Fluorine-free super-hydrophobic photo-thermal anti-icing coating, method and application thereof

Abstract

The invention belongs to the field of new materials, and particularly relates to a fluoride-free super-hydrophobic photo-thermal anti-icing coating, a method and application thereof. According to the present invention, the silane coupling agent 3-glycidyl ether oxypropyl trimethoxy silane modified dihydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is adopted as the adhesive, the ethyl acetate is adopted as the solvent, and the TiO2 and the SiO2 are mixed to prepare the coating, such that the adhesion performance of the coating is improved to 1.35 MPa from the original 0.62 MPa, the modified PDMS has the adhesion and the ultrahigh contact angle of 155 DEG C, and the adhesion performance of the coating is significantly improved. After 100 times of a friction test of a weight loaded with 50 g and 192 hours of irradiation under a UV lamp, the contact angle is still kept to be larger than 150 degrees, the anti-icing performance under the condition of-10 DEG C is delayed to 200 s from 90 s, and under a simulated illumination experiment, temperature data prove that the deicing performance of the coating is greatly improved due to the photo-thermal effect of TiO2. And the environment-friendly fluorine-free anti-UV aging photo-thermal super-hydrophobic coating with deicing and icing resistance is prepared through a spraying method.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of new materials, and specifically relates to a fluorine-free superhydrophobic photothermal anti-icing coating, its method, and its application. Background Technology

[0002] Technological advancements have exacerbated greenhouse gas emissions, leading to the greenhouse effect and an increase in extreme weather events. In winter, ice and snow condensation pose a significant threat to transportation, power transmission, and power generation, potentially degrading equipment performance or even causing damage. Therefore, anti-icing and de-icing technologies have become important research topics in the field of materials science.

[0003] The existing de-icing technologies are mainly divided into traditional physical de-icing, chemical de-icing agents and passive de-icing. Traditional physical de-icing usually consumes a lot of resources and manpower; chemical de-icing agents (mainly calcium chloride or sodium chloride) can melt ice quickly, but they are prone to polluting the environment and corroding metal equipment. Therefore, the development of efficient passive de-icing technology is of research value. Superhydrophobic surfaces, due to their special micro-nano structure and low surface energy, can effectively reduce the adhesion strength of surface ice crystals and the nucleation probability of frost, and are widely used in the field of anti-icing. For example, Sun et al. [6] used femtosecond laser to etch 100μm micropillars with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and PDMS composite film, coated with fluorosilane, and maintained a 165° contact angle at −40 °C after being energized. With the synergy of electrothermal ice melting and micro-nano air cushion, the ice formation was delayed by 5 times and the ice adhesion was reduced to 33kPa, realizing a triple anti-icing surface that can be activated at low temperature. However, although the superhydrophobic coating made of fluorine-containing materials can achieve low surface energy, fluorine materials will cause environmental pollution and human health problems.

[0004] Therefore, developing green and environmentally friendly fluorine-free superhydrophobic and anti-icing coatings is absolutely necessary. Common fluorine-free superhydrophobic coatings can be divided into three categories: silicone-based, polyurethane-based, and polyacrylate-based. Polyurethane-based and acrylate-based coatings have high surface energy, making the preparation process for superhydrophobic coatings more complex. Furthermore, polyurethane-based and acrylate-based coatings have poor UV resistance and are prone to aging. Therefore, the most common approach is to use silicone-based low surface energy materials. For example, some studies have used epoxy-modified silicone TSR194 as the matrix, doped with 60% octyl-modified colloidal SiO2 (340 nm), and after spraying, crosslinked and cured at 100 °C to construct a micro-nano rough low surface energy network. The coating has a static contact angle of 153° and its performance does not degrade after immersion in water for 7 days, achieving an environmentally friendly upgrade for fluorine-free superhydrophobic coatings. Other studies have used PDMS as a binder, incorporating candle ash nanospheres and ATP@HDTMS microrods, ultrasonically dispersed, and then spray-coated onto aluminum alloys. Crosslinking and curing at 100°C constructed a micro-nano dual-scale rough and low surface energy network. The coating achieved a CA of 151.4° and maintained CA > 150° even after 35 tape peels, achieving a fluorine-free superhydrophobicity, long-term corrosion protection, and delayed icing effect. Although silicon-based low surface energy materials exhibit good superhydrophobicity, their adhesion to the substrate is poor, which is detrimental to the long-term use of the coating. Furthermore, inorganic particles such as SiO2 and ATP@HDTMS lack UV absorption capabilities, resulting in poor photothermal effects and no de-icing capability. Therefore, the preparation of a superhydrophobic and anti-icing coating with good adhesion, UV aging resistance, and certain photothermal effects using silicon-based low surface energy materials is of research value. Summary of the Invention

