Method for enhancing biogenic silicate weathering

Abstract

Methods and compositions for sequestration of carbon by applying a formulation comprising microorganisms to a silicate mineral are described.

Description

[0001] Cross-references to related applications This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 514,091, filed July 17, 2023, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] sequence list This application contains a sequence list that has been submitted electronically, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. The copy was created on July 15, 2024, and is named 54449-711_601_SL.xml, with a size of 8,326,679 bytes. Technical Field

[0003] A 1.5°C increase in global temperature above pre-industrial levels could significantly increase the risk of extreme weather events, more frequent and intense wildfires, sea-level rise, and changes in flood and drought patterns. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that reducing emissions and enhancing resilience may not be sufficient to achieve global climate goals, and that all pathways to limit warming to within 1.5°C rely on a certain amount of carbon dioxide removal (CDR). CDR refers to technologies for removing CO2 from the atmosphere, including approaches such as direct air capture, soil carbon sequestration, biomass carbon removal and storage, enhanced mineral weathering, ocean-based methods, and afforestation / reforestation.

[0004] This disclosure relates to such a CDR pathway that relies on biogenic accelerated mineral weathering combined with microbial-mediated CO2 biomineralization, where microorganisms can perform key chemical reactions to achieve the latter (e.g., carbon dioxide hydrolysis, silicate weathering, and carbonate precipitation). This approach can scale up natural processes and sequester CO2 for thousands of years, and potentially achieve CO2 removal on a scale of billions of tons within years rather than decades.

[0005] Besides known CO2 emission sources, there are some under-recognized sources that not only continue to increase CO2 but may also become critical emission sources depending on the severity of climate change. Soil is the largest carbon reservoir because it contains 1500 Pg of carbon at a depth of 1 meter and 2500 Pg of carbon at a depth of 2 meters; 1 Pg = 1 x 10⁻⁶ Pg. 15g) Soil organic carbon is present in greater quantities than in vegetation and is twice the amount of atmospheric carbon (750 pg carbon). It is estimated that every tonne of soil organic carbon releases 3.66 tons of CO2. Soil organic carbon is added through plant pathways such as root death, root exudates, or other root-derived organic matter released from the rhizosphere and root respiration. During photosynthesis, plants utilize CO2 and convert it into sugars; however, during respiration, primarily through plant roots, a much larger amount of unfixed CO2 may be released. Of the 120 pg carbon captured by plants, up to 50% may be lost to the atmosphere through plant respiration. The fact that soil organisms and microorganisms living near the roots (rhizosphere) also release CO2 during respiration may further exacerbate this problem. Rhizosphere microbial communities may produce up to 10 times more CO2 than plants without a rhizosphere. Soil microorganisms may feed on root exudates or survive by decomposing complex substances present in the soil. Previous studies have investigated the role of soil microorganisms in climate change, suggesting that global warming may accelerate the activity rate of heterotrophic microorganisms, leading to increased CO2 fluxes in soil and ultimately their release into the environment. Since rising soil temperatures increase soil respiration, global climate change is expected to increase net carbon transfer from soil to the atmosphere. While soil is a good source of carbon storage (3.3 times the size of the atmospheric carbon pool (760 billion tons), global warming could exacerbate the depletion of this carbon pool. While preventing CO2 release into the atmosphere is important, permanently storing CO2 in soil through effective CO2 sequestration is an urgent need. Carbon sequestration in soils used for agriculture, forestry, and land reclamation has been identified as a potential option for mitigating global change.

[0006] CO2 fixation, both biological and abiotic, began in the early history of Earth because CO2 levels were much higher then than they are today. Approximately 150,000 x 10⁻⁶. 12 A massive amount of CO2, measured in metric tons, is fixed in carbonate minerals, such as carbonate rocks and in the shells of marine organisms, including calcite, aragonite, dolomite, and limestone. Normally, CO2 can be naturally converted into solids, including carbonate minerals such as calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate; however, the CO2 hydration process that forms bicarbonates is a very slow process (approximately 1.3 x 10⁻⁶ ppm). -1 s -1 ). Summary of the Invention

[0007] In one aspect of this disclosure, a method for carbon sequestration is provided, the method comprising applying a preparation containing microorganisms to a silicate mineral, wherein the concentration of the microorganisms in the preparation is at least about 1.0E+05 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, the soil contains the silicate minerals. In some embodiments, the method further comprises planting seeds in the soil prior to applying the preparation. In some embodiments, the soil contains seeds. In some embodiments, the microorganisms comprise bacteria, archaea, fungi, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the microorganisms comprise bacteria. In some embodiments, the bacteria comprise Bacillus spp. (…). Bacillus ) species. In some embodiments, the Bacillus species includes Bacillus subtilis ( Bacillus subtilis In some embodiments, the silicate minerals are naturally present in the soil. In some embodiments, the silicate minerals are artificially applied to the soil. In some embodiments, the silicate minerals are present in basalt.

[0008] In one aspect of this disclosure, a method for carbon sequestration is provided, the method comprising applying a preparation containing microorganisms to soil, wherein at least 9.1E+O2 CFU of the microorganisms are applied per square meter of soil. In some embodiments, the soil comprises silicate minerals. In some embodiments, the microorganisms comprise bacteria, archaea, fungi, or combinations thereof.

[0009] In one aspect of this disclosure, a method for carbon sequestration is provided, the method comprising: applying silicate minerals to soil and applying a formulation containing microorganisms to the silicate minerals. In some embodiments, at least 1.0E+O2 CFU of microorganisms are present per gram of the silicate minerals. In some embodiments, the method further comprises surveying the soil and detecting a threshold amount of total cationic silicates. In some embodiments, the threshold amount of total cationic silicates is at least about 0.1%. In some embodiments, the soil does not contain plants or plant parts thereof. In some embodiments, applying the formulation to the silicate material does not involve contacting seeds with the formulation. In some embodiments, the method further comprises a total inorganic carbon accumulation of at least about 67 kg of carbon per hectare per year. In some embodiments, the silicate material reaches or exceeds a threshold, or has been previously determined to reach or exceed a threshold. In some embodiments, the threshold comprises the amount of the silicate minerals. In some embodiments, the threshold is the concentration of the silicate minerals in the soil. In some embodiments, the concentration of the silicate minerals present in the soil is at least about 0.1%. In some embodiments, the silicate material comprises potassium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate material comprises sodium-calcium feldspar. In some embodiments, the soil comprises about 0-60% quartz, about 0-20% potassium feldspar, and about 0-20% sodium-calcium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral belongs to nesosilicates, sorosilicates, cyclosilicates, inosilicates, phyllosilicates, tectosilicates, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is feldspar. In some embodiments, the feldspar is plagioclase, alkali feldspar, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises sodium feldspar, calcium feldspar, alkali feldspar, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises austenite. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 70% to 90% sodium feldspar and about 10% to 30% calcium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is olivine. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is wollastonite. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is located in andesite. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is located in basalt. In some embodiments, the application of the formulation increases the amount of basic cations compared to a corresponding method of applying a formulation that does not contain the microorganism. In some embodiments, the basic cations comprise calcium cations. In some embodiments, the amount of calcium cations increases by at least 50 ppm compared to a corresponding method of applying a formulation that does not contain the microorganism.In some embodiments, the basic cation comprises a magnesium cation. In some embodiments, the magnesium cation is increased by at least 10 ppm compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation that does not contain the microorganism. In some embodiments, the basic cation comprises a potassium cation. In some embodiments, the potassium cation is increased by at least 4 ppm compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation that does not contain the microorganism. In some embodiments, the basic cation comprises a sodium cation. In some embodiments, the sodium cation is increased by at least 1 ppm compared to a corresponding method of administering a formulation that does not contain the microorganism. In some embodiments, the formulation contains bacteria present at at least about 1.0E+05 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, the formulation contains bacteria present at at least about 1.0E+06 / mL, at least about 1.0E+07 / mL, at least about 1.0E+08 / mL, or at least about 1.0E+09 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, the formulation contains bacteria present at at least about 1.0E+10 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises bacteria present at at least about 1.0E+04 CFU / g. In some embodiments, the bacteria comprise a Bacillus species. In some embodiments, the Bacillus species comprises Bacillus subtilis. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis comprises Bacillus subtilis S3C23. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis comprises Bacillus subtilis MP2. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the bacteria comprise Klebsiella spp. Kosakonia The bacteria are of the species *Cossacchari*. In some embodiments, the bacteria include *Cossacchari*. Kosakonia The bacteria are of the species *Pseudomonas*. In some embodiments, the bacteria comprise *Pseudomonas*. Pseudomonas The formulation comprises bacteria of a species. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises fungi. In some embodiments, the fungi are present at a concentration of at least about 1.0E+02 CFU / g. In some embodiments, the fungi comprise bacteria from a species of fungus. LeptodontidiumA fungus of a species. In some embodiments, the method further comprises applying the formulation to seeds or derivatives thereof, and culturing the seeds or derivatives thereof in the soil. In some embodiments, the formulation is applied to the seeds or derivatives thereof before application to the soil. In some embodiments, the seeds or derivatives thereof comprise plants or derivatives thereof. In some embodiments, the method does not include planting seeds or derivatives thereof. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises cations. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the microorganism raises the pH of the environment. In some embodiments, the pH increase is at least about 0.1 compared to a corresponding method of applying a formulation that does not contain the microorganism. In some embodiments, the increase is measured at about 18 weeks, at least about 7 days after application. In some embodiments, the microorganism first lowers the pH of the environment and then raises the pH of the environment. In some embodiments, the pH increase is at least about 0.25 units, at least about 0.5 units, at least about 0.75 units, or at least about 1 unit. In some embodiments, the pH increase is compared to a corresponding method of applying a formulation that does not contain the microorganism. In some embodiments, the microorganism lowers the pH of the environment. In some embodiments, the microorganism maintains the pH of the environment. In some embodiments, applying the preparation containing the microorganism increases carbon sequestration compared to a corresponding method of applying a preparation that does not contain the microorganism, or compared to naturally occurring carbon sequestration processes. In some embodiments, applying the preparation containing the microorganism increases carbon sequestration by at least 247 kg of carbon dioxide per hectare per year.

[0010] In some embodiments, the weathering rate of silicate minerals is increased compared to the weathering rate of naturally occurring silicate minerals, or compared to the weathering rate of a corresponding method that does not involve the application of the agent containing the microorganisms.

[0011] In some embodiments, the application sequesters more or faster carbon than naturally occurring carbon sequestration rates; or, compared to a corresponding method of applying a formulation that does not contain the microorganism, the application sequesters more or faster carbon.

[0012] In one aspect of this disclosure, a formulation comprising microorganisms and soil is provided, wherein at least about 1.0E+03 CFU of the microorganisms (e.g., about 1.0E+04, about 1.0E+05, about 1.0E+06, etc.) are present per 1 gram of soil. In some embodiments, the soil comprises silicate minerals. In some embodiments, the silicate minerals are feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate minerals are olivine. In some embodiments, the silicate minerals are wollastonite. In some embodiments, the silicate minerals are located in andesite. In some embodiments, the silicate minerals are located in basalt. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises plant seeds. In some embodiments, the plant seeds comprise at least about 250 CFU of the microorganisms. In some embodiments, the microorganisms comprise bacteria, archaea, fungi, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the bacteria are associated with the plant seeds. In some embodiments, the bacteria are located between the seed coat and embryo of the plant seeds. In some embodiments, the bacteria are located between the seed coat and aleurone cell layer of the plant seeds. In some embodiments, the bacteria at least partially coat the plant seed. In some embodiments, the plant seed contains at least about 1E+04 CFU of the bacteria. In some embodiments, the plant seed contains at least about 1E+05 CFU of the bacteria. In some embodiments, the plant seed contains at least about 1E+06 CFU or at least about 1E+07 CFU of the bacteria. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises a fungus. In some embodiments, the fungus is associated with the plant seed. In some embodiments, the fungus at least partially coats the plant seed. In some embodiments, the plant seed contains at least about 1E+02 CFU of the fungus. In some embodiments, the plant seed contains at least about 1E+03 CFU, at least about 1E+04 CFU, or at least about 1E+05 CFU of the fungus. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a fertilizer. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a fungicide. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises an insecticide. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a nematicide.

[0013] In one aspect of this disclosure, a method for carbon sequestration is provided, the method comprising applying to soil a formulation containing microorganisms, wherein at least about 1E+10 CFU of microorganisms are present per hectare of said soil. In some embodiments, after application, at least about 1E+10 CFU of microorganisms are present per hectare of said soil. In some embodiments, about 1E+10 to about 1E+15 CFU of microorganisms are present per hectare of said soil. In some embodiments, the method further comprises applying exogenous silicates to said soil. In some embodiments, said exogenous silicates are present in basalt. In some embodiments, the bicarbonate level in the soil increases by at least about 10% compared to a corresponding method of applying a formulation not containing said microorganisms. In some embodiments, the application increases divalent cations in the soil. In some embodiments, the bicarbonate level in the soil increases by at least about 50%, at least about 90%, or at least 97.7%.

[0014] In one aspect of this disclosure, a method for carbon sequestration is provided, wherein the method comprises: applying to land an agent containing microorganisms, wherein the concentration of the microorganisms is at least about 1.8E12 CFU per hectare of said land, and wherein said land contains or has been previously determined to contain: about 0-60% quartz, about 0-20% potassium feldspar, and about 0-20% sodium calcium feldspar.

[0015] In one aspect of this disclosure, a method for carbon sequestration is provided, wherein the method comprises: testing the composition of a soil sample from a land; identifying a soil sample containing about 40-60% quartz, about 10-15% potassium feldspar, about 10-15% sodium feldspar, and about 1-10% calcium feldspar; and applying a preparation containing microorganisms to the soil, wherein the concentration of the microorganisms is 1.8 x E12 CFU / ha. In some embodiments, the method increases the rate of silicate weathering in the land. In some embodiments, the method increases the accumulation of inorganic carbon in the soil. In some embodiments, the method partially replenishes calcium in the land. In some embodiments, the method further comprises adding multiple seeds to the land. In some embodiments, the multiple seeds are selected from soybean, corn, wheat, rapeseed, sorghum, barley, rye, alfalfa, millet, oats, cotton, legumes, lentils, sunflower, peas, potatoes, sugarcane, quinoa, lentils, peanuts, turfgrass, pasture, cocoa, coffee, rice, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, inorganic carbon, measured in calcium carbonate equivalents (CCE), increases by at least 0.1% compared to untreated soil. In some embodiments, the method further includes producing approximately 67 kg of total inorganic carbon per hectare per year. In some embodiments, the soil pH does not decrease at the end of the growing season. In some embodiments, the method further includes an increase in average crop yield of at least 0.1 tonnes per hectare compared to untreated land. In some embodiments, the method further includes generating ecosystem credits representing the amount of carbon sequestrated. In some embodiments, the method further includes sequestering at least approximately 247 kg of carbon dioxide per hectare per year. In some embodiments, the method further includes sequestering approximately 247 kg of carbon dioxide per hectare to approximately 15 tonnes of carbon dioxide per hectare per year. In some embodiments, the silicate weathering rate of the soil treated with the agent is at least approximately 10 mmol / kg soil. In some embodiments, the silicate weathering rate is increased by at least about 200%, at least about 300%, at least about 400%, at least about 500%, or at least about 600% compared to a corresponding method using a formulation without said microorganisms or compared to a baseline. In some embodiments, the silicate weathering rate of soil treated with the formulation is increased by at least 10% compared to soil without the formulation. In some embodiments, soil treated with a formulation containing said microorganisms exhibits an increase in the silicate weathering rate of at least 50% compared to soil without the formulation. In some embodiments, the silicate weathering rate of soil treated with the formulation is increased by at least about 90% or at least 97.7% compared to soil without the formulation. In some embodiments, the net carbon dioxide capture rate of soil treated with the formulation is at least about 5 mmol / kg soil.In some embodiments, soil treated with the formulation shows an increase in net carbon dioxide capture of at least about 10%, at least about 50%, at least about 90%, or at least 97.7% compared to untreated soil. In some embodiments, the microorganisms comprise more than one microbial species. In some embodiments, the more than one microbial species comprises more than one bacterial species. In some embodiments, the more than one microbial species comprises more than one fungal species. In some embodiments, the net carbon dioxide sequestration rate of soil treated with the formulation is at least 247 kg of carbon dioxide per hectare per year.

[0016] In one aspect of this disclosure, a method for maintaining a computer-implemented ecosystem credit token is provided, comprising: storing the ecosystem credit token in a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, wherein the ecosystem credit token represents the amount of carbon sequestrated from the atmosphere, and wherein the ecosystem credit token is or has been previously determined to be measured based on the amount of carbon dioxide sequestrated in soil, wherein the soil comprises or has been previously determined to contain at least 1 x 10 5 The amount of CFU / acre of soil refers to one or more microorganisms applied artificially. In some embodiments, the ecosystem credit token is or was previously generated according to the method described in any of this disclosure.

[0017] In one aspect of this disclosure, a computer-based system for storing ecosystem credits is provided, comprising: a processor; a display configured to display a graphical user interface for viewing information related to the ecosystem credits; and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium encoded with a computer program that causes the processor to: analyze the information related to the ecosystem credits, wherein the ecosystem credits are, or have been previously determined, derived from measurements of the amount of carbon dioxide sequestered in soil, wherein the soil contains at least 1 x 10⁻⁶... 5 CFU / acre refers to the amount of one or more microorganisms artificially applied to the soil. In some embodiments, the ecosystem credit token is or was previously generated according to the method described in any of this disclosure.

[0018] Incorporated by reference All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are incorporated herein by reference to the extent that each individual publication, patent, or patent application is specifically and individually indicated as being incorporated by reference. If any content of an incorporated publication, patent, or patent application conflicts with the disclosure in this specification, this specification shall prevail and / or take precedence over any such conflicting material. Attached Figure Description

[0019] The novel features of the methods and compositions described herein are set forth in the claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the methods and compositions described herein can be achieved by referring to the following detailed description and accompanying drawings of illustrative embodiments in which the principles of the methods and compositions described herein are applied: Figure 1 Example charts showing feldspar classification.

[0020] Figure 2A This shows the chemical weathering (hydrolysis) process of anorthite and sodium feldspar.

[0021] Figure 2B This demonstrates different examples of mechanisms of biogenic feldspar weathering.

[0022] Figure 3 An exemplary experimental setup is described, outlining the soil column test, sample collection, and analysis protocol.

[0023] Figure 4A This shows the average concentrations of soluble sodium and calcium in the leachate after eight rainfall events.

[0024] Figure 4B This shows the average concentrations of soluble sodium and calcium in the leachate after each individual rainfall event.

[0025] Figure 5A This shows the average concentrations of soluble magnesium and potassium in the leachate after eight rainfall events.

[0026] Figure 5B This shows the average concentrations of soluble magnesium and potassium in the leachate after each individual rainfall event.

[0027] Figure 6A Describe the average concentration of carbonate ions in leachate after eight rainfall events.

[0028] Figure 6B The average concentration of bicarbonate ions in leachate was depicted after eight rainfall events.

[0029] Figure 6C This shows the average concentrations of carbonate and bicarbonate ions in the leachate after each individual rainfall event.

[0030] Figure 6D This shows the sum of the average concentrations of carbonate and bicarbonate ions in the leachate after eight rainfall events.

[0031] Figure 7 Describe the average pH level of leachate after each individual rainfall event.

[0032] Figure 8A The average soil pH was plotted at three different soil depths (0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm) after the soil column experiment.

[0033] Figure 8B Describe the soil pH at three different soil depths (0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm) after the soil column experiment.

[0034] Figure 9A This shows the Mg content in the soil after the soil column experiment. 2+ K + Ca 2+ and Na + The average concentration.

[0035] Figure 9B The Mg content in the soil was plotted at three different soil depths (A = 0-10 cm, B = 10-20 cm, C = 20-30 cm). 2+ K + Ca 2+ and Na + The average concentration.

[0036] Figure 10A The average concentration of calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) in soil measured at three different soil depths (A=0-10 cm, B=10-20 cm, C=20-30 cm) is depicted.

[0037] Figure 10B Describe the average concentration of calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) (0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm).

[0038] Figure 11 Describe the pH level of the culture medium during in vitro biogenic feldspar weathering and calcite precipitation experiments.

[0039] Figure 12 Describe the soluble calcium levels in the culture medium during in vitro biogenic feldspar weathering and calcite precipitation experiments.

[0040] Figure 13 Describe the calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) levels after in vitro biogenic feldspar weathering (80% sodium feldspar and 20% calcium feldspar) and calcite precipitation experiments.

[0041] Figure 14A The dynamic changes in calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) concentrations found in fields treated with S3C23 strain and untreated (UTC) fields were depicted during the growing season.

[0042] Figure 14B Describe the statistical differences between fields treated with S3C23 and UTC fields (Bayesian modeling and bootstrap statistics).

[0043] Figure 15ADescribe the dynamic changes in exchangeable calcium concentration in S3C23-treated and UTC fields during the growing season.

[0044] Figure 15B The dynamic changes in exchangeable magnesium concentration in S3C23-treated and UTC fields during the growing season are depicted.

[0045] Figure 16 Describe the formation of floating biofilms during in vitro biogenic feldspar weathering and calcite precipitation experiments.

[0046] Figure 17 This diagram illustrates a biological system that removes atmospheric carbon dioxide through the dissolution of silicate minerals.

[0047] Figures 18A through 18G show the results of natural silicate weathering mediated by Bacillus subtilis S3C23 in the mesocosm study. Figure 18A shows an image of the mesocosm study setup, including 7-week-old maize plants and soil containing natural silicate minerals (e.g., anorthite, sodium feldspar, etc.).

[0048] Figure 18B depicts the average concentrations of bicarbonate and carbonate ions in the leachate of the control and S3C23 soil columns.

[0049] Figure 18C depicts the average concentration of bicarbonate ions in the soil of the control and S3C23 soil columns.

[0050] Figure 18D depicts the average concentration of total carbon in the soil of the control and S3C23 soil columns.

[0051] Figure 18E depicts the average calcium concentration in the soil and leachate of the control and S3C23 soil columns.

[0052] Figure 18F depicts the average magnesium concentration in the soil and leachate of the control and S3C23 soil columns.

[0053] Figure 18G depicts the average iron concentration in soil and leachate of the control and S3C23 soil columns.

[0054] Figures 19A to 19B This shows the proportion of naturally occurring silicate minerals (e.g., feldspar) in the soil from a field trial site (a soybean field in North Dakota, USA). Figure 19A Describe the mineral composition of the soil in the control field. Figure 19B Describe the mineral composition of field soils treated with strain S3C23.

[0055] Figures 20A to 20E Depicting the results of silicate weathering mediated by Bacillus subtilis S3C23 in a soybean field in North Dakota, USA. Figures 20A to 20D The bar charts in the figure represent the changes in the control field and the S3C23 treatment field before planting and after harvest. Figure 20A Show the changes in total carbon. Figure 20B Describe the changes in exchangeable calcium in the soil. Figure 20C Describe the changes in soil cation exchange capacity (CEC). Figure 20D Describe the changes in soil pH. Figure 20E The average number of soybean grains per acre is depicted in 12 soybean fields.

[0056] Figures 21A to 21F The results of weathering of added silicate minerals mediated by Bacillus subtilis S3C23 are shown in the study of the universe. Figure 21A The average concentrations of bicarbonate and carbonate ions in the leachate of a study depicting the universe (using maize plants and adding silicates, particularly calcium feldspar and sodium feldspar, in the form of feldspar). Figure 21B The average concentration of bicarbonate ions in the soil and leachate of the control and S3C23 soil columns is depicted. Figure 21C The average concentration of calcium in the soil and leachate of the control and S3C23 soil columns is depicted. Figure 21D The average concentration of magnesium in the soil and leachate of the control and S3C23 soil columns is depicted. Figure 21E The average sodium concentration in soil and leachate of control and S3C23 soil columns is depicted. Figure 21F The average potassium concentration in soil and leachate of the control and S3C23 soil columns is depicted.

[0057] Figures 22A to 22D The results of basalt weathering mediated by Bacillus subtilis S3C23 are shown in the study of the universe. Figure 22A The image shows a space research setting with 7-week-old soybean plants and silicate minerals added in the form of crushed basalt. Figure 22B The average concentration of bicarbonate ions in soils of control, "control + basalt" and "S3C23 + basalt" soil columns was depicted. Figure 22C Depicting divalent cations (Ca) in soils from control, "control + basalt", and "S3C23 + basalt" soil columns. 2+ and Mg 2+ Average concentration. Figure 22D Depicting divalent cations (Ca) in the leachate of soil columns from control, "control + basalt", and "S3C23 + basalt" soils. 2+ and Mg 2+ ( ) average concentration.

