes a base plate (101), a frame one (102) and a frame two (103), with the frame one (102) and the frame two (103) fixedly mounted on the top left and right sides of the base plate (101) respectively.

3. The reverse osmosis filtration device according to claim 2, characterized in that: The pretreatment mechanism (2) includes a sand filter (201) and an activated carbon filter (202) for removing large particulate impurities and organic matter from the water. A raw water storage tank (6) is fixedly installed on the top left of the base plate (101). The outlet of the raw water storage tank (6) is fixedly connected to the inlet of the first high-pressure pump (8) through a pipe (7). The outlet of the first high-pressure pump (8) is fixedly extended into the bottom of the sand filter (201) through a pipe (9). The top outlet of the sand filter (201) is fixedly connected to a pipe (10). The end of the pipe (10) extends into the bottom of the activated carbon filter (202). The top outlet of the activated carbon filter (202) is fixedly connected to a water supply pipe (11).

4. A reverse osmosis filtration device according to claim 3, characterized in that: The pressurized delivery assembly (3) includes a second high-pressure pump (12), the outlet of the first water supply pipe (11) is fixedly connected to the inlet of the second high-pressure pump (12), the bottom end of the second high-pressure pump (12) is fixedly connected to the first frame (102), and the outlet of the second high-pressure pump (12) is fixedly connected to the first water supply main pipe (13).

5. A reverse osmosis filtration device according to claim 2, characterized in that: The reverse osmosis membrane assembly (4) includes an ultrafine filter (14). The vertical ultrafine filter (14) is fixedly installed in the middle of the left side of the frame (102). The inlet of the ultrafine filter (14) is fixedly connected to the vertical water supply main pipe (13). The inlet of the water supply main pipe (13) is connected to the outlet of the second high-pressure pump (12). The outlet on the top right side of the ultrafine filter (14) is fixedly connected to the water supply pipe (15). Two sets of vertical first reverse osmosis pipes (16) are fixedly installed on the right side of the frame.

6. A reverse osmosis filtration device according to claim 5, characterized in that: The first water supply pipe (15) is connected to the bottom inlet of the first reverse osmosis pipe (16) on the left side. The top outlet of the first reverse osmosis pipe (16) on the left side is fixedly connected to the second water supply pipe (17). The outlet of the second water supply pipe (17) is fixedly connected to the top inlet of the first reverse osmosis pipe (16) on the right side. The bottom of the first reverse osmosis pipe (16) on the right side is fixedly connected to the third water outlet pipe (18). The rear wall of the first reverse osmosis pipe (16) and the opposite end of the inlet are both fixedly connected to the first concentrated water discharge pipe (19).

7. A reverse osmosis filtration device according to claim 6, characterized in that: The outlet of the third outlet pipe (18) is fixedly connected to the third high-pressure pump (20). Several second reverse osmosis pipes (21) are fixedly installed at equal intervals on the upper and lower parts of the frame along the left and right directions. The outlet of the third high-pressure pump (20) is fixedly connected to the right inlet of the lower second reverse osmosis pipe (21) through the second water supply main pipe (22). The left side of the lower second reverse osmosis pipe (21) is connected to the inlet of the upper second reverse osmosis pipe (21) through the connecting pipe (23). The right end of the upper second reverse osmosis pipe (21) is fixedly connected to the outlet pipe (24). The first reverse osmosis pipe ( 16) Both the second reverse osmosis tube (21) are equipped with multi-layer composite reverse osmosis membranes (25). The multi-layer composite reverse osmosis membranes (25) are composed of at least three membrane layers with different pore sizes and surface properties to achieve graded interception of pollutants. The surface of the multi-layer composite reverse osmosis membranes (25) is coated with an anti-fouling coating. The bottom of the outlet pipe (24) is fixedly installed with an electric valve (26). The middle part of the outlet pipe (24) is fixedly connected to the backwash pump (28) through the backwash pipe (27). The inlet end of the backwash pump (28) is fixedly connected to the bottom of the backwash solution tank (29).