[0005] To overcome the shortcomings of the prior art, this invention provides a fluorine-free superhydrophobic photothermal anti-icing coating, a method thereof, and its application.

[0006] This invention is achieved through the following technical solution: In a first aspect, the present invention provides a fluorine-free superhydrophobic photothermal anti-icing coating, wherein the fluorine-free superhydrophobic photothermal anti-icing coating has a contact angle of 155°, an adhesion performance of 1.35 MPa, and maintains a contact angle greater than 150° after 100 cycles of heavy-duty friction and 192 hours of UV irradiation, and its anti-icing performance under -10°C conditions is delayed from 90s to 200s.

[0007] In a first aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing a fluorine-free superhydrophobic photothermal anti-icing coating, comprising the following steps: Step 1: Modification of PDMS Take PDMS-OH in a round-bottom flask, add KH560 with a mass fraction of 30% of PDMS-OH, then add dibutyltin dibutylsilicate with a mass fraction of 1% of KH560, heat in a water bath at 60~70 °C for more than 3 hours to obtain the prepolymer for later use. Step 2: Preparation of superhydrophobic coating Take the above prepolymer into a glass vial, add ethyl acetate, add silane coupling agent KH550, then add SiO2 and TiO2, stir at room temperature for 1 hour to obtain a precursor solution, take the precursor solution into a spraying device, control the distance between the spray gun and the substrate to be 20 cm, perform uniform spraying operation, and place it in an oven to cure to obtain a photothermal superhydrophobic anti-icing coating.

[0008] Preferably, in step two, the amount of prepolymer used is 2 mL and the amount of ethyl acetate used is 5 mL.

[0009] Preferably, in step two, the amount of SiO2 and TiO2 used is 2g each.

[0010] Preferably, in step two, the oven temperature is 60 °C and the curing time is 3 h.

[0011] Thirdly, this invention provides the application of fluorine-free superhydrophobic photothermal anti-icing coatings in the fields of construction and power generation.

[0012] Compared with the prior art, the advantages of the present invention are as follows: This invention utilizes silane coupling agent 3-glycidyl etheroxypropyltrimethoxysilane to modify dihydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a binder. The coating prepared by mixing TiO2 and SiO2 with ethyl acetate as a solvent exhibits improved adhesion from 0.62 MPa to 1.35 MPa. The modified PDMS combines excellent adhesion with an ultra-high contact angle of 155°. Even after 100 cycles of friction testing with a 50 g weight and 192 hours of UV irradiation, the contact angle remains greater than 150°. The anti-icing performance at -10°C is delayed from 90s to 200s. Our simulated light irradiation experiments, using temperature data, demonstrate that the photothermal effect of TiO2 significantly improves the coating's de-icing performance. An environmentally friendly, fluorine-free, UV-resistant, de-icing, and anti-icing photothermal superhydrophobic coating was prepared by spraying. Attached Figure Description

[0013] The invention will now be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0014] Figure 1 shows the control of modification and coating preparation; Figure 2 shows the microstructure of different particles; Figure 3 shows the relationship between surface pore structure and wettability; Figure 4 shows the scanning electron microscope image and EDS spectrum of the cross-section of the hybrid coating; Figure 5 shows the adhesion and contact angles of different liquids; Figure 6 shows the durability test; Figure 7 shows the anti-icing and de-icing test. Detailed Implementation

[0015] The invention will now be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0016] Reagents and equipment Ethyl acetate, 99.7%; γ-glycidyl etheroxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 99%; dibutyltin dicarboxylate, 99%; titanium dioxide, 99.8%, 2~3μm; gold red; nano silica, 99.7%, 500nm: Shanghai Maclean Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd.; dihydroxyl-terminated silica, molecular weight 8000: Shenzhen Hongyejie Technology Co., Ltd.