[0058] Figures 23A to 23D This shows the results of silicate weathering mediated in vitro by Bacillus subtilis S3C23. Figure 23AThe images show the floating biofilm formed during a 7-day in vitro biogenic weathering experiment with anorthite. When cultured in the presence of anorthite (left flask), strain S3C23 showed a distinct floating biofilm and red pigment formation. When cultured for the same time without anorthite (right flask), strain S3C23 showed sufficient vegetative growth (visually judged), but no floating biofilm or red pigment was observed. Figure 23B Describe the pH level of the culture medium during in vitro biogenic weathering experiments of anorthosite. Figure 23C Describe the levels of soluble calcium and magnesium in the culture medium during in vitro biogenic weathering experiments of anorthosite. Figure 23D The results showed that after 30 days of incubation with calcium feldspar rocks, Bacillus subtilis S3C23 endospores colonized the calcium feldspar rocks.

[0059] Figures 24A to 24B Describing the Ca calculated based on in vitro biogenic weathering experiments of basalt 2+ Dissolution rate (millimoles of calcium per hour). Figure 24A Depicting the Ca calculated from in vitro biogenic weathering experiments on basalt based on different bacteria 2+ Dissolution rate (millimoles of calcium per hour). Figure 24B Depicting the Ca calculated from in vitro biogenic weathering experiments on basalt based on different bacteria and fungi 2+ Dissolution rate (millimoles of calcium per hour).

[0060] Figure 25A Describing Fe based on in vitro biogenic weathering experiments of basalt 2+ Dissolution rate (millimol iron / hour).

[0061] Figure 25B Describing Fe based on in vitro biogenic weathering experiments of basalt 2+ Dissolution rate (millimol iron / hour).

[0062] Figure 26A The formation of biofilms in cultures with added basalt is depicted compared to cultures without added basalt.

[0063] Figure 26B The generation of siderophores mediated by Bacillus subtilis S3C23 and Bacillus subtilis MP2 is described.

[0064] Figure 27 The colonization rate of Bacillus subtilis S3C23 in maize roots was depicted 9 weeks after inoculation. Detailed Implementation

[0065] While various embodiments of the invention have been shown and described herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these embodiments are provided by way of example only. Many changes, variations, and substitutions may be encountered by those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed.

[0066] Carbon is exchanged on a global scale within and between four main reservoirs: (1) the atmosphere; (2) the biosphere; (3) the soil; and (4) the lithosphere. This process, often referred to as the global carbon cycle, likely plays a key role in regulating the Earth's climate. Carbon exchange can occur as part of both rapid carbon cycles (relatively rapid exchanges between the ocean, biosphere, and atmosphere) and slow carbon cycles (involving relatively slow exchanges between geological reservoirs such as deep soils, the deep sea, and rocks). In soils, carbon can be stored as soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil inorganic carbon (SIC). Atmospheric CO2 is likely one of the largest sources of available carbon, which is fixed by terrestrial plants through photosynthesis.

[0067] During photosynthesis, plants, algae, and some microorganisms use light energy to convert water and CO2 into oxygen and sugars. Some of these sugars are used by plants to produce energy and build plant biomass. This process, commonly known as plant respiration, releases CO2. Additionally, some sugars produced through photosynthesis may leach into the soil through the roots. In the soil, microorganisms may consume these sugars to catalyze metabolic processes, which also release CO2. The respiration processes of plants and microorganisms are collectively referred to as soil respiration, which can result in soil CO2 concentrations (pCO2) that are 10 to 100 times higher than those in the atmosphere. Much of the focus of soil carbon research has been on SOC (solar organic matter) rather than SIC (soil organic matter), because SOC is the main component of soil organic matter. This focus is evident because organic matter contributes to nutrient retention and turnover, soil structure, pollutant degradation, and water retention, all of which are beneficial to plant health overall.

[0068] Changing land management practices to increase SOC is a recognized approach to reducing atmospheric CO2, as even small increases in SOC over large areas such as farmland can significantly reduce atmospheric CO2. However, SOC is susceptible to microbial activity, and carbon exchange between SOC reservoirs and the atmosphere can be relatively rapid, with estimated SOC turnover times ranging from 200 to 1200 years. Therefore, the potential for long-term CO2 storage as SOC may be limited by land management practices and environmental factors that could accelerate SOC decomposition (<100 years). In contrast to SOC, carbon can be stably captured in the form of SIC, i.e., water-soluble bicarbonate anions and carbonate-containing inorganic minerals (i.e., soil-forming carbonates). When CO2 dissolves in water to form carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), it subsequently dissociates into bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻). – ) and hydrogen ions or protons (H + These carbonate minerals form naturally when bicarbonate anions (i.e., negatively charged ions) react with soluble cations in the soil (i.e., positively charged ions) such as calcium ions (Ca). 2+ These reactions precipitate and form solid, stable carbonate minerals. These reactions are likely important components of chemical buffers in soils, rivers, and oceans, regulating pH and CO2 partial pressure within these systems. Over time, soil-forming carbonates may migrate to deeper soil layers through successive carbonate mineral dissolution and redeposition events.

[0069] In soils with high buffering capacity (interpreted as high content of primary, secondary, and carbonate minerals, as well as a near-neutral to alkaline pH and available exchangeable cations), carbonate minerals are likely to accumulate in deeper soil layers. Globally, the average turnover time of SIC in these calcium carbonate-rich soil layers can be tens of thousands of years. In some cases, carbonate minerals may eventually leach from the soil as water-soluble bicarbonates and enter groundwater, rivers, and oceans, with an estimated residence time of about 90% on the order of tens of thousands of years or longer. The long-term stability of soil-forming carbonates makes increasing the amount of carbonate minerals in soil an effective strategy for reducing atmospheric CO2. Implementing this approach not only helps to minimize the impacts of climate change but can also improve long-term soil health and plant growth and development.

[0070] Microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, archaea, fungi, or combinations thereof) release CO2 through respiration and fix it in both organic and inorganic forms, playing a crucial role in regulating carbon exchange between the atmosphere and soil. Surprisingly, the microorganisms proposed and utilized in this paper (e.g., Bacillus subtilis (e.g., S3C23)) simultaneously promote soil and plant health. When applied to seeds in farmland soils, this microorganism colonizes at the plant roots, utilizing nutrients released by the roots to generate energy. At the plant roots, the microorganism utilizes the elevated soil CO2 levels resulting from plant and soil respiration and accelerates the formation of SiC. To achieve this, the microorganism promotes two steps: the hydrolysis of CO2 and the weathering of silicate minerals, such as calcium-containing anorthite. These steps are summarized as the following reactions:

[0071] Through this process, microorganisms beneficially combine carbon dioxide capture with silicate weathering to achieve sustainable carbon dioxide removal (CDR), isolating CO2 from the atmosphere for thousands of years.

[0072] CO2 hydrolysis Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that catalyzes the bidirectional conversion of carbon dioxide and water (H2O) into bicarbonate (HCO3-). − ) and proton (H + These enzymes are found in mammals, plants, algae, and bacteria. To facilitate the first step in converting carbon dioxide into minerals, the microorganisms discussed in this paper (e.g., Bacillus subtilis (e.g., S3C23)) produce carbonic anhydrases, which capture carbon dioxide from the rhizosphere environment and generate HCO3 according to the following reaction. − and H + :

[0073] The available proton level determines the pH of the solution. A low or acidic pH corresponds to a very high proton concentration. The acidity generated in reaction (1) is consumed in the next step of the process.

[0074] Silicate weathering

[0075] Silicate weathering releases calcium ions (Ca). 2+ ), magnesium ions (Mg 2+ These ions contribute to soil fertility and the accumulation of soil inorganic carbon (SIC). While these ions are available as nutrients for plants and other organisms in the short term, they can be lost from the system and become unavailable in the long term. Although weathering depletes native soil minerals and reduces nutrient availability over time, this process typically occurs on timescales of thousands to millions of years.

[0076] Microorganisms such as Bacillus can enhance silicate weathering rates by establishing close associations with mineral surfaces and the environment and by influencing kinetic parameters such as pH and redox potential. Through this process, microorganisms can contribute to soil development, the biogeochemical cycling of essential elements, and the maintenance of soil fertility.

[0077] Feldspar weathering

[0078] Feldspar is an aluminum silicate mineral containing varying amounts of potassium, sodium, and calcium. It is the most abundant mineral group, making up approximately 60% of the Earth's crust.

[0079] These minerals do not contain carbon; instead, they are composed of aluminum, silicon, oxygen, and one or more metallic elements (particularly potassium, sodium, or calcium). The natural weathering (i.e., decomposition or dissolution) of feldspar minerals releases important plant nutrients and secondary clay minerals into the soil and can influence climate by consuming atmospheric carbon dioxide over geological timescales. The microorganisms proposed in this paper (e.g., Bacillus subtilis (e.g., S3C23)) can weather feldspar and release metal cations (e.g., Ca2+) using the protons produced in reaction (1) according to the following reaction. 2+ ):

[0080] Preparations containing microorganisms (e.g., Bacillus subtilis (e.g., S3C23)) can promote mineral weathering by generating complex ligands (e.g., siderophores and organic acids), influencing pH (by generating organic or inorganic acids), or conducting redox reactions.

[0081] Because soil respiration (e.g., by plant roots, microorganisms, and soil animals) results in significantly higher carbon dioxide levels than atmospheric carbon dioxide, land used for plant cultivation may provide an ideal location for carbon dioxide sequestration. Figure 17 ).

[0082] The microorganisms described in this article can reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide levels by capturing carbon dioxide in various forms, thereby increasing terrestrial carbon sequestration. These microorganisms can efficiently capture carbon dioxide into a variety of microbial products using multiple mechanisms. One important product is bicarbonate.

[0083] In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises bacteria, archaea, or fungi, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises both bacteria and fungi. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a bacterium (e.g., Bacillus subtilis (e.g., S3C23)). In some embodiments, the bacteria are endospore-forming bacteria. In some embodiments, the method comprises inducing endospore formation in the endospore-forming bacteria. In some embodiments, the bacteria are associated with a seed. In some embodiments, the bacteria incorporated into the seed are endospores. In some embodiments, the bacteria incorporated into the seed exterior are endospores. In some embodiments, the solution comprises one or more components for inducing endospore formation. In some embodiments, the solution comprises potassium, ferrous sulfate, calcium, magnesium, manganese, or combinations thereof.

[0084] In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises fungi. In some embodiments, the fungi are derived from... Leptodontidium Species.

[0085] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises additional metal ions. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises magnesium, calcium, manganese, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises magnesium. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises calcium. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises manganese. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises magnesium and calcium. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises magnesium and manganese. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises calcium and manganese. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises magnesium, calcium, and manganese.

[0086] microorganism

[0087] The microorganisms described herein can produce or promote the formation of bicarbonates and release cations from silicate minerals. In some embodiments, the formation of bicarbonates sequesters CO2. In some embodiments, the formed minerals are weathering products produced by applying microorganisms (e.g., microbial communities) to silicate minerals. In some embodiments, the microorganisms are bacteria. In some embodiments, the microorganisms comprise more than one type of microorganism. In some embodiments, the microorganisms comprise more than one bacterial species. In some embodiments, the microorganisms comprise more than one fungal species. In some embodiments, the microorganisms comprise bacteria, fungi, archaea, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the microorganisms comprise bacteria (e.g., one or more types of bacteria) and fungi (e.g., one or more types of fungi). In some embodiments, the microorganisms comprise microbial communities. In some embodiments, the microorganisms comprise bacterial communities. In some embodiments, the microorganisms comprise fungal communities. In some embodiments, the microorganisms comprise both bacterial and fungal communities. In some embodiments, the microorganisms are endospore-forming bacteria. In some embodiments, the microorganisms are endospores of bacteria. Any endospores of the microorganisms (e.g., bacteria) mentioned herein that are capable of forming endospores are also intended to be included. For example, if a silicate mineral treatment formulation contains a species of Bacillus, then the formulation may contain endospores of that Bacillus species.

[0088] In some embodiments, the microorganism is a microorganism belonging to the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a microorganism belonging to the phylum Firmicutes. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a microorganism belonging to the phylum Proteobacteria. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a microorganism belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore of any of the aforementioned microorganisms. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a rhizosphere bacterium.

[0089] Because these rhizosphere bacteria are located closer to the roots, they are able to utilize root exudates as a carbon and energy source. Many of them have evolved genes that enable them to convert CO2 into biomass or any metabolites for their own benefit. In some embodiments, the bacteria are not genetically modified. In some embodiments, the bacteria are selected because of their ability to convert CO2 into bicarbonates and minerals.

[0090] Rhizosphere bacteria are more proactive in colonizing plant roots. As a result, they form stable communities, are able to survive in changing soil environments, secrete antimicrobial compounds to inhibit the growth of pathogens or invaders, and can form endospores, giving them a selective advantage in surviving harsh environments.

[0091] In some embodiments, the rhizosphere bacteria include endospore-forming bacteria that enhance biological nitrogen fixation. In some embodiments, the rhizosphere bacteria include species of the genus *Bacillus*, *Bacillus-like* species, or both. In some embodiments, the microorganisms (e.g., the microbial community) include *Bacillus amyloliquefaciens* (…). B. amyloliquefaciens ), Bacillus laterosporus ( B. laterosporus ), Bacillus licheniformis ( B. licheniformis ), Bacillus subtilis ( B. macerans ), Bacillus cereus ( B. cereus ), Bacillus circularis ( B. circulans ), Bacillus thuringiensis ( B. firmus Bacillus subtilis ( B. subtilis ), Bacillus spheroidae ( B. sphaericus ), Bacillus megaterium ( B. megaterium Bacillus coagulans ( B. coagulans ), Bacillus brevis ( B. brevis ), Bacillus thuringiensis ( B. thuringiensis ), Bacillus mycosisviridae ( B. mycoides Bacillus cucumberis ( B. cucumis ), Endophytic Bacillus ( B. endophyticus ), Bacillus pumilus ( B. pumilus Bacillus belesiensis ( B. velezensis ), Bacillus mucilaginosus ( B. mucilaginosus ), Bacillus tekiria ( B. tequilensis ), Methyltrophic Bacillus ( B. methylotrophicus (or any combination thereof). In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Bacillus subtilis S3C23, Bacillus subtilis MP2, Bacillus subtilis RO2C15, Bacillus subtilis RO2C22, Bacillus megaterium 6, Bacillus megaterium S3C21, Bacillus megaterium RO2C12, Bacillus cucumberis S3C14, endophytic Bacillus 5, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Bacillus subtilis MP2. In some embodiments, Bacillus subtilis comprises Bacillus subtilis N10. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus thuringiensis (Salmonella). Bacillus aquimaris (or a combination thereof). In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Bacillus subtilis N10.

[0092] In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Bacillus subtilis S3C23. In some embodiments, Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises SEQ ID NO. 1. In some embodiments, Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises a sequence having at least 70% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises a sequence having at least 75% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises a sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises a sequence having at least 85% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises a sequence having at least 95% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises a sequence having at least 96% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises a sequence having at least 97% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises a sequence having at least 98% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises a sequence having at least 99% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises a sequence having at least 100% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, SEQ ID NO: 1 is chromosomal DNA. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis comprises Bacillus subtilis MP2. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises SEQ ID NO. 2. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises a sequence having at least 70% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises a sequence having at least 75% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises a sequence having at least 80% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises a sequence having at least 85% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises a sequence having at least 95% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises a sequence having at least 96% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2.In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises a sequence having at least 97% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises a sequence having at least 98% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises a sequence having at least 99% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises a sequence having at least 100% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, SEQ ID NO: 2 is chromosomal DNA.

[0093] In some embodiments, the bacteria comprise bacteria from the classes Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Bacilli, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the bacteria comprise bacteria from the genus Azospirobacter (…). Azospirillum sp. ), genus *Cymbidium* ( Ensifer sp. ), Flavobacterium ( Xantobacter sp. ), Pseudomonas spp. Pseudomonas sp. Pantotheca ( ) Pantoea sp. ), Klebsiella spp. Klebsiella sp. ), Cossacella ( Kosakonia sp. ), Bacillus spp. ( Bacillus sp. ), Bacillus brevis ( Brevibacillus sp. Bacteria, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the bacteria comprise bacteria from the genus *Azospirillum*. In some embodiments, the bacteria comprise *Azospirillum brasiliensis* (…). Azospirillum brasilense Sp7. In some embodiments, the bacteria comprise Pseudomonas 17A.

[0094] These microorganisms' ability to sequester carbon dioxide stems from their role in accelerating silicate weathering. These rhizosphere bacteria can colonize the roots and displace other nearby microbial communities that might otherwise utilize nutrients secreted by the roots. Carbon dioxide released from the roots by plant respiration, soil animals, and / or microbial communities can be captured as bicarbonate by carbonic anhydrases through hydration. Typically, this is done to form minerals (CaCO3, MgCO3). 3、 (CaMg(CO3)2), requires cations to sustain the mineralization process. Soil already contains various cations, allowing this process to continue. Soil silicate minerals (e.g., CaMg(CO3)2) require cations for this process to continue. 2+ and Mg 2+The content of cations depends on geographical location, soil type, and irrigation pattern. Farmers can further modulate these cations by applying limestone (e.g., silicate minerals) to maintain high soil fertility. Considering only the first 15 cm depth, typical well-irrigated soil contains an average of about 850 kg (Ca). 2+ ) / acre and 218 kg (Mg 2+ (%) / acre. According to a previously published study, the amount of CO2 produced in the rhizosphere of maize during the maize season is approximately 7,000 kg / acre. Considering the amount of available CO2 and cations, a significant amount of CO2 can be stored in the form of calcium or magnesium minerals. Mathematically, this could form 425 kg of calcium carbonate and 114 kg of magnesium carbonate, while based on other relevant cations in the soil (Na+)... + K + In the presence of [specific mineral name], combinations of other minerals can be formed, such as sodium carbonate. Since farmers typically maintain high soil fertility by applying lime, the microorganisms disclosed herein can eliminate this need by biologically producing limestone (CaCO3). Furthermore, depending on the availability of silicate minerals or other cations in the soil, various minerals can be formed to store gaseous CO2. These minerals include, but are not limited to, calcite, aragonite, dolomite, limestone, carbonates, magnesium carbonate, iron carbonate, magnesite, cohenite, diamond, carbonate rocks, ferrous carbonate, calcareous silicate, and calcium silicate.

[0095] In some embodiments, the amount of weathered minerals may range from 50 kg / acre to 10,000 kg / acre. In some embodiments, the amount of weathered minerals may range from about 50 kg / acre to about 1,000 kg / acre. In some embodiments, the amount of weathered minerals may range from about 50 kg / acre to about 100 kg / acre, about 50 kg / acre to about 200 kg / acre, about 50 kg / acre to about 300 kg / acre, about 50 kg / acre to about 400 kg / acre, about 50 kg / acre to about 500 kg / acre, about 50 kg / acre to about 600 kg / acre, about 50 kg / acre to about 700 kg / acre, about 50 kg / acre to about 800 kg / acre, about 50 kg / acre to about 900 kg / acre, about 50 kg / acre to about 1,000 kg / acre, and about 100 kg / acre to about 200 kg / acre. Approximately 100 kg / acre to approximately 300 kg / acre, approximately 100 kg / acre to approximately 400 kg / acre, approximately 100 kg / acre to approximately 500 kg / acre, approximately 100 kg / acre to approximately 600 kg / acre, approximately 100 kg / acre to approximately 700 kg / acre, approximately 100 kg / acre to approximately 800 kg / acre, approximately 100 kg / acre to approximately 900 kg / acre, approximately 100 kg / acre to approximately 1000 kg / acre, approximately 200 kg / acre to approximately 300 kg / acre, approximately 200 kg / acre to approximately 400 kg / acre, approximately 200 kg / acre to approximately 500 kg / acre, approximately 200 kg / acre acre to approximately 600 kg / acre, approximately 200 kg / acre to approximately 700 kg / acre, approximately 200 kg / acre to approximately 800 kg / acre, approximately 200 kg / acre to approximately 900 kg / acre, approximately 200 kg / acre to approximately 1000 kg / acre, approximately 300 kg / acre to approximately 400 kg / acre, approximately 300 kg / acre to approximately 500 kg / acre, approximately 300 kg / acre to approximately 600 kg / acre, approximately 300 kg / acre to approximately 700 kg / acre, approximately 300 kg / acre to approximately 800 kg / acre, approximately 300 kg / acre to approximately 900 kg / acre, approximately 300 kg / acre to approximately 100 kg / acre 0 kg / acre, approximately 400 kg / acre to approximately 500 kg / acre, approximately 400 kg / acre to approximately 600 kg / acre, approximately 400 kg / acre to approximately 700 kg / acre, approximately 400 kg / acre to approximately 800 kg / acre, approximately 400 kg / acre to approximately 900 kg / acre, approximately 400 kg / acre to approximately 1000 kg / acre, approximately 500 kg / acre to approximately 600 kg / acre, approximately 500 kg / acre to approximately 700 kg / acre, approximately 500 kg / acre to approximately 800 kg / acre, approximately 500 kg / acre to approximately 900 kg / acre, approximately 500 kg / acre to approximately 1000 kg / acre,Between approximately 600 kg / acre and approximately 700 kg / acre, approximately 600 kg / acre and approximately 800 kg / acre, approximately 600 kg / acre and approximately 900 kg / acre, approximately 600 kg / acre and approximately 1000 kg / acre, approximately 700 kg / acre and approximately 800 kg / acre, approximately 700 kg / acre and approximately 900 kg / acre, approximately 700 kg / acre and approximately 1000 kg / acre, approximately 800 kg / acre and approximately 900 kg / acre, approximately 800 kg / acre and approximately 1000 kg / acre, or approximately 900 kg / acre and approximately 1000 kg / acre. In some implementations, the amount of minerals produced may be approximately 50 kg / acre, approximately 100 kg / acre, approximately 200 kg / acre, approximately 300 kg / acre, approximately 400 kg / acre, approximately 500 kg / acre, approximately 600 kg / acre, approximately 700 kg / acre, approximately 800 kg / acre, approximately 900 kg / acre, or approximately 1000 kg / acre. In some implementations, the amount of minerals produced may be at least approximately 50 kg / acre, approximately 100 kg / acre, approximately 200 kg / acre, approximately 300 kg / acre, approximately 400 kg / acre, approximately 500 kg / acre, approximately 600 kg / acre, approximately 700 kg / acre, approximately 800 kg / acre, or approximately 900 kg / acre. In some implementations, the amount of minerals produced may be up to about 100 kg / acre, about 200 kg / acre, about 300 kg / acre, about 400 kg / acre, about 500 kg / acre, about 600 kg / acre, about 700 kg / acre, about 800 kg / acre, about 900 kg / acre, or about 1000 kg / acre.