8. A reverse osmosis filtration device according to claim 7, characterized in that: The post-treatment unit (5) includes an ultraviolet sterilizer (30) and a mineralizer (37) for further killing residual viruses and adjusting water quality. The ultraviolet sterilizer (30) includes a sterilization box (31). A water supply main pipe (32) is fixedly installed on the left side of the sterilization box (31). The inlet of the water supply main pipe (32) is connected to the outlet of the outlet pipe (24). The right end of the water supply main pipe (32) is fixedly connected to several S-shaped transparent water pipes (33). Each group of S-shaped transparent water pipes... A horizontal mounting base (34) is fixedly provided below the water pipe (33). Several vertical ultraviolet disinfection lamps (35) are installed on the horizontal mounting base (34) at equal intervals on the left and right. The ultraviolet disinfection lamps (35) extend into the bend gap of the upper S-shaped transparent water pipe (33) in an alternating manner. The right ends of the several S-shaped transparent water pipes (33) are connected to the water outlet five (36). The outlet of the water outlet five (36) is fixedly connected to the mineralizer (37).

9. The reverse osmosis filtration device according to claim 1, wherein the intelligent control module (38) further comprises an abnormal state assessment and early warning module, characterized in that: The abnormal state assessment and early warning module includes, Flow sensor 1 is used to detect the raw water flow rate at the bottom inlet of the first reverse osmosis tube (16); Flow sensor 2 is used to detect the flow rate of liquid at the bottom outlet of the first reverse osmosis tube (16); Flow sensor three is used to detect the liquid flow rate at the bottom outlet of the second reverse osmosis tube (21); Liquid density sensor 1 is used to detect the liquid density value at the inlet of the first reverse osmosis tube (16); Liquid density sensor 2 is used to detect the liquid density value at the outlet of the first reverse osmosis tube (16); Liquid density sensor three is used to detect the liquid density value in water outlet pipe four (24); An alarm unit is used to trigger an alarm in case of abnormal conditions. Calculation Unit 1 calculates the influence factors of flow resistance in the first reverse osmosis tube (16) and the second reverse osmosis tube (21) based on the flow sensors and liquid density sensors. Calculation Unit 2 calculates the comprehensive evaluation value of abnormal states within the detection time t based on Calculation Unit 1; The microelectronic unit is used for centralized processing and analysis of data. The flow sensor 1, flow sensor 2, flow sensor 3, liquid density sensor 1, liquid density sensor 2, liquid density sensor 3, and alarm unit are all electrically connected to the microelectronic unit. The comparison and judgment unit is used to compare the comprehensive evaluation value of abnormal states within the detection time t with the threshold.

10. A reverse osmosis filtration device according to claim 9, characterized in that: Calculation Unit 1, calculated according to the following formula (1): Where: F1 is the flow resistance influence factor in the first reverse osmosis tube (16) and the second reverse osmosis tube (21), and μ is the liquid dynamic viscosity obtained at the detection point. ρ1 is the total friction coefficient of the first reverse osmosis tube (16) and the second reverse osmosis tube (21), ρ2 is the liquid density detected by liquid density sensor 1 at the inlet of the first reverse osmosis tube (16), L1 is the total length of the first reverse osmosis tube (16), L2 is the total length of the second reverse osmosis tube (21), ρ2 is the liquid density value detected by liquid density sensor 2 at the outlet of the first reverse osmosis tube (16), ρ3 is the liquid density value detected by liquid density sensor 3 in the outlet pipe 4 (24), w2 is the diameter of the first reverse osmosis tube (16), and h2 is the equivalent height of the second reverse osmosis tube (21). Calculation Unit 2 is based on the following formula (2): Where: K t The comprehensive evaluation value of abnormal states within the detection time t is: Q1 is the raw water flow rate at the bottom inlet of the first reverse osmosis tube (16) detected by flow sensor 1; Q2 is the liquid flow rate at the bottom outlet of the first reverse osmosis tube (16) detected by flow sensor 2; Q3 is the liquid flow rate at the bottom outlet of the second reverse osmosis tube (21) detected by flow sensor 3; f is the osmotic pressure coefficient of the multilayer reverse osmosis membrane; C is the initial raw water concentration; ln is the logarithmic function. For the overall freshwater purification and recovery rate, To overcome the osmotic pressure of multi-layer reverse osmosis membranes and produce the minimum energy consumption per ton of fresh water; To overcome the abnormal weight of minimum osmotic pressure energy consumption in multilayer reverse osmosis membranes, The value is 1.3; The comparison and judgment unit works based on the comprehensive evaluation value K of the abnormal state within the detection time t. t Compared with the historical normal state threshold K, when K t When the value is greater than K, the alarm unit will sound an alarm to remind personnel to perform backwashing and maintenance inspections; when K t When K is less than or equal to, the multilayer reverse osmosis membrane works normally and the alarm unit does not respond.

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