[0017] Thermostatic magnetic stirrer, DF-101S: Zhengzhou Kete Experimental Equipment Co., Ltd.; Drying oven, 4500°C: Shanghai Hengke Technology Co., Ltd.; Gravity-driven pneumatic spray gun, SUPRATM55: Bruker GmbH, Germany.

[0018] Example 1 Sample Preparation A fluorine-free superhydrophobic photothermal anti-icing coating is disclosed. The coating achieves adhesion to the superhydrophobic layer by controlling the interaction between KH560 and PMDS-OH, and forms a rough surface with SiO2 and TiO2. The coating has a contact angle of 155°, an adhesion strength of 1.35 MPa, and maintains a contact angle greater than 150° after 100 cycles of heavy-duty friction and 192 hours of UV irradiation. The anti-icing performance at -10°C is delayed from 90s to 200s.

[0019] A method for preparing a fluorine-free superhydrophobic photothermal anti-icing coating includes the following steps: Step 1: Modification of PDMS Place PDMS-OH in a round-bottom flask, add KH560, then add dibutyltin disilicate, and heat in a water bath at 60-70 °C for 3-4 h to obtain the prepolymer for later use; wherein, the amount of KH560 added is 25%-35% of the mass fraction of PDMS-OH. Step 2: Preparation of superhydrophobic coating Take 2 mL of the above prepolymer into a glass vial, add 5 mL of ethyl acetate, add silane coupling agent KH550, then add 2 g each of SiO2 and TiO2, stir at room temperature for 1-2 h to obtain a precursor solution, add the precursor solution into a spraying device, and control the distance between the spray gun and the substrate to be 20-30 cm, perform uniform spraying, place in an oven at 60 °C, and cure for 3 h to obtain a photothermal superhydrophobic anti-icing coating.

[0020] Specifically: Modification of PDMS Take 10g of PDMS-OH into a round-bottom flask, add 3g of KH560, add 2-3 drops of dibutyltin disilicate, heat in a water bath at 60 °C for 3 hours to obtain the prepolymer, and take it out for later use.

[0021] Preparation of superhydrophobic coatings Take 2 mL of the above prepolymer into a glass vial, add 5 mL of ethyl acetate, add 200 μl of silane coupling agent KH550, then add 2 g each of SiO2 and TiO2, stir at room temperature for 1 h to obtain a precursor solution, take 7 mL of the precursor solution and add it to the spraying device, and control the distance between the spray gun and the substrate to be 20 cm, perform uniform spraying operation, and place it in a 60 °C oven to cure for 3 h to obtain a photothermal superhydrophobic anti-icing coating.

[0022] Example 2 Testing and Characterization (1) Structural characterization The surface morphology and thickness of the coating were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, Hitachi Regulus 8220). The elemental composition was analyzed using energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS, EDAX Octane).

[0023] (2) Characterization of UV resistance The coating was measured using a 365nm UV lamp and a self-built 30cm×30cm×20cm rectangular box, with aluminum foil covering the inside.

[0024] (3) Characterization of wettability The contact angle of the coating was measured using a DSA25S (KRü SS, Germany). During the measurement, approximately 4 microliters of water were dropped onto the coating surface by squeezing a syringe. After the droplet stabilized, a side view was taken to measure the contact angle.

[0025] (4) Pull-out adhesion test To evaluate the adhesion of coatings on different substrates, a pull-out adhesion tester was used according to GB / T5210-2006 standard. The tester's adhesive was applied to the coating surface and the test head was attached, then cured at room temperature for 72 hours. The pressure relief valve of the tester was rotated completely counterclockwise to connect the sleeve to the test head. The test was conducted in "peak measurement" mode; the system was pressurized until the coating detached from the test head from the substrate, and the peak pressure at this point was recorded to quantify the adhesion between the coating and the substrate.

[0026] (5) Wear test The coating was placed on 100-mesh paper with a 50 g weight applied, and the coating was moved 10 cm. This cycle was repeated 100 times. The abrasion resistance was evaluated by comparing the solar reflectance and contact angle of the coating before and after wear.