[0096] In some implementations, the amount of carbon dioxide sequestered by applying a microbial-containing formulation ranges from 0.1 tonnes of carbon dioxide per acre to 3.2 tonnes of carbon dioxide per acre. In some implementations, the microbial sequestration is 2.5 to 5.3 tonnes of carbon dioxide per acre. In some implementations, the microbial sequestration is 5.3 to 7.5 tonnes of carbon dioxide per acre. In some implementations, the microbial sequestration is 7.5 to 10 tonnes of carbon dioxide per acre. In some implementations, the microbial sequestration is 10 to 15 tonnes of carbon dioxide per acre. In some implementations, the microbial sequestration is 15 to 20 tonnes per acre. In some implementations, the amount of carbon dioxide sequestered by the microbial sequestration is between about 2 tonnes per acre and about 20 tonnes per acre. In some implementations, the amount of carbon dioxide sequestered by microorganisms ranges from approximately 2 tonnes / acre to approximately 4 tonnes / acre, approximately 2 tonnes / acre to approximately 6 tonnes / acre, approximately 2 tonnes / acre to approximately 8 tonnes / acre, approximately 2 tonnes / acre to approximately 10 tonnes / acre, approximately 2 tonnes / acre to approximately 12 tonnes / acre, approximately 2 tonnes / acre to approximately 14 tonnes / acre, approximately 2 tonnes / acre to approximately 16 tonnes / acre, approximately 2 tonnes / acre to approximately 18 tonnes / acre, approximately 2 tonnes / acre to approximately 20 tonnes / acre, approximately 4 tonnes / acre to approximately 6 tonnes / acre, and approximately 4 tonnes / acre to approximately 8 tonnes / acre. tons / acre, about 4 tons / acre to about 10 tons / acre, about 4 tons / acre to about 12 tons / acre, about 4 tons / acre to about 14 tons / acre, about 4 tons / acre to about 16 tons / acre, about 4 tons / acre to about 18 tons / acre, about 4 tons / acre to about 20 tons / acre, about 6 tons / acre to about 8 tons / acre, about 6 tons / acre to about 10 tons / acre, about 6 tons / acre to about 12 tons / acre, about 6 tons / acre to about 14 tons / acre, about 6 tons / acre to about 16 tons / acre, about 6 tons / acre to about 18 tons / acre, about 6 tons / acre to about 20 tons / acre, about 8 tons / acre to about 10 tons / acre, about 8 tons / acre to about 12 tons / acre, about 8 tons / acre to about 14 tons / acre, about 8 tons / acre to about 16 tons / acre, about 8 tons / acre to about 18 tons / acre, about 8 tons / acre to about 20 tons / acre, about 10 tons / acre to about 12 tons / acre, about 10 tons / acre to about 14 tons / acre, about 10 tons / acre to about 16 tons / acre, about 10 tons / acre to about 18 tons / acre, about Between 10 tons / acre and approximately 20 tons / acre, approximately 12 tons / acre and approximately 14 tons / acre, approximately 12 tons / acre and approximately 16 tons / acre, approximately 12 tons / acre and approximately 18 tons / acre, approximately 12 tons / acre and approximately 20 tons / acre, approximately 14 tons / acre and approximately 16 tons / acre, approximately 14 tons / acre and approximately 18 tons / acre, approximately 14 tons / acre and approximately 20 tons / acre, approximately 16 tons / acre and approximately 16 tons / acre and approximately 20 tons / acre, or approximately 18 tons / acre and approximately 20 tons / acre.In some embodiments, the amount of carbon dioxide sequestered by applying a microbial-containing formulation may be approximately 2 tons / acre, approximately 4 tons / acre, approximately 6 tons / acre, approximately 8 tons / acre, approximately 10 tons / acre, approximately 12 tons / acre, approximately 14 tons / acre, approximately 16 tons / acre, approximately 18 tons / acre, or approximately 20 tons / acre. In some embodiments, the amount of carbon dioxide sequestered by applying a microbial-containing formulation may be at least approximately 2 tons / acre, approximately 4 tons / acre, approximately 6 tons / acre, approximately 8 tons / acre, approximately 10 tons / acre, approximately 12 tons / acre, approximately 14 tons / acre, approximately 16 tons / acre, or approximately 18 tons / acre. In some embodiments, the amount of carbon dioxide sequestered by applying a microbial-containing formulation may be at most approximately 4 tons / acre, approximately 6 tons / acre, approximately 8 tons / acre, approximately 10 tons / acre, approximately 12 tons / acre, approximately 14 tons / acre, approximately 16 tons / acre, approximately 18 tons / acre, or approximately 20 tons / acre.

[0097] In some implementations, at least approximately 50 kg of total inorganic carbon is accumulated per hectare per year. In some implementations, at least approximately 60 kg of total inorganic carbon is accumulated per hectare per year. In some implementations, at least approximately 67 kg of total inorganic carbon is accumulated per hectare per year. In some implementations, at least approximately 70 kg of total inorganic carbon is accumulated per hectare per year.

[0098] Methods for enhancing mineral weathering

[0099] In some aspects, this document discloses a method for carbon sequestration, the method comprising: applying a preparation containing microorganisms to a silicate mineral, wherein the concentration of said microorganisms is at least about 1.0E+5 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, said preparation contains about 10,000 CFU to about 100,000,000,000,000 CFU (e.g., 100,000 CFU, 10,000,000 CFU, etc.) of microorganisms (e.g., Bacillus subtilis (e.g., S3C23)). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises about 10,000 CFU to about 100,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU to about 1,000,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU to about 10,000,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU to about 100,000,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU to about 1,000,000,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU to about 100,000,000,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU to about 1,000,000,000,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU to about 1,000,000,000,000 CFU, about 10,000 Approximately 100,000,000,000,000 CFU; approximately 100,000 CFU to approximately 1,000,000 CFU; approximately 100,000 CFU to approximately 10,000,000 CFU; approximately 100,000 CFU to approximately 100,000,000 CFU; approximately 100,000 CFU to approximately 1,000,000,000 CFU; approximately 100,000 CFU to approximately 10,000,000,000 CFU; approximately 100,000 CFU to approximately 1,000,000,000,000 CFU; approximately 100,000 CFU to approximately 100,0 ... CFU, approximately 1,000,000 CFU to approximately 10,000,000 CFU, approximately 1,000,000 CFU to approximately 100,000,000 CFU, approximately 1,000,000 CFU to approximately 1,000,000,000 CFU, approximately 1,000,000 CFU to approximately 10,000,000,000 CFU, approximately 1,000,000 CFU to approximately 100,000,000,000 CFU, approximately 1,000,000 CFU to approximately 1,000,000,000,000 CFU, approximately 10,000,000,000,000 CFU000 CFU to approximately 100,000,000 CFU, approximately 10,000,000 CFU to approximately 1,000,000,000 CFU, approximately 10,000,000 CFU to approximately 10,000,000,000 CFU, approximately 10,000,000 CFU to approximately 100,000,000,000 CFU, approximately 10,000,000 CFU to approximately 10,000,000,000,000 CFU, approximately 100,000,000 CFU to approximately 1,000,000,000,000 CFU, approximately 100,000,000 CFU to approximately 10,000,000,000,000 CFU CFU, approximately 100,000,000 CFU to approximately 100,000,000,000 CFU, approximately 100,000,000 CFU to approximately 1,000,000,000,000 CFU, approximately 100,000,000 CFU to approximately 100,000,000,000,000 CFU, approximately 1,000,000,000 CFU to approximately 10,000,000,000 CFU, approximately 1,000,000,000 CFU to approximately 1,000,000,000,000 CFU, approximately 1,000,000,000,000 CFU Approximately 10,000,000,000,000 CFU; approximately 10,000,000,000 CFU to approximately 100,000,000,000 CFU; approximately 10,000,000,000 CFU to approximately 1,000,000,000,000 CFU; approximately 10,000,000,000 CFU to approximately 100,000,000,000,000 CFU; approximately 100,000,000,000 CFU to approximately 1,000,000,000,000 CFU; approximately 100,000,000,000 CFU to approximately 100,000,000,000,000 CFU or approximately 1,0 ... The microorganism is expressed in CFU to approximately 100,000,000,000,000 CFU. In some embodiments, the microorganism is expressed in CFU to approximately 10,000 CFU, approximately 100,000 CFU, approximately 1,000,000 CFU, approximately 10,000,000 CFU, approximately 100,000,000 CFU, approximately 10,000,000,000 CFU, approximately 100,000,000,000 CFU, approximately 1,000,000,000 CFU.000,000 CFU, about 10,000,000,000,000 CFU, or about 100,000,000,000,000 CFU. In some embodiments, the microorganism is at least about 10,000 CFU, about 100,000 CFU, about 1,000,000 CFU, about 100,000,000 CFU, about 1,000,000,000 CFU, about 10,000,000,000 CFU, about 100,000,000,000 CFU, or about 1,000,000,000,000 CFU. In some embodiments, the microorganism is up to about 100,000 CFU, about 1,000,000 CFU, about 10,000,000 CFU, about 100,000,000 CFU, about 10,000,000,000 CFU, about 100,000,000,000 CFU, about 1,000,000,000,000 CFU, or about 10,000,000,000,000.

[0100] In some embodiments, at least about 30 mL of the formulation is applied per acre of the soil. In some embodiments, at least about 37 mL of the formulation is applied per acre of the soil. In some embodiments, at least about 26 mL, 27 mL, 28 mL, 29 mL, 31 mL, 32 mL, 33 mL, 34 mL, 35 mL, 36 mL, 38 mL, 39 mL, or 40 mL of the formulation is applied per acre of the soil. In some embodiments, about 25 to about 39 mL of the formulation is applied per acre of the soil. In some embodiments, about 25 to about 27 mL, about 25 to about 29 mL, about 25 to about 31 mL, about 25 to about 33 mL, about 25 to about 35 mL, about 25 to about 37 mL, about 25 to about 39 mL, about 27 to about 29 mL, about 27 to about 31 mL, about 27 to about 33 mL, about 27 to about 35 mL, about 27 to about 37 mL, about 27 to about 39 mL, about 29 to about 31 mL, about 31 to about 35 mL, about 31 to about 37 mL, about 31 to about 39 mL, about 33 to about 35 mL, about 33 to about 37 mL, about 33 to about 39 mL, about 35 to about 37 mL, about 35 to about 39 mL, or about 37 to about 39 mL are applied per acre of the soil. In some embodiments, about 25 mL, about 27 mL, about 29 mL, about 31 mL, about 33 mL, about 35 mL, about 37 mL, or about 39 mL of the formulation is applied per acre of the soil. In some embodiments, at least about 25 mL, about 27 mL, about 29 mL, about 31 mL, about 33 mL, about 35 mL, or about 37 mL of the formulation is applied per acre of the soil. In some embodiments, at most about 27 mL, about 29 mL, about 31 mL, about 33 mL, about 35 mL, about 37 mL, or about 39 mL of the formulation is applied per acre of the soil.

[0101] In some embodiments, the method comprises applying at least about 1E+10 CFU (e.g., at least about 1E+11 CFU, at least about 1E+12 CFU, at least about 1E+13 CFU, at least about 1E+14 CFU, or at least about 1E+15 CFU) of microorganisms per hectare of the soil. In some embodiments, the method comprises applying at least about 1E+10 CFU to at least about 1E+15 CFU of microorganisms per hectare of the soil. In some embodiments, the soil comprises quartz (e.g., about 0-60%), potassium feldspar (e.g., about 0-20%), and sodium-calcium feldspar (e.g., about 0-20%).

[0102] In some embodiments, the soil further comprises seeds or derivatives thereof (e.g., plants (e.g., corn or corn seeds, soybeans, wheat, wheat seeds, or soybean seeds, etc.)). In some embodiments, the seeds comprise soybeans, corn, wheat, rapeseed, sorghum, barley, rye, alfalfa, millet, oats, cotton, legumes, lentils, sunflowers, peas, potatoes, sugarcane, quinoa, lentils, peanuts, turfgrass, pasture grass, cocoa, coffee, rice, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the method comprises applying the seeds to the soil.

[0103] In some aspects, this document discloses a method for carbon sequestration, the method comprising: applying a preparation containing microorganisms to soil, wherein at least 9.1E+O2 CFU of the microorganisms are applied per square meter of soil. In some embodiments, the soil comprises silicate minerals. In some embodiments, approximately 900 CFU to approximately 9,000,000,000 CFU of the microorganisms are applied per square meter of soil. In some implementation schemes, approximately 900 CFU to approximately 9,000 CFU per square meter of soil are applied. Approximately 9,000 CFU to approximately 9,000,000 CFU, approximately 90,000 CFU to approximately 900,000 CFU, approximately 90,000 CFU to approximately 900,000 CFU, approximately 90,000 CFU to approximately 900,000 CFU, approximately 90,000 CFU to approximately 90,000,000 CFU, approximately 90,000 CFU to approximately 900,000,000 CFU, approximately 90 ...,000 CFU, approximately 900,000,000 CFU, approximately 900,000,000 CFU, approximately 900,000,000,000 CFU, approximately 900,000,000,000 CFU, approximately 900,000,000,000 CFU, approximately 900,000,000,000,000 CFU, approximately 900,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 The aforementioned microorganisms comprising approximately 9,000,000,000 CFU, approximately 9,000,000 CFU to approximately 90,000,000 CFU, approximately 9,000,000 CFU to approximately 900,000,000 CFU, approximately 9,000,000 CFU to approximately 9,000,000,000 CFU, approximately 90,000,000 CFU to approximately 900,000,000 CFU, or approximately 900,000,000 CFU to approximately 9,000,000,000 CFU.In some embodiments, approximately 900 CFU, approximately 9,000 CFU, approximately 90,000 CFU, approximately 900,000 CFU, approximately 9,000,000 CFU, approximately 90,000,000 CFU, approximately 900,000,000 CFU, or approximately 9,000,000,000 CFU per square meter of soil are applied. In some embodiments, at least approximately 900 CFU, approximately 9,000 CFU, approximately 90,000 CFU, approximately 900,000 CFU, approximately 9,000,000 CFU, or approximately 900,000,000 CFU per square meter of soil are applied. In some implementations, up to about 9,000 CFU, about 90,000 CFU, about 900,000 CFU, about 9,000,000 CFU, about 90,000,000 CFU, about 900,000,000 CFU, or about 9,000,000,000 CFU per square meter of soil are applied.

[0104] In some embodiments, the microorganism (e.g., a microbial community) comprises bacteria, archaea, fungi, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises one species of the microorganism. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises more than one species of the microorganism (e.g., a microbial community (e.g., a community of bacterial strains)).

[0105] In some aspects, this document provides a method for carbon sequestration, the method comprising: applying a preparation containing microorganisms to soil containing endogenous silicate minerals. In some embodiments, at least 1.0E+02 CFU of microorganisms are present per gram of said silicate mineral. In some embodiments, said silicate minerals belong to isolated island silicates, multi-island silicates, cyclic silicates, chain silicates, layered silicates, framework silicates, or combinations thereof.

[0106] In some aspects, this document discloses a method for carbon sequestration, the method comprising: applying silicate minerals to soil, and applying a preparation comprising microorganisms, the soil, or a combination thereof to the silicate minerals. In some embodiments, the silicate minerals are isolated island silicates, multi-island silicates, cyclic silicates, chain silicates, layered silicates, framework silicates, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the method comprises applying the preparation to the silicate minerals and then applying the silicate minerals to the soil.

[0107] In some embodiments, at least 1.0E+02 CFU of microorganisms are present per gram of the silicate mineral. In some embodiments, about 50 CFU to about 500 CFU of microorganisms are present per gram of the silicate mineral. In some embodiments, each gram of the silicate mineral contains approximately 50 CFU to approximately 100 CFU, approximately 50 CFU to approximately 150 CFU, approximately 50 CFU to approximately 200 CFU, approximately 50 CFU to approximately 250 CFU, approximately 50 CFU to approximately 300 CFU, approximately 50 CFU to approximately 400 CFU, approximately 50 CFU to approximately 500 CFU, approximately 100 CFU to approximately 150 CFU, approximately 100 CFU to approximately 200 CFU, approximately 100 CFU to approximately 250 CFU, approximately 100 CFU to approximately 300 CFU, approximately 100 CFU to approximately 400 CFU, approximately 100 CFU to approximately 500 CFU, approximately 150 CFU to approximately 200 CFU, approximately 150 CFU to approximately 250 CFU, approximately 150 CFU to approximately 300 CFU, approximately 150 CFU to approximately 400 CFU, approximately 150 CFU to approximately 500 CFU, approximately 200 CFU, etc. Microorganisms present in amounts ranging from approximately 250 CFU to approximately 200 CFU to approximately 300 CFU, approximately 200 CFU to approximately 400 CFU, approximately 200 CFU to approximately 500 CFU, approximately 250 CFU to approximately 300 CFU, approximately 250 CFU to approximately 400 CFU, approximately 250 CFU to approximately 500 CFU, approximately 300 CFU to approximately 400 CFU, approximately 300 CFU to approximately 500 CFU, or approximately 400 CFU to approximately 500 CFU. In some embodiments, microorganisms are present in amounts ranging from approximately 50 CFU to approximately 100 CFU, approximately 150 CFU, approximately 200 CFU, approximately 250 CFU, approximately 300 CFU, approximately 400 CFU, or approximately 500 CFU per gram of the silicate mineral. In some embodiments, each gram of the silicate mineral contains at least about 50 CFU, about 100 CFU, about 150 CFU, about 200 CFU, about 250 CFU, about 300 CFU, or about 400 CFU of microorganisms. In some embodiments, each gram of the silicate mineral contains at most about 100 CFU, about 150 CFU, about 200 CFU, about 250 CFU, about 300 CFU, about 400 CFU, or about 500 CFU of microorganisms.

[0108] In some aspects, this document discloses a method for carbon sequestration, the method comprising: applying a preparation containing microorganisms to silicate minerals; wherein the weathering rate of the silicate minerals is increased compared to the weathering rate of naturally occurring silicate minerals; or, the weathering rate of the silicate minerals is increased compared to the weathering rate of silicate minerals obtained by applying a corresponding preparation not containing microorganisms. In some embodiments, the weathering rate of the silicate minerals is at least about 10 mmol / kg soil. In some embodiments, the weathering rate of the silicate minerals is at least about 15 mmol / kg soil, at least about 20 mmol / kg soil, or at least about 25 mmol / kg soil.

[0109] In some embodiments, the weathering rate of silicate minerals is increased by at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 50%, at least about 90% (e.g., at least 97.7%), at least about 100%, at least about 200%, or at least about 500% compared to a corresponding method of applying a formulation not containing the microorganisms. In some embodiments, the weathering rate of silicate minerals is increased by at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 50%, at least about 100%, at least about 200%, at least about 500%, or at least about 600% compared to a baseline (e.g., before applying a formulation containing the microorganisms).

[0110] In some embodiments, the weathering rate of silicate minerals is increased by at least about 2 times compared to a corresponding method of applying a formulation that does not contain the said microorganism. In some embodiments, the weathering rate of silicate minerals is increased by at least about 3 times, at least about 4 times, at least about 5 times, or at least about 6 times compared to a corresponding method of applying a formulation that does not contain the said microorganism (e.g., compared to a formulation that does not contain the S3C23 strain). In some embodiments, the weathering rate of silicate minerals is increased by at least about 2 times compared to a baseline. In some embodiments, the weathering rate of silicate minerals is increased by at least about 3 times, at least about 4 times, at least about 5 times, or at least about 6 times compared to a baseline.

[0111] In some aspects, this document discloses a method for carbon sequestration, wherein the method comprises: applying a preparation containing microorganisms to silicate minerals; and wherein the application sequesters more carbon or sequesters carbon faster than the rate of naturally occurring carbon sequestration; or, the application sequesters more carbon or sequesters carbon faster than a corresponding preparation without microorganisms. In some embodiments, the soil contains the silicate minerals. In some embodiments, the silicate minerals are naturally present in the soil. In some embodiments, the method comprises applying the silicate minerals to the soil.

[0112] In some embodiments, the formulation is a solution. In some embodiments, the formulation is an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises microbial secretions.

[0113] In some embodiments, the soil comprises silicate minerals. In some embodiments, the silicate minerals are naturally present in the soil. In some embodiments, the method comprises applying silicate minerals to the soil. In some embodiments, a certain amount of soil comprises a certain amount of silicate minerals. In some embodiments, the silicate minerals are isolated island silicates, multi-island silicates, cyclic silicates, chain silicates, layered silicates, framework silicates, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the silicate minerals comprise feldspar, olivine, wollastonite, andesite, basalt, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is olivine. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is wollastonite. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is andesite. In some embodiments, the silicate minerals are contained in basalt (e.g., basaltic rock). In some embodiments, the silicate minerals are contained in basaltic rock. In some embodiments, the silicate minerals are present in fly ash, red mud, slag, cement kiln ash, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the basalt comprises feldspar. In some embodiments, the basalt comprises calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the basalt comprises about 2% to 18.1% calcium and about 1.5% to 13.9% magnesium.

[0114] In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is feldspar. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises plagioclase, alkali feldspar, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises albite, calcium feldspar, alkali feldspar, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises alkali feldspar. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises calcium feldspar. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises austenite. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises both albite and calcium feldspar. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 70% to about 90% albite. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 80% to about 90% albite. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 80% to about 90% albite. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 10% to about 30% calcium feldspar. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 20% to about 30% calcium feldspar. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 10% to about 10% calcium feldspar. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 70% to about 90% sodium feldspar and about 10% to about 30% calcium feldspar.

[0115] In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is albite. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is austenite. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is andesine. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is labradorite. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is plagioclase. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is anisoclase. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is sansine. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is orthoclase. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is microcline. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises albite, plagioclase, alkali feldspar, austenite, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 80% albite and about 20% plagioclase. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 70% albite and about 30% plagioclase. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 75% albite and about 25% plagioclase. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 85% sodium feldspar and about 15% calcium feldspar. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 90% sodium feldspar and about 10% calcium feldspar.

[0116] In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises potassium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises at least about 0.1% potassium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises at least about 0.3% potassium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises at least about 0.5% potassium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises at least about 0.1% potassium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises 0-20% potassium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises about 1% to about 20% potassium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises about 5% to about 20% potassium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises about 10% to about 20% potassium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises about 1% to about 5% potassium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises about 1% to about 10% potassium feldspar.

[0117] In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises sodium-calcium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises sodium-calcium feldspar and potassium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises at least about 0.1% sodium-calcium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises at least about 0.3% sodium-calcium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises at least about 0.5% sodium-calcium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises at least about 0.1% sodium-calcium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises 0% to about 20% sodium-calcium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises about 1% to about 20% sodium-calcium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises about 5% to about 20% sodium-calcium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises about 10% to about 20% sodium-calcium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises about 1% to about 5% sodium-calcium feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises about 1% to about 10% sodium-calcium feldspar.

[0118] In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises quartz. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises sodium-calcium feldspar, potassium feldspar, and quartz. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises at least about 0.1% quartz. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises at least about 0.5% quartz. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises at least about 1% quartz. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises at least about 5% quartz. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises at least about 10% quartz. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises at least about 20% quartz. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises at least about 30% quartz. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises at least about 40% quartz. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises at least about 50% quartz. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises at least about 40% quartz. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises from 0% to about 60% quartz. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises about 1% to about 60% quartz. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises about 10% to about 60% quartz. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises about 20% to about 60% quartz. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises about 30% to about 60% quartz. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises about 40% to about 60% quartz. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises about 50% to about 60% quartz.

[0119] In some embodiments, the application increases the dynamic change of the basic cation minerals compared to the application of a corresponding formulation that does not contain microorganisms (e.g., a formulation containing different microorganisms or a formulation that does not contain said microorganisms). In some embodiments, the dynamic change of the basic cations includes the dynamic change of exchangeable calcium. In some embodiments, the dynamic increase of basic cation calcium is at least 100 ppm (e.g., compared to a corresponding formulation that does not contain microorganisms). In some embodiments, the dynamic increase of basic cation calcium is from about 50 ppm to about 100 ppm. In some embodiments, the dynamic increase of basic cation calcium is from about 100 ppm to about 1500 ppm. In some embodiments, the alkaline cation calcium dynamically increases from about 100 ppm to about 200 ppm, from about 100 ppm to about 300 ppm, from about 100 ppm to about 400 ppm, from about 100 ppm to about 500 ppm, from about 100 ppm to about 600 ppm, from about 100 ppm to about 800 ppm, from about 100 ppm to about 1,000 ppm, from about 100 ppm to about 1,500 ppm, from about 200 ppm to about 300 ppm, from about 200 ppm to about 400 ppm, from about 200 ppm to about 500 ppm, from about 200 ppm to about 600 ppm, from about 200 ppm to about 800 ppm, from about 200 ppm to about 1,000 ppm, from about 200 ppm to about 1,500 ppm, from about 300 ppm to about 400 ppm, from about 300 ppm to about 500 ppm, and from about 300 ppm to about 500 ppm. ppm to about 600 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 1000 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1000 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 1000 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 1000 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 1000 ppm, or about 1000 ppm From ppm to approximately 1500 ppm.In some embodiments, the alkaline cation calcium dynamically increases by about 50 ppm, about 100 ppm, about 200 ppm, about 300 ppm, about 400 ppm, about 500 ppm, about 600 ppm, about 800 ppm, about 1000 ppm, or about 1500 ppm. In some embodiments, the alkaline cation calcium dynamically increases by at least about 100 ppm, about 200 ppm, about 300 ppm, about 400 ppm, about 500 ppm, about 600 ppm, about 800 ppm, or about 1000 ppm. In some embodiments, the alkaline cation calcium dynamically increases by at most about 200 ppm, about 300 ppm, about 400 ppm, about 500 ppm, about 600 ppm, about 800 ppm, about 1000 ppm, or about 1500 ppm.

[0120] In some embodiments, the dynamic change of the basic cationic minerals includes the dynamic change of the basic cationic magnesium. In some embodiments, the dynamic increase of the basic cationic magnesium is at least 10 ppm (e.g., compared to a corresponding formulation without microorganisms, or compared to a corresponding formulation containing different microorganisms (e.g., Escherichia coli)). In some embodiments, the dynamic increase of the basic cationic magnesium is from about 5 ppm to about 300 ppm.In some embodiments, the basic cationic magnesium dynamically increases from about 5 ppm to about 10 ppm, from about 5 ppm to about 20 ppm, from about 5 ppm to about 30 ppm, from about 5 ppm to about 40 ppm, from about 5 ppm to about 50 ppm, from about 5 ppm to about 60 ppm, from about 5 ppm to about 80 ppm, from about 5 ppm to about 100 ppm, from about 5 ppm to about 200 ppm, from about 5 ppm to about 300 ppm, from about 10 ppm to about 20 ppm, from about 10 ppm to about 300 ppm, from about 10 ppm to about 40 ppm, from about 10 ppm to about 50 ppm, from about 10 ppm to about 60 ppm, from about 10 ppm to about 80 ppm, from about 10 ppm to about 100 ppm, from about 10 ppm to about 200 ppm, from about 10 ppm to about 300 ppm, from about 20 ppm to about 30 ppm, from about 20 ppm to about 40 ppm, from about 20 ppm to about 50 ppm. ppm, about 20 ppm to about 60 ppm, about 20 ppm to about 80 ppm, about 20 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 20 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 20 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 30 ppm to about 40 ppm, about 30 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 30 ppm to about 60 ppm, about 30 ppm to about 80 ppm, about 30 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 30 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 30 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 40 ppm to about 50 ppm, about 40 ppm to about 60 ppm, about 40 ppm to about 80 ppm, about 40 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 40 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 40 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 60 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 80 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 60 ppm to about 80 ppm, about 60 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 60 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 60 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 80 ppm to about 100 ppm, about 80 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 80 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 300 ppm, or about 200 ppm to about 300 ppm.In some embodiments, the basic cationic magnesium dynamically increases by about 5 ppm, about 10 ppm, about 20 ppm, about 30 ppm, about 40 ppm, about 50 ppm, about 60 ppm, about 80 ppm, about 100 ppm, about 200 ppm, or about 300 ppm. In some embodiments, the basic cationic magnesium dynamically increases by at least about 5 ppm, about 10 ppm, about 20 ppm, about 30 ppm, about 40 ppm, about 50 ppm, about 60 ppm, about 80 ppm, about 100 ppm, or about 200 ppm. In some embodiments, the basic cationic magnesium dynamically increases by at most about 10 ppm, about 20 ppm, about 30 ppm, about 40 ppm, about 50 ppm, about 60 ppm, about 80 ppm, about 100 ppm, about 200 ppm, or about 300 ppm.

[0121] In some embodiments, the dynamic change of the basic cation minerals includes a dynamic change of the basic cation potassium. In some embodiments, the dynamic increase of the basic cation potassium is at least 4 ppm (e.g., compared to a corresponding formulation without microorganisms, or compared to a corresponding formulation containing different microorganisms). In some embodiments, the dynamic increase of the basic cation potassium is from about 2 ppm to about 30 ppm. In some embodiments, the alkaline potassium cation dynamically increases from about 2 ppm to about 3 ppm, from about 2 ppm to about 4 ppm, from about 2 ppm to about 5 ppm, from about 2 ppm to about 7 ppm, from about 2 ppm to about 10 ppm, from about 2 ppm to about 15 ppm, from about 2 ppm to about 20 ppm, from about 2 ppm to about 30 ppm, from about 3 ppm to about 4 ppm, from about 3 ppm to about 5 ppm, from about 3 ppm to about 7 ppm, from about 3 ppm to about 10 ppm, from about 3 ppm to about 15 ppm, from about 3 ppm to about 20 ppm, from about 3 ppm to about 30 ppm, from about 4 ppm to about 5 ppm, from about 4 ppm to about 7 ppm, from about 4 ppm to about 10 ppm, from about 4 ppm to about 15 ppm, from about 4 ppm to about 20 ppm, from about 4 ppm to about 30 ppm, from about 5 ppm to about 7 ppm, from about 5 ppm to about 10 ppm, from about 5 ppm to about 15 ppm, from about 5 ppm to about 20 ppm. ppm, about 5 ppm to about 30 ppm, about 7 ppm to about 10 ppm, about 7 ppm to about 15 ppm, about 7 ppm to about 20 ppm, about 7 ppm to about 30 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 15 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 20 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 30 ppm, about 15 ppm to about 20 ppm, about 15 ppm to about 30 ppm, or about 20 ppm to about 30 ppm. In some embodiments, the basic potassium cation dynamically increases by about 2 ppm, about 3 ppm, about 4 ppm, about 5 ppm, about 7 ppm, about 10 ppm, about 15 ppm, about 20 ppm, or about 30 ppm. In some embodiments, the basic potassium cation dynamically increases by at least about 2 ppm, about 3 ppm, about 4 ppm, about 5 ppm, about 7 ppm, about 10 ppm, about 15 ppm, or about 20 ppm. In some embodiments, the alkaline potassium cation is dynamically increased to a maximum of about 3 ppm, about 4 ppm, about 5 ppm, about 7 ppm, about 10 ppm, about 15 ppm, about 20 ppm, or about 30 ppm.

[0122] In some embodiments, the dynamic change of the alkaline cation minerals includes a dynamic change of the alkaline cation sodium. In some embodiments, the alkaline cation sodium dynamically increases by at least 1 ppm (e.g., compared to a corresponding formulation without microorganisms, or compared to a corresponding formulation containing different microorganisms (e.g., Escherichia coli)). In some embodiments, the alkaline cation sodium dynamically increases by about 1 ppm to about 12 ppm. In some embodiments, the alkaline sodium cation dynamically increases from about 1 ppm to about 2 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 3 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 4 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 5 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 6 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 7 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 8 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 9 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 10 ppm, from about 1 ppm to about 12 ppm, from about 2 ppm to about 3 ppm, from about 2 ppm to about 4 ppm, from about 2 ppm to about 5 ppm, from about 2 ppm to about 6 ppm, from about 2 ppm to about 7 ppm, from about 2 ppm to about 8 ppm, from about 2 ppm to about 9 ppm, from about 2 ppm to about 10 ppm, from about 2 ppm to about 12 ppm, from about 3 ppm to about 4 ppm, from about 3 ppm to about 5 ppm, from about 3 ppm to about 6 ppm, from about 3 ppm to about 7 ppm, from about 3 ppm to about 8 ppm, from about 3 ppm to about 9 ppm, from about 3 ppm to about 10 ppm. ppm, about 3 ppm to about 12 ppm, about 4 ppm to about 5 ppm, about 4 ppm to about 6 ppm, about 4 ppm to about 7 ppm, about 4 ppm to about 8 ppm, about 4 ppm to about 9 ppm, about 4 ppm to about 10 ppm, about 4 ppm to about 12 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 6 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 7 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 8 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 9 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 10 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 12 ppm, about 6 ppm to about 7 ppm, about 6 ppm to about 8 ppm, about 6 ppm to about 9 ppm, about 6 ppm to about 10 ppm, about 6 ppm to about 12 ppm, about 7 ppm to about 8 ppm, about 7 ppm to about 9 ppm, about 7 ppm to about 10 ppm, about 7 ppm to about 12 ppm, about 8 ppm to about 9 ppm, about 8 ppm to about 10 ppm, about 8 ppm to about 12 ppm ppm, about 9 ppm to about 10 ppm, about 9 ppm to about 12 ppm, or about 10 ppm to about 12 ppm.In some embodiments, the basic sodium cation dynamically increases by about 1 ppm, about 2 ppm, about 3 ppm, about 4 ppm, about 5 ppm, about 6 ppm, about 7 ppm, about 8 ppm, about 9 ppm, about 10 ppm, or about 12 ppm. In some embodiments, the basic sodium cation dynamically increases by at least about 1 ppm, about 2 ppm, about 3 ppm, about 4 ppm, about 5 ppm, about 6 ppm, about 7 ppm, about 8 ppm, about 9 ppm, or about 10 ppm. In some embodiments, the basic sodium cation dynamically increases by at most about 2 ppm, about 3 ppm, about 4 ppm, about 5 ppm, about 6 ppm, about 7 ppm, about 8 ppm, about 9 ppm, about 10 ppm, or about 12 ppm.

[0123] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, archaea, fungi, or any combination thereof) present at at least about 1.0E+5 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises microorganisms present at at least about 1.0E+7 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises microorganisms present at at least about 1.0E+8 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises microorganisms present at at least about 1.0E+9 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises microorganisms present at at least about 1.0E+10 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises microorganisms present at about 10,000 CFU / mL to about 5,000,000 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises approximately 10,000 CFU / mL to approximately 50,000 CFU / mL, approximately 10,000 CFU / mL to approximately 100,000 CFU / mL, approximately 10,000 CFU / mL to approximately 500,000 CFU / mL, approximately 10,000 CFU / mL to approximately 1,000,000 CFU / mL, approximately 10,000 CFU / mL to approximately 5,000,000 CFU / mL, approximately 50,000 CFU / mL to approximately 100,000 CFU / mL, approximately 50,000 CFU / mL to approximately 500,000 CFU / mL, approximately 50,000 CFU / mL to approximately 1,000,000 CFU / mL, approximately 50,000 CFU / mL to approximately 5,000,000 CFU / mL, approximately 1 ... Microorganisms present at CFU / mL to about 500,000 CFU / mL, about 100,000 CFU / mL to about 1,000,000 CFU / mL, about 100,000 CFU / mL to about 5,000,000 CFU / mL, about 500,000 CFU / mL to about 1,000,000 CFU / mL, about 500,000 CFU / mL to about 5,000,000 CFU / mL, or about 1,000,000 CFU / mL to about 5,000,000 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises microorganisms present at about 10,000 CFU / mL, about 50,000 CFU / mL, about 100,000 CFU / mL, about 500,000 CFU / mL, about 1,000,000 CFU / mL, or about 5,000,000 CFU / mL.In some embodiments, the formulation comprises microorganisms present at at least about 10,000 CFU / mL, about 50,000 CFU / mL, about 100,000 CFU / mL, about 500,000 CFU / mL, or about 1,000,000 CFU / mL. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises microorganisms present at up to about 50,000 CFU / mL, about 100,000 CFU / mL, about 500,000 CFU / mL, about 1,000,000 CFU / mL, or about 5,000,000 CFU / mL.

[0124] In some embodiments, the formulation comprises microorganisms (e.g., fungi) present at at least about 1.0E+2 CFU / g. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises microorganisms (e.g., fungi) present at at least about 1.0E+3 CFU / g. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises microorganisms (e.g., fungi) present at at least about 1.0E+4 CFU / g. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises microorganisms (e.g., fungi) present at at least about 1.0E+5 CFU / g. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises microorganisms (e.g., bacteria) present at at least about 1.0E+6 CFU / g. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises microorganisms present at about 100,000 CFU / g to about 50,000,000 CFU / g. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises approximately 100,000 CFU / g to approximately 500,000 CFU / g, approximately 100,000 CFU / g to approximately 1,000,000 CFU / g, approximately 100,000 CFU / g to approximately 5,000,000 CFU / g, approximately 100,000 CFU / g to approximately 10,000,000 CFU / g, approximately 100,000 CFU / g to approximately 50,000,000 CFU / g, approximately 500,000 CFU / g to approximately 1,000,000 CFU / g, approximately 500,000 CFU / g to approximately 5,000,000 CFU / g, approximately 500,000 CFU / g to approximately 10 ... Microorganisms ranging from approximately 50,000,000 CFU / g to approximately 5,000,000 CFU / g, approximately 1,000,000 CFU / g to approximately 5,000,000 CFU / g, approximately 1,000,000 CFU / g to approximately 10,000,000 CFU / g, approximately 1,000,000 CFU / g to approximately 50,000,000 CFU / g, approximately 5,000,000 CFU / g to approximately 10,000,000 CFU / g, approximately 5,000,000 CFU / g to approximately 50,000,000 CFU / g, or approximately 10,000,000 CFU / g to approximately 50,000,000 CFU / g. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises microorganisms present at concentrations of about 100,000 CFU / g, about 500,000 CFU / g, about 1,000,000 CFU / g, about 5,000,000 CFU / g, about 10,000,000 CFU / g, or about 50,000,000 CFU / g.In some embodiments, the formulation comprises microorganisms present at a concentration of at least about 100,000 CFU / g, about 500,000 CFU / g, about 1,000,000 CFU / g, about 5,000,000 CFU / g, or about 10,000,000 CFU / g. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises microorganisms present at a concentration of at most about 500,000 CFU / g, about 1,000,000 CFU / g, about 5,000,000 CFU / g, about 10,000,000 CFU / g, or about 50,000,000 CFU / g.

[0125] In some embodiments, the formulation is a liquid. In some embodiments, the formulation is a powder. In some embodiments, the formulation is a reconstituted powder. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises microorganisms and their secretions.

[0126] In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises bacteria, archaea, fungi, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises bacteria. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises one bacterial strain. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises more than one bacterial strain. In some embodiments, the bacteria comprise a bacterial community. In some embodiments, the bacteria comprise the genus *Bacillus*. In some embodiments, the bacteria comprise a species of the genus *Bacillus*. In some embodiments, the species of *Bacillus* comprises *Bacillus subtilis* (e.g., a *Bacillus subtilis* strain). In some embodiments, the *Bacillus subtilis* species comprises *Bacillus subtilis* S3C23. In some embodiments, the *Bacillus subtilis* species comprises *Bacillus subtilis* MP2.

[0127] In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises the fungus. In some embodiments, the fungus comprises Ascomycetes. In some embodiments, the microorganism is selected from the genus Acetobacter. Acetonema sp. Actinomycetes ( Actinomyces sp. ), Alkali Bacillus spp. Alkalibacillus sp. ), Ammoniaphila ( Ammoniphilus sp. ), Bacillus amphibians ( Amphibacillus sp. ), Anaerobic Bacillus spp. Anaerobacter sp. ), Anaerobic spores ( Anaerospora sp. ), Thiamine Bacillus spp. Aneurinibacillus sp. ), Anaerobic Bacillus spp. ( Anoxybacillus sp. ), Azospirobacter spp. Azospirillum sp. ), Bacillus spp. ( Bacillus sp. ), Slow-growing rhizobia ( Bradyrhizobium sp. ), Bacillus brevis ( Brevibacillus sp. ), genus *Heat-Aerobic Bacillus* Caldanaerobacter sp. ), thermophilic fungi ( Caloramator sp. ), Small diameter bacteria ( Caminicella sp. ), Bacillus spp. ( Cerasibacillus sp. ), *Aspergillus spiralis* ( Clonostachys sp. Clostridium ( Clostridium sp. ), salina anaerobic Clostridium ( Clostridium difficile sp. ), Cohenella spp. Cohnella sp. ), Coxs' body ( Coxiella sp. ), genus *Dendrobium* Dendrosporobacter sp. ), Desulfurized Enterobacteriaceae ( Desulfotomaculum sp. ), Desulfospora ( Desulfosporumusa sp. ), Desulfurized Campylobacter spp. ( Desulfosporosinus sp. ), Desulfurization chain bacteria ( Desulfovirgula sp. ), Desulfomonas spp. Desulfunispora sp. ), Desulfuric sporogenes ( Desulfurispora sp. ), genus *Cymbidium* ( Ensifer sp. ), Filamentous fungi ( Filifactor sp. ), filamentous Bacillus ( Filobacillus sp. ), genus Gryllus ( Gelria sp. ), Bacillus spp. Geobacillus sp. ), genus Geosporum ( Geosporobacter sp. ), Bacillus spp. ( Gracilibacillus sp. ), Haloxylon ammodendron ( Halobacillus sp. ), Bacillus salina ( Halonatron sp. ), Helicobacter spp. Heliobacterium sp. ), genus *Pseudomonas* Heliophilum sp. ), Klebsiella spp. Klebsiella sp. ), Cossacella ( Kosakonia sp. ), Reissella spp. Laceyella sp. ), Bacillus spp. ( Lentibacillus sp. ), Leptodontium Species, Bacillus lysine ( Lysinibacillus sp. Mahera ( ) Mahela sp. Metabolic bacteria () Metabacterium sp. ), *Aspergillus spiralis* ( Metarhizium sp. ), Mullerella spp. Moorella sp. ), halophilic alkali bacteria ( Natroniella sp. ), Bacillus spp. ( Oceanobacillus sp. ), salanaerobic bacteria ( Orenia sp. Ornithine Bacillus ( ) Ornithinibacillus sp. ), spp. of oxalicum Oxalophagus sp. ), Oxybacterium ( Oxobacter sp. ), Bacillus spp. ( Paenibacillus sp. Pantotheca ( ) Pantoea sp. ), *Lactobacillus parasiticus* Paraliobacillus sp. ), Penicillium genus ( Penicillium sp. ), genus *Sphaerocephala* ( Pelospora sp. ), Mudfelium ( Pelotomaculum sp. ), Bacillus spp. ( Piscibacillus sp. ), genus *Plateleteum* Flat file sp. ), Bacillus spp. ( Pontibacillus sp. ), Propionibacterium spp. Propionispora sp. ), Pseudomonas spp. Pseudomonas sp. ), Bacillus spp. Salinibacillus sp. ), Haloxylon ammodendron ( Salsuginibacillus sp. ), genus Senegal ( Seinonella sp. ), Shimadzuri ( Shimazuella sp. ), *Rhizobium sinense* ( Sinorhizobium sp. Acetobacter spp. Sporacetigenium sp. ), Sporogenic anaerobic bacteria ( Sporoanaerobacter sp. ), Bacillus spp. Sporobacter sp. ), Sporogenes ( Sporobacterium sp. ), spp. of *Salmonella* Sporohalobacter sp. Lactobacillus spp. Sporolactobacillus sp. ), genus *Rhizopus* ( Sporomusa sp. ), genus *Dystrophus* Sporosarcina sp. ), Sporocystis ( ) Sporotalea sp. ), genus *Pseudomonas* Sporotomaculum sp. ), Syntrophomonas spp. Syntrophomonas sp. ), Alternaria ( Syntrophospora sp. ), Bacillus spp. ( Tenuibacillus sp. ), Microthermobium spp. Tepidibacter sp. ), Bacillus genus ( Terribacillus sp. ), Deep-sea Bacillus spp. ( Thalassobacillus sp. ), genus *Acetobacter* ( Thermoacetogenium sp. ), thermophilic actinomycetes ( Thermoactinomyces sp. ), Bacillus thermophilus ( Thermoalkalibacillus sp. ), genus *Heat-Aerobic Bacillus* Thermoanaerobacter sp. ), Thermoanaerobic Monotrophs ( Thermoanaeromonas sp. ), Bacillus thermophilus ( Thermobacillus sp. ), Thermoflavinus genus ( Thermoflavimicrobium sp. ), Thermosynthesis ( Thermovenabulum sp. ), Bacillus spp. ( Tuberibacillus sp. ), Mycobacterium spp. ( Virgibacillus sp. ), Bacillus volcanicus ( Vulcanobacillus sp. ) and Flavobacterium genus ( XanthobacterIn some embodiments, the microorganism comprises autotrophic flavobacterium (Flavobacterium tumefaciens). Xanthobacter autotrophicus 7C. In some embodiments, the microorganism is selected from: Acetobacter, Actinomycetes, Bacillus, Chlorella (… Chryseobacterium sp. ), Coxella spp., Cypriniformes spp., Bacillus glutamate spp. Glutamicibacter sp. Microbacteria ( Microbacterium sp. ) or Serratia spp. ( Serratia sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is *Acetobacter*. In some embodiments, the microorganism is *Actinomyces*. In some embodiments, the microorganism is *Bacillus*. In some embodiments, the microorganism is *Aureobacter*. In some embodiments, the microorganism is *Cochliobolus*. In some embodiments, the microorganism is *Cyclophorus*. In some embodiments, the microorganism is *Glutamica*. In some embodiments, the microorganism is *Microbacterium*. In some embodiments, the microorganism is *Pantospira*. In some embodiments, the microorganism is *Serratia*. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore of any of the aforementioned microorganisms.

[0128] In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises: Acetobacter acetobacter ( Acetobacter cerevisiae ), Azotobacter brasiliensis ( Azospirillum brasilense ), Bacillus subtilis ( Bacillus aquimaris Bacillus cucumberis ( Cucumber Bacillus ), Endophytic Bacillus ( Endophytic Bacillus ), Bacillus pumilus ( Bacillus pumilus ), Bacillus megaterium ( Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus Nakamura ( Bacillus nakamurai Bacillus subtilis ( Bacillus subtilis Bacillus thuringiensis, Lactobacillus ( Chryseobacterium lactis ), rose-colored spiral polyspora ( Clonostachys rosea ), Angiophyton floccosum ( Sticking stick ), Alila glutamate ( Glutamicibacter arilaitensis ), Halophilic plant glutamate bacillus ( Glutamicibacter halophyte Sacchariformis ( Kosakonia sacchari ), Leptodontidium orchidicola Metarhizium anisopliae ( ) Metarhizium brown ), Microbacterium chocolate ( Microbacterium chocolatum ), Microbes janis ( Microbacterium yannicii ), Pantothecinus scallionus ( Garlic Pantoea ), Penicillium barometz ( Penicillium bilaia Serratia marcescens ( ), Serratia marcescens ), Serratia urealyticum ( Serratia ureilyticaThe microorganisms include: *Acetobacter acetiferae*, *Bacillus cucumberii*, *Bacillus endophyticus*, *Bacillus megaterium*, *Bacillus nakamura*, *Bacillus subtilis*, *Lactobacillus lactis*, *Strombus tarda*, *Strombus sphaeroides*, *Strombus sphaeroides*, *Bacillus halophilus*, *Microbacterium chocolate*, *Pantotheca allis*, or *Serratia marcescens*. In some embodiments, the microorganisms include *Acetobacter acetiferae*. In some embodiments, the microorganisms include *Bacillus cucumberii*. In some embodiments, the microorganisms include endophytic bacilli. In some embodiments, the microorganisms include *Bacillus megaterium*. In some embodiments, the microorganisms include *Bacillus subtilis*. In some embodiments, the microorganisms include *Lactobacillus lactis*. In some embodiments, the microorganisms include *Strombus tarda*. In some embodiments, the microorganisms include *Strombus tarda*. In some embodiments, the microorganisms include *Bacillus halophilus*. In some embodiments, the microorganisms include *Microbacterium chocolate*. In some embodiments, the microorganisms include *Pantotheca allis*. In some embodiments, the microorganisms include *Pantotheca allis* 17B. In some embodiments, the microorganisms include *Serratia marcescens*. In some embodiments, the microorganisms include *Penicillium belladonna*. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises *Cossacchariformis* SP1. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises *Penicillium baicalensis*. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises *Polyspora rosea*. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises... Leptodontidium orchidicola In some embodiments, the microorganisms include Leptodontidium orchidicola Strain F89. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises *Metarhizium anisopliae*. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises *Bacillus subtilis* S3C23, *Bacillus subtilis* N10, *Bacillus subtilis* MP2, *Bacillus thuringiensis* NRS-996, *Bacillus aquatilis*, *Bacillus pumilus* N40, *Azotobacter brasiliensis* Sp7, *Agropyron cristatum*, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* 10B, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* 17A, *Pantheraquinone* 17B, *Flavobacterium autotrophum* 7C, *Klebsiella* strain 365, *Cossella sacchariformis* SP1, *Klebsiella* strain 288, *Klebsiella* strain 296, *Polyspora rosea*, L. orchidicola F89, *Metarhizium anisopliae*, *Penicillium baicalensis*, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises *Bacillus subtilis* strains, *Bacillus thuringiensis* strains, *Bacillus marineii* strains, *Bacillus pumilus* strains, *Azotobacter brasiliensis* strains, *Agropyron cristatum* strains, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* strains, *Pseudomonas* spp. strains, *Pantheraea* spp. strains, *Flavobacterium autotrophum* strains, *Klebsiella* spp. strains, *Cossella sacchariformis* strains, *Polyspora rosea* strains. L. orchidicola Strains, Metarhizium anisopliae strains, Penicillium baicalensis strains, or any combination thereof.

[0129] In some implementations, the microorganism is an endospore of any of the aforementioned microorganisms.