[0027] (6) Temperature test The sample temperature was measured using a Testo 174.

[0028] Example 3 Results and Discussion Modification of PDMS and preparation of coatings like Figure 1 The process shown in step a modifies dihydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS-OH). A silane coupling agent is used to modify PDMS to enhance adhesion. The principle is that dibutyltin dibutylsilicate (DBTPL) catalyzes the condensation of the silanyl methoxy group of the silane coupling agent with the terminal hydroxyl group of PDMS at 60°C to form a silane ether. To ensure a low overall surface energy of the material, this experiment uses the silane coupling agent KH560 to react with 8000 molecular weight PDMS-OH. The reaction is carried out for three hours at 60°C using ethyl acetate as solvent. The resulting product is then cured using a ring-opening epoxy resin of KH560 with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (KH550). The KH550 used also contains a large amount of silanyl methoxy groups, such as... Figure 1 As shown in b, silanol groups can react with hydroxyl groups on the substrate surface to further enhance the polymer's adhesion to the substrate. Silane coupling agents, however, have a high affinity for water; the hydrophobicity of the final polymer can be adjusted by regulating the ratio of KH560 to (PDMS-OH). Figure 1 Figure c shows the adhesion of coatings prepared by mixing polymers with silica particles at different modification ratios after modification with different ratios of KH560 and (PDMS-OH). It can be seen from the figure that the adhesion of (PDMS-OH) modified with KH560 increases significantly, but the improvement slows down after the mass ratio increases to 30%. The water contact angles of the coatings prepared with different modification ratios are shown in the figure. Figure 1As shown in Figure d, the water contact angle gradually decreases with the increase of the amount of modifier KH560. This is because the silanyl methoxy group of the silane coupling agent can be hydrolyzed in water, and the hydrolyzed silanyl hydroxyl group has good hydrophilicity. Based on the adhesion and water contact angle tests, this invention selected a modification ratio of 30% by mass for subsequent experiments.

[0029] Besides lower surface energy affecting superhydrophobic properties, the construction of micro / nano structures also influences superhydrophobicity. Single particles are not conducive to constructing rough micro / nano structures. Therefore, this invention uses 500nm SiO2 and 2-3μm rutile TiO2. Titanium dioxide was chosen because it has strong UV absorption capabilities, as do silane coupling agents. The introduction of TiO2 prevents the polymer from absorbing UV light, thus avoiding polymer aging under UV conditions and enhancing the coating's durability. The selection of 2-3μm rutile TiO2 not only facilitates the construction of micro / nano structures but also avoids its inherent catalytic effects. Figure 1 As shown in Figure e, the hydrophobic effect of the coating obtained from a single particle is not as good as that obtained from a mixture of multiple particles, especially a single TiO2 particle. Keeping the total mass constant, as... Figure 1 The water contact angle shown in f is obtained by optimizing the mass ratio of the two particles to a final particle ratio of 5:5, and the water contact angle of the coating can reach 155°.

[0030] This invention used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the microstructure of different particle coatings. Figure 2a shows a coating prepared using SiO2. The figure shows that the particles are small, uniform in shape, and densely distributed, with a certain degree of surface roughness. This roughness and the porous structure between particles help trap air, thereby enhancing the surface's superhydrophobicity. Figure 2 Figure b shows the microstructure of the coating prepared by mixing SiO2 and TiO2. Compared with Figure a, its surface is rougher and has more pores. This increased roughness and porosity further improves the superhydrophobicity of the surface. Figure 2 c represents the coating prepared using TiO2, and... Figure 2 Compared to 2b, the surface in Figure c is relatively smooth with fewer pores. This lower roughness reduces air trapping, making it easier for water droplets to spread on the surface rather than roll, thus lacking superhydrophobic properties. Figure 3 The image shown is a schematic diagram illustrating the relationship between surface pore structure and wettability. (Left image) Figure 3 Figure I shows the surface of a rough sample exhibiting superhydrophobic properties. The rough surface and pores help trap air, thereby reducing the contact between water droplets and the surface. Most of the water droplets are suspended, resulting in a smaller contact area with water and thus enhanced hydrophobicity. Mixed particles are more likely to form such rough surfaces with larger pores.

[0031] Image 3Ⅱ on the right shows the sample surface without superhydrophobic properties. The water droplet has a low contact angle because the contact area between the water droplet and the surface is large, making it easy for the droplet to spread. This surface is relatively smooth with few pores, making it difficult for air to be trapped. Therefore, water droplets spread more easily on the surface and do not possess superhydrophobic properties. Single particles are more likely to form such a dense surface.

[0032] like Figure 4 The image shown is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image and an EDS image of the cross-section of the hybrid coating. The microstructure of the coating can be seen in cross-section 4a. Figure 3 The rough structure shown in Figure Ⅰ is very similar. The microstructure of the upper surface appears uneven, which can form more gaps to reduce the contact area between the coating and water, thus giving it better hydrophobicity. Figure 4 b and 4c are the DES energy spectra of this cross section. 4b is the EDS image of Ti element and 4c is the EDS image of Si element. It can be seen from the images that the two are mixed uniformly, and SiO2 and TiO2 together form a rough surface.

[0033] Coating performance and testing Based on the data analysis above, the coating exhibits good hydrophobic and mechanical properties. To verify the hydrophobic properties of the coating, different liquids were dropped onto the coating surface, such as... Figure 5 As shown in Figure a. Various liquids, including acidic solutions (pH 1), cola, orange juice, coffee, tea, milk, and potassium permanganate solution (pH 14), were selected in the experiment to simulate different environmental conditions that might be encountered in real-world applications.

[0034] like Figure 5 As shown in Figure a, all test liquids formed nearly perfect spherical droplets on the coating surface, exhibiting a very large contact angle, such as... Figure 5 Figure b shows the contact angle tests for these liquids. This phenomenon indicates that the coating surface has excellent hydrophobicity, effectively repelling moisture and other liquids. Furthermore, even under the influence of acidic or alkaline solutions with varying pH values, the coating maintains its hydrophobic properties, demonstrating good chemical stability and wide applicability.

[0035] To further verify the antifouling ability of the coating and to further explore its antifouling performance, this invention conducted a liquid residence time test, such as... Figure 5As shown in figures c and 5d, the time it takes for various liquids to slide off the coating surface from contact with it is recorded. It can be observed from the figures that all the tested liquids remain on the coating surface for a very short time, sliding off the surface with almost no trace. This contrasts sharply with the fact that the liquids eventually remain suspended on the glass surface. This indicates that the coating surface has superhydrophobic properties, capable of rapidly repelling and releasing various liquids, thus effectively preventing stain adhesion.

[0036] The coating's superhydrophobic properties are attributed to the design of its surface microstructure. The surface roughness and specific chemical composition work together to form a micro / nanostructure that facilitates air trapping and liquid repulsion. This structure not only enhances the coating's hydrophobicity but also endows it with self-cleaning capabilities, as water droplets can carry away surface dust and dirt during their rolling motion. Figure 6 As shown in Figure a, 6aⅠ represents the initial state. In this invention, dirt and dust are sprinkled onto the coating surface 6aⅡ, and after rinsing with water, the coating 6aⅢ and 6aⅣ show no significant difference in state compared to the initial state. To verify the mechanical properties of the coating, this invention exposes the coating and a common commercial coating to UV irradiation. The contact angle changes of the two coatings after different numbers of days of irradiation are shown in Figure a. Figure 6 As shown in b, the coating exhibits excellent stability under UV light irradiation. This is because TiO2 has strong UV absorption, which can prevent UV light from degrading the polymer.

[0037] To further verify the mechanical properties of the coating, the present invention employs the conditions shown in Figure 6c: the coating is placed on 100-mesh paper with a 50 g weight, and pushed 10 cm, repeated 100 times. The wear resistance is evaluated by comparing the contact angle and coating quality before and after wear. Figure 6 As shown in d, after hundreds of wear tests, its contact angle decreased by only 2.3°, and its mass loss was only 7.5% of the net mass of the coating, proving that the coating has good mechanical properties.