[0130] In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore-forming bacterium. In some embodiments, the endospore-forming bacterium is from the genus *Bacillus*. In some embodiments, the endospore-forming bacterium is from the genus *Bacillus*. In some embodiments, the endospore-forming bacterium includes *Bacillus cucumberensis*, *Bacillus endospore*, *Bacillus megaterium*, and *Bacillus nakamura*. Bacillus nakamurai Or Bacillus subtilis. In some embodiments, the endospore-forming bacteria comprises Bacillus cucumberii, Bacillus endophyticus, Bacillus megaterium, or Bacillus subtilis. In some embodiments, the endospore-forming bacteria comprises Bacillus cucumberii. In some embodiments, the endospore-forming bacteria comprises Bacillus megaterium. In some embodiments, the endospore-forming bacteria comprises Bacillus nakamura. In some embodiments, the endospore-forming bacteria comprises Bacillus subtilis. In some embodiments, the endospore-forming bacteria comprises Bacillus endophyticus. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore of any of the aforementioned microorganisms.

[0131] In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore. In some embodiments, the endospore is derived from the genus *Bacillus*. In some embodiments, the endospore is *Bacillus*. In some embodiments, the endospore comprises *Bacillus cucumberii*, *Bacillus endophyticus*, *Bacillus megaterium*, *Bacillus nakamura*, or *Bacillus subtilis*. In some embodiments, the endospore comprises *Bacillus cucumberii*. In some embodiments, the endospore comprises *Bacillus megaterium*. In some embodiments, the endospore comprises *Bacillus nakamura*. In some embodiments, the endospore comprises *Bacillus subtilis*. In some embodiments, the endospore comprises *Bacillus endophyticus*.

[0132] In some embodiments, the method further includes applying the formulation to plants, plant seeds, or derivatives thereof, and culturing the plants or derivatives thereof in the soil. In some embodiments, the method further includes applying the formulation to plants. In some embodiments, the method further includes applying the formulation to plant seeds. In some embodiments, applying the formulation to plant seeds occurs before applying the formulation to the soil. In some embodiments, applying the formulation to plant seeds occurs before applying the plant seeds to the soil. In some embodiments, applying the formulation to plant seeds occurs after applying the plant seeds to the soil.

[0133] Soil properties (e.g., variations or contents of cationic or silicate minerals) can be measured up to 12 inches below the soil surface. For example, soil samples can be obtained from an area 12 inches below the soil surface exposed to the atmosphere.

[0134] In some embodiments, the soil naturally contains silicate minerals (e.g., present in a specific amount or proportion). In some embodiments, the method includes applying silicate minerals to the soil. In some embodiments, the formulation is applied to the plant, plant seed, or derivative thereof, and the plant or derivative thereof is cultured in the soil before the formulation is applied. In some embodiments, the formulation is applied to the plant, plant seed, or derivative thereof before the plant, plant seed, or derivative thereof is applied to the soil. In some embodiments, the formulation is applied to the plant, plant seed, or derivative thereof after the plant, plant seed, or derivative thereof is applied to the soil. In some embodiments, when the formulation is applied to the silicate minerals, no plant or part thereof (e.g., plant seed) is involved. In some embodiments, the formulation is applied to the soil (e.g., soil containing silicate minerals) where the soil does not contain any plant or part thereof (e.g., plant seed). In some embodiments, the formulation is not applied to the coating of the plant or part thereof. In some embodiments, the formulation is not applied to the plant seed. In some embodiments, the formulation substantially does not coat the plant seed.

[0135] In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises cations. In some embodiments, the application of the formulation increases the content of cations (e.g., basic cations). In some embodiments, the application of the formulation increases the content of cations (e.g., basic cations) compared to a corresponding method of applying a formulation that does not contain the microorganisms. In some embodiments, the cation is a basic cation. In some embodiments, the basic cation comprises a calcium cation. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises calcium, magnesium, potassium, manganese, sodium, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises calcium. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises magnesium. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises potassium. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises manganese. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral comprises sodium.

[0136] In some embodiments, the amount of cations (e.g., calcium cations, magnesium cations, sodium cations, or combinations thereof) (e.g., in the soil) is increased compared to a baseline or compared to a corresponding method of applying a formulation free of the said microorganism. In some embodiments, an increase in cation content is measured at a depth of 12 inches below the soil surface. In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., calcium cation) increases by at least 50 ppm (e.g., compared to a baseline or compared to a corresponding method of applying a formulation free of the said microorganism). In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., calcium cation) increases by at least 100 ppm. In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., calcium cation) increases by at least 150 ppm. In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., calcium cation) increases by at least 200 ppm. In some embodiments, the cation is a soil cation. In some embodiments, the cation is a magnesium cation. In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., magnesium cation) increases by at least 10 ppm (e.g., compared to a baseline or compared to a corresponding method of applying a formulation free of the said microorganism). In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., magnesium cation) increases by at least 20 ppm (e.g., in an area 12 inches below the soil surface). In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., magnesium cation) increases by at least 50 ppm. In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., magnesium cation) increases by at least 100 ppm. In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., sodium cation) increases by at least 1 ppm (e.g., compared to a baseline, or compared to a corresponding method of applying a formulation without the microorganism). In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., sodium cation) increases by at least 4 ppm. In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., sodium cation) increases by at least 10 ppm. In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., sodium cation) increases by at least 20 ppm (e.g., in an area 12 inches below the soil surface). In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., sodium cation) increases by at least 50 ppm. In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., sodium cation) increases by at least 100 ppm.

[0137] In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., potassium cation) increases by at least 4 ppm (e.g., compared to a baseline, or compared to a corresponding method of applying a formulation without the microorganism). In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., potassium cation) increases by at least 10 ppm. In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., potassium cation) increases by at least 20 ppm (e.g., in an area 12 inches below the soil surface). In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., potassium cation) increases by at least 50 ppm. In some embodiments, the cation (e.g., potassium cation) increases by at least 100 ppm.

[0138] In some embodiments, the method includes identifying land or soil that meets or exceeds a threshold. Identification of land or soil can be accomplished using soil samples (e.g., soil samples taken from within 12 inches below the soil or land surface). In some embodiments, the method includes applying a formulation to soil that has been determined to meet or exceed a threshold (e.g., a threshold for the amount or concentration of total cationic silicates or silicate minerals). In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein include surveying the soil. In some embodiments, the method includes surveying the soil (e.g., to determine whether the soil meets or exceeds a threshold) before applying the formulation to silicate minerals or soil. In some embodiments, the soil is surveyed after the formulation is applied. In some embodiments, the amount of total cationic silicates is measured within the top 12 inches of the soil. In some embodiments, the method includes applying the formulation when the amount of total cationic silicates (e.g., mineral silicates) is detected to meet a threshold. In some embodiments, the amount of total cationic silicates has been previously determined or has been determined to be at least about 0.1% (e.g., within 12 inches below the soil surface). In some embodiments, the total amount of cationic silicate has been previously determined or has been determined to be at least about 0.5%. In some embodiments, the total amount of cationic silicate has been previously determined or has been determined to be at least about 1%. In some embodiments, the total amount of cationic silicate has been previously determined or has been determined to be at least about 2%. In some embodiments, the soil contains plants or parts thereof (e.g., plant seeds). In some embodiments, the soil contains plants or parts thereof (e.g., plant seeds) at a depth of at least about 6 inches (e.g., at least about 12 inches, at least about 18 inches, or at least about 24 inches). In some embodiments, the soil does not contain plants or parts thereof (e.g., plant seeds). In some embodiments, the soil does not contain plants or parts thereof (e.g., plant seeds) at a depth of at least about 6 inches (e.g., at least about 12 inches, at least about 18 inches, or at least about 24 inches from the soil surface).

[0139] In some embodiments, the method comprises applying a formulation to soil that has been determined to have reached or exceeded a threshold. In some embodiments, the threshold is the amount or concentration of silicate minerals (e.g., at least one, at least two, at least three, etc. silicate minerals). In some embodiments, the amount or concentration of the silicate minerals is determined within 12 inches below the soil surface. In some embodiments, the amount or concentration of the silicate minerals is determined within 30 centimeters below the soil surface. In some embodiments, the concentration of the silicate minerals in the soil is at least 0.1% w / w (e.g., the ratio of silicate minerals to soil). In some embodiments, the concentration of the silicate minerals present in the soil is at least 0.5% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of the silicate minerals present in the soil is at least 1% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of the silicate minerals present in the soil is at least 1.5% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of the silicate minerals present in the soil is at least 2% w / w. In some embodiments, the concentration of the silicate minerals present in the soil is at least 5% w / w.

[0140] In some embodiments, the microorganism (e.g., bacteria, archaea, fungi, or combinations thereof) lowers the pH of the environment (e.g., soil). In some embodiments, the pH is lowered by at least about 0.1 pH units compared to a corresponding formulation without the microorganism. In some embodiments, the lowering occurs about 20 hours after application.

[0141] In some embodiments, the microorganism raises the pH of the environment (e.g., soil). In some embodiments, the pH increases by at least about 0.1 units compared to a corresponding method of applying a formulation without the microorganism. In some embodiments, the pH increases by at least about 0.5 units compared to a corresponding method of applying a formulation without the microorganism. In some embodiments, the pH increases by at least about 0.75 units compared to a corresponding formulation without the microorganism. In some embodiments, the pH increases by at least about 1 unit compared to a corresponding formulation without the microorganism. In some embodiments, the pH is measured about 120 hours after application of the formulation. In some embodiments, the pH increases by at least about 0.1 units compared to a corresponding formulation without the microorganism.

[0142] In some embodiments, the microorganisms accelerate the weathering of silicate minerals without lowering the ambient pH. In some embodiments, application of a formulation containing the microorganisms maintains the pH of the environment (e.g., soil). In some embodiments, application of a formulation containing the microorganisms maintains the pH of the environment compared to before application. In some embodiments, the pH of the environment (e.g., soil) is not lowered (e.g., throughout the growing season).

[0143] In some embodiments, the pH is measured about 2 days (e.g., 5 days) after application of the formulation. In some embodiments, the pH increases about 7 days after application of the formulation. In some embodiments, the pH increases about 2 weeks after application of the formulation. In some embodiments, the pH is measured at least about 7 days after application of the formulation. In some embodiments, the pH is measured about 9 weeks after application of the formulation. In some embodiments, the pH is measured about 18 weeks after application of the formulation. In some embodiments, the pH is measured from about 7 days to about 18 weeks after application of the formulation. In some embodiments, the pH increases by at least about 1.5 compared to a corresponding formulation without the microorganism. In some embodiments, the increase is measured about 18 weeks after application. In some embodiments, the increase is measured over a period from about 9 weeks to about 22 weeks. In some embodiments, the elevation is measured during approximately 9 to 12 weeks, approximately 9 to 15 weeks, approximately 9 to 18 weeks, approximately 9 to 20 weeks, approximately 9 to 22 weeks, approximately 12 to 15 weeks, approximately 12 to 18 weeks, approximately 12 to 20 weeks, approximately 12 to 22 weeks, approximately 15 to 18 weeks, approximately 15 to 20 weeks, approximately 15 to 22 weeks, approximately 18 to 20 weeks, approximately 18 to 22 weeks, or approximately 20 to 22 weeks. In some embodiments, the elevation is measured at approximately 9 weeks, approximately 12 weeks, approximately 15 weeks, approximately 18 weeks, approximately 20 weeks, or approximately 22 weeks. In some embodiments, the elevation is measured at least at approximately 9 weeks, approximately 12 weeks, approximately 15 weeks, approximately 18 weeks, or approximately 20 weeks. In some embodiments, the elevation is measured at most at approximately 12 weeks, approximately 15 weeks, approximately 18 weeks, approximately 20 weeks, or approximately 22 weeks. In some implementations, the microorganisms first lower the soil pH and then raise the soil pH.

[0144] In some embodiments, the microorganism raises the pH of the environment. The environment may include soil and may be measured within a 12-inch or 6-inch area from the site of application of the formulation. In some embodiments, the environment is soil. In some embodiments, the pH increase is at least about 0.1 compared to a corresponding formulation that does not contain the microorganism. In some embodiments, the pH increase is about 0.1 to about 2 compared to a corresponding formulation that does not contain the microorganism. In some embodiments, compared to a corresponding formulation without said microorganisms, the pH increase is approximately 0.1 to approximately 0.25, approximately 0.1 to approximately 0.5, approximately 0.1 to approximately 0.75, approximately 0.1 to approximately 1, approximately 0.1 to approximately 1.25, approximately 0.1 to approximately 1.5, approximately 0.1 to approximately 1.75, approximately 0.1 to approximately 2, approximately 0.25 to approximately 0.5, approximately 0.25 to approximately 0.75, approximately 0.25 to approximately 1, approximately 0.25 to approximately 1.25, approximately 0.25 to approximately 1.5, approximately 0.25 to approximately 1.75, approximately 0.25 to approximately 2, and approximately 0.5 to approximately 0.7. 5. about 0.5 to about 1, about 0.5 to about 1.25, about 0.5 to about 1.5, about 0.5 to about 1.75, about 0.5 to about 2, about 0.75 to about 1, about 0.75 to about 1.25, about 0.75 to about 1.5, about 0.75 to about 1.75, about 0.75 to about 2, about 1 to about 1.25, about 1 to about 1.5, about 1 to about 1.75, about 1 to about 2, about 1.25 to about 1.5, about 1.25 to about 1.75, about 1.25 to about 2, about 1.5 to about 1.75, about 1.5 to about 2, or about 1.75 to about 2. In some embodiments, the pH increases by about 0.1, about 0.25, about 0.5, about 0.75, about 1, about 1.25, about 1.5, about 1.75, or about 2 compared to a corresponding formulation that does not contain the said microorganism. In some embodiments, the pH increases by at least about 0.1, about 0.25, about 0.5, about 0.75, about 1, about 1.25, about 1.5, or about 1.75 compared to a corresponding formulation without the said microorganism. In some embodiments, the pH increases by at most about 0.25, about 0.5, about 0.75, about 1, about 1.25, about 1.5, about 1.75, or about 2 compared to a corresponding formulation without the said microorganism. After application of the formulation, the pH of the environment may increase (e.g., after about 20 hours, after about 24 hours, after about 48 hours, after about 72 hours, after about 1 week, after about 1 month, after about 2 months, after about 3 months, after about 4 months, etc.).

[0145] In some embodiments, the microorganisms first lower the pH of the environment and then raise the pH of the environment. In some embodiments, the microorganisms lower the pH by about 1. In some embodiments, the microorganisms lower the pH by about 0.1 to about 2. In some embodiments, the microorganisms lower the pH by about 0.1 to about 0.25, about 0.1 to about 0.5, about 0.1 to about 0.75, about 0.1 to about 1, about 0.1 to about 1.25, about 0.1 to about 1.5, about 0.1 to about 1.75, about 0.1 to about 2, about 0.25 to about 0.5, about 0.25 to about 0.75, about 0.25 to about 1, about 0.25 to about 1.25, about 0.25 to about 1.5, about 0.25 to about 1.75, about 0.25 to about 2, about 0.5 to about 0.75, about 0.5 The pH values ​​are approximately 1, 0.5 to 1.25, 0.5 to 1.5, 0.5 to 1.75, 0.5 to 2, 0.75 to 1, 0.75 to 1.25, 0.75 to 1.5, 0.75 to 1.75, 0.75 to 2, 1 to 1.25, 1 to 1.5, 1 to 1.75, 1 to 2, 1.25 to 1.5, 1.25 to 1.75, 1.25 to 2, or 1.75 to 2. In some embodiments, the microorganisms lower the pH by approximately 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, or 2. In some embodiments, the microorganisms lower the pH by at least about 0.1, about 0.25, about 0.5, about 0.75, about 1, about 1.25, about 1.5, or about 1.75. In some embodiments, the microorganisms lower the pH by up to about 0.25, about 0.5, about 0.75, about 1, about 1.25, about 1.5, about 1.75, or about 2.

[0146] In some embodiments, the elevation is measured at approximately 18 weeks. In some embodiments, the elevation is measured at the end of the entire agricultural season. In some embodiments, the elevation is measured during the entire agricultural season. In some embodiments, the entire agricultural season is 18 weeks. In some embodiments, the entire agricultural season is approximately 12 to approximately 22 weeks. In some embodiments, the entire agricultural season is approximately 12 to approximately 15 weeks, approximately 12 to approximately 18 weeks, approximately 12 to approximately 20 weeks, approximately 12 to approximately 22 weeks, approximately 15 to approximately 18 weeks, approximately 15 to approximately 20 weeks, approximately 15 to approximately 22 weeks, approximately 18 to approximately 20 weeks, approximately 18 to approximately 22 weeks, or approximately 20 to approximately 22 weeks. In some embodiments, the entire agricultural season is approximately 12 weeks, approximately 15 weeks, approximately 18 weeks, approximately 20 weeks, or approximately 22 weeks. In some embodiments, the entire agricultural season is at least approximately 12 weeks, approximately 15 weeks, approximately 18 weeks, or approximately 20 weeks. In some embodiments, the entire agricultural season is at most about 15 weeks, about 18 weeks, about 20 weeks, or about 22 weeks. In some embodiments, the rise is measured during about 9 weeks to about 22 weeks. In some embodiments, the rise is measured during about 9 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 9 weeks to about 22 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 14 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 22 weeks, about 14 weeks to about 16 weeks, about 14 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 14 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 14 weeks to about 22 weeks, about 16 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 16 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 16 weeks to about 22 weeks, about 18 weeks to about 20 weeks, about 18 weeks to about 22 weeks, or about 20 weeks to about 22 weeks. In some embodiments, the elevation is measured at approximately 9 weeks, approximately 12 weeks, approximately 14 weeks, approximately 16 weeks, approximately 18 weeks, approximately 20 weeks, or approximately 22 weeks. In some embodiments, the elevation is measured at least at approximately 9 weeks, approximately 12 weeks, approximately 14 weeks, approximately 16 weeks, approximately 18 weeks, or approximately 20 weeks. In some embodiments, the elevation is measured at most at approximately 12 weeks, approximately 14 weeks, approximately 16 weeks, approximately 18 weeks, approximately 20 weeks, or approximately 22 weeks.

[0147] In some embodiments, applying the formulation containing the microorganism increases carbon sequestration (e.g., the amount of carbon sequestrated, the rate of carbon sequestration, or a combination thereof) compared to applying a formulation without the microorganism or to a naturally occurring carbon sequestration process. In some embodiments, the amount of carbon dioxide per hectare per year is increased compared to a baseline. In some embodiments, the amount of carbon dioxide per hectare per year is increased compared to a corresponding method using a formulation without the microorganism. In some embodiments, at least 247 kg of carbon dioxide is sequestered per hectare per year. In some embodiments, at least about 250 kg of carbon dioxide is sequestered per hectare per year. In some embodiments, at least about 500 kg of carbon dioxide is sequestered per hectare per year. In some embodiments, at least about 1 tonne of carbon dioxide is sequestered per hectare per year. In some embodiments, at least about 5 tonnes, at least about 10 tonnes, or at least about 15 tonnes of carbon dioxide are sequestered per hectare per year. In some embodiments, about 247 kg of carbon dioxide is sequestered to about 15 tonnes of carbon dioxide per hectare per year.

[0148] In some embodiments, application of the formulation disclosed herein provides an improved net carbon dioxide capture rate compared to a baseline. In some embodiments, application of the formulation disclosed herein provides an improved net carbon dioxide capture rate compared to a corresponding method of applying a formulation that does not contain the microorganisms. In some embodiments, the carbon dioxide capture rate is increased by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 50%, or at least about 90% (e.g., at least 97.7%).

[0149] In some implementations, the net carbon dioxide capture rate provided by applying the formulation disclosed herein is at least about 5 mmol / kg soil, at least about 10 mmol / kg soil, or at least about 15 mmol / kg soil.

[0150] In some implementations, application of the preparation containing the microorganism increases carbon sequestration by at least 100 kg of carbon dioxide per acre per year (compared to a corresponding treatment without the application of the microorganism, or to a naturally occurring process). In some implementations, application of the preparation containing the microorganism increases carbon sequestration by at least 100 kg of carbon dioxide per acre per year over a period of approximately 9 weeks to approximately 52 weeks. In some embodiments, the preparation containing microorganisms is applied for approximately 9 to 12 weeks, approximately 9 to 18 weeks, approximately 9 to 24 weeks, approximately 9 to 30 weeks, approximately 9 to 36 weeks, approximately 9 to 40 weeks, approximately 9 to 46 weeks, approximately 9 to 52 weeks, approximately 12 to 18 weeks, approximately 12 to 24 weeks, approximately 12 to 30 weeks, approximately 12 to 36 weeks, approximately 12 to 40 weeks, approximately 12 to 46 weeks, approximately 12 to 52 weeks, approximately 18 to 24 weeks, approximately 18 to 30 weeks, approximately 18 to 36 weeks, approximately 18 to 36 weeks, and approximately 18 weeks to... Within approximately 40 weeks, approximately 18 weeks to approximately 46 weeks, approximately 18 weeks to approximately 52 weeks, approximately 24 weeks to approximately 30 weeks, approximately 24 weeks to approximately 36 weeks, approximately 24 weeks to approximately 40 weeks, approximately 24 weeks to approximately 46 weeks, approximately 24 weeks to approximately 52 weeks, approximately 30 weeks to approximately 36 weeks, approximately 30 weeks to approximately 40 weeks, approximately 30 weeks to approximately 46 weeks, approximately 30 weeks to approximately 52 weeks, approximately 36 weeks to approximately 40 weeks, approximately 36 weeks to approximately 46 weeks, approximately 36 weeks to approximately 52 weeks, approximately 40 weeks to approximately 46 weeks, approximately 40 weeks to approximately 52 weeks, or approximately 46 weeks to approximately 52 weeks, the carbon sequestration will increase by at least 100 kg of CO2 per acre per year. In some embodiments, the application of the preparation containing the microorganism increases carbon sequestration by at least 100 kg of carbon dioxide per acre per year for approximately 9 weeks, approximately 12 weeks, approximately 18 weeks, approximately 24 weeks, approximately 30 weeks, approximately 36 weeks, approximately 40 weeks, approximately 46 weeks, or approximately 52 weeks. In some embodiments, the application of the preparation containing the microorganism increases carbon sequestration by at least 100 kg of carbon dioxide per acre per year for approximately 9 weeks, approximately 12 weeks, approximately 18 weeks, approximately 24 weeks, approximately 30 weeks, approximately 36 weeks, approximately 40 weeks, or approximately 46 weeks. In some embodiments, the application of the preparation containing the microorganism increases carbon sequestration by at least 100 kg of carbon dioxide per acre per year for at most approximately 12 weeks, approximately 18 weeks, approximately 24 weeks, approximately 30 weeks, approximately 36 weeks, approximately 40 weeks, approximately 46 weeks, or approximately 52 weeks.

[0151] In some implementations, the application of the preparation containing microorganisms increases carbon sequestration by at least one tonne (e.g., two tons, three tons, etc.) of carbon dioxide per growing season (e.g., an average of about 18 weeks (e.g., about 9 weeks to about 52 weeks)).

[0152] In some embodiments, the application of the agent containing microorganisms increases carbon sequestration by at least 100 kg of carbon dioxide per hectare per year. In some embodiments, the application of the agent containing microorganisms increases carbon sequestration by at least 200 kg of carbon dioxide per hectare per year. In some embodiments, the application of the agent containing microorganisms increases carbon sequestration by at least about 250 kg of carbon dioxide per hectare per year.

[0153] In some aspects of this disclosure, a formulation comprising microorganisms and soil (e.g., soil containing silicate minerals) is provided, wherein at least about 1.0E+03 CFU of the microorganisms are present per 1 gram of soil. In some embodiments, about 1,000 CFU to about 10,000,000 CFU of the microorganisms are present per 1 gram of soil. In some embodiments, the microorganisms are present in amounts of about 1,000 CFU to about 10,000 CFU, about 1,000 CFU to about 100,000 CFU, about 1,000 CFU to about 1,000,000 CFU, about 1,000 CFU to about 10,000,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU to about 100,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU to about 1,000,000 CFU, about 100,000 CFU to about 1,000,000 CFU, about 100,000 CFU to about 10,000,000 CFU, or about 1,000,000 CFU to about 10,000,000 CFU per gram of soil. In some embodiments, the microorganisms are present in approximately 1,000 CFU, approximately 10,000 CFU, approximately 100,000 CFU, approximately 1,000,000 CFU, or approximately 10,000,000 CFU per gram of soil. In some embodiments, the microorganisms are present in at least approximately 1,000 CFU, approximately 10,000 CFU, approximately 100,000 CFU, or approximately 1,000,000 CFU per gram of soil. In some embodiments, the microorganisms are present in at most approximately 10,000 CFU, approximately 100,000 CFU, approximately 1,000,000 CFU, or approximately 10,000,000 CFU per gram of soil. The microorganisms may include their secretions.

[0154] In some embodiments, the soil comprises silicate minerals (e.g., one or more silicate minerals). In some embodiments, the silicate minerals are exogenous to the soil. In some embodiments, the silicate minerals are naturally present in the soil. In some embodiments, the silicate minerals are applied to the soil. In some embodiments, the silicate minerals are already present in the soil. In some embodiments, the preparation comprises the silicate minerals. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is feldspar. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is olivine. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is wollastonite. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is andesite. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is (e.g., contained in) basalt. In some embodiments, the feldspar is plagioclase, alkali feldspar, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is albite. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is austenite. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is andesite. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is labradorite. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is bainite. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is anorthite. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is anisoclase. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is sansobate. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is orthoclase. In some embodiments, the silicate mineral is microcline. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises albite, anorthite, alkali feldspar, orthoclase, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 80% albite and about 20% anorthite. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 70% albite and about 30% anorthite. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 75% albite and about 25% anorthite. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 85% albite and about 15% anorthite. In some embodiments, the feldspar comprises about 90% albite and about 10% anorthite.

[0155] In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises plant seeds. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are associated with at least about 250 CFU of the microorganism (e.g., about 1,000 CFU, about 2,500 CFU, about 5,000 CFU, about 10,000 CFU, about 100,000 CFU, about 1,000,000 CFU, about 10,000,000 CFU, etc.). In some embodiments, the microorganism is located on the exterior of the plant seed. In some embodiments, the microorganism coats (e.g., at least partially coats) the plant seed. In some embodiments, the plant seed contains about 250 CFU to about 10,000,000 CFU.

[0156] In some embodiments, the plant seeds contain about 250 CFU to about 100,000 CFU. In some embodiments, the plant seeds contain about 250 CFU to about 1,000,000 CFU. In some embodiments, the plant seeds contain about 250 CFU to about 10,000 CFU. In some embodiments, the plant seeds contain approximately 250 CFU to approximately 500 CFU, approximately 250 CFU to approximately 1,000 CFU, approximately 250 CFU to approximately 2,500 CFU, approximately 250 CFU to approximately 5,000 CFU, approximately 250 CFU to approximately 7,500 CFU, approximately 250 CFU to approximately 10,000 CFU, approximately 500 CFU to approximately 1,000 CFU, approximately 500 CFU to approximately 2,500 CFU, approximately 500 CFU to approximately 5,000 CFU, approximately 500 CFU to approximately 7,500 CFU, approximately 500 CFU to approximately 10,000 CFU, approximately 1,000 CFU to approximately 2,500 CFU, approximately 1,000 CFU to approximately 5,000 CFU, approximately 1,000 CFU to approximately 7,500 CFU, approximately 1,000 CFU to approximately 10,000 CFU. The plant seeds contain approximately 2,500 CFU to about 5,000 CFU, approximately 2,500 CFU to about 7,500 CFU, approximately 2,500 CFU to about 10,000 CFU, approximately 5,000 CFU to about 7,500 CFU, approximately 5,000 CFU to about 10,000 CFU, or approximately 7,500 CFU to about 10,000 CFU. In some embodiments, the plant seeds contain at least approximately 250 CFU, approximately 500 CFU, approximately 1,000 CFU, approximately 2,500 CFU, approximately 5,000 CFU, approximately 7,500 CFU, or approximately 10,000 CFU. In some embodiments, the plant seed contains up to about 500 CFU, about 1,000 CFU, about 2,500 CFU, about 5,000 CFU, about 7,500 CFU, or about 10,000 CFU. In some embodiments, the plant seed contains at least 10,000 CFU of the microorganism. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises bacteria, archaea, fungi, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises bacteria. In some embodiments, the plant seed contains at least 1E+04 CFU, at least 1E+05 CFU, at least about 1E+06 CFU, or at least about 1E+07 CFU of the bacteria.In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises fungi. In some embodiments, the plant seed comprises at least 1E+02 CFU, at least 1E+03 CFU, at least about 1E+04 CFU, or at least about 1E+05 CFU of the fungus.

[0157] In some embodiments, the microorganism is located between the seed coat and the embryo of the plant seed. In some embodiments, the microorganism is located between the seed coat and the aleurone cell layer of the plant seed. In some embodiments, the microorganism is bound to the interior of the plant. In some embodiments, the microorganism is bound to the plant tissue beneath the pericarp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is bound to the plant tissue between the pericarp and the aleurone cell layer. In some embodiments, the microorganism contacts the plant embryo. In some embodiments, the microorganism does not contact the plant embryo. In some embodiments, the microorganism contacts the plant endosperm. In some embodiments, the microorganism does not contact the plant endosperm. In some embodiments, the microorganism is bound to the gap between the plant seed coat and the plant embryo. In some embodiments, the microorganism is bound to the gap between the plant pericarp and the plant aleurone cell layer. In some embodiments, the microorganism (e.g., bacteria) is at least partially coated on the plant seed. In some embodiments, the microorganism includes its secretions.

[0158] In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a fertilizer. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a fungicide. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises an insecticide. In some embodiments, the formulation further comprises a nematicide.

[0159] Microorganisms incorporated into the soil or associated with silicate minerals can be any microorganism provided herein, or any other microorganism. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a bacterium. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore-forming bacterium. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore-forming bacterium or its endospores. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore of a microorganism provided herein. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore-forming bacterium or its endospores. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a fungus. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a fungal spore. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a microbial community. In some embodiments, the microbial community comprises bacteria. In some embodiments, the microbial community comprises fungi. In some embodiments, the microbial community comprises both bacteria and fungi. In some embodiments, the microbial community comprises bacteria of the same genus. In some embodiments, the microbial community comprises bacteria of different genera. In some embodiments, the microbial community comprises fungi of the same genus. In some embodiments, the microbial community comprises fungi of different genera.

[0160] In some embodiments, the microorganisms are selected from: *Acetobacter*, *Actinomyces*, *Alkali Bacillus*, *Ammoniac*, *Bacillus amphibian*, *Anaerobes*, *Anaerobes*, *Thiopyrogallolactone*, *Anaerobes*, *Azotospira*, *Bacillus*, *Brucea*, *Thermophilic Bacillus*, *Micrococcus*, *Bacillus spp.*, *Phytophthora*, *Bacillus spp.*, *Alternaria*, *Clostridium*, *Haloxycholic Aeruginosa*, *Coxella*, and *Coxella*. Genus: *Arthrobacter*, *Desulfurized Enterobacteriaceae*, *Desulfurized Pilomycetes*, *Desulfurized Curvularia*, *Desulfurized Chainella*, *Desulfurized Monoclonal*, *Desulfurized Sporobacter*, *Cyclophorus*, *Filamentous Fungi*, *Filamentous Bacillus*, *Greaseella*, *Geosporium ... Leptodontidium, Lysine Bacillus spp., Maherb spp., Metabolic Bacillus spp., Metarhizium spp., Murraya spp., Halophilic Bacillus spp., Oceanic Bacillus spp., Halophytic Bacillus spp., Ornithine Bacillus spp., Oxalis spp., Oxybacterium spp., Bacillus-like Bacillus spp., Pantotheca spp., Lactobacillus spp., Drosophila spp., Pseudomonas spp., Mudfelterus spp., Bacillus spp., Fish Bacillus spp., Imperata spp., Marine Bacillus spp., Propionibacterium spp., Haloxylon Bacillus spp., Halophytic Bacillus spp., Senegalella spp., Shimadzuri spp., Acetobacter spp., Sporulating Anaerobic Bacillus spp. The microorganisms are selected from the genera *Acetobacter*, *Spore-forming Bacteria*, *Salmonella*, *Lactobacillus*, *Rhizobium*, *Dystrophococcus*, *Bacillus*, *Thermotrophic Bacteria*, *Alternaria*, *Alternaria*, *Bacillus*, *Bacillus*, *Bacillus*, *Bacillus*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Alternaria*, *Bacillus*, *Bacillus*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, *Acetobacter*, or *Serratia*. In some embodiments, the microorganism is *Acetobacter*. In some embodiments, the microorganism is *Acetobacter*. In some embodiments, the microorganism is *Acetobacter*. In some embodiments, the microorganism is *Bacillus*. In some embodiments, the microorganism is *Aureobacterium*. In some embodiments, the microorganism is *Coxeris*. In some embodiments, the microorganism is *Cyclophorus*. In some embodiments, the microorganism is *Glutamoxifen*. In some embodiments, the microorganism is *Microbacterium*. In some embodiments, the microorganism is *Pantospira*. In some embodiments, the microorganism is *Serratia*. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises *Klebsiella*. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises *Cossacchariformis* SP1. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore of any of the aforementioned microorganisms.

[0161] In some embodiments, microorganisms are selected based on one or more characteristics related to their ability to interact in the soil. In some embodiments, microorganisms are selected based on one or more characteristics related to their interaction with silicate minerals (e.g., their ability to rapidly weather said silicate minerals). In some embodiments, microorganisms are selected based on compatibility. In some embodiments, microorganisms are selected to ensure no predatory or antagonistic effects occur. In some embodiments, microorganisms are selected based on storage stability. In some embodiments, microorganisms are selected based on optimal binding capacity in the soil (e.g., the ability of the microorganism to survive in the soil or to operate optimally under soil conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, pH, etc.)). In some embodiments, microorganisms are selected based on optimal compatibility with silicate minerals. In some embodiments, microorganisms are selected based on optimal compatibility with crushed silicate minerals. Crushed silicate materials may include crushed feldspar (e.g., any suitable feldspar, such as those discussed herein), crushed rock (e.g., crushed basalt), etc. In some embodiments, microorganisms are selected based on their optimal ability to colonize one or more plants. In some embodiments, said microorganisms persist throughout the plant's life cycle.

[0162] The methods and compositions disclosed herein can be used to create tradable carbon credits. In some embodiments, the methods of this disclosure further include selling, trading, or transferring carbon credits to third parties. In some embodiments, the methods further include generating carbon credits. In some embodiments, the methods further include generating carbon credits that can be monetized on a carbon credit trading market. In some embodiments, the methods further include generating carbon credits to offset other greenhouse gas emissions.

[0163] The methods and compositions disclosed herein can advantageously utilize biogenic mineral weathering to permanently remove atmospheric carbon dioxide. These pathways (e.g., carbon dioxide hydrolysis and silicate weathering) involve applying microorganisms to silicate minerals (e.g., applied to soil or naturally present in soil) to accelerate alkalinity generation, particularly bicarbonate and carbonate ions. The methods and compositions disclosed herein can be used in collaboration with farmers, who can apply the microorganisms during planting (e.g., with seed application) or shortly after planting (e.g., within approximately 5 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 24 hours, 48 ​​hours, or 7 days after seed planting), a process that can be seamlessly integrated with existing agricultural practices. The resulting alkalinity generation can occur throughout the agricultural season and can be directly measured through high-intensity soil sampling and / or soil pore water sampling. By leveraging the power of biology and existing agricultural land and / or already operational capacity, the compositions and methods disclosed herein have the potential for deployment at superior speed, scale, and price points.

[0164] In some embodiments, the methods provided herein enhance the accumulation of soil inorganic carbon (SIC) (e.g., in the soil). In some embodiments, the level of bicarbonate in the soil is increased (e.g., compared to a baseline). In some embodiments, the level of bicarbonate in the soil is increased compared to a corresponding treatment with an agent that does not contain the said microorganism. In some embodiments, the level of bicarbonate in the soil is increased by at least about 10% (e.g., at least about 20%, at least about 50%, at least about 90%). In some embodiments, the level of bicarbonate in the soil is increased by at least about 95%. In some embodiments, the level of bicarbonate in the soil is increased by at least 97.7%.

[0165] In some embodiments, the level of divalent cations in soil, leachate, or pore water is increased (e.g., compared to baseline). In some embodiments, the level of divalent cations in soil, leachate, or pore water is increased compared to a corresponding treatment with an agent that does not contain the said microorganism. In some embodiments, the level of said divalent cations (e.g., in soil) is increased by at least about 10% (e.g., at least about 20%). In some embodiments, the level of said divalent cations is increased by at least about 95%. In some embodiments, the level of said divalent cations is increased by at least 97.7%. In some embodiments, the level of said divalent cations increases after two weeks. In some embodiments, the level of said divalent cations increases after three weeks. In some embodiments, the divalent cations include calcium. In some embodiments, the divalent cations include magnesium. In some embodiments, said divalent cations include both calcium and magnesium.

[0166] In some embodiments, the methods provided herein increase inorganic carbon levels. Inorganic carbon levels can be measured using calcium carbonate equivalents (CCE). In some embodiments, CCE in the soil increases. In some embodiments, CCE in the soil increases by at least 0.1% compared to a baseline, or compared to a corresponding method of applying a formulation that does not contain the said microorganism. In some embodiments, CCE in the soil increases by at least about 0.15%, at least about 0.2%, at least about 0.5%, at least about 0.6%, or at least 1% compared to a corresponding method of applying a formulation that does not contain the said microorganism.

[0167] In addition, this document provides, in some embodiments, a method for carbon sequestration comprising applying to soil an agent containing microorganisms, wherein at least about 1E+10 CFU of microorganisms are present per hectare of said soil.

[0168] In some embodiments, the methods provided herein increase crop yield (e.g., average crop yield) per hectare of soil compared to a baseline, or compared to a corresponding method of applying a formulation that does not contain the said microorganisms. In some embodiments, the method increases crop yield by at least about 0.1 tonnes per hectare. In some embodiments, the method increases crop yield by at least about 0.2 tonnes, at least about 0.3 tonnes, at least about 0.4 tonnes, or at least about 0.5 tonnes, or at least about 0.2 tonnes per hectare.

[0169] Furthermore, this document provides methods for generating ecosystem credits in some embodiments. These ecosystem credits can represent the amount of carbon sequestrated. The generation of ecosystem credits may be the result of applying the formulations described herein (e.g., to soils containing silicate minerals).

[0170] In some embodiments, a computer-implemented method for maintaining ecosystem credit tokens includes storing the ecosystem credit tokens in a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. In some embodiments, the ecosystem credit tokens represent the amount of carbon sequestrated from the atmosphere (e.g., the atmosphere adjacent to the soil). In some embodiments, the ecosystem credit tokens are, or have been previously determined, measured based on the amount of carbon dioxide sequestrated in the soil. In some embodiments, the soil contains, or has been previously determined, microorganisms applied to the soil (e.g., artificially applied). In some embodiments, the presence of the microorganisms is at least 1 x 10⁻⁶. 5 CFU / acre of soil. In some embodiments, the ecosystem credit token is or was previously generated according to any of the methods disclosed herein. In some embodiments, this document also provides a computer-based system for storing ecosystem credits, comprising: a processor; a display configured to display a graphical user interface for viewing information related to the ecosystem credits; and a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium encoded with a computer program that causes the processor to: analyze the information related to the ecosystem credits. In some embodiments, the ecosystem credits are or were previously determined to originate from a measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide sequestrated in the soil. In some embodiments, the soil contains the microorganisms artificially applied to the soil. In some embodiments, the amount of microorganisms applied is at least 1 x 10⁻⁶. 5 CFU / acre of soil. In some implementations, the ecosystem credit token is, or was previously, generated according to any of the methods disclosed herein.

[0171] definition

[0172] When the terms “at least,” “greater than,” or “greater than or equal to” appear before the first value in a sequence containing two or more values, the terms “at least,” “greater than,” or “greater than or equal to” apply to each value in the sequence. For example, “greater than or equal to 1, 2, or 3” is equivalent to “greater than or equal to 1, greater than or equal to 2, or greater than or equal to 3.”

[0173] When the terms “not more than,” “less than,” or “less than or equal to” appear before the first value in a sequence containing two or more values, the terms “not more than,” “less than,” or “less than or equal to” apply to each value in the sequence. For example, “less than or equal to 3, 2, or 1” is equivalent to “less than or equal to 3, less than or equal to 2, or less than or equal to 1.”

[0174] The use of absolute or sequential terms, such as “will,” “will not,” “should,” “should not,” “must,” “must not,” “first,” “initially,” “second,” “subsequently,” “before,” “after,” “finally,” and “end,” is not intended to limit the scope of the embodiments disclosed herein, but is merely illustrative.

[0175] As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, the use of the terms “including,” “includes,” “having,” “with,” or variations thereof in the detailed description and / or claims is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising.”

[0176] The term "irrigation system" as used herein can refer to an artificial process that applies controlled amounts of water to assist crop production, but it can also be used for plant growth, in which case it may be referred to as "watering". In some implementations, the term "irrigation system" may include foliar spraying, furrow fertilization, sprinkler irrigation systems, humidifiers, or misting systems.

[0177] As used herein, the phrases “at least one,” “one or more,” and “and / or” are open-ended expressions that operationally convey both connecting and separating meanings. For example, each of the expressions “at least one of A, B, and C,” “at least one of A, B, or C,” “one or more of A, B, and C,” “one or more of A, B, or C,” and “A, B, and / or C” means: A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A, B, and C together.

[0178] As used in this article, "or" can mean "and," "or," or "and / or," and can be both exclusive and inclusive. For example, the term "A or B" can mean "A or B," "A but not B," "B but not A," and "A and B." In some cases, the context may determine the specific meaning.

[0179] Any systems, methods, software, and platforms described herein are modular. Therefore, terms such as “first” and “second” do not necessarily imply priority, order of importance, or order of action.

[0180] When the term "about" refers to a number or range of values, it means that the number or range is an approximation within a range of experimental variability (or statistical experimental error), and that the number or range may vary from, for example, 1% to 15%. In some examples, the term "about" refers to ±10% of the number or value.

[0181] The term “increase” in this document generally refers to an increase by a statistically significant amount. In some respects, the term “increase” means an increase of at least 10% compared to a reference level, such as at least about 10%, at least about 20%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 50%, or at least about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 90%, or up to 100% and including an increase of 100%, or any increase between 10% and 100% compared to a reference level. Other examples of “increase” include increases of at least 2 times, at least 5 times, at least 10 times, at least 20 times, at least 50 times, at least 100 times, at least 1000 times, or more compared to a reference level.

[0182] The term “reduction” in this document generally refers to a statistically significant reduction. In some respects, “reduction” means a reduction of at least 10% compared to a reference level, such as at least about 20%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 50%, or at least about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 90%, or up to 100% and includes a reduction of 100% (e.g., zero or undetectable level compared to the reference level), or any reduction between 10% and 100% compared to the reference level. In the context of a marker or symptom, these terms refer to a statistically significant reduction in the level. The reduction can be, for example, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40% or more, and preferably a reduction to a level within the normal range for individuals accepted as having no specific disease.

[0183] Although preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown and described herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these embodiments are provided by way of example only. The invention should not be limited to the specific examples provided in the specification. While the invention has been described with reference to the foregoing specification, the description and illustration of embodiments herein are not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Numerous changes, modifications, and substitutions can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. Furthermore, it should be understood that all aspects of the invention are not limited to the specific descriptions, configurations, or relative proportions described herein, and these aspects depend on various conditions and variables. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in carrying out the invention. Therefore, the invention is also intended to cover any such alternatives, modifications, variations, or equivalents. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and cover all methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents.

[0184] Example

[0185] Example 1. Soil column experiment for capturing carbon through biogenic weathering and microbial coupling of carbonate mineral precipitation.

[0186] Microorganisms play a crucial role in carbon exchange between the atmosphere and soil, releasing carbon dioxide through respiration and fixing it in both organic and inorganic forms. When the microorganisms disclosed herein are applied to seeds in agricultural soils, they colonize the plant roots and utilize nutrients released by the roots to produce energy. The microorganisms disclosed herein promote three steps: the hydrolysis of carbon dioxide, the weathering of silicate minerals, and the precipitation of carbonates. Figure 17 ).

[0187] Feldspar is the most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust. These minerals contain no carbon; instead, they are composed of aluminum, silicon, and oxygen combined with one or more metallic elements (especially potassium, sodium, or calcium). Figure 1 A). The natural weathering (e.g., decomposition or dissolution) of feldspar minerals releases important plant nutrients into the soil. Figure 2A , Figure 2B Feldspar minerals and secondary clay minerals are found in soils, and are thought to influence climate by consuming atmospheric carbon dioxide over geological timescales. When feldspar minerals are present in soils, alkali-exchangeable cations (e.g., Ca) are also found. 2 + Mg 2+ K + Na + )Increase.

[0188] Experiment Details

[0189] Assemble soil columns using feldspar ( Figure 3(e.g., 3.1 kg of soil per column, with a feldspar content of 8% by weight). Two study groups were established (e.g., a control group without added microorganisms and an experimental group with added S3C23). In some cases, two types of plagioclase (e.g., sodium feldspar and calcium feldspar) were used in different ratios (e.g., 4:1). Two particle sizes were used (e.g., less than 2,000 micrometers and greater than 2,000 micrometers). The soil columns experienced rainfall events over a two-week period (e.g., 8 rainfall events, using distilled water, with a total water volume of 1.75 liters per column). The intervals between rainfall events were staggered throughout the experiment (e.g., days 1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 13, and 14).

[0190] To evaluate the results of this experiment, a large number of parameters were measured and analyzed. For plants, parameters such as chlorophyll content, aboveground part length, and aboveground part fresh weight were measured. For roots, parameters such as viable cell count were measured. For soil, parameters such as pH, calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE), CEC, and Ca were measured. 2+ Mg 2+ Na + K + Al 3+ Fe 2+ / 3+ Parameters such as total calcium, total sodium, total potassium, total magnesium, total aluminum, total iron, total carbon, total organic carbon, organic matter, ammonium, and nitrate were measured. For the leachate, parameters such as pH and HCO3 were measured. - CO3 2- CCE, Ca 2+ Mg 2+ Na + K + Fe 2+ / 3+ Parameters such as electrical conductivity (EC), hardness, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) are used. Results and Discussion

[0191] The sodium and calcium levels in the leachate were measured and analyzed. Figures 4A to 4B The control group (e.g., DI-UTC) showed calcium and sodium ion levels of 378 mg / L and 355 mg / L, respectively, while the experimental group (e.g., DI-S3C23) showed Ca... 2+ and Na + The levels were 423 mg / L and 400 mg / L, respectively (p≤0.05, Dunnett's multiple comparison test).

[0192] The levels of magnesium, potassium, and iron in the leachate were measured and analyzed. Figures 5A to 5B The control group (e.g., DI-UTC) showed Fe... 2+ / 3+ Mg 2+ and K +The levels were 5 mg / L, 206 mg / L, and 635 mg / L, respectively. The experimental group (e.g., DI-S3C23) showed Fe... 2+ / 3+ Mg 2+ and K + The levels were 2 mg / L (p≤0.05, Dunnett's multiple comparison test).

[0193] HCO3 in leachate was measured and analyzed. - and CO3 2- Levels. Carbonate ion levels were observed ( Figure 6A There were statistically significant differences, but the bicarbonate ion level ( Figure 6B No (p≤0.05, Tukey-Kramer test). The total amount of carbonate and bicarbonate ions found in all leachates ( Figures 6C to 6D The mean values ​​for CO3 in the control group (e.g., DI-UTC) and experimental group (e.g., DI-S3C23) were 16.0 and 16.8, respectively. 2- +HCO 3- millimoles per liter.

[0194] The pH of the leachate was measured. Figure 7 The results support the alkalization effect of S3C23 in the soil.

[0195] The pH of the soil was measured using a dissolution method (e.g., soil:water (volume ratio) = 1:2). Figures 8A to 8B The soil was dried and ground before measurement. Three different soil depths were analyzed: 0, 10, and 20 cm.

[0196] The alkali-exchangeable cations in the soil were measured. Figures 9A to 9B The content of CCE in the experimental group (e.g., DI-UTC) was higher than that in the control group (e.g., DI-S3C23). Soil CCE was measured. Figures 10A to 10B The experimental group (DI-UTC) had a higher content than the control group (e.g., DI-S3C23). Increased sodium and calcium release can promote weathering.

[0197] Example 2: Microbial-mediated in vitro biogenic feldspar weathering and calcite precipitation

[0198] The microorganisms disclosed herein respond to the presence of feldspar minerals and can actively alter relevant parameters such as soil pH, the time of soil pH change, cation release, and carbonate precipitation.

[0199] Experiment Details

[0200] Feldspar minerals were prepared into solutions (e.g., n=3). Different feldspar minerals were studied, including albite, calcium feldspar, and mixtures of albite and calcium feldspar (e.g., 4:1 ratio). A feldspar-free solution was set up as a control group. Three microorganisms (e.g., S3C23, MP2, and microorganism 3) were prepared for inoculating the feldspar group and the control group. The microorganisms were added to the feldspar solutions to test each microorganism and each feldspar solution individually. Microorganism 3 (e.g., Escherichia coli strain HB101) served as a negative control.