[0038] like Figure 7 As shown in Figure a, this invention also conducted an anti-icing test on the coating. Liquid was dropped onto the surface of the superhydrophobic coating. At -10°C, the liquid took 200 seconds to completely solidify, while the liquid on the non-superhydrophobic surface below solidified in only 90 seconds. This is because the superhydrophobic coating has larger pores and a smaller water contact surface, and this structure has lower thermal conductivity, thus heat is retained inside the droplet for a longer period, resulting in better anti-icing ability of the superhydrophobic surface. In addition, to test the de-icing effect of the coating, this invention used… Figure 7 The schematic diagram of device b simulates solar ultraviolet radiation to test and compare the photothermal effects of the coatings, such as... Figure 7Figure c shows a temperature comparison between the superhydrophobic coating and the commercial coating under simulated solar ultraviolet radiation. It was found that the temperature of the product of this invention is higher than that of the commercial coating. This is because TiO2 has a greater absorption capacity for ultraviolet radiation, and ultraviolet radiation has high energy. TiO2 can also heat the coating surface by absorbing ultraviolet energy. Even in cold winters, when ice forms on the superhydrophobic surface, it can accelerate the melting of the ice layer on the coating surface. Figure 7 The ice melting rate on the superhydrophobic coating shown in Figure d is significantly greater than that on the commercial coating. The temperature data for this melting process are as follows: Figure 7 As shown in Figure e, the temperature of the superhydrophobic coating is consistently higher than that of the commercial coating, thus giving it better de-icing capabilities.

[0039] This invention prepares a superhydrophobic coating with photothermal anti-icing, de-icing, and UV aging resistance by spraying. By controlling the KH560 and PMDS-OH, adhesion to the superhydrophobic structure is achieved. The modified PDMS has both adhesion and an ultra-high contact angle of 155°. After 100 cycles of heavy-duty friction and 192 hours of UV irradiation, the contact angle is still greater than 150°. The anti-icing performance at -10°C is delayed from 90s to 200s. Due to the effect of TiO2, the UV resistance and de-icing performance of the coating are greatly improved.

Claims

1. A fluorine-free superhydrophobic photothermal anti-icing coating, characterized in that, The fluorine-free superhydrophobic photothermal anti-icing coating achieves adhesion to the superhydrophobic bond by regulating KH560 and PMDS-OH, and forms a rough surface by SiO2 and TiO2. The fluorine-free superhydrophobic photothermal anti-icing coating has a contact angle of 155°, an adhesion performance of 1.35 MPa, and maintains a contact angle greater than 150° after 100 cycles of heavy-duty friction and 192 hours of UV irradiation. The anti-icing performance at -10°C is delayed from 90s to 200s.

2. The method for preparing the fluorine-free superhydrophobic photothermal anti-icing coating according to claim 1, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step 1: Modification of PDMS Place PDMS-OH in a round-bottom flask, add KH560, then add dibutyltin disilicate, heat in a water bath at 60-70 °C for 3-4 h to obtain the prepolymer for later use; Step 2: Preparation of superhydrophobic coating Take the above prepolymer into a glass vial, add ethyl acetate, add silane coupling agent KH550, then add SiO2 and TiO2, stir at room temperature for 1-2 h to obtain a precursor solution, add the precursor solution into a spraying device, and control the distance between the spray gun and the substrate to be 20-30 cm, perform uniform spraying, and place in an oven to cure to obtain a photothermal superhydrophobic anti-icing coating.

3. The fluorine-free superhydrophobic photothermal anti-icing coating according to claim 2, characterized in that, In step 1, the amount of KH560 added is 25%-35% of the PDMS-OH mass fraction.

4. The fluorine-free superhydrophobic photothermal anti-icing coating according to claim 2, characterized in that, In step 1, the amount of dibutyltin disilicate added is 1%-5% of the mass fraction of KH560.

5. The fluorine-free superhydrophobic photothermal anti-icing coating according to claim 2, characterized in that, In step two, the amount of prepolymer used is 2 mL and the amount of ethyl acetate used is 5 mL.

6. The fluorine-free superhydrophobic photothermal anti-icing coating according to claim 2, characterized in that, In step two, 2g of SiO2 and 2g of TiO2 are used.

7. The fluorine-free superhydrophobic photothermal anti-icing coating according to claim 2, characterized in that, In step two, the oven temperature is 60 °C, and the curing time is 3 hours.

8. The application of the fluorine-free superhydrophobic photothermal anti-icing coating of claim 1 in the fields of construction and power generation.

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