[0201] Results and Discussion

[0202] The solution containing feldspar and strain S3C23 induced the formation of a robust floating biofilm that floated on the surface of the culture medium. Figure 16 This demonstrates the ability of Bacillus subtilis S3C23 to detect the presence of feldspar minerals.

[0203] Solutions containing feldspar and strain S3C23 showed a decrease in pH of the culture medium during the first 20 hours, followed by a rise in pH thereafter. Figure 11 This promoted carbonate precipitation. Solutions containing S3C23 but without feldspar also showed a decrease in pH of the medium during the first time period, followed by a rise in pH at a later time point (e.g., around 70 hours). The negative control solution (microorganism 3) showed a sharp decrease in pH of the medium during the first 20 hours, followed by a gradual decrease and eventually leveling off for the remainder of the study.

[0204] Soluble calcium levels were measured at multiple time points during the study. Figure 12 Solutions without feldspar showed only a slight increase in soluble calcium levels. Solutions without feldspar (Microbe 3) showed a decrease in soluble calcium levels. Solutions containing feldspar showed an increase in soluble calcium levels. Solutions containing both feldspar and S3C23 showed a peak in soluble calcium levels (e.g., from 0 mM at t=0 to approximately 0.9 mM at 72 hours), followed by a decrease as calcium cations were consumed during calcium carbonate precipitation.

[0205] Inorganic carbon signals (e.g., bicarbonate and carbonate minerals) can be detected by measuring carbon dioxide using gas chromatography. Figure 13 Solutions containing feldspar and S3C23 or MP2 showed enhanced precipitation of carbonate materials such as calcium carbonate. This was promoted by increased pH, bicarbonate formation, and mineral crystal nucleation. In the presence of feldspar minerals, the inorganic carbon signal was higher due to the release of cations such as calcium from microbially induced biogenic weathering.

[0206] The microorganisms of this disclosure induce biogenic weathering by producing organic or inorganic acids, chelating agents, biofilms, etc. Alternatively, or in addition, the microorganisms of this disclosure also combine biogenic weathering with carbon capture by promoting the precipitation of stable carbonate minerals (such as calcium carbonate).

[0207] Example 3: Field Microbial Trial

[0208] A large area (e.g., 27,695 acres) was tested across 200 fields located in North Dakota, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. These fields were planted with crops including corn (43%), soybeans (50%), wheat (5%), and sunflowers (2%). Approximately 10% of the fields served as untreated controls (UTC). Approximately 90% of the fields were treated with S3C23. These fields had relatively high feldspar content (18–38 wt%) and soil pH that was near neutral to alkaline. The fields were stratified according to soil texture. Three to five sampling points were randomly selected from each stratum. The same locations were maintained for each sampling activity.

[0209] Soil samples were collected before planting (e.g., 0 weeks), during mid-growth (e.g., approximately 9 weeks), and after harvest (e.g., approximately 18 weeks). The average growing season was 18 weeks. Soil sampling was conducted at a depth of 12 inches. The sample consisted of a soil mixture composed of 8–12 cores.

[0210] Soil samples were analyzed for soil inorganic carbon (measured as calcium carbonate equivalent or CCE), organic matter, total carbon, cation exchange capacity, pH, and several other factors.

[0211] It was observed that after treatment with S3C23, soil inorganic carbon (SIC, measured as CCE) increased significantly from pre-planting to mid-growth or post-harvest. Figures 14A to 14B This study shows the dynamic changes in calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) concentrations in fields treated with S3C23 strain and untreated (UTC) fields in the Midwestern United States during the 2022 growing season. Within the S3C23 group, statistically significant differences were observed at the start of the growing season (week 0 post-planting) and at weeks 9 and 18 post-planting (p ≤ 0.0001, Dunn's multiple comparison test). No statistically significant differences were found in the control group (UTC). A small but insignificant increase was observed in the untreated control (UTC). Kruskal-Wallis tests and Dunn's multiple comparison tests were performed within each group. Bayesian modeling and bootstrap statistics showed that S3C23 significantly increased CCE compared to UTC, with a mean gain of 0.246% CCE (approximately 1.7 tbsp CO2 / acre / growing season, depending on bulk density). The significant increase in CCE observed in fields treated with S3C23 strain supports the role of microorganisms in carbonate mineralization.

[0212] Exchangeable calcium was measured throughout the growing season. Figure 15A ) and magnesium ( Figure 15B The dynamic changes in exchangeable calcium and magnesium cations were observed. At the end of the growing season, higher concentrations of exchangeable calcium and magnesium cations were observed in soils treated with S3C23 than in those in UTC. These results suggest that microorganisms may be utilizing calcium and magnesium derived from non-carbonate minerals (e.g., silicate minerals) to replenish the soil. The discovery of more abundant exchangeable calcium and magnesium in soils treated with S3C23 supports the role of microorganisms in silicate weathering.

[0213] Example 4. A mid-cosmic experiment on biogenic weathering using naturally occurring silicate minerals in soil. Microorganisms play a crucial role in carbon exchange between the atmosphere and soil, releasing carbon dioxide both through respiration and fixing it in organic and inorganic forms. When the microorganisms disclosed herein are applied to seeds in agricultural soils, they colonize the plant roots and utilize nutrients released by the roots to produce energy. The microorganisms disclosed herein promote two steps: the hydrolysis of carbon dioxide and the weathering of silicate minerals. Both reactions increase alkalinity (e.g., by generating bicarbonate and carbonate ions), while the second reaction (e.g., silicate weathering) also releases alkaline cations into the soil.

[0214] Feldspar is the most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust. These minerals contain no carbon; instead, they are composed of aluminum, silicon, and oxygen combined with one or more metallic elements (especially potassium, sodium, or calcium). Figure 1 The natural weathering (e.g., decomposition or dissolution) of feldspar minerals releases important plant nutrients into the soil. Figure 2A , Figure 2B Feldspar minerals and secondary clay minerals are found in soils, and are thought to influence climate by consuming atmospheric carbon dioxide over geological timescales. When feldspar minerals are present in soils, alkali-exchangeable cations (e.g., Ca) are also found. 2 + Mg 2+ K + Na + )Increase.

[0215] Experiment Details

[0216] A 9-week mid-cosmic study was conducted using maize seeds. Soil columns were assembled using 3.1 kg of soil and maize seeds per column (Fig. 18A). The soil used in this experiment was sandy soil with an average pH of 8.2, and its feldspar content was determined to be approximately 40–45% by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Table 1). Two study groups were established (e.g., a control group without added microorganisms, referred to as the "control group"; and a treatment group treated with Bacillus subtilis S3C23). In some cases, 1 E+07 CFU of S3C23 strain was applied per seed. During the two-week period, the soil columns experienced rainfall events (e.g., 8 rainfall events were conducted from week 6 to week 8, using distilled water, with a total water volume of 1.75 liters per column).

[0217] To evaluate the results of the experiment, key parameters in the soil and leachate were measured and analyzed. For the soil and leachate, parameters such as bicarbonate, carbonate ions, total carbon, calcium, magnesium, and iron were measured at the end of the experiment (63 days after planting).

[0218] Table 1. Soil characteristics Chemical and physical properties value pH 8.23 CEC (cmol / kg) 14.2 <![CDATA[X-Ca 2+ (cmol / kg)]]> 9.29 <![CDATA[X-Mg 2+ (cmol / kg)]]> 2.73 <![CDATA[X-K + (cmol / kg)]]> 1.92 <![CDATA[X-Na + (cmol / kg)]]> 0.59 Organic matter (%) 2.7 CCE (%) 0.36 <![CDATA[HCO3 - (milliequivalents / kg soil) 0.72 Soil texture sand Mineral composition value quartz 40-45% Feldspar 40-45% (~80% sodium-calcium plagioclase and about 20% potassium-sodium alkali feldspar) amphibole 10-15% Iron titanium oxides <5%

[0219] Results and Discussion The determination was made by titration and the bicarbonate (HCO3) ion was used. - ) and carbonate ions (CO3) 2- Soil and leachate alkalinity levels, expressed as concentrations, were determined and analyzed (Figures 18B to 18C). Results represent the mean of six biological replicates (i.e., six soil columns) for each group. A statistically significant 22.8% increase in bicarbonate concentration was observed in the S3C23-treated soil column compared to the control column (p < 0.0001, unpaired t-test).

[0220] Importantly, the total soil carbon content in the soil column treated with S3C23 increased compared to the control column (Figure 18D). This increase means that the amount of carbon stored in the soil containing the S3C23 strain was 12.7% higher.

[0221] The concentrations of basic cations calcium, magnesium, and iron in soil and leachate were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and subsequently analyzed (Figures 18E to 18G). The results represent the mean of six biological replicates (i.e., six soil columns) for each group. Statistically significant increases in calcium, magnesium, and iron concentrations were observed in soil columns treated with S3C23 compared to the control column (p < 0.05, unpaired t-test).

[0222] Finally, the silicate weathering rate was calculated for the S3C23 group and the control group throughout the experimental period (63 days). The calculations used measurements of exchangeable calcium, total inorganic carbon (12% calcium carbonate equivalent, CCE), and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC, in this case, bicarbonate and carbonate ions) in the soil and leachate fractions. The calculations showed that the S3C23-treated soil had a significantly higher silicate weathering rate (13.24 ± 4.34 mmol / kg soil vs. 1.96 ± 4.31 mmol / kg soil) compared to the control soil (Table 2). Assuming an average specific surface area of ​​calcite of 1.13 m² / g, the estimated specific weathering rate of calcite particles in the S3C23-treated soil was 5.0E-12 mol / m² / s.

[0223] Therefore, it is estimated that during the experiment, the net CO2 capture rate of S3C23 was 7.60 ± 1.22 mmol / kg soil higher than that of the control group, which is equivalent to a net CO2 sequestration of 1.43 ± 0.22 tCO2 / hectare.

[0224] Table 2. Silicate weathering rate and net CO2 sequestration rate The average value (millomoles / kg soil) ± standard error S3C23 (millomoles / kg soil) mean ± standard error Silicate weathering rate 1.96±4.31 13.24±4.34 <![CDATA[Net CO2 sequestration rate]]> 2.81±1.44 10.41±1.52

[0225] Example 5. Field experiment on biogenic weathering using naturally occurring silicate minerals in soil.

[0226] Soybean seeds were coated with a formulation containing a fungicide, an insecticide, and Bacillus subtilis S3C23 strain. For 4.05 hectares (10 acres) of soybeans, 147.9 ml (5 fluid ounces) of a 10,000-fold concentrated S3C23 stock solution at a concentration of 5.0E+10 CFU / ml was used. Each seed was coated with approximately 5.0E+06 CFU of S3C23 strain.

[0227] This field trial was conducted in 2022 in 14 soybean fields in Stateman County, North Dakota, USA, including eight fields treated with S3C23 and six untreated control (UTC) fields. All fields were spaced within a 18.15 km radius of each other. They relied on rainfall irrigation, with no additional groundwater or surface water irrigation, and the average cumulative rainfall in 2022 was 472.9 mm (NOAA). The mineral composition of these fields was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Figures 19A to 19B The average soil pH in the field is 6.7.

[0228] The field was stratified according to soil texture. Three to five sampling points were randomly selected from each layer. The same locations were maintained for each sampling activity.

[0229] Soil samples were collected before planting (e.g., 0 weeks) and after harvest (e.g., approximately 18 weeks). The average growing season for the crop used in this study was 18 weeks. Soil sampling was conducted at a depth of 12 inches. Samples were soil mixtures consisting of 8–12 cores.

[0230] Total carbon, exchangeable calcium, cation exchange capacity and pH of soil samples were analyzed.

[0231] Crop yield was also measured, expressed as grain weight (e.g., tons per hectare).

[0232] Compared with the untreated control field, a statistically significant increase in ΔpH (e.g., the change between pre-planting and post-harvest) was observed in the S3C23-treated field. Figure 20D (p-value < 0.05, unpaired t-test).

[0233] Compared with the untreated control field, the exchangeable calcium and total cation exchange capacity increased in the S3C23-treated field. Figure 20B , Figure 20C These results suggest that microorganisms may be utilizing calcium derived from non-carbonate minerals (e.g., silicate minerals) to replenish the soil. The discovery of more abundant exchangeable calcium in soil treated with the S3C23 strain supports the role of microorganisms in silicate weathering.

[0234] Importantly, as expected, the total soil carbon content increased in the S3C23-treated fields compared to the untreated control fields. Figure 20A This increase means that the amount of carbon stored in soil containing the S3C23 strain increased by 61.5%.

[0235] Example 6. A mid-cosmic experiment on biogenic weathering by exogenously adding silicate minerals (feldspar) to soil. Feldspar is the most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust. These minerals contain no carbon; instead, they are composed of aluminum, silicon, and oxygen combined with one or more metallic elements (especially potassium, sodium, or calcium). Figure 1 The natural weathering (e.g., decomposition or dissolution) of feldspar minerals releases important plant nutrients into the soil. Figure 2A , Figure 2B Feldspar minerals and secondary clay minerals are found in soils, and are thought to influence climate by consuming atmospheric carbon dioxide over geological timescales. When feldspar minerals are present in soils, alkali-exchangeable cations (e.g., Ca) are also found. 2 + Mg 2+ K + Na + )Increase.

[0236] Experiment Details A 9-week mesocytic study was conducted using maize seeds and added feldspar. Soil columns were assembled using feldspar (e.g., 3.1 kg of soil per column, feldspar content 8% by weight) and maize seeds. The soil used in this experiment was sandy soil with an average pH of 8.2, and the feldspar content was determined to be approximately 40-45% by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (Table 1). Two study groups were established (e.g., a control group without added microorganisms, referred to as the "control group"; and an experimental group treated with Bacillus subtilis S3C23). In some cases, 1E+07 CFU of S3C23 strain was applied per seed. In some cases, two types of plagioclase (e.g., sodium feldspar and calcium feldspar) were used in different ratios (e.g., 4:1). Two particle sizes were used (e.g., less than 2000 μm and greater than 2000 μm). Over the two-week period, the soil columns experienced rainfall events (e.g., eight rainfall events occurred from week 6 to week 8, using distilled water, with a total water volume of 1.75 liters per column).

[0237] To evaluate the results of the experiment, key parameters in the soil and leachate were measured and analyzed. For the soil, parameters such as bicarbonate, carbonate ions, and basic cations were measured at the end of the experiment (63 days after planting). For the leachate, parameters such as bicarbonate, carbonate ions, and basic cations were measured during the experiment.

[0238] Results and Discussion The determination was made by titration and the bicarbonate (HCO3) ion was used. - ) and carbonate (CO3) 2- The soil and leachate alkalinity levels, expressed as ion concentrations, have been determined and analyzed. Figures 21A to 21B The results represent the mean of six biological replicates (e.g., six soil columns) per group. A statistically significant increase of 8.2% in bicarbonate and carbonate ion concentrations was observed in the S3C23-treated leachate compared to the control column (p < 0.01, Mann-Whitney test). A 10.2% increase in bicarbonate concentration was observed in the S3C23-treated soil compared to the control soil.

[0239] The concentrations of alkaline cations calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium in soil and leachate were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), followed by analysis. Figures 21C to 21FThe results represent the mean of six biological replicates (i.e., six soil columns) for each group. Statistically significant increases in calcium, magnesium, and sodium concentrations were observed in the S3C23-treated leachate compared to the control column (p<0.05, Dunnett's multiple comparison test). Increases in all four basic cations were observed in the S3C23-treated soil; however, the differences were not statistically significant compared to the control group.

[0240] Example 7. A cosmic experiment on biogenic weathering by exogenously adding silicate minerals (basalt) to soil. Basalt is a dark, fine-grained igneous rock primarily composed of plagioclase and pyroxene minerals. It forms from basaltic lava rapidly cooling at or near the Earth's surface. Basalt is the most common rock type in the Earth's crust (outer 10 to 50 kilometers), frequently found in oceanic crust and volcanic islands. Due to its high reactivity and abundant reserves, basalt is an ideal material for enhancing rock weathering to remove atmospheric carbon dioxide. Furthermore, the minerals released during basalt weathering can improve soil structure, water retention, and fertility, promoting healthier plant growth.

[0241] The limitation of enhanced rock weathering (ERW) as a carbon dioxide removal strategy is its slow weathering rate, which can take decades to completely dissolve, depending on rock type, grain size, and environmental conditions (soil and climate). Accelerating the weathering of basalt and other purer minerals through biological processes, such as by applying certain microorganisms to the soil, has the potential to improve the efficiency of enhanced rock weathering projects.

[0242] Experiment Details A 12-week mid-cosmic study was conducted using soybean seeds and basalt. Soil columns were assembled using basalt rock (e.g., 3 kg of soil per column, with a basalt content of 2.5% by weight) and soybean seeds. Figure 22A The amount of basalt used was equivalent to 100 tons per hectare. The pulverized basalt used in this experiment had a particle size of less than or equal to 125 micrometers. The soil used in this experiment was silty clay with an average pH of 6.6. Three study groups were established (e.g., a control group without added microorganisms and basalt, named "Control"; a control group without added microorganisms but with added basalt, named "Control + Basalt"; and an experimental group with added Bacillus subtilis S3C23 and basalt, named "S3C23 + Basalt"). In some cases, 1E+07 CFU of S3C23 strain was applied per seed. During the two-week period, the soil column experienced rainfall events (e.g., 6 rainfall events were conducted from week 6 to week 8, using distilled water, with a total water volume of 2.93 liters per column).

[0243] To evaluate the results of the experiment, key parameters in the soil and leachate were measured and analyzed. For the soil, parameters such as bicarbonate, carbonate ions, and basic cations were measured at the end of the experiment (90 days after planting). For the leachate, parameters such as bicarbonate, carbonate ions, and basic cations were measured during the experiment.

[0244] Results and Discussion The determination was made by titration and the bicarbonate (HCO3) ion was used. - ) and carbonate (CO3) 2- The soil alkalinity level, expressed as ion concentration, has been determined and analyzed. Figure 22B The results represent the mean of six biological replicates (i.e., six soil columns) for each group. A statistically significant increase in bicarbonate was observed in the soil of the S3C23+ basalt column compared with the control + basalt column (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.0001 and Tukey multiple comparison test, p < 0.05).

[0245] The concentrations of alkali divalent cations calcium and magnesium in soil and leachate were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and subsequently analyzed. The results represent the average of six biological replicates (i.e., six soil columns) for each group.

[0246] Compared to soil without S3C23 (control + basalt), soil with added basalt and S3C23 (S3C23 + basalt) showed an increase of 18.7% and 20.3% in the concentration of divalent cations in the soil and leachate, respectively. Figure 22C , Figure 22D Although this increase is not statistically significant, it is important to emphasize that these results were obtained in a short-term cosmological study of only 90 days. Based on previous experimental observations, these differences are expected to increase with longer experimental durations.

[0247] Example 8: Microbial-mediated in vitro biogenic weathering of anorthite The microorganisms disclosed herein respond to the presence of feldspar minerals and are able to actively alter relevant parameters such as soil pH, the time of soil pH change, cation release, and carbonate precipitation.

[0248] Experiment Details Feldspar minerals were prepared into solutions (e.g., n=3). Different feldspar minerals were studied, including albite, calcium feldspar, and mixtures of albite and calcium feldspar (e.g., 4:1 ratio). A feldspar-free solution was set up as a control group. Bacillus subtilis S3C23 was prepared for inoculation of the feldspar group and the control group. The microorganisms were added to the feldspar solutions and cultured for 7 days.

[0249] Results and Discussion A solution containing feldspar and strain S3C23 induced the formation of a robust floating biofilm that floated on the surface of the culture medium and produced a red pigment ( Figure 23A No biofilm or red pigment was observed in the absence of feldspar. This demonstrates the strain's ability to detect the presence of feldspar minerals.

[0250] Solutions containing feldspar and strain S3C23 showed a decrease in pH of the culture medium during the first 20 hours, followed by a rise in pH thereafter. Figure 23B Solutions containing strain S3C23 but without feldspar also showed a decrease in pH of the medium during the first time period, followed by a rise in pH at a later time point (e.g., around 70 hours).

[0251] Soluble calcium levels were measured at multiple time points during the study. Figure 23C Solutions without feldspar showed only a slight increase in soluble calcium levels. Solutions containing feldspar showed an increase in soluble calcium levels. Solutions containing both feldspar and strain S3C23 showed a peak in soluble calcium levels (e.g., from 0 mM at t=0 to approximately 0.9 mM at 72 hours), followed by a decrease in soluble calcium levels as calcium cations were consumed during calcium carbonate precipitation.

[0252] Strain S3C23 and anorthosite rocks were cultured in flasks containing 50 ml of nutrient broth at 27°C and 100 rpm for 30 days. The anorthosite blocks were approximately 18 mm in diameter. After culture, the anorthosite blocks were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Numerous S3C23 endospores were observed to colonize the mineral surface through pits and cracks. Figure 23D S3C23 endospores are marked with purple numbers to enhance their visibility.

[0253] The microorganisms disclosed herein can induce biogenic weathering by producing organic or inorganic acids, chelating agents, and forming biofilms.

[0254] Example 9: Microbial-mediated in vitro biogenic weathering of basalt The microorganisms disclosed herein respond to the presence of fine basalt and mediate mineral weathering and Ca2+. 2+ and Mg 2+ It dissolves from basalt.

[0255] Experiment Details The strain was incubated statically at 30°C for 7 days in a medium containing 100 mg basalt. Two mediums were used: one without buffer and the other with 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2). Samples were taken at 0, 4, 24, 48, 120, and 168 hours after inoculation. After centrifugation, the supernatant was used to determine pH and Ca. 2+ Level and Fe 2+ Levels. During the 7-day culture period, the calcium levels in the culture medium were measured at set time points using the QuantiChrom calcium assay kit (BioAssay Systems). 2+ level.

[0256] Endospore-forming bacteria (i.e., Bacillus) are known to absorb large amounts of calcium ions. This has been observed to lead to high calcium levels in these strains. 2+ Signal decline. To compare differences between strains, the first 24 hours of Ca2+ signal was analyzed for bacterial strains. 2+ The concentration was subjected to linear regression, and the fitted slope was used to calculate Ca. 2+ Dissolution rate. For fungal strains that typically grow slowly in these experiments, regression analysis was performed on the first 48 hours to calculate Ca. 2+ Dissolution rate.

[0257] During the 7-day culture period, Fe in the culture medium was measured at set time points using the Ferene assay, following the method of Abbasi et al. (2021). 2+ Levels. When strains are cultured in media without potassium phosphate buffer, many strains eventually raise the pH of the medium above 8 by day 3, 5, or 7. It has been observed that soluble Fe... 2+ The signal is sensitive to the pH of the culture; when the pH of the culture exceeds 8, the signal typically drops to baseline levels. Therefore, in order to calculate Fe... 2+ Dissolution rate was determined by linear regression for each strain during the period when the pH of its culture was below 8.

[0258] To investigate the responses of different bacteria to the presence of basalt, microorganisms were cultured statically at 30°C for 4 days in liquid B4+ medium (4 g / L yeast extract, 5 g / L glucose, 5 g / L tryptone, pH 8.2) with or without 200 mg of basalt supplementation.

[0259] To determine the generation of chelating agents, in vitro experiments were conducted using CAS agar. Bacillus subtilis strains S3C23 and MP2 were streaked onto LB agar and incubated at 30°C for 3 days. 12 mL of CAS agar (100 μM Chromium Azulene S (CAS), 200 μM Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA), 10 μM FeCl3, 100 mM Piperazine-1,4-di(2-ethylsulfonic acid) (PIPES), 0.8% agar) was spread on the plate, allowed to solidify, and incubated at room temperature for 24 hours before imaging observation.

[0260] Results and Discussion The role of microorganisms, including Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi (Table 3), in promoting biogenic weathering of basalt and reducing CaO content was assessed. 2+ and Fe 2+ The ability to release calcium into the culture medium. In media containing basalt but without added buffer, many tested strains were able to alter the pH by producing acid (lowering the pH), subsequently raising the culture pH to 8 or higher. This resulted in a large number of strains releasing calcium into the culture medium by promoting basalt weathering. 2+ and Fe 2+ Released into the culture medium ( Figure 24A and Figure 25A (Tables 4 and 6). This experiment simulated soils with low buffering capacity, allowing the strains to weather basalt primarily by producing organic and inorganic acids.

[0261] In a medium supplemented with 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) and containing basalt, some tested strains no longer exhibited the ability to weather basalt. In contrast, strains S3C23, MP2, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Pseudomonas strains still showed the ability to weather basalt. 2+ or Fe 2+ Statistically significant ability to release into the culture medium ( Figure 24B and Figure 25B (See Tables 5 and 7). This experiment simulated soils with high buffering capacity due to the presence of silicate and carbonate minerals. Under these conditions, some strains can mediate mineral weathering by producing chelating agents and other weathering agents.

[0262] Compared to culture media without basalt, some strains formed robust biofilms and produced pigments in response to the addition of basalt to the culture medium. Figure 26A Biofilm formation was observed only in Bacillus strains. Furthermore, a brownish-red pigment was observed in S3C23 in the presence of basalt, but not in the absence of basalt. This pigment may indicate the production of siderophores; therefore, an experiment was conducted to determine whether strains S3C23 and MP2 produce siderophores in the presence of iron.

[0263] In addition to the robust biofilm formation observed in the presence of basalt (especially in Bacillus subtilis strains), the generation of siderophores mediated by Bacillus subtilis S3C23 and MP2 was also confirmed. Figure 26B CAS agar plates, normally blue due to the indicator dye, turn yellow when the chelating agent is released into the culture medium. Figure 26B ).

[0264] The above results indicate that certain strains, especially Bacillus strains, have the ability to sense the presence of basalt, form biofilms that are firmly attached to the rock, and produce chelating agents to mediate mineral weathering.

[0265] The microorganisms disclosed herein can induce biogenic weathering by producing organic or inorganic acids, chelating agents, and forming biofilms.

[0266] Table 3. Microorganisms evaluated in in vitro basalt weathering experiments strain Bacillus pumilus N40 Bacillus thuringiensis NRS-996 Bacillus aureus Bacillus subtilis N10 Bacillus subtilis MP1 Bacillus subtilis MP2 Alfalfa sword mushroom Brazilian azotoxin Sp7 Pseudomonas cabbage 10B Pseudomonas 17A Pantotheca 17B Autotrophic Flavobacterium 7C Klebsiella spp. 288 Klebsiella spp. 296 Klebsiella spp. 365 Sacchariformis SP1 Penicillium barometz Rose-colored Spiral Polyporus Strain F89 brown metamorphosum Table 4. In vitro basalt weathering in unbuffered B4+ culture medium strain <![CDATA[Weathering rate (Ca 2+ mM / h)]]> Standard error P-value (compared to the unvaccinated group) Significance Bacillus subtilis MP1 0.09543 0.01177 1.16E-06 real Bacillus subtilis N10 0.08446 0.01219 1.87E-05 real Bacillus subtilis MP2 0.05036 0.01249 2.02E-02 real Bacillus thuringiensis NRS-996 0.0713 0.01746 6.37E-03 real Bacillus subtilis 0.05012 0.01149 1.46E-02 real Bacillus pumilus N40 0.08532 0.00434 4.43E-12 real Brazilian azotoxin Sp7 0.01504 0.00533 7.60E-01 Fake Alfalfa sword mushroom 0.01208 0.00792 7.98E-01 Fake Pseudomonas cabbage 10B 0.03432 0.0033 9.20E-03 real Pseudomonas 17A 0.07706 0.00413 5.63E-11 real Pantothecin 17B 0.09455 0.01294 4.58E-06 real Autotrophic Flavobacterium 7C 0.01745 0.00268 7.03E-01 Fake Klebsiella pneumoniae 365 0.04606 0.00488 2.91E-04 real Sacchariformis SP1 0.03075 0.00648 1.19E-01 Fake Klebsiella pneumoniae 288 0.03736 0.00435 6.37E-03 real Klebsiella pneumoniae 296 0.04639 0.00456 1.74E-04 real Rose-colored Spiral Polyporus 0.05492 0.00747 1.16E-06 real F89 0.04195 0.0052 1.89E-06 real brown metamorphosum 0.00471 0.00211 8.91E-01 Fake Penicillium barometz 0.02694 0.00255 2.67E-05 real Table 5. In vitro basalt weathering in potassium phosphate-buffered B4+ medium strain <![CDATA[Weathering rate (Ca 2+ mM / h)]]> Standard error P-value (compared to the unvaccinated group) Significance Bacillus subtilis MP1 0.00946 0.00400 4.48E-01 Fake Bacillus subtilis MP2 0.01224 0.00337 2.09E-01 Fake Bacillus thuringiensis NRS-996 0.01778 0.00194 3.35E-03 real Pseudomonas 17A 0.00702 0.00281 7.03E-01 Fake Azotobacter brasiliensis Sp78 0.00751 0.00262 7.01E-01 Fake Autotrophic Flavobacterium 7C 0.00875 0.00380 5.72E-01 Fake Table 6. In vitro basalt weathering in unbuffered B4+ culture medium strain <![CDATA[Weathering rate (Fe 2+ mM / h)]]> Standard error P-value (compared to the unvaccinated group) Significance Bacillus subtilis MP1 0.72779 0.26476 1.72E-02 real Bacillus subtilis N10 1.32363 0.33179 4.32E-04 real Bacillus subtilis MP2 1.69339 0.08100 0.00E+00 real Bacillus thuringiensis NRS-996 0.06430 0.27094 6.39E-01 Fake Bacillus subtilis 0.35280 0.06587 4.29E-04 real Bacillus pumilus N40 0.23347 0.08114 7.48E-02 Fake Brazilian azotoxin Sp7 0.05009 0.06271 8.39E-01 Fake Alfalfa sword mushroom 0.02749 0.05343 9.03E-01 Fake Pseudomonas cabbage 10B 3.19072 0.38643 1.43E-11 real Pseudomonas 17A 3.63522 0.15043 0.00E+00 real Pantothecin 17B 4.10793 0.16876 0.00E+00 real Rose-colored Spiral Polyporus 1.44169 0.36234 4.29E-04 real F89 0.82474 0.08469 2.90E-12 real brown metamorphosum 15.61291 2.70935 2.02E-07 real Penicillium barometz 1.17110 0.07511 0.00E+00 real Autotrophic Flavobacterium 7C 0.26196 0.10178 7.51E-02 Fake Klebsiella pneumoniae 365 0.34639 0.04090 4.58E-07 real Sacchariformis SP1 0.46789 0.10884 1.25E-03 real Klebsiella pneumoniae 288 0.45250 0.03169 5.23E-15 real Klebsiella pneumoniae 296 0.29138 0.12147 7.51E-02 Fake Table 7. In vitro basalt weathering in potassium phosphate-buffered B4+ medium strain <![CDATA[Weathering rate (Fe 2+ mM / h)]]> Standard error P-value (compared to the unvaccinated group) Significance Bacillus subtilis MP1 0.06193 0.00414 7.37E-02 Fake Bacillus subtilis MP2 0.36653 0.03842 3.33E-15 real Bacillus thuringiensis NRS-996 0.06568 0.01992 7.37E-02 Fake Pseudomonas 17A 0.18534 0.00669 1.52E-10 real Azotobacter brasiliensis Sp78 -0.00228 0.01212 8.60E-01 Fake Autotrophic Flavobacterium 7C 0.01561 0.00689 6.45E-01 Fake While preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown and described herein, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these embodiments are provided by way of example only. The invention should not be limited to the specific examples provided in the specification. Although the invention has been described with reference to the foregoing description, the description and illustration of embodiments herein are not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Numerous changes, modifications, and substitutions can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. Furthermore, it should be understood that all aspects of the invention are not limited to the specific descriptions, configurations, or relative proportions described herein, and these aspects depend on various conditions and variables. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in carrying out the invention. Therefore, the invention is also intended to cover any such alternatives, modifications, variations, or equivalents. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and cover all methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method of sequestering carbon, the method comprising applying to a silicate mineral a preparation comprising a microorganism, wherein the microorganism is present in the preparation at a concentration of at least about 1.0E+05 CFU / mL.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein soil comprises the silicate mineral.

3. The method of claim 2, further comprising planting a seed in the soil prior to applying the preparation.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein the soil comprises a seed.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the microorganism comprises a bacterium, an archaeon, a fungus, or a combination thereof.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the microorganism comprises a bacterium.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the bacterium comprises a Bacillus sp.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the Bacillus sp. comprises Bacillus subtilis.

9. The method of claim 2, wherein the silicate mineral is naturally present in the soil.

10. The method of claim 2, wherein the silicate mineral is artificially applied to the soil.

11. The method of claim 2, wherein the silicate mineral is present in basalt.

12. A method of sequestering carbon, the method comprising applying to soil a preparation comprising a microorganism, wherein at least 9.1E+02 CFU of the microorganism is applied per square meter of soil.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the soil comprises a silicate mineral.

14. The method of claim 12 or 13, wherein the microorganism comprises a bacterium, an archaeon, a fungus, or a combination thereof.

15. A method of sequestering carbon, the method comprising: a. applying to soil a silicate mineral, and b. applying to the silicate mineral a preparation comprising a microorganism.

16. The method of claim 2 or 15, wherein at least 1.0E+02 CFU of the microorganism is present per gram of the silicate mineral.

17. The method of any one of claims 1 to 16, further comprising surveying soil and detecting a threshold amount of total cation-containing silicate.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the threshold amount of total cation-containing silicate is at least about 0.1%.

19. The method of any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the soil does not comprise a plant or plant part thereof.

20. The method of any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein applying the preparation to the silicate material does not comprise contacting a seed with the preparation.

21. The method of any one of claims 1 to 19, further comprising accumulating at least about 67 kilograms of carbon per hectare per year of total inorganic carbon.

22. The method of any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein the silicate material meets or exceeds a threshold, or was previously determined to meet or exceed a threshold.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein the threshold comprises an amount of the silicate mineral.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the threshold value is a concentration of the silicate mineral in the soil.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein the silicate mineral is present in the soil at a concentration of at least about 0.1%.

26. The method of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the silicate material comprises potassium feldspar.

27. The method of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the silicate material comprises sodium calcium feldspar.

28. The method of claim 25, wherein the soil comprises about 0-60% quartz, about 0-20% potassium feldspar, and about 0-20% sodium calcium feldspar.

29. The method of any one of claims 1-28, wherein the silicate mineral belongs to the group of isolated island silicates, multiple island silicates, ring silicates, chain silicates, sheet silicates, framework silicates, or combinations thereof.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the silicate mineral is a feldspar.

31. The method of claim 30, wherein the feldspar is plagioclase feldspar, alkali feldspar, or combinations thereof.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein the feldspar comprises sodium feldspar, calcium feldspar, alkali feldspar, or combinations thereof.

33. The method of claim 30, wherein the feldspar comprises oligoclase.

34. The method of claim 31, wherein the feldspar comprises about 70% to 90% sodium feldspar and about 10% to 30% calcium feldspar.

35. The method of claim 29, wherein the silicate mineral is olivine.

36. The method of claim 29, wherein the silicate mineral is wollastonite.

37. The method of claim 29, wherein the silicate mineral is located in andesite.

38. The method of claim 29, wherein the silicate mineral is located in basalt.

39. The method of any one of claims 1-38, wherein the administration of the formulation increases an alkaline cation compared to a corresponding method in which a formulation not comprising the microorganism is administered.

40. The method of claim 39, wherein the alkaline cation comprises a calcium cation.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein the calcium cation is increased by at least 50 ppm compared to a corresponding method in which a formulation not comprising the microorganism is administered.

42. The method of claim 39, wherein the alkaline cation comprises a magnesium cation.

43. The method of claim 42, wherein the magnesium cation is increased by at least 10 ppm compared to a corresponding method in which a formulation not comprising the microorganism is administered.

44. The method of claim 39, wherein the alkaline cation comprises a potassium cation.

45. The method of claim 44, wherein the potassium cation is increased by at least 4 ppm compared to a corresponding method in which a formulation not comprising the microorganism is administered.

46. The method of claim 39, wherein the alkaline cation comprises a sodium cation.

47. The method of claim 46, wherein the sodium cations are increased by at least 1 ppm compared to a corresponding method in which a formulation not comprising the microorganism is administered.

48. The method of any one of claims 1-47, wherein the formulation comprises bacteria present at at least about 1.0E+05 CFU / mL.

49. The method of claim 48, wherein the formulation comprises bacteria present at at least about 1.0E+06 / mL, at least about 1.0E+07 / mL, at least about 1.0E+08 / mL, or at least about 1.0E+09 CFU / mL.

50. The method of claim 49, wherein the formulation comprises bacteria present at at least about 1.0E+10 CFU / mL.

51. The method of any one of claims 1-47, wherein the formulation comprises bacteria present at at least about 1.0E+04 CFU / mL.

52. The method of any one of claims 48-51, wherein the bacteria comprise Bacillus sp.

53. The method of claim 52, wherein the Bacillus sp. comprises Bacillus subtilis.

54. The method of claim 53, wherein the Bacillus subtilis comprises Bacillus subtilis S3C23.

55. The method of claim 54, wherein the Bacillus subtilis S3C23 comprises SEQ ID NO:

1.

56. The method of claim 53, wherein the Bacillus subtilis comprises Bacillus subtilis MP2.

57. The method of claim 56, wherein the Bacillus subtilis MP2 comprises SEQ ID NO:

2.

58. The method of any one of claims 47-51, wherein the bacteria comprise bacteria from Klebsiella sp.

59. The method of any one of claims 47-51, wherein the bacteria comprise bacteria from Kossiella sp.

60. The method of any one of claims 47-51, wherein the bacteria comprise bacteria from Pseudomonas sp.

61. The method of any one of claims 1-60, wherein the formulation comprises fungi.

62. The method of claim 62, wherein the fungi are present at a concentration of at least about 1.0E+02 CFU / gram.

63. The method of claim 61, wherein the fungus comprises a fungus from the species Leptodontidium Aspergillus niger.

64. The method of any one of claims 1-63, wherein the method further comprises administering the formulation to a seed or derivative thereof and incubating the seed or derivative thereof in the soil.

65. The method of claim 64, wherein the formulation is administered to the seed or derivative thereof prior to administering the formulation to the soil.

66. The method of claim 65, wherein the seed or derivative thereof comprises a plant or derivative thereof.

67. The method of any one of claims 1-63, wherein the method does not comprise planting a seed or derivative thereof.

68. The method of any one of claims 1-66, wherein the silicate mineral comprises a cation.

69. The method of claim 68, wherein the silicate mineral comprises calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, or a combination thereof.

70. The method of any one of claims 1-69, wherein the microorganism increases the pH of the environment.

71. The method of claim 70, wherein the pH is increased by at least about 0.1 as compared to a corresponding method in which a formulation not comprising the microorganism is administered.

72. The method of any one of claims 70-71, wherein the increase is at least about 7 days after administration.

73. The method of any one of claims 70-72, wherein the microorganism first decreases the pH of the environment and then increases the pH of the environment.

74. The method of claim 70, wherein the pH is increased by at least about 0.25 units, at least about 0.5 units, at least about 0.75 units, or at least about 1 unit.

75. The method of claim 74, wherein the pH is increased as compared to a corresponding method in which a formulation not comprising the microorganism is administered.

76. The method of any one of claims 1-69, wherein the microorganism decreases the pH of the environment.

77. The method of any one of claims 1-69, wherein the microorganism maintains the pH of the environment.

78. The method of any one of claims 1-77, wherein the administration of the formulation comprising the microorganism increases carbon sequestration as compared to a corresponding method in which a formulation not comprising the microorganism is administered, or as compared to a naturally occurring carbon sequestration process.

79. The method of claim 78, wherein the administration of the formulation comprising the microorganism increases carbon sequestration by at least 247 kilograms of carbon dioxide per hectare per year.

80. The method of any one of claims 1-79, wherein the rate of silicate mineral weathering is increased as compared to a naturally occurring rate of silicate mineral weathering, or wherein the rate of silicate mineral weathering is increased as compared to a corresponding weathering rate of a method that does not comprise administration of a formulation comprising the microorganism.

81. The method of any one of claims 1-80, wherein the administration sequesters more carbon or sequesters carbon faster than a naturally occurring rate of carbon sequestration; or wherein the administration sequesters more carbon or sequesters carbon faster as compared to a corresponding method in which a formulation not comprising the microorganism is administered.

82. A formulation comprising a microorganism and soil, wherein at least about 1.0E+03 CFU of the microorganism is present per 1 gram of soil (e.g., about 1.0E+04, about 1.0E+05, about 1.0E+06, etc.).

83. The formulation of claim 82, wherein the soil comprises a silicate mineral.

84. The formulation of claim 83, wherein the silicate mineral is feldspar.

85. The formulation of claim 83, wherein the silicate mineral is olivine.

86. The formulation of claim 83, wherein the silicate mineral is wollastonite.

87. The preparation of claim 83, wherein the silicate mineral is located in andesite.

88. The preparation of claim 83, wherein the silicate mineral is located in basalt.

89. The preparation of any one of claims 82-88, further comprising a plant seed.

90. The preparation of claim 89, wherein the plant seed comprises at least about 250 CFU of the microorganism.

91. The preparation of claim 82, wherein the microorganism comprises a bacterium, an archaeon, a fungus, or a combination thereof.

92. The preparation of claim 91, wherein the bacterium is associated with a plant seed.

93. The preparation of claim 92, wherein the bacterium is located between the seed coat and embryo of the plant seed.

94. The preparation of claim 92, wherein the bacterium is located between the seed coat and aleurone layer of the plant seed.

95. The preparation of claim 92, wherein the bacterium is at least partially coated on the plant seed.

96. The preparation of claim 92, wherein the plant seed comprises at least about 1E+04 CFU of the bacterium.

97. The preparation of any one of claims 92-95, wherein the plant seed comprises at least about 1E+05 CFU of the bacterium.

98. The preparation of claim 97, wherein the plant seed comprises at least about 1E+06 CFU or at least about 1E+07 CFU of the bacterium.

99. The preparation of claim 91, wherein the microorganism comprises a fungus.

100. The preparation of claim 99, wherein the fungus is associated with a plant seed.

101. The preparation of claim 100, wherein the fungus is at least partially coated on the plant seed.

102. The preparation of claim 100, wherein the plant seed comprises at least about 1E+02 CFU of the fungus.

103. The preparation of claim 100, wherein the plant seed comprises at least about 1E+03 CFU, at least about 1E+04 CFU, or at least about 1E+05 CFU of the fungus.

104. The preparation of any one of claims 82-103, further comprising a fertilizer.

105. The preparation of any one of claims 82-104, further comprising a fungicide.

106. The preparation of any one of claims 82-105, further comprising an insecticide.

107. The preparation of any one of claims 82-106, further comprising a nematicide.

108. A method of sequestering carbon, the method comprising applying to soil a preparation comprising a microorganism, wherein at least about 1E+10 CFU of the microorganism is present per hectare of the soil.

109. The method of claim 108, wherein at least about 1E+10 CFU of the microorganism is present per hectare of the soil after the applying.

110. The method of claim 108, wherein there are about 1E+10 to about 1E+15 CFU of the microorganism per hectare of the soil.

111. The method of any one of claims 108-110, further comprising applying an exogenous silicate to the soil.

112. The method of claim 111, wherein the exogenous silicate is present in basalt.

113. The method of claim 111, wherein the exogenous silicate is olivine.

114. The method of claim 111, wherein the exogenous silicate is wollastonite.

115. The method of claim 111, wherein the exogenous silicate is feldspar.

116. The method of claim 111, wherein the exogenous silicate is present in andesite.

117. The method of any one of claims 111-112, wherein bicarbonate levels in the soil are increased by at least about 10% compared to a corresponding method in which a formulation not comprising the microorganism is applied.

118. The method of any one of claims 108-117, wherein the applying increases divalent cations in the soil.

119. The method of claim 117, wherein bicarbonate levels in the soil are increased by at least about 50%, at least about 90%, or at least 97.7%.

120. A method of sequestering carbon, wherein the method comprises: applying a formulation comprising a microorganism to land, wherein the microorganism is present at a concentration of at least about 1.8E12 CFU / hectare, and wherein the land comprises or was previously determined to comprise: about 0-60% quartz, about 0-20% potassium feldspar, and about 0-20% sodium calcium feldspar.

121. A method of sequestering carbon, wherein the method comprises: testing a soil sample from land for composition; identifying a soil sample comprising about 40-60% quartz, about 10-15% potassium feldspar, about 10-15% sodium feldspar, and about 1-10% calcium feldspar; applying a formulation comprising a microorganism to the soil, wherein the microorganism is present at a concentration of 1.8xE12 CFU / hectare.

122. The method of any one of claims 108-121, wherein the method increases the rate of silicate weathering in the land.

123. The method of any one of claims 108-122, wherein the method increases soil inorganic carbon production in the land.

124. The method of any one of claims 108-123, wherein the method partially replenishes calcium in the land.

125. The method of any one of claims 108-124, wherein the method further comprises adding a plurality of seeds to the land.

126. The method of claim 125, wherein the plurality of seeds are selected from soybean, corn, wheat, canola, sorghum, barley, rye, alfalfa, millet, oat, cotton, bean, lentil, sunflower, pea, potato, sugarcane, quinoa, mung bean, peanut, turfgrass, pasture grass, cocoa, coffee, rice, or combinations thereof.

127. The method of any one of claims 108-125, wherein inorganic carbon, measured as calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and / or alkalinity, is increased by at least 0.1% compared to soil that has not received the preparation.

128. The method of any one of claims 108-127, further comprising a total inorganic carbon output of about 67 kilograms of carbon per hectare per year.

129. The method of any one of claims 108-128, wherein the pH of the land is not decreased at the end of the growing season.

130. The method of any one of claims 108-129, further comprising an average crop yield increase of at least 0.1 tons per hectare compared to land that has not been applied with the preparation.

131. The method of any one of claims 1-130, further comprising generating an ecosystem credit representative of the amount of carbon sequestered.

132. The method of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising sequestering at least about 247 kilograms of carbon dioxide per hectare per year.

133. The method of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising sequestering about 247 kilograms of carbon dioxide per hectare per year to about 15 tons of carbon dioxide per hectare per year.

134. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the silicate weathering rate of the soil treated with the preparation is at least about 10 millimoles per kilogram of soil.

135. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the silicate weathering rate is increased by at least about 200%, at least about 300%, at least about 400%, at least about 500%, or at least about 600% compared to a corresponding method that applies the preparation that does not comprise the microorganism or compared to a baseline.

136. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the silicate weathering rate of the soil treated with the preparation is increased by at least 10% compared to soil that has not been applied with the preparation.

137. The method of claim 136, wherein the silicate weathering rate is increased by at least 50% in the soil treated with the preparation comprising the microorganism compared to soil that has not been applied with the preparation.

138. The method of claim 136, wherein the silicate weathering rate is increased by at least about 90% or at least 97.7% in the soil treated with the preparation compared to soil that has not been applied with the preparation.

139. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the net carbon dioxide capture rate of the soil treated with the preparation is at least about 5 millimoles per kilogram of soil.

140. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the net carbon dioxide capture amount is increased by at least about 10%, at least about 50%, at least about 90%, or at least 97.7% in the soil treated with the preparation compared to soil that has not received the preparation.

141. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the microorganism comprises more than one species of microorganism.

142. The method of claim 141, wherein the more than one species of microorganism comprises more than one species of bacteria.

143. The method of claim 141 or 142, wherein the plurality of microbial species comprises a plurality of fungal species.

144. The method of any of the preceding claims, wherein the net carbon dioxide sequestration rate of the soil treated with the formulation is at least about 247 kilograms of carbon dioxide per hectare per year.

145. A computer-implemented method of maintaining an ecosystem credit token, comprising: storing an ecosystem credit token in a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, wherein the ecosystem credit token represents an amount of carbon sequestered from the atmosphere, and wherein the ecosystem credit token is or was previously determined to be measured in terms of an amount of carbon dioxide sequestered in soil, wherein the soil contains or was previously determined to contain one or more microorganisms applied in an amount of at least 1 x 10 5 CFU / acre.

146. The computer-implemented method of claim 145, wherein the ecosystem credit token is or was previously generated according to the method of any of claims 1-79 or 108-131.

147. A computer-based system for storing an ecosystem credit, comprising: a) a processor; b) a display configured to display a graphical user interface to view information related to the ecosystem credit; c) a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium encoded with a computer program that causes the processor to: i) analyze information related to the ecosystem credit, wherein the ecosystem credit is or was previously determined to originate from a measure of the amount of carbon dioxide sequestered in soil, wherein the soil comprises an amount of at least 1 x 10 5 CFU / acre of one or more microorganisms applied artificially.

148. The computer-implemented method of claim 147, wherein the ecosystem credit token is or was previously generated according to the method of any of claims 1-79 or 108-131.

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